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7th Notes: 1.5 I. Two Christian Churches 1. Roman was based in , of the Western Roman . a) Church was led by the 2. developed their own church, the Eastern a) Church reflect Greek heritage. A. Byzantine Government and 1. The Byzantine and church worked closely together. 2. Byzantines believed the emperor was ’s representative on Earth. a) Beginning C.E., were crowned in a religious ceremony. b) They took an oath to defend the Eastern Orthodox . c) Emperors believed it was their duty to unite the empire under one Christian . d) Emperors appointed church leaders and defined how people would . e) They also controlled the wealth and settled disputes about church beliefs. B. What are ? 1. In C.E., heated dispute about icons divided the a) Icons are painting of , Mary (the of Jesus), and the or Christian holy people. 2. Byzantines displayed icons in their homes a) Believed the images symbolized the presence of God. b) Images helped people understand Christianity teachings. 3. Churches covered walls with icons. 4. Some Byzantines, did not approve of the use of icons. a) Thought it was a form of idol worship which is forbidden by God. 5. In 756 C.E., Emperor Leo III ordered all icons to be removed from the churches. a) Government that carried out the orders were called “iconoclasts” meaning image breakers. b) Today the word refers to someone who criticizes traditional beliefs or practices. c) This decision damaged the relationship between the Church and Eastern Orthodox Church. i. Over time icons returned and are still present today. C. The Great Split 1. The division between eastern and western Christian churches grew. a) Icons were an issue. b) Disagreement about church authority (Pope vs. Emperor) i. Pope claimed to be head of the church, successor to ( of Jesus) and first of Rome. ii. Byzantines rejected the pope, they believed the of and other were equal to the pope. c) Military events damaged their relationship too. i. Late 700s C.E., was invaded, pope asked Byzantines for help, but emperor refused. ii. Pope asked the (Germanic people) for help, Franks supported the pope. 2. Franks were successful in defending Italy. a) Pope crowned the Frankish king as emperor to show his gratitude for their help. b) Angered, Byzantines believed their ruler was the only . 3. Both churches viewed government roles differently. a) Byzantine emperor controlled both church and government. b) Pope claimed he had religious and political power over ALL . i. Pope often quarreled with kings over church and government affairs. 4. In 1054 C.E., Patriarch of Constantinople and the pope excommunicated each other. 7th Notes: Chapter 1.5 a) Creating a (spilt) between the two churches which still exists today. II. The 1. Europe faced disorder and violence after the fall of the , looked to church for help. A. Communities 1. During 300s C.E., in Eastern Roman Empire formed . a) lived in monasteries in isolated areas. i. Performed good deeds and modeled how Christians should live. 2. Christian women, called , established . a) Best known , Roman widow named Paula. i. Early 400s C.E., she helped a scholar, , translate the Christian to . 3. Greek bishop Basil created a list of rules for nuns and monks a) Rules were called the Basilian Rule. i. Told people how to live and pray in Eastern Orthodox monasteries and convents. 4. In the West, religious followed regulations called the Benedictine Rule. a) Italian , Benedict wrote the rules around 529 C.E. i. gave up material goods. ii. Devoted days to work and . iii. One duty was to serve as to teach religion to the non-followers. 5. Monks and Nuns had important roles in Christian Europe. a) Helped the poor and ran hospitals & schools. b) Helped preserve ancient Greek and Roman writings. B. Christianity and the 1. Byzantines wanted to bring their religion and to people north of their empire. 2. Brothers, Cyril and Methodius dedicated themselves to deliver the Christian methods to the Slavs, people in . a) Cyril and Methodius invented Slavic alphabet to help Slavs understand the Christian message. i. The Cyrillic alphabet is based on Greek letters. ii. Still used today by , , , and . C. Christianity in 1. shrank, bishops began to oversee the government of Roman cities. 2. Christian missionaries sought to convert people of Britain and to Christianity. 3. Beginnings in 400s C.E., Germanic tribes invaded much of Britain. a) These groups became known as Anglo-. i. Built farming village and founded small kingdoms. ii. Southern Britain became known as Angleland or . People became known as English. 4. Anglo-Saxons pushed aside the Celts, they moved to areas were the Christian faith was accepted. 5. In 400s C.E., Patrick brought Christianity to Ireland. a) Churches and monasteries were built. b) Monks helped preserve Christian and Roman learning. 6. In 597 C.E., Pope I sent 40 monks from Rome to bring Christianity to Anglo-Saxons of Britain. a) Converted King Ethelbert of Kent to Christianity. i. He allowed missionaries to build a church in , the . b) In about 100 , most of England has accepted the Christian faith. i. Monasteries built throughout England. ii. Ireland became centers of religion and culture.