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Communities and Small-Scale Mining (CASM) Initiative Communities and Small-Scale Mining (CASM) Initiative COMMUNITIES AND SMALL-SCALE MINING: AN INTEGRATED REVIEW FOR DEVELOPMENT PLANNING Jennifer J. Hinton i Communities and Small Scale Mining: An Integrated Review For Development Planning For more information on the Communities and Small-Scale Mining (CASM) Initiative and to obtain information on many of the references cited herein, please visit the CASM website at the following address: Http://www.casmsite.org. or contact: Gotthard Walser CASM Contact Mining Department, World Bank Group 2121 Pennsylvania Avenue, NW Washington DC, 20433, USA Tel: +001 202 473 4234 Tel: +001 202 522 0396 Email: [email protected] or [email protected] This document is intended for publication in December 2005. To submit comments on this draft document, please contact: Jennifer Hinton or Gotthard Walser Tel: +256 78 913 315 Tel: +001 202 473 4234 Email: [email protected] Email: [email protected] Material from this document may be freely quoted or reprinted. Acknowledgement is requested. The views expressed are those of the author and do not necessarily reflect those of CASM Cover Photos (clockwise from top): Ghaniain Women Miner and Child (C. Beinhoff), Mercury-Gold Amalgam (AJ Gunson, Child Gold Mining in the Philippines (N. Jennings), Karimajong Women Marble Miners (R. Gaucher), Chinese Miners Testing a Knelson Concentrator (AJ Gunson), Gemstone Miners in Sri Lanka (J. Hinton). FOREWORD This book represents a first attempt to synthesize and distill the essential lessons and new directions suggested by the experience and knowledge shared and debated at the Communities and Small‐Scale Mining (CASM) Annual General Meetings (AGM) over the past three years. It was prepared on CASM’s behalf by Jennifer Hinton, a brilliant and tremendously committed member of the ASM community, who has participated in all three of the past AGM and Learning Events CASM was created in March 2001. Since then, CASM held three AGMs . They have been more than just business meetings; purposefully set up as Learning Events designed to provide a regular formal venue for promoting knowledge exchange, skills acquisition, and constructive dialogue among a wide range of actors, including mining affected communities and the artisanal and small scale miners themselves. Each Learning Event has had a particular thematic focus, building on the results and recommendations of preceding meetings, while drawing on the experience and successes of each host location: • 1st AGM ‐ London, U.K., March 2001: establishment of CASM, from a Cooperative Group to a “Communities and Small‐scale Mining” initiative. • 2nd AGM – Ica, Peru: Formalization of Artisanal and Small‐scale Mining – the Peruvian Experience. • 3rd AGM – Elmina, Ghana: 15 Years of ASM Reform in Ghana – Experiences and Lessons. • 4th AGM – Colombo, Sri Lanka: Gemstones in Sri Lanka: From Mines to Markets. Oftentimes, when such meetings are held and the inputs reported, little effort is made to evaluate what has been learned and determine what it all means for improving the effectiveness of policies, interventions and on‐the‐ground assistance. There is value in reflecting from time to time and assessing where we have been and where we must go to derive the maximum benefit from all of our efforts and commitment. ASM is by no means a homogeneous phenomenon. It is carried out within an array of complex circumstances and realities. The Learning Events have tried to reflect this diversity, as well as the associated challenges and opportunities faced by mining communities and governments. Each Learning Event has served as a vehicle for highlighting different initiatives being undertaken at local, regional and international levels, and their results. The meetings have also provided a neutral and supportive environment for voices and views that might otherwise not be heard. They have allowed individual participants the chance to share experience and perspectives, to stimulate new thinking, and deepen their understanding of challenges in ways that can be valorized in their own work at home. Since inception, the CASM AGM and Learning Events have been the cornerstone of a global knowledge sharing and networking strategy. As part of CASM’s own commitment to ramp up its efforts and follow through on recommendation made at the various AGMs, the Secretariat organized last June a major conclave in Washington, which turned the traditional ASM paradigm upside down. Discussions focused on the global development agenda and how work with ASM can contribute to the achievement of key Millenium Development Goals. At the next AGM in Salvador de Bahia, this discussion will be further developed and extended. We hope that this review can serve as a useful perspective on how far our thinking has developed and how much further we have yet to go. CASM Secretariat, Washington D.C., September 25th 2005 Communities and Small Scale Mining: An Integrated Review For Development Planning TABLE OF CONTENTS FOREWORD i ACRONYMS iv ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS v 1 INTRODUCTION 1 1.1 CASM – Past, Present and Future 1 1.2 Artisanal and Small Scale Mining 4 1.2.1 The Problematique of ASM 6 1.2.2 Employment 9 1.2.3 Commodity Types and Production 11 2 ARTISANAL AND SMALL-SCALE MINING PRACTICES 13 2.1 Mining Methods 13 2.2 Mineral Processing 15 2.3 Waste Management 22 3 ASM AND THE NATURAL ENVIRONMENT 25 3.1 Water Resources 25 3.2 Land Resources 30 3.3 Biodiversity 34 4 ASM AND HUMAN HEALTH 39 4.1 Occupational Health and Safety 40 4.2 Health and the Natural Environment 46 4.3 Community Health 52 5 SOCIO-ECONOMIC IMPACTS 59 5.1 Social Context 59 5.2 Infrastructure and Public Services 62 5.3 Microeconomics 64 5.4 Macroeconomic Mineral Policies 67 5.5 Livelihoods 69 5.6 Indigenous Communities 72 6 GENDER ISSUES 75 6.1 Gender Roles in ASM 75 6.2 Gender and Community Issues 77 6.3 Key Issues and Priorities 81 6.4 Opportunities for Change 83 7 CHILD LABOUR 86 7.1 The Scale and Nature of Child Labour 86 7.2 Impacts of ASM on Children 87 7.3 A Strategy for the Elimination of Child Labour 89 8 LEGALIZATION, FORMALIZATION AND ORGANIZATION 95 8.1 Artisanal and Small Scale Mining Laws 95 8.3 Organization 103 8.4 The Role of Large Scale Mining 105 9 BUILDING SUSTAINABLE LIVELIHOODS 109 9.1 Technical Assistance 109 9.2 Community Development and Poverty Reduction 116 ii CONTENTS 9.3 Conflict Resolution 122 9.5 Fair Trade Initiatives 131 9.6 Women’s Empowerment 133 10 PROFILING ASM – A FOUNDATION FOR CHANGE 137 10.1 The Sustainable Livelihoods Approach 138 10.2 Toolkit for Profiling ASM in Africa 140 10.3 Next Steps in ASM Profiling 150 11 CONCLUSIONS 151 12 THE WAY FORWARD 163 12.1 Miners and Communities 164 12.2 Governments 164 12.3 International Institutions and Agencies 168 12.4 Non-governmental Organizations 170 12.5 Mining Companies 171 12.6 CASM 172 REFERENCES 177 APPENDIX ONE: 193 Recommendations from The Yaoundé Seminar 193 iii Communities and Small Scale Mining: An Integrated Review For Development Planning ACRONYMS AGM Annual General Meeting AFWMN African Women in Mining Network AMREF African Medical and Research Foundation APPELL Awareness and Preparedness for Emergencies at the Local Level ASM Artisanal and small-scale mining CAR Central African Republic CASM Communities and Small-scale Mining Initiative CBO Community-based Organization CDD Community-Driven Development CGAP Consultative Group to Assist the Poorest CYTED Latin American Programme of Science and Technology for Development DFID Department for International Development DRC Democratic Republic of Congo EAG Expert Advisory Group EIR Extractive Industries Review FDI Foreign direct investment GDP Gross domestic product GMP Global Mercury Project HIPC Highly-Indebted Poor Countries IDRC International Development Research Centre of Canada ILO International Labour Organization IPEC International Programme for the Elimination of Child Labour MDG Millennium Development Goals MMSD Mining, Minerals and Sustainable Development MSDP Mining Sector Diversification Programme NGO Non-governmental organization OECD Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development SAWIMA South African Women in Mining Association SLA Sustainable Livelihoods Approach SMAG Strategic Management Advisory Group UNCED United Nations Conference on Environment and Development UNCTAD United Nations Conference on Trade and Development UNECA United Nations Economic Commission for Africa UNEP United Nations Environment Programme WCED World Commission on Environment and Development WHO World Health Organization WSSD World Summit on Sustainable Development iv ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I am sincerely grateful to the Communities and Small-Scale Mining (CASM) Initiative and World Bank, who sponsored this work and provided its vision through the remarkable CASM conferences, meetings and learning events held over the past four years. CASM coordinators, Jeffrey Davidson and Gotthard Walser have my heartfelt thanks for their confidence, support and inspirational commitment to ASM. My brilliant Editorial Advisory Committee, Antonio Pedro (UNECA), Normal Jennings (ILO), Beatrice LaBonne (Consultant) and Saleem Ali (University of Vermont), has provided considerable guidance in the initial conceptualization, refinement and editing of this work. I am extremely thankful for their painstaking efforts in this regard – their critical insight and wisdom has made an invaluable contribution. I would like to acknowledge Dr. Marcello Veiga – who will, for some reason, always be my “boss”. He is, without a doubt, the reason that I became involved in mining and for this, I will always be grateful. I would also like to thank my sister, Barbara Hinton, for her assistance in research and editing – her participation in this process made this endeavour even more enjoyable. The same gratitude I extend to my partner, Rod Gaucher, for his ongoing support, unwavering patience and great sense of humour throughout this experience. I would also like to extend my appreciation to my family and friends for their patience, encouragement, for making me an optimist and helping me stay that way.
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