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Spring 2021 Volume 6, COVID-19 Special Issue 1 Letter from the Editors Perspectives Original Science Reviews

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Spring 2021 Volume 6, COVID-19 Special Issue 1 Letter from the Editors Perspectives Original Science Reviews Spring 2021 Volume 6, COVID-19 Special Issue 1 Letter From The Editors 29. American Policy and Political Polarization during the COVID-19 Pandemic I V. Adam Jorgensen, Guest Editor L. West-Livingston Benjamin Corona, Co-Editor in Chief Emilie Lothet, Co-Editor in Chief 34. A Celebration Overwrought with Hesitation and Isolation Perspectives S. Sabanis 1. This Could Be A Chance: Leading through 37. Cultivating Resiliency in Turbulent Times COVID-19 P. Bentley J. Freischlag 4. Doing Our Jobs: COVID-19 from an Emergency Original Science Medicine Resident Perspective 40. Racial and Ethnic Differences in Clinical B. Briggs Characteristics and Outcomes from Covid-19 6. New Opportunities for the Expansion of C. Rodman and others Telemedicine during the COVID-19 Pandemic B. Arkwright Reviews 9. A Rapidly Scalable COVID-19 Surveillance Program 52. Systematic Literature Review of Covid-19: Quality Using Real-Time Syndromic Surveillance, In-home and Source of Primary Clinical Data Serologic Testing, and Electronic Medical Records M. Bleyer and others J. W. Sanders and others 60. Cutaneous Manifestations of COVID-19 14. Uncertainty and Opportunity A. Senthilnathan and others Y. Hu 76. SARS-CoV-2: A Review of the Virus’s Biology 16. Out of My Hands: A Third-Year Medical Student’s C. Ma and others Surgery Clerkship during COVID-19 92. A Review of COVID-19 Epidemiology, Immune S. Thakur Response, and Clinical Presentation 18. Wake Forest School of Medicine Student Volunteer M. Anderson and others Engagement During the COVID-19 Pandemic 101. COVID-19: Local and Global Epidemiology A. Peoples F. Sadeghifar and others 21. Leading in Society: Learning to Lead on the 110. Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) during the Sidelines Amidst COVID-19 SARSCoV-2 Pandemic: A Literature Review I. Madeka and R. Strowd III K. Wadolowska and others 23. Healthcare Workers’ Unique Role in Addressing 118. Curbing COVID: A Review of the Therapeutic Anti-Asian American Sentiment During COVID-19 Treatments for SARS-CoV-2 M. Qiu S. Thakur and others 26. The COVID-19 Outbreak in Forsyth County 135. The Diagnostic Challenges and Developments of Highlights Health Inequities and Calls for Change COVID-19 A. Wehner and T. Shin K. Gupta and others (ISSN XXXX-XXX) Journal of Science & Medicine Acknowledgements The all-volunteer student and faculty staff of the Wake Forest Journal of Science and Medicine would like to extend our deepest appreciation to the following individuals for their guidance and assistance: All the faculty at Wake Forest and beyond who served as peer reviewers. The time and expert knowledge they contributed is central to our mission of bringing quality scholarship to the scientific community. Reviewers: Abigail Peoples Elizabeth Grubb Meron Fessehaye Adam Jorgensen Elizabeth Jensen, PhD Mike Bancks, PhD, MPH Alain Bertoni, MD Erika Redding, MSPH Monalisa Hassan, MD Ale Romero Ethan Will Taylor, PhD Nicole Feeling, PhD Alexandra Giedd, MD Ikram Irfanullah, MD Niobrah Keah Allison Agresti James McElligott, MD Omar Sangueza, MD Andrea Strathman, MD John Sanders, MD, MPH Randy Clinch, DO Ashley Stutsrim, MD Kaitlyn Testa Barnaba, MD Rebekah Israel Capri Foy, PhD Kevin Buckley, MD, MS Shaleen Thakur Christel Wekon-Kemeni, MD Kritheeka Kalathil Steve Lineberger, MBA Cynthia Burns, MD KyTavia Stafford-Carreker Suneetha Kalathoor, MD Daniel Krowchuk, MD Lauren West-Livingston, PhD Timothy Peters, MD Allen Gottfried with Marketing for helping setting up an ePub platform. Tiffany Montgomery and Joey Robbins with the Creative Communications Department for working with us tirelessly through every challenge of the production process. Our faculty advisors, Dr. Cynthia Burns and Dr. Timothy Peters for their support and guidance as we took the Journal in new directions. II Wake Forest School of Medicine | Spring 2021, Vol 6, COVID-19 Special Issue 1 Journal of Science & Medicine Editorial Board Editors-in-Chief Michael Hulme, Ph.D. Faculty CMEC Coordinator, Benjamin Corona Northwest AHEC Emilie Lothet Wake Forest School of Medicine Guest Editor Timothy R. Peters, M.D. Professor of Pediatrics, Infectious Adam Jorgensen Diseases Associate Dean for Educational Faculty Advisors Strategy and Innovation Wake Forest School of Medicine Cynthia A. Burns, M.D. Assistant Dean for Clinical Section Editors Education Director, Undergraduate Medical Perspectives Education in Internal Medicine Lauren Nichole West-Livingston Associate Professor, Internal Original Science Medicine, Endocrinology & Abigail Peoples Metabolism Wake Forest School of Medicine Reviews Shaleen Thakur and Leigh Anne Klein Spring 2021, Vol 6, COVID-19 Special Issue 1 | Wake Forest School of Medicine III Journal of Science & Medicine Dear Readers, The year 2020 is etched in our minds as a year marked in large part by fear, loss, prejudice, and adversity. In the face of the challenges presented by the pandemic, we are proud our institution responded with courage, teamwork, and leadership for our community. Ultimately, our collective experience will direct and make us better equipped for the unseen challenges that certainly stand waiting on the horizon. In response to the unique challenges introduced during the COVID-19 pandemic, the Wake Forest Journal of Science and Medicine sought to offer a platform for members of the Wake Forest and surrounding community to share pandemic-related scientific and medical research and healthcare perspectives through a COVID-19 special issue. Our primary goals were to 1) disseminate peer-reviewed literature, 2) cultivate open dialogue among community members, and 3) facilitate student engagement in research during a year when typical research programs, including the medical student research program, were suspended by social distancing. The manuscripts accepted for publication in this special issue offer insight into the medical and scientific advances made in response to the COVID-19 pandemic, as well as the pandemic’s profound personal impact. The perspective articles herein were contributed by a diverse group of authors, such as our administrative leadership, frontline healthcare workers, and an expecting mother; topics including mental health challenges and the resiliency to overcome COVID-related stress and anxiety, racial disparities in local public health, and policies aimed at reforming these inequalities are explored. Also included in this edition are student-led, faculty-mentored review articles that focus on an array of basic science and clinical topics central to the COVID-19 pandemic, such as immunology and epidemiology; diagnostic, therapeutic, and preventive measures; clinical presentation, specifically cutaneous manifestations; as well as original science investigating the COVID-19 exposure locally. We would like to express our gratitude to the authors for contributing their work and to the multitude of people who selflessly volunteered their time and effort towards making this special issue come to fruition. From the field experts who critically reviewed the manuscripts and the faculty who served as mentors for the student-led reviews, to the medical and graduate student volunteers that facilitated the peer-review and editorial process, the collaborative spirit that embodies the Wake Forest community was inspiring to witness on full display. Additionally, we cannot overstate our appreciation for the unprecedented effort of the staff at Creative Communications and in particular Tiffany Montgomery, who managed the publication of this special issue. Lastly, on behalf of the Editors-in-Chief, we thank Adam Jorgensen for his service and leadership as Guest Editor of this COVID-19 special issue of the Wake Forest Journal of Science and Medicine. While publishing this edition needed a village, Adam’s relentless effort was singularly critical to its success. Sincerely, Adam Jorgensen, Guest Editor Benjamin Corona, Co-Editor in Chief Emilie Lothet, Co-Editor in Chief IV Wake Forest School of Medicine | Spring 2021, Vol 6, COVID-19 Special Issue 1 Journal of Science & Medicine Perspectives This Could Be A Chance: Leading through COVID-19 Julie A. Freischlag, M.D., FACS, FRCSEd(Hon), DFSVS1, 2 I never thought I would lead through a pandemic. 1CEO, Wake Forest Baptist Health, Winston-Salem, NC As a vascular surgeon, I’m used to treating problems quickly and methodically with 2 a clamp or suture. And as one of just a handful of female health system CEOs and Dean, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC Deans across the country, I’ve been in my fair share of uphill battles. Address Correspondence To: But I never imagined I would lead through a pandemic. Julie A. Freischlag, M.D. Wake Forest School of Medicine COVID-19 came on abruptly, upending our normal patterns and practices overnight. Medical Center Blvd. There was fear of the disease, uncertainty about what lay ahead, and doubts of whether Winston-Salem, NC 27157 we were brave and strong enough to move forward. But there, in the middle of it all, [email protected] has been opportunity, and I realized this could be a chance — to unite, grow, and become even more. Flexibility in the Face of Uncertainty I am an optimist by nature, but COVID-19 has been a challenge unlike any other. It has underscored the resilience, courage, and strength that define our Wake Forest Baptist team and solidified how we rally against the unknown. Over the past months, we have come together in innovative ways to keep our patients, community, and health system safe. At the onset, we moved quickly but thoughtfully. We opened an Incident Command Center to monitor staffing, patient flow, and issues occurring locally, regionally and statewide, 24 hours a day, seven days a week. We restricted visitors, stopped non-essential surgeries, and worked with our supply chain to ensure frontline caregivers had continued access to personal protective equipment. We paused research, transitioned students to distance learning, and sent as many corporate teams that we could home to work remotely. When we didn’t have the answers, we shared what we knew. We were transparent, communicating through weekly videos, a daily “Need to Know” newsletter to all employees, and podcasts and videos from our public health and infectious diseases experts.
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