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Gradient Analysis of a Sonoran Desert Wash1 This file was created by scanning the printed publication. Errors identified by the software have been corrected; however, some errors may remain. Gradient Analysis of a Sonoran Desert Wash 1 2 Peter L. Warren and L. Susan Anderson Abstract.--Vegetation was sampled along two parallel environmental gradients in the Sonoran Desert, one in upland bajada sites and one in xeroriparian wash sites. The wash gradient was found to be more complex than the upland gradient, with three areas of plant species turnover compared to no turnover along the upland gradient. The more complex pattern of the wash gradient is likely due to the interactions of three major limiting environmental factors related to watershed area acting in different portions of the wash gradient, whereas the upland gradient is controlled by one overriding environmental factor. INTRODUCTION in turn support animals that are rare or absent in the upland habitats (Lowe, 1964). For these reasons xeroriparian habitats have long been Vegetation in the deserts of southwestern recognized as contributing to the biotic diversity North America has been studied systematically of desert environments in disproportion to their since the opening of the Carnegie Desert Botanical area (Shreve, 1951). Laboratory in 1902. Plant ecology of this desert region is probably better known than any similar arid region in the world. Much of this research Despite their importance in desert has concentrated on patterns of vegetation ecosystems, xeroriparian systems have been the distribution along desert bajadas, the gently subject of remarkably little research. There are sloping plains of coalesced alluvial fans several reasons for this. First, riparian extending from the mountain foothills to the flat biologists have focused most of their atten~ion on valley floors. systems with permanent water to the excluslon of desert washes (Campbell and Green, 1968; Brown et al., 1981; Minckley and Brown, 1984). Second, Desert washes dissecting the bajada plain are studies of desert vegetation distribution patterns easily recognizable by the corridor of vegetation have focused on the upland bajada gradient and along their channels that contrasts strongly with expressly avoided xeroriparian corridors, treating the sparse vegetation of adjacent uplands. A them only as a factor that might throw confusion transect across a typical Sonoran Desert bajada into the general pattern of bajada vegetation. intercepts an average of approximately 14 desert Thus, plant distribution patterns along desert washes per mile. At an average riparian corridor washes have been largely ignored by riparian width of 25 feet, between six and seven percent of ecologists on one side and desert plant ecologists total bajada surface area is covered by desert on the other. wash vegetation. The intermittant nature of these watercourses results in less luxuriant vegetation In this paper we attempt to answer three than is found along streams with permanent flow, questions: 1) What are the patterns of vegeta­ and they have been termed xeroriparian systems tion distribution in a xeroriparian drainage (Johnson et aI, 1981). Runoff from surrounding system? 2) How does the pattern of riparian slopes increases the available water in and near vegetation compare to the surrounding bajada the wash permitting growth of plant species not vegetation gradient? 3) What environmental found in the surrounding desertscrub. The plants controlling factors might account for xeroriparian 1 vegetation distribution? Paper presented at the First North American Riparian Conference [University of Arizona, Tucson, April 16-18,1985]. METHODS 2 Peter L. Warren is a Research Assistant at We examined a simple, dendritic, xeroriparian the Arizona Remote Sensing Center, Office of Arid drainage system flowing from the wes~ slopes of Lands Studies, University of Arizona, Tucson, the Ajo Mountains west across the AJo Va~ley in Arizona. L. Susan Anderson is a Research Organ Pipe Cactus National Monument. ThlS area Ecologist with the Cooperative Park Studies Unit, receives an average of 6-8 inches of rain per University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona. 150 year. At this level of precipitation washes carry water only a few days per year, and in some years Physical features recorded for each site may not flow at all. included elevation, watershed area, stream order, channel width, and corridor width. These were A series of paired upland and riparian sites determined from aerial photographs and topographic were. sampled along wash and adjacent bajada maps, depending upon the scale appropriate to the gradlents. Elevation of sample sites ranged from site. 2300 feet at the foot of the Ajo Mountains at Alamo Canyon to 1400 feet in Growler Valley. A Cluster analysis was used to compare total of 33 riparian and 22 upland sites were floristic similarity between sites and determine sampled. Fewer upland samples were taken because degree of association between groups of sites. some upland samples were associated with more than The similarity value is based on the euclidian one wash sample if they occupied an interfluvial distance, the square root of the sums-of-squares of the differences between species prominence s~te between two wash tributary samples of dlfferent size. values for each pair of sites. A larger value indicates a greater degree of floristic differ­ Sites were selected with the aid of aerial ence. Sites with identical species composition and photographs approximately every 1 to 2 miles along prominence values would show zero difference. A the length of the major tributary and represented combination of statistical and graphical analysis a range of stream orders and watershed areas for was used to examine patterns of diversity and the drainage system (Johnson et al., 1984). Sites species turnover along both the riparian and were selected to avoid problems such anastomozing upland gradients. cha~nels. Every site sampled was characterized by a slngle channel that carried all of the flow from the watershed area upstream. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION The upland gradient follows a pattern similar Vegetation sampling involved compiling a to that documented by other studies of desert complete plant species list for each site and bajadas: species diversity declines continuously assigning each species a prominence value from 1 from higher to lower sites with very little to 5 based on its abundance at the site. Wash species turnover (Fig. 1A). Species present on samp~es included the entire width of the riparian corrldor and extended approximately 100 meters higher sites decline in abundance at decreasing along the stream channel. This resulted in a elevation and disappear, but are not replaced by greater sampling area for larger washes because new species at lower elevations. Only two they have a wider channel and riparian corridor. species, creosotebush and white-bursage, show an Adjacent upland bajada samples covered an area of increase in abundance at the lowest sites, while approximately one-half hectare. the other nine common upland species all decline (Table 1). Few species have higher prominence at Table 1.--Average prominence and species frequency (percent of sites encountered) in three upland bajada elevation zones along the Alamo­ Cherioni-Growler wash system at Organ Pipe Cactus National Monument. These elevation zones correspond to vegetation assemblages of the species rich upper bajada, transitional middle bajada, and the depauperate lower bajada. Species 2300-1900' 1900-1600' 1600-1300' n=10 n=7 n=5 prom. freq. prom. freq. prom. freq. Ambrosia deltoidea 4.0 100 1.6 57 1.2 40 Larrea tridentata 3.7 100 4.6 100 5.0 100 FOUqUieria splendens 2.8 100 1.3 57 0.4 20 Carnegiea gigantea 3.1 100 1.7 71 1.4 60 Cercidium microphyllum 2.5 100 1.4 57 0.4 20 Opuntia fulgida 2.9 100 0.9 43 0.2 20 Krameria ~ 1.7 80 1.6 71 0.6 60 Opuntia acanthocarpa 1.9 90 0.3 14 0.6 40 Olneya tesota 1.1 50 0.9 43 0.4 40 Ambrosia dumosa 0.6 30 2.0 71 2.2 80 Lycium an~ii 0.8 50 0.3 29 PrQSOPis glandulosa 0.2 10 151 BAJADA 5 ~ 4 ............................................................................... :::::;> ........................... .~ 3 E o a..L- .•..... 2 .... .••......... ................................................................... " . ...... ,,'- .~--- .... .............................................. 1,1,,;1 ....... ::'::.,.::......\.... :~ .. ::::::::~~::.:.:.:.::.::......... I ", . ". "-.... .... -+---""""""'----.-------,----.-----'"-,-'--.--------.---\ ~~~ ""- : ...... "'\" i··········· 2300 2200 2100 2000 1900 1800 1700 1600 1500 1400 1300 Elevation (feet) RIPARIAN 5 ..... ---- ..... 4 - ..~~ ...................... --- -- -:: ..... - - ~~..:- - -- - '::'.~. ..,.-- ."."..... ..... ........ ...... Q) " ... .............. ,.::.. _- ". u / . t· ....... .... c / ..' .,' ......... ". - ~ 3 'E o a...L- . '. e~~~L:::;;.~~~~~~~~~~~······- ........... -2.5 -2.0 -1.0 o 1.0 2.0 2.5 Log watershed area (sq. miles) Figure 1.--Comparison of plant species distributions along upland and xeroriparian gradients in the Sonoran Desert. The upland gradient (A) exhibits a continuous decline in diversity with decreasing elevation. The riparian gradient (B) is more complex with three major areas of species turnover. 152 intermediate sites. Growth form diversity available soil moisture than the heavier silty­ parallels general species diversity. The numerous loam of the valley bottom by virtue of its higher growth forms present at the top of the gradient, infiltration rate and lower soil water potential. including
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