DOCSLIB.ORG

Struggling to Be Involved: a Grounded Theory of Māori Whānau Engagement with Healthcare

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Struggling to Be Involved: a Grounded Theory of Māori Whānau Engagement with Healthcare Struggling to be Involved: A grounded theory of Māori whānau engagement with healthcare Dianne Wepa A thesis submitted to Auckland University of Technology in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) 2016 Faculty of Health and Environmental Sciences AUT University ATTESTATION OF AUTHORSHIP 2 ATTESTATION OF AUTHORSHIP I herby declare that this submission is my own work and that, to the best of my knowledge, it contains no material previously published or written by any other person (except where explicitly defined), nor material which to a substantial extent has been submitted for the award of any other degree or diploma of a university or other institution of higher learning. Signed: Dianne Wepa Dated: 1st August 2016 ABSTRACT / PITOPITO KŌRERO 3 ABSTRACT / PITOPITO KŌRERO Aspirational whānau enable future generations to succeed in an Indigenous world and a Western world. Relationships that are positive within the whānau become mutually beneficial when access is being sought for a range of services. The world that Māori whānau exist in today is vastly different from that of past generations. What has endured over this time is the whānau unit and the processes that contribute to its longevity. The aims of this study were to explain the processes that Māori and their whānau used to have their spiritual and cultural needs met when engaging with health care services, and generate a substantive theory of what happens for Māori and their whānau when they engage with health care services. The research question was, “What is happening with Māori and their whānau when they engage with health care services?” Twenty Māori whānau were interviewed about their engagement with healthcare services in Hawke’s Bay. Constructivist grounded theory developed by Kathy Charmaz (2006, 2014a), was utilised as the methodology for this study and Kaupapa Māori processes ensured that both whānau and the researcher were kept culturally safe. Struggling to be Involved emerged as a core process and substantive theory that explained how Māori whānau experienced healthcare services. Being Māori and surviving the experience provided positive mediating factors as whānau management strategies and a natural resource to assist with obtaining a healthcare service. The discrimination faced by Māori whānau while they were seeking to improve their health was a constant struggle. Despite the many negative experiences, collective ownership or we-dentity contributed to their resolution to receive the best healthcare, as they deserved no less. Current healthcare interventions in New Zealand are not working for Māori whānau. Struggling to be Involved contributes new knowledge about Māori whānau engagement with healthcare services by providing an original contribution to reduce continuing inequities between Māori and other New Zealanders. 3 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS / MIHI 4 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS / MIHI Tenei te karanga o te kawa whakaruruhau Nau mai, haere mai Mauriora mai ra te aroha e This mihi is a tribute to those that have contributed to the development of cultural safety before me and to those that will follow. I invite the reader to join me in this journey and to imagine a world where Māori whānau are flourishing, living healthy, vibrant lives now and into the future. This thesis was made possible because of a Māori doctoral scholarship from the Health Research Council of New Zealand and AUT University’s travel assistance funding. I am also grateful to Hawke’s Bay District Health Board’s Te Wahanga Hauora Māori Whānau and Tūmuaki, Tracee Te Huia for kindly allowing me time to undertake this research. To my kaumātua Turoa Haronga, ka nui te mihi mo to awhi me to tautoko. Your wise guidance ensured a culturally safe process for myself and the whānau in this study. To my primary supervisor Dr Denise Wilson, thank you for taking me with you to AUT. With your patience, guidance and exacting standards, I have developed academically and personally to a level that truly reflects the depth required to complete this thesis. To my second supervisor Dr Jane Koziol- McLain, thank you for your feedback, particularly during the early stages of writing. To the grounded theory group at AUT, thank you so much for your support especially during the beginning of the study. My whānau have endured this journey with me. In particular, to my husband Maurice, thank you for keeping things together on the home front, smoothing out the ups and downs at home and providing a sounding board. To the whānau, you gave generously of your time and trusted me with your stories. I hope this thesis honours you and your whānau by capturing moments in your healthcare journey that can be shared for the betterment of future whānau. TABLE OF CONTENTS 5 TABLE OF CONTENTS ATTESTATION OF AUTHORSHIP .............................................................................................................. 2 ABSTRACT / PITOPITO KŌRERO............................................................................................................... 3 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS / MIHI ................................................................................................................ 4 TABLE OF CONTENTS ............................................................................................................................... 5 LIST OF TABLES ........................................................................................................................................ 8 LIST OF FIGURES ...................................................................................................................................... 9 CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION / KO TE PŪ ......................................................................................... 10 Background ....................................................................................................................................... 11 Historical influences on Māori whānau ............................................................................................ 12 Historical trauma – enduring effects on health and wellbeing ........................................................ 15 Evolving nature of Māori whānau ..................................................................................................... 19 Contemporary health status ............................................................................................................. 19 Te Tiriti o Waitangi/Treaty of Waitangi ............................................................................................ 23 Research question and aim ............................................................................................................... 25 Definitions of key concepts ............................................................................................................... 25 Thesis outline .................................................................................................................................... 29 Conclusion ......................................................................................................................................... 30 CHAPTER TWO: LITERATURE REVIEW / KO TE WEU ............................................................................. 32 Introduction ...................................................................................................................................... 32 Locating the literature ...................................................................................................................... 32 What the literature revealed ............................................................................................................ 33 Conclusion ......................................................................................................................................... 48 CHAPTER THREE: METHODOLOGY / TE KUPENGA MATAURANGA ...................................................... 50 Introduction ...................................................................................................................................... 50 Research at the interface .................................................................................................................. 50 Kaupapa Māori research ................................................................................................................... 52 TABLE OF CONTENTS 6 Grounded theory .............................................................................................................................. 53 Grounded theory’s suitability to this study ...................................................................................... 59 Constructivist grounded theory ........................................................................................................ 60 Constructivism .................................................................................................................................. 61 Intrepretivism ................................................................................................................................... 61 Conclusion ......................................................................................................................................... 62 CHAPTER FOUR: METHODS / TE AKA .................................................................................................... 63 Introduction .....................................................................................................................................
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Constructionism and the Grounded Theory Method
    CHAPTER 20 Constructionism and the Grounded Theory Method • Kathy Charmaz n the introduction to this Handbook, James is grounded theory? The term refers to both A. Holstein and Jaber F. Gubrium suggest the research product and the analytic Ithat a social constructionist approach method of producing it, which I emphasize deals best with what people construct and here. The grounded theory method begins how this social construction process unfolds. with inductive strategies for collecting and They argue that the constructionist vo- analyzing qualitative data for the purpose of cabulary does not as readily address the why developing middle-range theories. Exam- questions that characterize more positivistic ining this method allows us to rethink ways inquiry.1 In their earlier methodological of bringing why questions into qualitative re- treatise, The New Language of Qualitative search. Method (Gubrium & Holstein, 1997), they A social constructionist approach to proposed that naturalistic qualitative re- grounded theory allows us to address why searchers could address why questions “by questions while preserving the complexity of considering the contingent relations be- social life. Grounded theory not only is a tween the whats and hows of social life” method for understanding research partici- (p. 200). To date, however, most qualitative pants’ social constructions but also is a research has not addressed why questions. method that researchers construct through- In contrast, the grounded theory method out inquiry. Grounded theorists adopt a few has had a long history of engaging both why strategies to focus their data gathering and questions and what and how questions. What analyzing, but what they do, how they do it, 397 398 • STRATEGIES AND TECHNIQUES and why they do it emerge through interact- Objectivist grounded theory (Glaser, 1978, ing in the research setting, with their data, 1992, 1998) has roots in mid-20th-century colleagues, and themselves.
    [Show full text]
  • An Interview with Kathy Charmaz: on Constructing Grounded Theory by Antony J
    Qualitative Sociology Review Volume II , Issue 3 – December 2006 Special: An Interview with Kathy Charmaz: On Constructing Grounded Theory by Antony J. Puddephatt Cornell University, USA Kathleen C. Charmaz completed her dissertation at the University of California at San Francisco under the supervision of the late Anselm Strauss, and is now Professor in the Department of Sociology at Sonoma State University. She served as the editor for Symbolic Interaction between 1999-2003, amidst her many other commitments to numerous academic journals and professional organizations. Dr. Charmaz’s areas of expertise span the sociology of health and illness, death and dying, as well as qualitative methods, grounded theory, the study of academic writing, and a host of other topics, which she has often presented as guest lectures and keynote addresses the world over. Recently, Professor Charmaz has written extensively about grounded theory, challenging the objectivist leanings of the traditional model, and, by drawing on her roots in symbolic interactionism, extending the breadth and potential of grounded theory in a number of exciting ways. The culmination of this work can be seen in her recently published book Constructing Grounded Theory: A Practical Guide Through Qualitative Analysis (2006). The following interview aims to explore Dr. Charmaz’s most recent views on grounded theory, discuss her new book, and consider some of the debates and challenges to her theory over the years from people like Barney Glaser. The interview took place between Professor Charmaz and myself by phone on July 25, 2006. The interview was tape-recorded, transcribed and then edited to enhance the flow of the discussion, and to eliminate some extraneous material.
    [Show full text]
  • Tracing the History of Grounded Theory Methodology: from Formation to Fragmentation
    The Qualitative Report Volume 19 Number 52 Article 1 12-29-2014 Tracing the History of Grounded Theory Methodology: From Formation to Fragmentation Méabh Kenny University College Cork, [email protected] Robert Fourie University College Cork, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://nsuworks.nova.edu/tqr Part of the Quantitative, Qualitative, Comparative, and Historical Methodologies Commons, and the Social Statistics Commons Recommended APA Citation Kenny, M., & Fourie, R. (2014). Tracing the History of Grounded Theory Methodology: From Formation to Fragmentation. The Qualitative Report, 19(52), 1-9. https://doi.org/10.46743/2160-3715/2014.1416 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the The Qualitative Report at NSUWorks. It has been accepted for inclusion in The Qualitative Report by an authorized administrator of NSUWorks. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Tracing the History of Grounded Theory Methodology: From Formation to Fragmentation Abstract There are very few articles, which track the history of Grounded Theory (GT) methodology from its tentative conception to its present divisions. This journal article addresses the dearth by tracing the history of GT methodology from its conception in the 1960’s, discussing the context of its composition, character, and contribution. Subsequently, the article follows the maturation of GT which is characterised by a series of contentious and, at times, antagonistic academic debates. The crux of these debates centres on disputes over core tenets of GT and have resulted in three dominant and divergent configurations of the GT methodology: Classic, Straussian, and Constructivist GT.
    [Show full text]
  • Literature Review and Constructivist Grounded Theory Methodology 1
    Volume 16, No. 3, Art. 19 September 2015 Literature Review and Constructivist Grounded Theory Methodology Rodrigo Ramalho, Peter Adams, Peter Huggard & Karen Hoare Key words: Abstract: In grounded theory research it is commonly discouraged to conduct a literature review grounded theory before data collection and analysis. Engaging with the literature about the researched area in that methodology; stage of the research is described as a constraining exercise rather than a guiding one. This can be constructivism; a puzzling notion for the researcher engaging with grounded theory methodology (GTM), literature review; particularly when she/he is expected to produce a literature review in early stages of the research reflexivity; process, e.g., by ethics committees and/or funding bodies. The current article examines this epistemology controversial issue by exploring the different stances taken on the subject by the founders of the methodology, as well as the one introduced by constructivist GTM. The different approaches towards the potential impact of a literature review conducted before data collection and analysis are introduced not only as a methodological issue, but also, and more importantly, as an epistemological one. Reflexivity is described as a key element in ensuring the groundedness of a theory in constructivist GTM and various reflexive strategies are presented. It is suggested that the researcher's epistemological framework should be explicitly explored and acknowledged in early stages of the research. Table of Contents 1. Introduction 2. The First Advice: Ignore the Literature 3. Avoid "Contamination": Diverging on How to Achieve the Goal 4. Emerging, Forcing, or Constructing? 5. Ensuring Groundedness 6. Reflexive Strategies 7.
    [Show full text]
  • A Personal Journey with Grounded Theory Methodology Biographical Note1
    Volume 17, No. 1, Art. 16 January 2016 A Personal Journey with Grounded Theory Methodology Kathy Charmaz in Conversation With Reiner Keller Key words: Abstract: Kathy CHARMAZ is one of the most important thinkers in grounded theory methodology grounded theory today. Her trailblazing work on constructivist grounded theory continues to inspire research across methodology; many disciplines and around the world. In this interview, she reflects on the aura surrounding qualitative qualitative inquiry that existed in California in the late 1960s to early 1970s and the lessons she research; learned from her first forays into empirical research. She comments on the trajectory that grounded interviews; theory research has followed since then and gives an account of her own perspective on symbolic constructivist grounded theory. In doing so, she underlines the importance of the Chicago School interactionism; and symbolic interactionist tradition for grounded theory research work today and shows where the constructivism; latter is positioned in the current field of qualitative fieldwork. health; medicine; sociology; Table of Contents education; evaluation 1. A Sociologist by Accident 2. Entering Grounded Theory Research 3. "Good Days, Bad Days" 4. Questions of Method 4. Towards Constructivist Grounded Theory Methodology 5. On Legacies: Grounded Theory Methodology and Symbolic Interactionism 6. Evaluating Qualitative Research? References Authors Citation Biographical Note1 Kathy CHARMAZ is professor of sociology and Director of the Faculty Writing Program at Sonoma State University. In the latter position she leads seminars for faculty to help them complete their research and scholarly writing. She has written, co-authored, or co-edited fourteen books, with two winning awards: "Constructing Grounded Theory: A Practical Guide Through Qualitative Analysis" (CHARMAZ, 2006) and "Good Days, Bad Days: The Self in Chronic Illness and Time" (CHARMAZ, 1991).
    [Show full text]
  • Qualitative Psychology: Grounded Theory
    3 RD EDITION QUALITATIVE PSYCHOLOGY A P RACTICAL G UIDE TO R ESEARCH METHODS EDITED BY 00_Smith_3E _Prelims.indd 3 3/23/2015 3:05:24 PM 3 RD EDITION QUALITATIVE PSYCHOLOGY A P RACTICAL G UIDE TO R ESEARCH METHODS EDITED BY SAGE was founded in 1965 by Sara Miller McCune to support the dissemination of usable knowledge by publishing innovative and high-quality research and teaching content. Today, we publish more than 750 journals, including those of more than 300 learned societies, more than 800 new books per year, and a growing range of library products including archives, data, case studies, reports, conference highlights, and video. SAGE remains majority-owned by our founder, and after Sara’s lifetime will become owned by a charitable trust that secures our continued independence. Los Angeles | London | Washington DC | New Delhi | Singapore 00_Smith_3E _Prelims.indd 2 3/23/2015 3:05:24 PM SAGE Publications Ltd Editorial arrangement and Chapter 1 Jonathan A. Smith 2015 1 Oliver’s Yard Chapter 2 Peter Ashworth 2015 55 City Road Chapter 3 Jonathan A. Smith and Mike Osborn 2015 London EC1Y 1SP Chapter 4 Kathy Charmaz 2015 Chapter 5 Michael Murray 2015 SAGE Publications Inc. Chapter 6 Paul Drew 2015 2455 Teller Road Chapter 7 Carla Willig 2015 Thousand Oaks, California 91320 Chapter 8 Sarah Riley and Peter Reason 2015 Chapter 9 Sue Wilkinson 2015 SAGE Publications India Pvt Ltd Chapter 10 Victoria Clarke, Virginia Braun and Nikki Hayfield B 1/I 1 Mohan Cooperative Industrial Area 2015 Mathura Road Chapter 11 Michael Larkin 2015 New Delhi 110 044 Chapter 12 Lucy Yardley 2015 SAGE Publications Asia-Pacific Pte Ltd Third edition published 2015 3 Church Street #10-04 Samsung Hub First edition published 2004.
    [Show full text]
  • 'Discovering' Chronic Illness: Using Grounded Theory
    5~. .Scl. rfzd. Vol. 30. No. I I. pp. 1161-l 172. 1990 0277-953619053.00 + 0.00 Pnnted in Grca! Bntaln. ,411rights resrned Copyright i” 1990Pergamon Press plc ‘DISCOVERING’ CHRONIC ILLNESS: USING GROUNDED THEORY _ KATHY CHARMAZ Sonoma State University, Rohnert Park, CA 94928, U.S.A. Abstract-This paper focuses on using the grounded theory method to study social psychological themes which cut across diverse chronic illnesses. The grounded theory method is presented as a method having both phenomenoiogical and positivistic roots, which leads to confusion and misinterpretations of the method. A social constructionist version and application of grounded theory are introduced after brief overviews of the method and of the debates it has engendered are provided. Next, phases in developing concepts and theoretical frameworks through using the grounded theory approach are discussed. These phases include: (I) developing and refining the research and data collection questions, (2) raising terms to concepts. (3) asking more conceptual questions on a generic level and (4) making further discoveries and clarifying concepts through writing and rewriting. Throughout the discussion, examples and illustrations are derived from two recent papers, ‘Disclosing Illness’ and ‘Struggling for a Self: Identity Levels of the Chronically III’. Last, the merits of the method for theoretical development are discussed. ISTRODUCTION the meanings that people ascribe to their situations [8-l I]. These meanings derive from shared inter- The grounded theory method provides a set of useful actions, which turn on the pivotal role of language. research strategies for studying the experience of The symbolic interactionist assumption of the chronic illness [I-5].
    [Show full text]
  • Constructing Grounded Theory Kathy Charmaz Summary of Contents
    INTRODUCING QUALITATIVE METHODS provides a series of volumes which introduce qualitative research to the student and beginning researcher. The approach is interdisciplinary and international. A distinctive feature of these volumes is the helpful student exercises. One stream of the series provides texts on the key methodologies used in qualitative research. The other stream contains books on qualitative research for different disciplines or occupations. Both streams cover the basic literature in a clear and accessible style, but also cover the 'cutting edge' issues in the area. SERIES EDITOR David Silverman (Goldsmiths College) EDITORIAL BOARD Michael Bloor (University of Wales, Cardiff) Barbara Czarniawska (University of Gothenburg) Norman Denzin (University of Illinois, Champaign) Barry Glassner (University of Southern California) Jaber Gubrium (University of Missouri) Anne Murcott (South Bank University) Jonathan Potter (Loughborough University) TITLES IN SERIES Qualitative Research in Social Work Constructing Doing Conversation Analysis lan Shaw and Nick Gould Paul ten Have Qualitative Research in Information Systems Grounded Theory Using Foucault's Methods Michael D. Myers and David Avison Gavin Kendall and Gary Wickham A Practical Guide Through Researching the Visual The Quality of Qualitative Research Michael Emmison and Philip Smith Qualitative Analysis Clive Seale Qualitative Research in Education Qualitative Evaluation Peter Freebody lan Shaw Using Documents in Social Research Researching Life Stories and Family Histories Lindsay
    [Show full text]
  • IJQM Template
    This article is downloaded from http://researchoutput.csu.edu.au It is the paper published as: Author: J. Mills, A. Bonner and K. Francis Title: The development of constructivist grounded theory Journal: International Journal of Qualitative methods ISSN: 1609-4069 Year: 2006 Volume: 5 Issue: 1 Pages: 25-35 Abstract: Constructivist grounded theory is a popular method for research studies primarily in the disciplines of psychology, education, and nursing. In this article, the authors aim to locate the roots of constructivist grounded theory and then trace its development. They examine key grounded theory texts to discern their ontological and epistemological orientation. They find Strauss and Corbin’s texts on grounded theory to possess a discernable thread of constructivism in their approach to inquiry. They also discuss Charmaz’s landmark work on constructivist grounded theory relative to her positioning of the researcher in relation to the participants, analysis of the data, and rendering of participants’ experiences into grounded theory. Grounded theory can be seen as a methodological spiral that begins with Glaser and Strauss’ original text and continues today. The variety of epistemological positions that grounded theorists adopt are located at various points on this spiral and are reflective of their underlying ontologies. Author Address: [email protected] URL: http://ejournals.library.ualberta.ca/index.php/IJQM/article/view/4402/3795 http://ejournals.library.ualberta.ca/index.php/IJQM/index http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=a9h&AN=21331313&site=ehost- live http://researchoutput.csu.edu.au/R/-?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=13158&local_base=GEN01- CSU01 http://unilinc20.unilinc.edu.au:80/F/?func=direct&doc_number=001488698&local_base=L25XX CRO Number: 13158 The Development of Constructivist Grounded Theory 1.
    [Show full text]
  • Medical Sociology Newsletter
    MEDICAL SOCI OLOGY SECTION OF THE ASA Winter 2017 Volume 53, Issue 2 Medical Sociology Newsletter NOTES FROM THE CHAIR Inside this issue: By Debra Umberson [email protected] Notes from the Chair 1 Happy New Year – 2017 is sure to be an interesting one. 2017 Reeder Award 2-3 Winner You can launch the new year with a submission to one of this year’s ASA Medi- cal Sociology sessions. You will find a description of the sessions in our last Call for ASA Award 4 newsletter and at the ASA website. We have eight sessions slated, including Nominations the annual Leo G. Reeder Award address by Kathy Charmaz, the 2017 award recipient. The Reeder Award is for distinguished contributions and service to Teaching 5 the field of medical sociology. Adele Clark has written an article for this news- Career & letter that showcases some of Kathy’s many contributions to the field. 6 Employment Please be sure to submit your ASA paper by January 11th. Regardless of what- Student Views 6 ever else 2017 throws at us, we will have a wonderful time in Montreal. Kristi Williams and I are already planning this year’s annual joint medical sociology/ Health Policy 6 mental health sections reception. Guest Column: Medical Sociology and 7 I look forward to seeing all of you in August! Best wishes, Deb the NIH Scholar Interview: 8 Chloe Bird Get Connected 9 Special points of interest: Announcement of 2017 Reeder Award Winner! A focus on grant writing— Interview with Chloe Bird Post Notices on the ASA Medical Sociology Section List <[email protected]> Guest Column by NIH Please note that the link to our website has changed from what it was (http://asanet.org/medicalsociology) to http://www.asanet.org/asa- communities/sections/medical-sociology Page 2 Medical Sociology Newsletter 2017 Reeder Award Winner: KATHY CHARMAZ Professor Emerita Kathy Charmaz will receive the Leo G.
    [Show full text]
  • Distinguishing Between the Types of Grounded Theory: Classical, Interpretive and Constructivist
    Journal for Social Thought 3(1) • July 2019 Distinguishing Between the Types of Grounded Theory: Classical, Interpretive and Constructivist Kailah Sebastian University of Regina, Regina, Saskatchewan, Canada [email protected] Since its inception in 1967, the grounded theory methodology has developed into many perspectives, each underpinned by different ontological and epistemological assumptions. This is shown primarily through the work of Glaser and Strauss; Glaser; Strauss and Corbin; and Charmaz. Positivism versus interpretivism; prior knowledge and experiences versus a clean slate; pre-established data coding categories versus building from the ground up – each of these opposing assertions can be applied as a characteristic towards the three types or perspectives of grounded theory. But which assertions go where? This paper will argue that, by clarifying these perspectives and giving each its own separate label, grounded theory researchers will be able to more easily identify and distinguish a chosen approach and its implications within research. KEYWORDS: Grounded theory, Grounded theory types, Ontology, Epistemology, Methodology Introduction &Background Grounded theory is an inductive methodology that attempts to bridge the gap between research and theory s per the fathers of grounded theory, Barney (Glaser & Strauss, 1967). It emphasizes a simplified Glaser and Anselm Strauss, the intent of this approach to methods that collect rich and unbiased Amethodology focused on the "discovery of the- data. This leaves theory to be conceptualized within the ory from data [that is] systematically obtained and study and by the data rather than verifying previous analyzed in social research" (Glaser & Strauss, 1967, theoretical assumptions (Glaser & Strauss, 1967; Char- p. 1). Further, their educational upbringing in the maz, 2014; Farragher & Coogan, 2018).
    [Show full text]
  • Grounded Theory Research: Procedures, Canons, and Evaluative Criteria
    Qualitative Sociology, Vol. 13, No. t, 1990 Grounded Theory Research: Procedures, Canons, and Evaluative Criteria Juliet Corbin 1 and Anselm Strauss Using grounded theory as an example, this paper examines three methodologi- cal questions that are generally applicable to all qualitative methods. How should the usual scientific canons be reinterpreted for qualitative research? How should researchers report the procedures and canons used in their re- search? What evaluative criteria should be used in judging the research products? We propose that the criteria should be adapted to fit the procedures of the method. We demonstrate how this can be done for grounded theory and suggest criteria for evaluating studies following this approach. We argue that other qualitative researchers might be similarly specific about their procedures and evaluative criteria. INTRODUCTION In this paper 2 We address three related methodological issues. How should the usual scientific canons be redefined for qualitative research in social science? How should qualitative researchers report the procedures and canons used in their research? What evaluative criteria should be used in judging the products of particular studies? These products are not all identical in type be- cause researchers variously aim at producing rich descriptions, ethnographic fact-finding accounts, narratives that yield verstehen, theoretical analyses of par- 1Address correspondence m: Juliet M. Corbin, R.N., D.N.Sc., Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143. 2We wish to thank Kathy Charmaz, Adele Clarke, Uta Gerhardt, Barney Glaser, David Maines, Virginia Olesen, Leonard Schatzman, Joseph Schneider, Hans-Georg Soeffner, and Leigh Star, whose often detailed comments on earlier drafts appreciably aided us in clearing up ambiguities and inconsistencies, preventing possible misunderstandings.
    [Show full text]