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WHAT IS SEXUAL ORIENTATION and HOW DOES IT WORK? a Dissertation Presented to the Faculty of the Graduate School of Cornell Unive

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WHAT IS SEXUAL ORIENTATION and HOW DOES IT WORK? a Dissertation Presented to the Faculty of the Graduate School of Cornell Unive WHAT IS SEXUAL ORIENTATION AND HOW DOES IT WORK? A Dissertation Presented to the Faculty of the Graduate School of Cornell University In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy by Matthew C. Stief May 2017 iv © 2017 Matthew C. Stief v WHAT IS SEXUAL ORIENTATION AND HOW DOES IT WORK? Matthew C. Stief, Ph. D. Cornell University 2017 What is sexual orientation and how does it work? Despite the growth of a substantial research program in recent decades, basic questions remain about how sexual orientation is to be defined, what causes people to have different sexual orientations, and how sexual orientation varies between individuals and across different cultures. This dissertation addresses these questions from three different directions in three papers. The first paper examines the variability of sexual orientation across different degrees of bisexuality, and asks the question of whether the degree to which one is bisexual is associated with personality traits related to sexual openness. The paper presents data from two convenience samples gathered online in the Falls of 2010 and 2011, with sexual minorities over-sampled to achieve adequate statistical power over the entire Kinsey scale distribution. Study 1 found evidence that bisexuality was associated with elevated sexual sensation seeking and sexual excitability, and Study 2 found evidence for elevated sexual curiosity, and that this association was independent of the Big Five. The second paper examines whether the developmental contexts presented by different cultures lead to outcomes in sexual orientation and gender presentation. The paper presents data from field work conducted in the summer of 2015 in Mumbai, India, in which participants from three categories of sexual and gender minorities unique to India—hijra, kothi, and panthi—were interviewed about their sexual attractions, behavior, and gender atypicality. In addition, participants completed a computer- mediated image-rating task in which their viewing time of sexually attractive male and female swimsuit models was covertly measured. The third paper investigated whether sexual orientation “orients” the automatic capture of covert visual attention by images of nude men and women vi presented briefly (100ms) in peripheral vision. Data was gathered in the Spring of 2011. The sample consisted of heterosexual, homosexual, and bisexual men and women (N = 78). We found that covert attention capture reflected the sexual orientation of heterosexual and homosexual men, bisexual men and women, and homosexual men. Heterosexual women, in contrast, had their attention captured by female images, contrary to their sexual orientation. vii BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH Matthew Christian Stief was born in Martinez, California on February 13, 1983. He received his BA in 2005 in Anthropology from the University of California at Santa Cruz, and his MA in 2009 in Human Sexuality Studies from San Francisco State University. viii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to acknowledge the support of my advisor, Ritch Savin-Williams. I would also like to thank my mother, Patricia Millar, and my step-father, Jeff Bergenthal, for their emotional and financial support over what turned out to be a longer journey than I had hoped. I would also like to thank my best friends Sam Zegas, Zhana Vrangalova, and Goran Lazarevski, for being there for me through the hardest parts of the process, and, when needed, for refusing to speak with me until the next self-imposed deadline was met. I would also like to give special thanks to my dear friend Peter Cheeseman, for being there for me from the beginning, and for donating money to support my field work in India. This research was funded in part by a grant from the American Institute of Bisexuality, and with funds from the department of Human Development at Cornell University. Thank you. ix TABLE OF CONTENTS Biographical Sketch...................... viii Acknowledgements...................... ix Table of Contents......................... x List of Tables................................ xi List of Figures................................ xii Study 1......................................... 1 Abstract............................... 2 Introduction......................... 3 Study 1.1............................. 7 Method...................... 7 Results....................... 10 Study 1.2............................. 14 Method...................... 14 Results....................... 16 Discussion............................ 18 Study 2.......................................... 23 Abstract............................... 24 Introduction....................... 26 Method............................... 34 Results................................ 42 Discussion........................... 53 Study 3.......................................... 58 Abstract............................... 59 Introduction....................... 60 Method............................... 77 Results................................ 84 Discussion........................... 87 References 97 x LIST OF TABLES Table 1.1 Summary of Intercorrelations, Means, and Standard Deviations for Sexual 9 Orientation Identity, Sexual Orientation, Age, Sexual Sensation Seeking, and Sexual Excitability Table 1.2 Hierarchical Quadratic Regression Analyses Predicting Sexual Sensation 11 Seeking and Sexual Excitability With Sexual Orientation and Controls Table 1.3 Summary of Intercorrelations, Means, and Standard Deviations for Sexual 15 Orientation Identity, Sexual Orientation, Age, Sexual Curiosity, and the Big Five Table 1.4 Hierarchical Quadratic Regression Analyses Predicting Sexual Curiosity With 17 Sexual Orientation and Controls Table 2.1 Demographics 36 Table 2.2 Mean and Standard Deviation of Self-Reported Sexual Attractiveness Ratings 42 and Response Latencies (in seconds) For Images of Men and Women Table 2.3 Group Means and Standard Deviations of Self-Report Measures of Sexual 47 Orientation Table 2.4 Bivariate Correlations between Measures of Sexual Orientation 48 Table 2.5 Group Means and Standard Deviations of Measures of Gender Typicality 50 Table 2.6 Percentage Reporting Female Gender Presentation Milestones for Hijra, 51 Hijra/Kothi, and Kothi Table 3.1 Sub-Sample Sizes for Self Reported Sexual Orientation Identity on a 7-Point 78 Kinsey Scale and 3-Point Consolidation Used For Statistical Analyses Table 3.2 Mean (SD) Age and 7-Point Kinsey Score for Consolidated 3-Point Sexual 79 Orientation Identity Groups Table 3.3 Linear Mixed Effects Analyses for Untransformed and Log Transformed 85 Reaction Times in Milliseconds Table 3.4 Female Congruent – Male Congruent Untransformed and Log Transformed 86 Reaction Time Contrast Estimates in Milliseconds xi LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1.1 Inverted-U shape quadratic relationships between sexual orientation and 12 sexual sensation seeking. Figure 1.2 Inverted-U shape quadratic relationship between sexual orientation and sexual 13 excitability for women and the corresponding non-significant curve for men. Figure 1.3 Inverted-U shape quadratic relationships between sexual curiosity and sexual 18 orientation. Figure 2.1 Mean attractiveness rating difference scores with 95% confidence intervals 43 for hijra, hijra/kothi, kothi, and panthi. Figure 2.2 Mean viewing time difference scores in milliseconds with 95% confidence 45 intervals for hijra, hijra/kothi, kothi, and panthi. Figure 3.1 Depiction of events in a dot-probe trial. 80 xii STUDY #1 Bisexuality is associated with elevated sexual sensation seeking, sexual curiosity, and sexual excitability Matthew C. Stief, Gerulf Rieger, & Ritch Savin-Williams Personality and Individual Differences 66 (2014) 193-198 1 Bisexuality is associated with elevated sexual sensation seeking, sexual curiosity, and sexual excitability Abstract Sexual orientation is typically assumed to be independent of factors such as personality. Although this is probably accurate for heterosexual and homosexual orientations, personality may play a role in bisexuality. It was hypothesized that bisexuality is potentiated by personality traits that allow sexual behavior to occur independently of sexual response systems that are specifically ‘‘oriented’’ to male or female sexual stimuli. If so, such traits should be elevated in bisexual women and men. Because female sexual response is relatively independent of the sex of the partner it was also hypothesized that such relationships would be stronger for bisexual women than bisexual men. This was tested in two online studies. Study 1 (N = 828) tested for elevated levels of two relevant personality traits; sexual sensation seeking and sexual excitability. Study 2 (N = 655) assessed sexual curiosity, and tested whether the relationship between sexual curiosity and bisexuality was independent of the Big Five. Elevated levels of sexual sensation seeking and sexual curiosity were found for bisexual women and men; only bisexual women reported elevated levels of sexual excitability. The predicted sex difference was found for each trait, and sexual curiosity was elevated independently of the Big Five. Keywords: Bisexuality; Sexual orientation; Personality; Sexual sensation seeking; Sexual excitability; Sexual curiosity 2 Introduction Sexual orientation is typically assumed to be uninfluenced by traits like personality. While some correlations between sexual orientation and personality have been found, researchers have typically assumed that such correlations are caused by a third variable, such as prenatal hormones (Lippa, 2005). This is probably
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