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Effects of Azaperone and Haloperidol on the Stress

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Effects of Azaperone and Haloperidol on the Stress Effects of azaperone and haloperidol on the stress response of drive-net captured Iberian ibexes () Gregorio Mentaberre, Jorge Ramón López-Olvera, Encarnación Casas-Díaz, Laura Fernández-Sirera, Ignasi Marco, Santiago Lavín To cite this version: Gregorio Mentaberre, Jorge Ramón López-Olvera, Encarnación Casas-Díaz, Laura Fernández-Sirera, Ignasi Marco, et al.. Effects of azaperone and haloperidol on the stress response of drive-net captured Iberian ibexes (). European Journal of Wildlife Research, Springer Verlag, 2010, 56 (5), pp.757-764. 10.1007/s10344-010-0371-3. hal-00581870 HAL Id: hal-00581870 https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00581870 Submitted on 1 Apr 2011 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. Eur J Wildl Res (2010) 56:757–764 DOI 10.1007/s10344-010-0371-3 ORIGINAL PAPER Effects of azaperone and haloperidol on the stress response of drive-net captured Iberian ibexes (Capra pyrenaica) Gregorio Mentaberre & Jorge Ramón López-Olvera & Encarnación Casas-Díaz & Laura Fernández-Sirera & Ignasi Marco & Santiago Lavín Received: 1 September 2009 /Revised: 1 February 2010 /Accepted: 24 February 2010 /Published online: 1 April 2010 # Springer-Verlag 2010 Abstract The physical capture of wild ungulates is Introduction performed for different purposes when anesthesia in field conditions is not possible or advisable. The use of The capture of Iberian ibex (Capra pyrenaica), an tranquilizers may contribute to improved welfare of expanding although “near threatened” species (IUCN captured animals. This study aimed to evaluate the effect Caprinae Specialist Group 2007), is performed for trans- of azaperone and haloperidol on the stress response of location, population restocking, or scientific purposes. The Iberian ibex (Capra pyrenaica) through the evaluation of resulting stress response is highly variable depending on physiological, hematological, and serum biochemical the species and the capture method used (Kock et al. parameters. Thirty-five Iberian ibexes were drive-net 1987).Drivenetshaveprovedtobesuitableforroutine captured and randomly injected with azaperone (0.52± capture operations of Iberian ibex (Casas-Díaz et al. 0.07 mg/kg intramuscularly (IM); n=10), haloperidol (0.17± 2008a) and other species of wild ungulates (Kenny et al. 0.04 mg/kg IM; n=10), or saline (0.5 mL IM; n=15) and 2008;López-Olveraetal.2007; Montané et al. 2003). physically restrained for 3 h. The variability of heart rate was Nevertheless, keeping stress to a minimum is necessary to lower in the azaperone-treated ibexes, suggesting a calming improve animal welfare in terms of reducing anxiety and effect, and erythrocyte and biochemical parameters indicated lessen mortality derived of the physiological negative vasodilation, splenic sequestration, hemodilution, improve- effects of stress (Spraker 1993). ment of renal perfusion, and a protective effect on muscle as Catecholamines and corticosteroids released during the a result of smooth muscle relaxation induced by azaperone. stress response, together with prolonged exertion, induce Haloperidol showed poorer results, maybe due to insufficient changes in hematological, serum biochemical, and physio- dosage. These results support the suitability of using logical parameters (Guyton and Hall 2000). Those parame- azaperone in capture operations of Iberian ibex in order to ters, or a combination of them, have been widely used as reduce stress and prevent its adverse effects. indicators of stress in wild ungulates (Franzmann and Thorne 1970; Hattingh et al. 1990; Horalek and Jones 1993; Keywords Iberian ibex . Haloperidol . Azaperone . Hyvärinen et al. 1976;Kocketal.1987; Marco et al. Drive-net capture . Acute stress 1997; Mautz et al. 1980; Rehbinder and Edqvist 1981; Waas et al. 1999). Animal welfare is improved when tranquilizers are used appropriately (Ebedes and Raath 1999). The usefulness of acepromazine (ACP) to reduce stress in Iberian ibex has Communicated by C. Gortázar been demonstrated in previous studies (Casas-Díaz et al. * : : : G. Mentaberre ( ) :J. R. López-Olvera: E. Casas-Díaz 2008b). Haloperidol and azaperone (butyrophenones family) L. Fernández-Sirera I. Marco S. Lavín are short-acting neuroleptics which induce central dopami- ’ Servei d Ecopatologia de Fauna Salvatge, Facultat de Veterinària, nergic and peripheral adrenergic blockade (Booth 1988; Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain Plumb 2002). Both have been described as effective e-mail: [email protected] sedatives in small- and medium-sized antelope and deer 758 Eur J Wildl Res (2010) 56:757–764 species (haloperidol: 0.06–0.45 mg/kg; azaperone: 0.05– Ibexes were fitted with heart rate (Polar S710i; Polar 2.83 mg/kg) (Arnemo et al. 1993; Ebedes and Raath 1999; Electro, Kempele, Finland) and body temperature (Mätman Read and McCorkell 2002;Swan1993). datalogger, Chipsobits Eltex AB, Almut, Sweden) record- In order to find other tranquilizers useful for the ing devices, as previously described (López-Olvera et al. treatment of stress in the Iberian ibex, we evaluated the 2006), which is approximately 20–30 min after restraint effect of azaperone and haloperidol on stress indicators of and treatment administration. Both heart rate and rectal drive-net captured individuals. temperature were recorded at 60-s intervals until release and the mean values every 5-min calculated for statistical analysis. The erythrocyte and leukocyte counts, and the Materials and methods hemoglobin concentration, were determined by means of an automated laser analyzer (Advia 120, Bayer, Fernwald, Thirty-five free-ranging Iberian ibexes (age range: 1– Germany). The packed cell volume (PCV) was measured 11 years; 4.1±2.51 years [mean±standard deviation]; sex: using a microhematocrit centrifuge (Hematospin 1400, 11 males and 24 females), were captured with 10×10 cm Hawksley, Lancing, England) at 14,000 G for 6 min. The mesh drive nets (Ziboni Ornitecnica, Bergamo, Italy), as differential leukocyte count was performed by identifying described by López-Olvera et al. (2009). Capture operations 200 leukocytes on blood smears stained with a commercial (n=12; March 2005–November 2007) were performed at Diff-Quick-like stain (Química Clínica Aplicada, Amposta, the National Game Reserve of Puertos de Tortosa y Beceite Spain). Biochemical parameters were determined by means (40° 50′ N, 0° 30′ E), in Northwest Spain, and in the early of an automatic analyzer (Olympus AU400, Olympus, morning, to avoid heat, and keep environmental conditions Tokyo, Japan), except for cortisol, which was analyzed consistent. with a commercial ELISA kit (EIA-1887, DRG Instruments, Once trapped, ibexes were physically restrained, blind- Marburg, Germany). folded, and held in a 4×4 cm mesh sack nets (Ziboni Repeated measures analysis of variance was used to Ornitecnica, Bergamo, Italy) until released 3 h later. Blood detect significant differences by means of the PROC samples were collected (disposable 10-mL syringes with MIXED procedure of SAS System for Windows, V9.1 21-G×1 in needles) from the jugular vein at capture (time0) (SAS Institute, Cary, NC, USA). The main factor was and each hour thereafter for 3 h (times1, 2, and 3). Two treatment (azaperone, haloperidol, or saline), and the milliliters of each sample were placed in commercial tubes repeated factor was time. For each variable, sex, age, with anticoagulant (ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid-k3) and season, and interactions between these factors were the remainder was placed in tubes for serum collection, considered in the model. When statistical differences allowed to clot at room temperature, and centrifuged at between treatment groups at time 0 were obtained, values 1,800 G. Blood samples were conserved and transported at were expressed as a time 0 ratio. Estimated marginal means 4°C until analysis, 2 to 5 h after collection. Serum was (command least-square means—LS MEANS—of SAS) frozen at −20°C until analysis for a maximum period of were used due to the unbalanced distribution of animals 2 months. After collection of the first blood sample, random between groups. In all cases, the minimum accepted injections of azaperone—n=10; two males and eight significance level was P<0.05. females—(0.52±0.07 mg/kg [mean±standard deviation]) This study was approved by the Animal Welfare (Stressnil; Janssen–Esteve Laboratories, Barcelona, Spain), Committee of the Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona. haloperidol—n=10; 4 males and 6 females—(0.17± 0.04 mg/kg) (Haloperidol; Kern Pharma–Esteve Laborato- ries, Barcelona, Spain) or saline—n=15; five males and ten Results females—(0.5 mL) were administered intramuscularly (IM) in the hamstring muscle groups (semimembranous, Animals captured per operation ranged from zero to a semitendinous, and biceps femoris). Dosages intended for maximum of eight animals (2.45±2 [mean±standard use were similar to those previously reported in other deviation]). Thirteen ibexes were captured in five capture species of wild ungulates (0.2 mg/kg of haloperidol; events performed in spring and 22 in other seven capture 0.5–1 mg/kg of azaperone). Since doses were previously events performed in autumn. filled in syringes for standard weights of the species Both heart rate and rectal temperature decreased over according to sex and age class, the resulting dosages were time in all three groups (Fig. 1). However, stabilization of obtained dividing the injected dose by the real weight of heart rate (i.e., lack of significant differences between two each animal. Ibexes were kept in a quiet site close to the consecutive means) occurred earlier in the control ibexes capture site until the end of the study (3 h altogether, from (60 min after beginning of monitoring) than in the ibexes capture).
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