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YmI0M2MxYmQ1MGM4 YmI0M2MxYmQ1MGM4 YmI0M2MxYmQ1MGM4 ILP VAN ENVIRONMENT-II 2019 Contents PROTECTED AREA NETWORK .......................................................................................................... 3 National Park ............................................................................................................................... 4 Difference between Wild life Sanctuary and National Park ....................................................... 9 Wildlife Sanctuary (WLS) ............................................................................................................. 9 Conservation Reserve and Community Reserves ..................................................................... 13 IUCN CATEGORIZATION ............................................................................................................ 14 Coastal Protected Areas or Marine Protected Areas (MPA) .................................................... 15 Sacred groves of India ............................................................................................................... 16 Biosphere Reserve (BR) ............................................................................................................. 18 The MAB (Man and Biosphere Reserve) ................................................................................... 24 World Network of Biosphere Reserves ..................................................................................... 24 Biodiversity Hotspots ................................................................................................................ 26 Indian Biodiversity Hotspots ..................................................................................................... 28 Natural World Heritage Sites in India ....................................................................................... 30 Biodiversity Heritage Sites (BHS) .............................................................................................. 30 The High Biodiversity Wilderness Areas (HBWA) ..................................................................... 32 Key Biodiversity Areas (KBAs) ................................................................................................... 32 CONSERVATION EFFORTS ............................................................................................................. 33 PROJECT ELEPHANT .................................................................................................................. 33 Project Tiger .............................................................................................................................. 36 M-STrIPES .............................................................................................................................. 42 Conservation Assured (CA|TS) .............................................................................................. 42 Tiger Reserves in India .......................................................................................................... 43 Indian Crocodile Conservation Project ..................................................................................... 46 Vulture ...................................................................................................................................... 47 Project Snow Leopard ............................................................................................................... 54 One Horn Rhino ........................................................................................................................ 56 Sea Turtle Project ...................................................................................................................... 58 www.ilp2019.iasbaba.com Page 1 YmI0M2MxYmQ1MGM4 ILP VAN ENVIRONMENT-II 2019 Project Hangul ........................................................................................................................... 59 Captive Breeding ....................................................................................................................... 60 Ganges Dolphin ......................................................................................................................... 60 DO YOU KNOW .............................................................................................................................. 61 PREVIOUS YEAR PRELIMS QUESTIONS .......................................................................................... 68 www.ilp2019.iasbaba.com Page 2 YmI0M2MxYmQ1MGM4 ILP VAN ENVIRONMENT-II 2019 PROTECTED AREA NETWORK A protected area is a clearly defined geographical space, recognised, dedicated and managed, through legal or other effective means, to achieve the long term conservation of nature with associated ecosystem services and cultural values. (IUCN Definition 2008) Protected areas – national parks, wilderness areas, community conserved areas, nature reserves and so on – are a mainstay of biodiversity conservation, while also contributing to people’s livelihoods, particularly at the local level. Their role in helping mitigate and adapt to climate change is also increasingly recognized; it has been estimated that the global network of protected areas stores at least 15% of terrestrial carbon. The adoption of a National Policy for Wildlife conservation in 1970 and the enactment of the Wildlife (Protection) Act in 1972 lead to a significant growth in the protected areas network. It was further strengthened by a number of national conservation projects, notably Project Tiger, Project elephant, crocodile Breeding and Management Project, etc. National Board for Wildlife (NBWL), chaired by the Prime Minister of India provides for policy framework for wildlife conservation in the country. The Indian Constitution entails the subject of forests and wildlife in the Concurrent list. India has the following kinds of protected areas, in the sense of the word designated by IUCN: National Parks Wildlife sanctuaries Biosphere Reserves Reserved and Protected Forests Conservation Reserves and Community Reserves Private Protected Areas Conservation Areas Marine Protected Areas www.ilp2019.iasbaba.com Page 3 YmI0M2MxYmQ1MGM4 ILP VAN ENVIRONMENT-II 2019 Protected Areas of India No. Total Area (km2) Coverage % of Country National Parks (NPs) 104 40501.03 1.23 Wildlife Sanctuaries (WLSs) 544 118931.80 3.62 Conservation Reserves (CRs) 77 2594.03 0.08 Community Reserves 46 72.61 0.002 Protected Areas (PAs) 771 162099.47 4.93 NATIONAL PARK An area, whether within a sanctuary or not, can be notified by the state government to be constituted as a National Park, by reason of its ecological, faunal, floral, geomorphological, or zoological association or importance, needed to for the purpose of protecting & propagating or developing wildlife therein or its environment. No human activity is permitted inside the national park except for the ones permitted by the Chief Wildlife Warden of the state under the conditions given in CHAPTER IV, WPA 1972. There are 104 existing national parks in India covering an area of 40,501 km2, which is 1.23% of the geographical area of the country (National Wildlife Database, Aug. 2018). State government can declare a national park under Wild Life (Protection) Act (WPA) of 1972. Within the law, the difference in conservation value of a National Park from that of a sanctuary is not specified in the WPA 1972 List of National Parks Year of Area S. No. Name of State/ Protected Area District(s) Establishment (km2) Andaman & Nicobar Islands 1 Campbell Bay NP 1992 426.23 Nicobar 2 Galathea Bay NP 1992 110.00 Nicobar 3 Mahatama Gandhi Marine (Wandoor) NP 1983 281.50 Andaman 4 Middle Button Island NP 1987 0.44 Andaman 5 Mount Harriett NP 1987 46.62 Andaman 6 North Button Island NP 1987 0.44 Andaman 7 Rani Jhansi Marine NP 1996 256.14 Andaman 8 Saddle Peak NP 1987 32.54 Andaman www.ilp2019.iasbaba.com Page 4 YmI0M2MxYmQ1MGM4 ILP VAN ENVIRONMENT-II 2019 9 South Button Island NP 1987 0.03 Andaman Andhra Pradesh 1 Papikonda NP 2008 1012.86 East & West Godavari 2 Rajiv Gandhi (Rameswaram) NP 2005 2.40 Kadapa 3 Sri Venkateswara NP 1989 353.62 Chittoor & Cuddapah Arunachal Pradesh 1 Mouling NP 1986 483.00 Upper Siang 2 Namdapha NP 1983 1807.82 Changlang Assam 1 Dibru-Saikhowa NP 1999 340.00 Tinsukia & Dibrugarh 2 Kaziranga NP 1974 858.98 Golaghat, Nagaon & Sonitpur 3 Manas NP 1990 500.00 Barpeta & Bongaigaon 4 Nameri NP 1998 200.00 Sonitpur 5 Rajiv Gandhi Orang NP 1999 78.81 Darrang & Sonitpur Bihar 1 Valmiki NP 1989 335.65 West Champaran Chhattisgarh 1 Guru Ghasidas (Sanjay) NP 1981 1440.71 Surguja & Koria 2 Indravati (Kutru) NP 1982 1258.37 Dantewada 3 Kanger Valley NP 1982 200.00 Bastar Goa 1 Mollem NP 1992 107.00 North Goa Gujarat 1 Vansda NP 1979 23.99 Navasari 2 Blackbuck (Velavadar) NP 1976 34.53 Bhavnagar 3 Gir NP 1975 258.71 Junagadh 4 Marine (Gulf of Kachchh) NP 1982 162.89 Jamnagar . Haryana 1 Kalesar NP 2003 46.82 Yamuna Nagar 2 Sultanpur NP 1989 1.43 Gurgaon www.ilp2019.iasbaba.com Page 5 YmI0M2MxYmQ1MGM4 ILP VAN ENVIRONMENT-II 2019 Himachal Pradesh 1 Great Himalayan NP 1984 754.40 Kullu 2 Inderkilla NP 2010 104.00 Kullu 3 Khirganga NP 2010 710.00 Kullu 4 Pin Valley NP 1987 675.00 Lahul & Spiti 5 Simbalbara NP 2010 27.88 Sirmaur Jammu & Kashmir 1 City Forest (Salim Ali) NP 1992 9.00 Srinagar 2 Dachigam NP 1981 141.00 Srinagar & Pulwama 3 Hemis NP 1981 3350.00 Leh 4 Kishtwar NP 1981 425.00 Kishtwar & Doda Jharkhand 1 Betla NP 1986 226.33 Latehar Karnataka
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