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Climate Change Vulnerability Assessment in Mangrove Regions of Sierra Leone

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Climate Change Vulnerability Assessment in Mangrove Regions of Sierra Leone Climate Change Vulnerability Assessment in Mangrove regions of Sierra Leone Full Report January 2018 This work was conducted under the USAID-funded West Africa Biodiversity and Climate Change (WA BiCC) project. The report is an unabridged version of the official USAID report by the same name published as an Abridged Report in May 2017, and available at http://www.ciesin.columbia.edu/wa-bicc/wa-bicc-ccva-abridged-ff.pdf. The report was prepared by the Center for International Earth Science Information Network (CIESIN) of the Earth Institute of Columbia University. The vulnerability assessment was led by CIESIN under contract with Tetra Tech, and CIESIN also led the analysis and report development. In addition to the CIESIN lead researcher, Sylwia Trzaska, the field research was conducted by a team comprised of representatives from the WA BiCC technical unit in Freetown, Fourah Bay College, Njala University, the National Protected Areas Authority (NPAA), Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), the Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Food Security, the Ministry of Lands, Country Planning and Environment, the Ministry of Fisheries and Marine Resources, Conservation Society of Sierra Leone and other stakeholders. The authors of the report are Sylwia Trzaska, Alex de Sherbinin, Paola Kim-Blanco, Valentina Mara, Emilie Schnarr, Malanding Jaiteh, and Pinki Mondal at CIESIN. The team wishes to acknowledge the contributions of Zebedee Njisuh, Aiah Lebbie, Samuel Weekes, George Ganda and Michael Balinga. A full list of field research staff can be found in Annex 5 of this report. Without their hard work and dedication under challenging conditions, this vulnerability assessment would not have been possible. Cover page: The village of Jamaika, Yawri Bay, Sierra Leone, June 2016 Credit: S. Trzaska This publication was produced for the United States Agency for International Development by Tetra Tech ARD, through a Task Order under the Prosperity, Livelihoods, and Conserving Ecosystems (PLACE) Indefinite Quantity Contract Core Task Order (USAID Contract No. AID-EPP- I-00-06-00008, Order Number AID-OAA-TO-11-00064). Tetra Tech ARD Contacts: Stephen Kelleher Chief of Party West Africa Biodiversity and Climate Change (WA BiCC) project Accra, Ghana Tel.: +233 (0) 302 788 600 Email: [email protected] Vaneska Litz Project Manager Burlington, Vermont Tel.: +1 802 495 0303 Email: [email protected] Suggested citation: Trzaska, S., A. de Sherbinin, P. Kim-Blanco, V. Mara, E. Schnarr, M. Jaiteh, P. Mondal. (2018). Climate Change Vulnerability Assessment in Mangrove regions of Sierra Leone: Long Version. Report published under the USAID West Africa Biodiversity and Climate Change (WA BiCC) project. Palisades, NY: Center for International Earth Science Information Network, Columbia University. Download from: http://www.ciesin.columbia.edu/wa-bicc/ 2 Table of Contents ACRONYMS ............................................................................................................................6 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ...........................................................................................................7 RATIONALE ...............................................................................................................................7 APPROACH ...............................................................................................................................7 MAIN FINDINGS .........................................................................................................................8 SOCIO-ECONOMIC CHARACTERISTICS OF THE POPULATIONS ......................................................................... 8 CLIMATE AND ENVIRONMENT ............................................................................................................... 10 AGGREGATED WEALTH AND VULNERABILITY MEASURES ........................................................................... 11 ADAPTATION SOLUTIONS..................................................................................................................... 11 RECOMMENDATIONS ................................................................................................................ 12 1. INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................. 14 2. THE METHODOLOGY ..................................................................................................... 15 THE APPROACH: TOP-DOWN VS BOTTOM-UP? ................................................................................. 15 PRELIMINARY INFORMATION GATHERING AND AREA/POPULATION SELECTION ......................................... 17 THE COASTAL AREAS IN SIERRA LEONE ................................................................................................... 17 FINDINGS FROM THE SCOPING VISIT ....................................................................................................... 18 AREA SELECTION ................................................................................................................................ 20 THE METHODS ......................................................................................................................... 23 A COMBINATION OF ECOSYSTEM AND POPULATION VA ............................................................................ 23 SAMPLING STRATEGY .......................................................................................................................... 24 THE INSTRUMENTS ................................................................................................................... 31 HOUSEHOLD SURVEY .......................................................................................................................... 31 PARTICIPATORY RURAL APPRAISAL ........................................................................................................ 32 ECOSYSTEM VULNERABILITY ASSESSMENT .............................................................................................. 34 DATA COLLECTION .................................................................................................................... 37 DATA ANALYSIS ....................................................................................................................... 38 COMBINED VULNERABILITY ANALYSIS ............................................................................................ 38 INDICATORS RETAINED IN THE COMBINED VULNERABILITY ANALYSIS ........................................................... 38 COMPUTATION OF AGGREGATED INDICATORS ......................................................................................... 40 3. SOCIO-ECONOMIC CHARACTERISTICS OF COMMUNITIES ................................................ 42 3 ANALYSIS AT NATIONAL AND REGIONAL SCALES ................................................................................ 42 DEMOGRAPHIC AND BASIC DEVELOPMENT INDICATORS ........................................................................... 42 EDUCATION LEVELS ............................................................................................................................. 45 WATER AND SANITATION .................................................................................................................... 46 MIGRATION ...................................................................................................................................... 49 LIVELIHOODS STRATEGIES .................................................................................................................... 52 ACCESSIBILITY .................................................................................................................................... 62 ACCESS TO CREDIT AND SAVINGS MECHANISMS ...................................................................................... 64 EXPOSURE TO COMMUNICATION MEDIA ................................................................................................. 67 PARTICIPATION IN GROUPS AND ASSOCIATIONS ...................................................................................... 70 FOOD SECURITY ................................................................................................................................. 71 HOUSEHOLD LEVEL ANALYSIS OF SOCIO-ECONOMIC VULNERABILITY....................................................... 75 HOUSEHOLD WEALTH ......................................................................................................................... 75 VULNERABILITY AND ITS COMPONENTS AT HOUSEHOLD LEVEL .................................................................... 76 4. CLIMATE AND ENVIRONMENT ....................................................................................... 81 THE CLIMATE OF SIERRA LEONE.................................................................................................... 81 AVERAGE RAINFALL AND TEMPERATURE ................................................................................................. 81 CLIMATE VARIABILITY .......................................................................................................................... 83 CLIMATE INFORMATION AVAILABILITY AND ACCESSIBILITY ......................................................................... 86 PROJECTED CHANGES IN CLIMATE IN SIERRA LEONE .................................................................................. 88 CLIMATE IMPACTS AND PERCEPTIONS ..........................................................................................
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