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Introduceţi Titlul Lucrării Lucrări Ştiinţifice – vol. 60(1)/2017, seria Agronomie SOLONETZS AND SOLONETZIZED SOILS OF REPUBLIC OF MOLDOVA: REMEDIATION METHODS Lilia BOAGHE1, Vladimir FILIPCIUC 1, Olesea COJOCARU1, Iurii ROZLOGA1, Marin PRODAN1, Ana JELEAPOV1, Maria GAMURAR1 e-mail: [email protected] Abstract Alkaline and alkalis soils are present in all soil provinces, but the most important areas are located in the central (Ciuluc hills, at the border of Codri plateau) and southern (Southern Moldova Plain) part of the country. In world practice for alkali soil improvement, the usual method is gypsum application in common with organic fertilization. In the Republic of Moldova these amendments are missing and their purchasing requires considerable amount of money. Created situation generates the necessity to replace gypsum with other calcium materials. Investigations were carried out on two pilot areas. To assess the state of soil quality there were described soil profiles and taken soil samples from genetic horizons. Within investigations on chemistry and quality indicators of surface water there were taken samples from water bodies of the study areas. Key words: agriculture, soil improvement, solonetz, solonetzized soils, Republic of Moldova Solonetzs substantially increase the show that extension of irrigated areas in the steppe complexity of soil cover and decreases massively zone has generated a major problem related to land productivity by 40-60% (Сувак П.А., 1986). water quality (Крупеников И.А. et al., 1978). Previous researches and studies revealed that In the Republic of Moldova chernozems automorfe solonetzs are formed and evolve on make up over 74% of soil suitable for irrigation. deposits of Neogen salty clay. Fine texture, Change of moisture regime of chernozems from excessive compactness, and high degree of natural to irrigated one, even when using high dispersion and peculiarities of structural quality water, leads to structure degradation, composition attribute to these soils highly compaction of upper horizons, worsening of the unfavorable physical, chemical and mechanical chemical and physico-chemical properties proprieties (Sandu Gh., 1984). (Крупеников И.А. et al, 1978; Подымов Б.П., It was also established that amended 1976). Utilization of water from local sources solonetzs restore their defective characteristics in (internal rivers, lakes, ponds) for irrigation needs, 7-10 years, thus this is a defined pedogenetic which, in general, is characterized by high degree process, the intensity of which depends largely on of mineralization, alkaline reaction and chemically natural conditions and human impact. unfavorable composition, leads to accelerated Considering the climatic conditions, the development of salinization process and, in Republic of Moldova belongs to a region of particular, of secondary solonetization of insufficient and unstable humidity. This makes the chernozems (Filipciuc V. et al, 1995). Prevention country's agriculture to develop in conditions of or mitigating the negative effects can be achieved increased risk. It has been established that the main by application of a system of agro-pedo- natural limiting factor that largely determines the ameliorative measures and strict regulation of size of plant productivity is the degree of soil water quality indices. Performance of these insurance with available water (Andrieș A., 2007). activities constitutes the main purpose of the Thus, optimization of soil moisture by project. irrigation application results in droughts mitigation and plant productivity improvements. It should be MATERIAL AND METHOD mentioned that irrigation is an anthropogenic intervention with various effects on soil, in To achieve the first phase of the project, particular, on chernozems. Multiple researches calendar plan includes the following tasks: - selection of the pilot area; 1 Institute of Pedology, Agrochemistry and Soil Protection ”Nicolae Dimo”, Republic of Moldova 91 Universitatea de Ştiinţe Agricole şi Medicină Veterinară Iaşi - collection relevant information on the pilot as chemical composition and water for irrigation were area; determined in laboratory. - determination of initial state of soil and water All field and office materials were commonly quality through collection of archival materials and analyzed and studied as a system [13]. Later they analysis of soil and water samples collected in the were used to compile up-to-date information. As a field; result of cartographic work, development of set of - geospatial analysis of soil cover and river thematic digital maps of study area components was system to assess the terrain quality in 3D. performed. Investigations were carried out on two pilot areas. For assessment of calcium amendments RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS impact on automorphic solonetzs there was selected a catchment of the Middle Ciuluc river, placed in the The impact of calcium amendment and Central part of the country within the Cozesti commune, Singerei district. The effect on irrigation ameliorative fertilization on automorphic solonetzs and chemical amendment on chernozems proprieties was studied in the limits of a catchment with total was studied at the polygon from Lebedenco area of 2702.4 ha situated in the south of the commune, Cahul district, located in the southern part Singerei district. By its geographic location, study of the republic. Research methods were those in field, area is included in II soil-climate zone with in laboratory and office. Performed analyzes and insufficient humidity (Ursu A., 2011). The average determinations correspond to usual methods and/or annual air temperature is 9.0 – 9.5ºC; sum of adopted ISO. The research started with the assessment of temperatures over 10ºC makes up 3000 - 3200ºC; natural conditions and delimitation of soil units vegetation period with temperatures greater than borders. For mapping the comparative-geographical 10°C is in between 177-182 days. The cold period method of V.V. Dokuchaev was used, which allows (with temperatures below 0ºC) is 174-188 days. the establishment of natural bonds between soils and Sunny days last 290-320 per year. For study area soldering factors. Utilization of geographic information there were analyzed materials on monthly climatic system (GIS) and mapping modern equipment during research activities were carried out within the territory indicators for 1950 - 2016. The lowest average of the pilot areas. The researches were conducted in temperature was recorded in January 1963 which 2016-2017 by the working team. was equal to -14.3ºC and the highest average For study development, there were used the temperature was registered in July 1989 which was following materials: maps of territorial organization of 23.7ºC. The average annual temperature is equal to communes from the pilot areas at scale of 1:10000; 8.9ºC (Figure 1). From the chart it is noted that the soil maps at 1:10000; topographic plans at 1:10000; digital map of soil cover of Moldova at 1:10000; minimum average temperature during the year remote sensing materials "orto-photo" at 1:5000 of corresponds to January, - 3.7ºC and maximal - to Land Relations and Cadastral Agency (LRCA); June, reaching up to 19.96ºC. "Digital Elevation Model (DTM)" of LRCA. Mentioned In Moldova the assurance of plants with materials were connected to the national reference water is quite variable during the years; from system MoldRef-99. Subsequently thematic layers normal to critical periods. According to ("Hydro", "Terrain", "Settlements", "Soil", etc.) as well multiannual data for study area average annual as structure of the database parameters were formed. Next step consisted in digitization of soil and precipitation is 500-600 mm, and during periods territories with vineyards and orchards plantations when temperatures exceed 10ºC, these constitute polygons that can be used in irrigation. A digital 380-400 mm. The number of droughts alternates model of the elevation was developed at a scale of from 1 to 3 within 10 years period. Value of hydro- 1:1000 and attributive information for each area was thermic coefficient is from 0.6 to 0.8 and indicates introduced. There were performed field research insufficient humidity during the plants growing activities for actualization of soil, infrastructure and land degradation polygons which were estimated period. Processing of climate data for the period digitally in the office from geospatial remote sensing 1950 - 2016 showed that monthly maximum materials. The works were made in the MapInfo (2D) average precipitations were registered in June 1985 and ArcGIS (3D) software and in accordance with with amount of 246 mm. The minimum value was "Instructions on soil survey to attribute of land for recorded in September 1963 with no precipitation. state and public needs" approved in 1991, Month average for 64 years is 44 mm. Over the "Regulation on the content of general Land Cadastral documentation "approved by the Republic of Moldova years 1950-2016 precipitations had a non-uniform Government Decision no. 24 of 11.01.1995. To trend. Amount of precipitation varied from 337 assess the state of soil quality there were described mm in 1954 to 741 mm in 1996. The annual soil profiles and taken soil samples from genetic average is 513 mm. Monthly average precipitations horizons. Within investigations on chemistry and over the years range from 27 mm in October to 77 quality indicators of surface water there were taken mm in June. samples from water bodies of the study areas. Soils The Republic of Moldova topography
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