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Foundation Facts, Basement Basics

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Foundation Facts, Basement Basics exposed and all wiring connections are concealed. The main service entrance of wires and load center in most homes is in the utility area of the home nearest the Foundation Facts, point of entry of the electric service. Basement Basics Never locate these in a cabinet or closet where they are not readily visible or accessible. Most homes today require a capacity A FOUNDATION SERVES Several of between 100 and 200 amperes. purposes. It supports the weight of When much of the heavy electrical the house and other vertical loads such load is some distance from the main as snow. It stabilizes the house against service center, a subcenter is extended horizontal forces such as wind. It is with a second distribution panel in or- a retaining wall which supports the der to shorten the length of the circuit earth fill around the house. And often conductors. it is a basement or cellar wall which In the choice and planning of main may need to be a barrier to moisture, disconnect and load center equipment, heat loss, or sound transmission. branch circuits of 120 and 240 volts The most common foundation is the must be provided to care for the needs continuous wall which may be built of of installed circuits. At least two 120- stone, clay tile, block, brick, or con- volt and one 240-volt circuit spaces crete. Recently, treated wood, metal, should be allowed for future circuits. and other materials have been used. The cabinet door of each load center has a table of numbered circuits. Your electrician should list on this table CONTINUOUS WALL FOUNDATION exactly which area or individual ap- phance is served by each circuit. Finally, require your electrician to have his work checked and inspected for safety. An authorized inspector can furnish you with a copy of the Cer- tificate of Approval. Examples of methods used to cal- culate required circuits, feeders, and main entrances may be found in the Continuous walls are used to support National Electrical Code, a copy of heavy loads or to enclose a crawl space which may be purchased from your or basement. If enclosure of space is State fire insurance writing bureau the main objective, then the wall may which is most likely in your State be built of lighter, more porous insulat- capitol, or obtained from the National ing materials which will reduce heat Fire Protection Association, 60 Battery- loss and sound transmission. march Street, Boston, Mass. 02110 for A step foundation is a continuous $3.50. wall of variable height. It is used on Other helpful guides may be ob- steep grades or for houses with partial tained from the National Electrical basements. Manufacturers Association, 155 E. 44th The pier foundation is a series of Street, New York, N.Y. 10017, or from piers which support the house. They the Residential Group, Electric Energy are generally masonry but sometimes Association, 90 Park Avenue, New York, N.Y. 10010. AUTHOR JERRY o. NEWMAN is an Agricul- State universities and your power tural Engineer, Rural Housing, Agricultural supplier generally have pamphets. Research Service. 164 POLE FOUNDATIONS The grade beam is especially useful in PLATE K? PLATE iff dry climates or well drained scnh where the house can be built close to the ground. SLABS SLAB FOUNDATION they are made of other materials. The pole or post foundation is a special kind of pier foundation built of pres- sure-treated wood. It is often used on KJJ FOUNDATION steep terrain where there is considerable variation in the height of the piers and where a regular masonry pier might The slab foundation is a special bend and break. foundation which floats on top of the Beams placed between the piers of soil and also serves as the floor of a pier foundation support the house. the house. The slab is thickened under all of the walls to support their heavy loads. All slab floors are not slab founda- BEAM SIZE DEPENDS tions; many are simply concrete floors. ON PIER SPACING^ ^ A separate foundation supports the wall loads. Every foundation must support the weight of the house and its contents. This load can vary considerably de- pending on the type of construction, the kind of furniture, and the special uses the house is subjected to. In colder The size of such a beam depends on the load it must carry and the distance climates, the foundation must carry the ice and snow which may accumulate on between piers. The space between piers the roof. If the foundation loads are is generally enclosed with curtain walls heavy, reinforced concrete will provide which carry no load and whose main the strongest wall. Wider masonry purpose is to enclose the space and act as a barrier to wind, heat, moisture, and walls will carry heavier loads than nar- row ones. sometimes, animals. GRADE BEAM WHAT IS A.. 1^ FOUND AT rON CONTINUOUS CONCRETE STONE FILL PIER A grade beam foundation is a pres- Some houses are so heavy that the sure-treated wood or reinforced con- foundation must be widened at the crete beam which is submerged to a bottom to keep them from sinking into depth of about 8 inches below grade. the soil. The widened bottom on the It may be supported on a stone fill or foundation is called a footing. Its size on underground piers which extend depends on the kind of soil under it. into the ground below the frost line. Soil strengths vary from 1,000 to 165 490-100 O - 73 - 12 12,000 pounds per square foot. In FOUNDATIONS CAN general, footings are designed for BREAK OFF OR OVERTURN 1,000 pounds per square foot, but if you know your soil type you may design smaller footings. FOOTING THICKNESS tying the wall to anchors in the soil, u or counter-balancing the wall. T THICKNESS 1 PREVENT WALL OVERTURN THICKNESS =11/2 X THE LARGEST PROJECTION Thickness of the footing depends on how far it protrudes beyond the foun- dation wall. The rule is that the thick- ness should be 1^ times as great as the largest projection. PREVENT WALL BREAKING 1 REINFORCING FORCES OF WIND ^RODS , I I UPLIFT VACUUM THICK "WALL ^C s^ STRAPPED UPLIFT SLIDING Ö PREVENT WALL OVERTURN â ñ REINFORCING WEIGHT OF SOIL -RODS PREVENTS Since wind may lift or slide houses FOUNDATION i off their foundations, houses must be OVERTURN securely fastened to the foundation. 3 ^LEDGE ON BACK OF FOUNDATION ANCHOR STRUCTURE TO FOUNDATION WIN^ REINFORCING -RODS WIDE TOE ON rz:!?] FOOTING For masonry walls the fastening device Other jobs of a foimdation wall are should be extended through the foun- to insulate and to moisture proof. dation to the footing. In all cases there Basements have been traditionally used should be a continuous tie extending as cellars to store foods and supplies, as far into the soil as practical. especially in the colder climates. But Foundations acting as retaining walls in recent years, with less need for long must be designed to prevent overturn- term food storage, houses are being ing or breakage. Breakage may be pre- built without basements or with base- vented by reinforcing or by making the ments to be used as family living areas wall thicker. Overturning may be pre- and/or game rooms. If you are going vented by making the wall thicker. to use your basement as a Hving area. 166 you will want a dry basement which upon the cold surface. This is called can be kept at a desired temperature. sweating. The temperature can generally be Sweating creates an atmosphere con- maintained by installing a proper size ducive to the growth of mold and/or heating system. But if you are going to fungi and can be quite objectionable. heat economically, the foundation or This problem generally goes away in basement wall must be of reasonably the winter months when the outside air tight construction to prevent warm air is colder than the inside air. However, from escaping through cracks. Most there are exceptions. One example is people will also want a well insulated moisture being produced in the house wall to achieve maximum economy, and by extensive boihng of water or by comfort. frequent use of hot showers. Another is moisture from the soil soaking through the basement wall and evapo- rating into the air. SLAB FLOOR INSULATION High humidity can be dealt with. Dehumidifiers will remove several quarts of moisture per day from the VAPOR BARRIER air. But for dehumidification to be -"INSULATION economical and effective, the atmos- phere must be closed. Doors and win- dows should be kept shut. Any outside air getting into the basement will bring more moisture in and cause the dehumidifier to have that much more work to do. ^^yyvwus VAPOR BARRIER Another way to deal with moisture INSULATION is to eliminate cold surfaces in the basement or house. This can be done through insulation. Floors may be covered with felt paper and tile, walls may be insulated and finished. If you insulate the wall or floor, you Since concrete is a good heat con- must provide a vapor barrier to prevent ductor, you must take special care moisture in the air from flowing through when concrete slabs are installed close the insulation to the cold surfaces where to the soil surface. A sheet of rigid it will condense under the insulation. A insulation may be instaUed vertically plastic film, some paints, and several down the inside of the foimdation wall, other materials can be vapor barriers. or between the floor slab and the One common example of moisture foundation wall and then horizontally passing through insulation is the con- under the slab.
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