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A Biosystematic Study of Silphium Integrifolium Michx., S. Speciosum Nutt., and S. Asperrimum Hook

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A Biosystematic Study of Silphium Integrifolium Michx., S. Speciosum Nutt., and S. Asperrimum Hook This dissertation has been 64-6927 microfilmed exactly as received LENGEL., Patricia Ann, 1930- A BIOSYSTEMATIC STUDY OF SILPHIUM INTEGRIFOLIUM MICHX., S. SPECIOSUM NUTT., AND S. ASPERRIMUM HOOK. The Ohio State University, Ph.D., 1963 Botany University Microfilms, Inc., Ann Arbor, Michigan A BIOSYSTEMATIC STUDY OP SILPHIUM INTEGRIFOLIUM MICHX., S. SPECIOSUM NUTT., AND S. ASPERRIMUM HOOK. DISSERTATION Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of The Ohio State University By Patricia Ann Lengel, B. A., M. Sc ****** The Ohio State University 1963 Approved by Adviser Department of Botany and Plant Pathology ACKNOWLEDGMENT I would like to acknowledge gratefully the help of Dr. T. Richard Fisher, my adviser, whose ideas and criticisms have brought this investigation to its present state. I would also like to thank Drs. Clara Weishaupt, Elton P. Paddock, and Adolph E. Waller for their critical analyses of this manuscript. ii TABLE OP CONTENTS Page ACKNOWLEDGMENT..................................... 11 LIST OF TABLES..................................... Iv LIST OP ILLUSTRATIONS.......... T . ............. v GENERAL GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION .................... 1 TAXONOMY................... 5 GENERAL MORPHOLOGY ................ 6 ARTIFICIAL HYBRIDIZATION AND CYTDLOQICALMETHODS . 8 CYTOLOGICAL OBSERVATIONS............................ 20 Species .............................. ...... 20 Interspecific crosses Involving Sllphlum Integrlfollum................................. 20 Other Interspecific crosses of Sllphlum .......... 30 Intraspeclflc crosses InvoIvlng Sllphimi Integrifollum ......... -.......... 36 Backcrosses Involving the Interspecific hybrids of Sllphlum ................................... 37 Pi sibling crosses of Sllphlum.................... 38 VARIATION STUDIES IN SILPHIUM INTEGRIFOLIUM, S. SPECIOSUM, AND S7 ASPERRlHDH . ........... 39 MORPHOLOGY OP THE ARTIFICIAL INTERSPECIFIC HYBRIDS INVOLVING SILPHIUM INTEGRIFOLIUM.......... 6l DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS . ...................... 64 TAXONOMIC CONSIDERATIONS................. 72 SUMMARY ................. 76 LITERATURE CITED ................................... 79 AUTOBIOGRAPHY...................................... 82 111 LIST OP TABLES Table Page 1. Voucher material sources and chromosome numbers of Sllphlum used In this study .... 11 2. Percentage of seed-set and germination of Inter- and Intraspeclflc crosses In S l l p h l u m .................................... 13 3. Percentage of seed-set on Pn or Pi and germination after backcroSslng In Slllphlum.................................... 15 4. Percentage of seed-set on Ft plants which have been pollinated by sister Pi plants and germination of resulting seeds In S l l p h l u m .................................... Id 5. Percentage of pollen stalnablllty and melotlc behavior In Pi Interspecific hybrids of Sllphlum . ................................ 18 6. Means and standard deviations of the measure­ ments of herbarium specimens from Individual quadrats .......................... 42 7. Means and standard deviations from Table 6 rearranged Into arcs emanating southwest and northeast of the Ozark P l a t e a u ...... 46 8. Means and standard deviations from Table 6 rearranged Into arcs emanating southeast and northwest of the Ozark P l a t e a u ....... 49 9. Morphological analysis of reciprocal Pi Interspecific hybrids Involving Sllphlum Integrifollum and other species .............. 62 Iv LIST OP ILLUSTRATIONS Figure Page 1. Distribution of Silphium integrlfolium....... 2 2. Distributions of Silphium speclosum and S. asperrimum............................. 3 3. Diakinesis in Silphium integrifolium......... 21 4. Diakinesis in Silphium asperrimum............. 21 5« Diakinesis in Silphium sp e c l o s u m ............. 21 6. Diakinesis in Silphium simpsonii var. w r i g h t i i ............................... 21 7. Diakinesis in Sllphlum reverchoni . ........ 23 8. Diakinesis in Silphium integrifolium x S. speclosum....................... ; . 23 9. Diakinesis in Silphium speclosum x S. integrifolium............................. 23 10. Diakinesis in Silphium integrifolium x S. asperrimum............................. 24 11. Interpretation of Figure 1 0 .................. 24 12. Diakinesis in Silphium asperrimum x S. integrifolium .......... 24 1 3. Interpretation of Figure 1 2 ............ 24 14. Diakinesis in Silphium reverchoni x S. integrifolium............................. 23 1 5 . Interpretation of Figure 1 4 ........ 25 1 6. Diakinesis in Silphium integrifolium x £. simpsonii var. wrigKtii ...... 25 1 7. Interpretation of Figure I6 .......... 25 V LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS— continued Figure Page 18. Diakinesis in Silphium simpsonii var. wrightii X S. Integrifollum ................ 26 19. Interpretation of Figure 1 8 ........ 20. Diakinesis in Silphium integrifolium x S. simpsonii var. wrifàitii.................... 21. Interpretation of Figure 20 .................. 22. Bridge in Silphium speciosum x S. integrifollum .............................. 23. Bridge in Silphium asperrimum x^S. integrifolium.............................. 24. Bridges in Silphium integrifolium x S. simpsonii var. wrightii .......... ........ 25. Bridge in Silphium simpsonii var. wrightii x S. integrifolium .......................... 28 26. Bridge in Silphium simpsonii var. wrightii x S. integrifolium .......................... 27. Bridge in Silphium reverchoni x S. integrifolium............ ......... 28. Interpretation of a lagging chromosome in Silphium integrifolium x S. simpsonii var. wrightii .................................. 29. Lagging chromosomes in Silphium reverchoni x S. integrifolium.......................... 30. Diakinesis in Silphium speciosum x S. reverchoni . ............................ 31. Interpretation of Figure 30 . .......... 32. Diakinesis in Silphium asperrimum x S. speciosum.................................. Vi LIST OP ILLUSTRATIONS— continued Figure Page 33. Interpretation of Figure 32 .................... 31 34. Diakinesis in Silphium speciosum x S. a s pe r r i m u m ................................. 32 35. Interpretation of Figure 34 .................... 32 36. Diakinesis in Silphium trifoliatum x S. speciosum................................... 32 37. Interpretation of Figure 3 6 .................... 32 38. Diakinesis in Silphium trifoliatum x a s perri mum............... 33 39. Interpretation of Figure 3 8 .................... 33 40. Diakinesis in Silphium trifoliatum x S. asp er r i m u m ................................. 33 41. Interpretation of Figure 40 .................... 33 42. Diakinesis in Silphium asperrimum x S. trifoliatum................................. 34 43. Interpretation of Figure 4 2 ................... 34 44. Diakinesis in Silphium asperrimum x S. reverchoni "... ........................... 34 45. Interpretation of Figure 4 4 ................... 34 46. Diakinesis in Silphium speciosum x S. perfoliatum................................. 35 47. Diakinesis in Silphium simpsonii var. wrightii X S. speciosum...................... 35 48. Diakinesis in Silphium speciosum x S. simpsonii var. wrigHtil . ................ 35 49. Interpretation of Figure 4 8 ................... 35 vii LIST OP ILLUSTRATIONS— continued Figure Page 50. Method in studying regional variation northeast to southwest ..................... 45 51. Method in studying regional variation northwest to southeast ..................... 48 52. Regional variation from northeast to southwest of head s i z e ................ 50 53» Regional variation from northwest to southeast of head s i z e ............... 50 54. Regional variation from northeast to southwest of length/width ratio of achene . 53 55. Regional variation from northwest to southeast of length/width ratio of achene . 53 56. Regional variation from northeast to southwest of achene length .................. 55 57. Regional variation from northwest to southeast of achene length .................. 55 58. Regional variation from northeast to southwest of length/width ratio of achene notch ................................ 57 59» Regional variation from northwest to southeast of length/width ratio of achene notch ................................ 57 60. Regional variation from northeast to southwest of depth of achene notch ......... 58 61. Regional variation from northwest to southeast of depth of achene notch...... 58 62. Regional variation from northeast to southwest of width of achene wing ......... 60 viii LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS— continued Figure Page 63. Regional variation from northwest to southeast of width of achene w i n g ............ 60 64. Cytogenetic relationships between all species of Silphium included in this study............ 65 65. Cytotaxonomic relationships of the "integri­ folium" complex.............................. 75 ix GENERAL GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION The range of Sllphlum Integrifollum Mlchx. (Figure 1) extends Into Indiana, west Into Kansas, southwest Into Texas, southeast Into Georgia, and n'orth Into Wisconsin— an area which closely coincides with the Tall-grass prairie region of the United States, Unlike this very broad distri­ bution, S. speclosum Nutt, and S. asperrimum Hook, have very limited ranges which nevertheless overlap the western and southwestern edges of the range of S. Integrifollum. The range of S. speclosum (Figure 2) extends from Nebraska, south Into Texas, and northwestern Arkansas. Sllphlum asperrimum (Figure 2) ranges from eastern Oklahoma Into Texas and south­ western Arkansas.
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