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Arsu and ‘Azizu a Study of the West Semitic "Dioscuri" and the Cods of Dawn and Dusk by Finn Ove Hvidberg-Hansen
’Arsu and ‘Azizu A Study of the West Semitic "Dioscuri" and the Cods of Dawn and Dusk By Finn Ove Hvidberg-Hansen Historiske-filosofiske Meddelelser 97 Det Kongelige Danske Videnskabernes Selskab The Royal Danish Academy of Sciences and Letters DET KONGELIGE DANSKE VIDENSKABERNES SELSKAB udgiver følgende publikationsrækker: THE ROYAL DANISH ACADEMY OF SCIENCES AND LETTERS issues the following series of publications: Authorized Abbreviations Historisk-filosofiske Meddelelser, 8° Hist.Fil.Medd.Dan.Vid.Selsk. (printed area 1 75 x 104 mm, 2700 units) Historisk-filosofiske Skrifter, 4° Hist.Filos.Skr.Dan.Vid.Selsk. (History, Philosophy, Philology, (printed area 2 columns, Archaeology, Art History) each 199 x 77 mm, 2100 units) Matematisk-fysiske Meddelelser, 8° Mat.Fys.Medd.Dan.Vid.Selsk. (Mathematics, Physics, (printed area 180 x 126 mm, 3360 units) Chemistry, Astronomy, Geology) Biologiske Skrifter, 4° Biol.Skr. Dan. Vid.Selsk. (Botany, Zoology, Palaeontology, (printed area 2 columns, General Biology) each 199 x 77 mm, 2100 units) Oversigt, Annual Report, 8° Overs. Dan.Vid.Selsk. General guidelines The Academy invites original papers that contribute significantly to research carried on in Denmark. Foreign contributions are accepted from temporary residents in Den mark, participants in a joint project involving Danish researchers, or those in discussion with Danish contributors. Instructions to authors Manuscripts from contributors who are not members of the Academy will be refereed by two members of the Academy. Authors of papers accepted for publication will re ceive galley proofs and page proofs; these should be returned promptly to the editor. Corrections other than of printer's errors will be charged to the author(s) insofar as the costs exceed 15% of the cost of typesetting. -
The Palmyrene Prosopography
THE PALMYRENE PROSOPOGRAPHY by Palmira Piersimoni University College London Thesis submitted for the Higher Degree of Doctor of Philosophy London 1995 C II. TRIBES, CLANS AND FAMILIES (i. t. II. TRIBES, CLANS AND FAMILIES The problem of the social structure at Palmyra has already been met by many authors who have focused their interest mainly to the study of the tribal organisation'. In dealing with this subject, it comes natural to attempt a distinction amongst the so-called tribes or family groups, for they are so well and widely attested. On the other hand, as shall be seen, it is not easy to define exactly what a tribe or a clan meant in terms of structure and size and which are the limits to take into account in trying to distinguish them. At the heart of Palmyrene social organisation we find not only individuals or families but tribes or groups of families, in any case groups linked by a common (true or presumed) ancestry. The Palmyrene language expresses the main gentilic grouping with phd2, for which the Greek corresponding word is ØuAi in the bilingual texts. The most common Palmyrene formula is: dynwpbd biiyx... 'who is from the tribe of', where sometimes the word phd is omitted. Usually, the term bny introduces the name of a tribe that either refers to a common ancestor or represents a guild as the Ben Komarê, lit. 'the Sons of the priest' and the Benê Zimrâ, 'the sons of the cantors' 3 , according to a well-established Semitic tradition of attaching the guilds' names to an ancestor, so that we have the corporations of pastoral nomads, musicians, smiths, etc. -
Who Were the Daughters of Allah?
WHO WERE THE DAUGHTERS OF ALLAH? By DONNA RANDSALU B.A., University of British Columbia,1982. A THESIS SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF ARTS in THE FACULTY OF GRADUATE STUDIES (RELIGIOUS STUDIES) We accept this thesis—as conforming to the required standard THE UNIVERSITY OF BRITISH COLUMBIA September 1988 © Donna Kristin Randsalu, 1988 V In presenting this thesis in partial fulfilment of the requirements for an advanced degree at the University of British Columbia, I agree that the Library shall make it freely available for reference and study. I further agree that permission for extensive copying of this thesis for scholarly purposes may be granted by the head of my department or by his or her representatives. It is understood that copying or publication of this thesis for financial gain shall not be allowed without my written permission. Department of £gLlfr/OU^ £TUO>eS> The University of British Columbia 1956 Main Mall Vancouver, Canada V6T 1Y3 Date Per- n} DE-6(3/81) ABSTRACT Who were the Daughters of Allah, the three Arabian goddesses mentioned in the Qur'an and venerated by the pagan Arabs prior to the rise of Islam, and who since have vanished into obscurity? Can we reconstruct information about these goddesses by reference to earlier goddesses of the Near East? It is our intention to explore this possibility through an examination of their predecessors in view of the links between the Fertile Crescent and the Arabian Peninsula. Moving back in time from the seventh century A.D. (Arabia) through the Hellenistic Period (Syro/Phoenicia 300 B.C.-A.D. -
The Religion of Ancient Palestine in the Light of Archaeology the God of Beth-Shan the Religion of Ancient Palestine in the Light of Archaeology
THE SCHWEICH LECTURES ON BIBLICAL ARCHAEOLOGY, 1925 THE RELIGION OF ANCIENT PALESTINE IN THE LIGHT OF ARCHAEOLOGY THE GOD OF BETH-SHAN THE RELIGION OF ANCIENT PALESTINE IN THE LIGHT OF ARCHAEOLOGY BY STANLEY A. COOK, M.A., LITT.D. FELLOW OF GONVILLE AND CAIUS COLLEGE, CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY LECTURER IN HEBREW AND ARAMAIC THE SCHWEICH LECTURES OF THE BRITISH ACADEMY LONDON PUBLISHED FOR THE BRITISH ACADEMY BY HUMPHREY MILFORD, OXFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS AMEN HOUSE, E,C. 1930 OXFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS AMEN HOUSE, E.C. 4 LONDON EDINBURGH GLASGOW LEIPZIG NEW YOR~ TORONTO MELBOURNE CAPETOWN BOMBAY CALCUTTA MADRAS SHANGHAI HUMPHREY MILFORD PUBLISHER TO THE UNIVERSITY Printed in Great Britain PREFACE HE title and subject of this book will recall the in T auguration of the Schweich Lectures more than twenty years ago, when the late Samuel Rolles Driver gave an account of the contribution of archaeology and the monu ments to Biblical study. Modern Research as illustrating the Bible, the title of his lectures, was a subject to which that great and many-sided scholar felt himself closely drawn; and neither that book nor any of his other writings on the subject can be ignored to-day in spite of the time that has elapsed. For although much has been done, especially since the War, in adding to our knowledge of Oriental archaeo logy and in the discussion of problems arising therefrom, Dr. Driver performed lasting service, not only in opening up what to many readers was a new world, but also in setting forth, with his usual completeness and clearness, both the real significance of the new discoveries and the principles to be employed when the Biblical records and the 'external' evidence are inter-related.1 When, therefore, I was asked, in 1925, to deliver the Schweich Lectures, the suggestion that some account might be given of the work subsequent to 1908 encouraged the wish I had long entertained: to reconsider the religion of Palestine primarily and mainly from the point of view of archaeology. -
Divine Symbolism on the Tesserae from Palmyra Considerations About the So-Called “Symbol of Bel” Or “Signe De La Pluie”
Syria Archéologie, art et histoire 95 | 2018 Dossier : Sur les routes de Syrie et d’Asie Mineure Divine symbolism on the tesserae from Palmyra Considerations about the so-called “symbol of Bel” or “signe de la pluie” Ted Kaizer and Rubina Raja Electronic version URL: https://journals.openedition.org/syria/7070 DOI: 10.4000/syria.7070 ISSN: 2076-8435 Publisher IFPO - Institut français du Proche-Orient Printed version Date of publication: 31 December 2018 Number of pages: 297-315 ISBN: 978-2-35159-750-7 ISSN: 0039-7946 Electronic reference Ted Kaizer and Rubina Raja, “Divine symbolism on the tesserae from Palmyra Considerations about the so-called “symbol of Bel” or “signe de la pluie””, Syria [Online], 95 | 2018, Online since 01 May 2021, connection on 25 August 2021. URL: http://journals.openedition.org/syria/ 7070 ; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4000/syria.7070 © Presses IFPO DIVINE SYMBOLISM ON THE TESSERAE FROM PALMYRA CONSIDERATIONS ABOUT THE SO-CALLED “SYMBOL OF BEL” OR “SIGNE DE LA PLUIE” Ted Kaizer Durham University, Department of Classics & Ancient History [email protected] Rubina RAJA Aarhus University, School of Culture and Society, Centre for Urban Network Evolutions [email protected] Abstract — An enigmatic symbol that is often depicted on the Palmyrene tesserae has commonly been interpreted as either the sign of the main god Bel or a mark of rain. This article brings together all appearances of the symbol and puts forward the hypothesis that it stands rather for something that cannot otherwise be represented, namely the notional presence of the divine at religious dining occasions. -
Popular Cult – North Syria
CHAPTER 4 POPULAR CULT – NORTH SYRIA In this chapter the emphasis moves away from the state-controlled production of official images – so important to the understanding of the ideology of the court – and into a world of regional polities. While the coin evidence may show the religious penchant of a ruler, the everyday beliefs of the population are better expressed through the building of temples and shrines, whether they be erected through public or private expense. The terminology used in the title of the chapter, „popular cult‟, is intended to take in all manner of religious activity for which we have evidence, where the activity lay more with the population at large than simply the whim of the king. The nature of archaeological survival has necessitated that this chapter be dominated by sanctuaries and temples, although there are exceptions. Excavations at the great metropolis of Antioch for example have not revealed the remains of any Seleukid period temples but Antioch may still prove informative. Whilst some, or perhaps all, of the Hellenistic temple constructions discussed below may have been initiated by the king and his council, the historic and epigraphic record is unfortunately too sporadic to say for certain. While the evidence discussed in Chapter 2.3 above suggests that all must have been ratified by the satrapal high-priest, the onus of worship appears to have been locally driven. The geographic division „north Syria‟ is used here to encompass the Levantine territory which was occupied by Seleukos I Nikator following the victory at Ipsos in 301 BC, that is to say, the part of Syria which came first under the control of the Seleukids. -
Finn Ove HVIDBERG-HANSEN, Arṣû and Azîzû. a Study of the West Semitic “Dioscuri” and the Gods of Dawn and Dusk (Historiske-Filosofiske Meddelelser, 97)
Syria Archéologie, art et histoire 87 | 2010 Varia Finn Ove HVIDBERG-HANSEN, Arṣû and Azîzû. A study of the West Semitic “Dioscuri” and the Gods of Dawn and Dusk (Historiske-filosofiske Meddelelser, 97) Dagmar Kühn Electronic version URL: http://journals.openedition.org/syria/850 DOI: 10.4000/syria.850 ISSN: 2076-8435 Publisher IFPO - Institut français du Proche-Orient Printed version Date of publication: 1 November 2010 Number of pages: 444-446 ISBN: 9782351591697 ISSN: 0039-7946 Electronic reference Dagmar Kühn, « Finn Ove HVIDBERG-HANSEN, Arṣû and Azîzû. A study of the West Semitic “Dioscuri” and the Gods of Dawn and Dusk (Historiske-filosofiske Meddelelser, 97) », Syria [Online], 87 | 2010, Online since 01 June 2016, connection on 23 September 2020. URL : http://journals.openedition.org/syria/850 ; DOI : https://doi.org/10.4000/syria.850 © Presses IFPO 444 RECENSIONS Syria 87 (2010) moins sur quelques points, une synthèse. Le Proche- romains d’origine grecque. Le latin apparaît partout Orient ne figure ici que de façon très marginale, par comme une langue administrative, et son emploi est une communication de J.-B. Yon, « Bilinguisme et au mieux une concession pour honorer un officiel trilinguisme à Palmyre » et, accessoirement, dans une romain, mais même dans cet usage, il reste rare. Je ne belle étude de D. Feissel, « Écrire grec en alphabet crois pas que l’on puisse suivre l’idée, avancée avec latin : le cas des documents protobyzantins », où il prudence, par J.-B. Yon, d’une tentative discrète des est fait référence, entre autres, à un procès-verbal Palmyréniens pour faire du latin une langue officielle d’Apamée daté de 518 et à une souscription d’un de leur cité. -
The Caravan-Gods of Palmyra Author(S): M
The Caravan-Gods of Palmyra Author(s): M. I. Rostovtzeff Reviewed work(s): Source: The Journal of Roman Studies, Vol. 22, Part 1: Papers Dedicated to Sir George Macdonald K.C.B. (1932), pp. 107-116 Published by: Society for the Promotion of Roman Studies Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/297093 . Accessed: 26/01/2013 22:06 Your use of the JSTOR archive indicates your acceptance of the Terms & Conditions of Use, available at . http://www.jstor.org/page/info/about/policies/terms.jsp . JSTOR is a not-for-profit service that helps scholars, researchers, and students discover, use, and build upon a wide range of content in a trusted digital archive. We use information technology and tools to increase productivity and facilitate new forms of scholarship. For more information about JSTOR, please contact [email protected]. Society for the Promotion of Roman Studies is collaborating with JSTOR to digitize, preserve and extend access to The Journal of Roman Studies. http://www.jstor.org This content downloaded on Sat, 26 Jan 2013 22:06:19 PM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions THIE CARAVAN-GODSOF PALMYRA BY M. I. ROSTOVTZEFF (Plates xxv-x2viii) No ruins of the ancient world outside Italy are more famous than the beautiful romantic remains of Queen Zenobia's city-the desert-city of caravans. No city of the Near East has yielded such an abundance of inscriptions, sculptures and fragments of painting. For more than a century and a half collectors and dealers have found in Palmyra a happy hunting ground; almost every museum has its Palmyrene bust or Palmyrene inscription or some small object such as the common clay tessera. -
Dictionary of Gods and Goddesses.Pdf
denisbul denisbul dictionary of GODS AND GODDESSES second edition denisbulmichael jordan For Beatrice Elizabeth Jordan Dictionary of Gods and Goddesses, Second Edition Copyright © 2004, 1993 by Michael Jordan All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or by any information storage or retrieval systems, without permission in writing from the publisher. For information contact: Facts On File, Inc. 132 West 31st Street New York NY 10001 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data denisbulJordan, Michael, 1941– Dictionary of gods and godesses / Michael Jordan.– 2nd ed. p. cm. Rev. ed. of: Encyclopedia of gods. c1993. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 0-8160-5923-3 1. Gods–Dictionaries. 2. Goddesses–Dictionaries. I. Jordan, Michael, 1941– Encyclopedia of gods. II. Title. BL473.J67 2004 202'.11'03–dc22 2004013028 Facts On File books are available at special discounts when purchased in bulk quantities for businesses, associations, institutions, or sales promotions. Please call our Special Sales Department in New York at (212) 967-8800 or (800) 322-8755. You can find Facts On File on the World Wide Web at http://www.factsonfile.com Text design by David Strelecky Cover design by Cathy Rincon Printed in the United States of America VBFOF10987654321 This book is printed on acid-free paper. CONTENTS 6 PREFACE TO THE SECOND EDITION v INTRODUCTION TO THE FIRST EDITION vii CHRONOLOGY OF THE PRINCIPAL RELIGIONS AND CULTURES COVERED IN THIS BOOK xiii DICTIONARY OF GODS AND GODDESSES denisbul1 BIBLIOGRAPHY 361 INDEX 367 denisbul PREFACE TO THE SECOND EDITION 6 It is explained in the introduction to this volume and the Maori. -
A Primer on Ugaritic: Language, Culture, and Literature
P1: KAE 0521879330pre CUNY1091B/Schniedewind 0 521 87933 0 Printer:Sheridan March 25, 2007 17:58 This page intentionally left blank ii A Primer on Ugaritic A Primer on Ugaritic is an introduction to the language of the ancient city of Ugarit, a city that flourished in the second millennium BCE on the Lebanese coast, placed in the context of the culture, literature, and religion of this ancient Semitic culture. The Ugaritic language and literature were a precursor to Canaanite and serve as our most important resources for understanding the Old Testament and the Hebrew language. Special emphasis is placed on the contextualization of the Ugartic language and comparison to ancient Hebrew as well as Akkadian. The book begins with a general introduction to ancient Ugarit, and the introduction to the various genres of Ugaritic literature is placed in the context of this introduction. The language is introduced by genre, beginning with prose and letters, proceeding to administrative, and finally introducing the classic examples of Ugaritic epics. A summary of the grammar, a glossary, and a bibliography round out the volume. William M. Schniedewind chairs the Department of Near Eastern Languages and Cultures and is a Professor of Biblical Studies at UCLA. He is most recently the author of How the Bible Became a Book, published in 2005. Joel H. Hunt is a former professor at Azusa Pacific University (Azusa, CA) and has Fuller Theological Seminary (Pasadena, CA). i P1: KAE 0521879330pre CUNY1091B/Schniedewind 0 521 87933 0 Printer:Sheridan March 25, 2007 17:58 ii P1: KAE 0521879330pre CUNY1091B/Schniedewind 0 521 87933 0 Printer:Sheridan March 25, 2007 17:58 A Primer on Ugaritic Language, Culture, and Literature William M. -
Book Reviews
Originalveröffentlichung in: Berytus 28, 1980, S. 145-149 BOOK REVIEWS Javier Teixidor, The Pantheon of Palmyra, (Etudes preliminaires aux religions orientales dans 1’empire romain, tome 79), Leiden, Brill 1979 pp. XIX and 137, 35 plates. Javier Teixidor has already outlined his views on the Semitic religions, especially in the Graeco-Roman period, in a book more general in scope (The Pagan God. Popular Religion in the Graeco-Roman Near East, Princeton University Press 1977). With this new book, he develops his ideas as far as the cults of Palmyra are concerned. Teixidor has an intimate knowledge of Palmyrene inscriptions, being the editor of over 200 texts and the author of the very valuable “Bulletin d’epigraphie semitique” (Syria, since 1967). Accordingly, his arguments are mainly based on epigraphical evidence, often quoted in extenso, with English translations, but the figurative monuments are not neglected. Extensive use is also made of writingsby authors as diverse as Plato, Cicero, Apuleius, Julian, Tertullian, St. Augustine, and others, although they are often quoted more for a literary purpose than as actual evidence. The approach through epigraphy is a sound one, but the inscriptions are generally not very informative in themselves. There is a large element of conjecture in any attempt at a systematic presentation of the Palmyrene beliefs so much so that the present reviewer, using the same evidence, has arrived at many different conclusions in an independent account on the same subject (“Les dieux de Palmyre”, to be published shortly in Aufstieg und Niedergang der romischen WUt II 18, Tubingen). Consequently, I am tempted to consider Teixidor’s general approach, and discuss some of his arguments. -
An Analysis of the Tell El-Shuqafiyye Inscriptions
ARAM, 7 (1995) 183-187 183 NABATAEANS AND PALMYREANS: AN ANALYSIS OF THE TELL EL-SHUQAFIYYE INSCRIPTIONS V. COLOMBO In 1956 J. Starcky, discussing some archaic Palmyrene inscriptions from the first century B.C.,1 catalogued and compared their script with the script of some Nabatean inscriptions from the same period to check whether it was likely that there was any genetic connection between the two kinds of script. As a matter of fact, in the Nabatean inscription from Tell el-Shuqafiyye (Pl.1) which we are going to discuss, some typical Palmyrene traits are easily recognisable. The conclusion Starcky drew at the end of his article was that although they are very similar – since both stemming from the imperial Ara- maic script – there could be no way of considering the Palmyrene script a derivation from the Nabatean.2 We cannot but agree with Starcky. What we would like to show, however, is the relevance and the peculiarity of the afore- mentioned Nabatean inscription among the ones which Starcky studied. Firstly, it must be emphasised that the most ancient Palmyrene inscrip- tions3 date back to the first half of the first century B.C. while the most archaic Nabatean inscription4 – if we do not take into account the Elusa/Kha- lasa inscription5 written in a sort of late Aramaic script– is older, going back to 95 B.C. At Tell el-Shuqafiyye – literally the “tell of sherds” – in Lower Egypt, two Nabatean inscriptions – the first one found at the end of the last century,6 the 1 Starcky, J., “Inscriptions archaïques de Palmyre”, in Studi orientalistici in onore di Giorgio Levi della Vida, II, (Rome, 1956), 509-528.