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A Comprehensive Investigation of Lead Sheathing from the Emanuel

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A Comprehensive Investigation of Lead Sheathing from the Emanuel A COMPREHENSIVE INVESTIGATION OF LEAD SHEATHING FROM THE EMANUEL POINT SHIPWRECKS IN PENSACOLA BAY, FLORIDA by Andrew Wallace Marr B.A., Colorado State University, 2006 A thesis submitted to the Department of Anthropology College of Arts and Sciences The University of West Florida In partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts 2012 The thesis of Andrew Wallace Marr is approved: ____________________________________________ _________________ Gregory D. Cook, M.A., Committee Member Date ____________________________________________ _________________ Amy Mitchell-Cook, Ph.D., Committee Member Date ____________________________________________ _________________ John E. Worth, Ph.D., Committee Member Date ____________________________________________ _________________ John R. Bratten, Ph.D., Committee Chair Date Accepted for the Department/Division: ____________________________________________ _________________ John R. Bratten, Ph.D., Chair Date Accepted for the University: ____________________________________________ _________________ Richard S. Podemski, Ph.D., Dean, Graduate Studies Date ACKNOWLEDGMENTS This study would never have been possible without the contributions and support of a number of different organizations and individuals. Many facets of my research involved scientific analysis, and I would like to thank Dr. Elizabeth Benchley and the UWF Archaeology Institute, as well as the Pensacola Archaeological Society for their financial support. Without their grants and funding much of this thesis would have gone unwritten. I am very appreciative to my committee for their efforts throughout the course of this study, from helping me to plan the excavations and experimentation to tirelessly editing draft after draft of each of my chapters. I would also like to thank a number of friends and fellow students for their contributions to my research. These include Dr. Felipe Castro, Dr. Pam Vaughn, Chuck Meade, Jake Shidner, Colleen Lynn Reese-Lawrence, Tim Holmes, Kad Henderson, Sarah Linden, Wes Perrine, Allen Wilson, Marisa Foster, Erica Smith, Matt Gifford, Wayne Abrahamson, Patrick Johnson, and Cindi Jackson. I must also thank Dr. George Kamenov at the University of Florida for the use of his laboratory and his help in conducting, analyzing, and interpreting the results of the lead isotope analysis. His constant support and unwavering dedication to my study, not to mention his patience, truly brought my research together. I would also like to thank Dr. Ignacio Montero Ruiz at the University of Seville for allowing me to use his comparative isotope database, with which I was able to determine the sheathing’s original provenience. I must of course thank my loving and supportive parents and sister, who taught me the virtues of dedication, hard work, and stick-to-it-iveness. For all the unquestioning understanding, the positive reinforcement, the unwavering support, and the hundreds of encouraging phone calls, I truly and sincerely thank you. In addition, I must make mention of my father’s iii unsurpassed obsession with small, old-fashioned Italian hardware stores, without which I never would have been able to construct my experimental model. Lastly, but certainly not least, I would like to thank my wife Crystal, whose love, support, patience, and constant encouragement has helped me throughout the course of my research. Her unbelievable dedication and ceaseless reassurance gave me the drive to finish what I started, and for that I will be forever grateful. iv TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ............................................................................................................. iii LIST OF TABLES ........................................................................................................................ vii LIST OF FIGURES ..................................................................................................................... viii ABSTRACT .....................................................................................................................................x CHAPTER I. A COMPREHENSIVE EXAMINATION OF LEAD SHEATHING: AN INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................1 A. Background on the Luna Expedition .............................................................4 B. Identifying the Wrecks ..................................................................................6 CHAPTER II. DEVELOPMENT, IMPLEMENTATION, AND EVOLUTION. ......................9 A. Ancient Implementation ..............................................................................11 B. Sheathing in the Middle Ages .....................................................................14 C. Lead-Based Sheathing .................................................................................16 CHAPTER III. EXCAVATIONS ...............................................................................................23 A. Archaeological Excavations of Emanuel Point I and II ..............................24 B. Site Formation Processes .............................................................................27 C. 2010 Field Research: Motives and Background ..........................................28 D. 2010 Field Research: Excavations ..............................................................30 CHAPTER IV. ARTIFACT ANALYSIS ..................................................................................34 A. Sheathing Strips ...........................................................................................35 B. Square Patches .............................................................................................39 C. Sheathing Tacks ..........................................................................................43 D. Implications and Assessments .....................................................................46 E. Summary…… .............................................................................................49 CHAPTER V. EXPERIMENTAL ARCHAEOLOGY .............................................................52 A. Sheathing Experiment Goals .......................................................................55 B. Construction and Design .............................................................................58 C. Deconstruction and Observations ................................................................64 D. Tack Analysis ..............................................................................................68 CHAPTER VI. A HISTORY OF LEAD MINING AND THE APPLICATION OF LEAD ISOTOPE ANALYSIS ....................................................................73 A. Lead Mining in the Ancient World .............................................................73 B. The Rebirth of Spanish Mines .....................................................................77 v C. Lead Isotope Analysis: Background ............................................................82 D. Technological Development ........................................................................85 E. Sample Preparation ......................................................................................88 F. Data Analysis and Comparison ...................................................................93 CHAPTER VII. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS ..............................................................110 REFERENCES ............................................................................................................................115 APPENDIXES .............................................................................................................................126 A. Tack Weights and Measurements for Sheathing Experiment ...................127 B. XRF Analysis of Lead Sheathing Samples ...............................................134 C. MC-ICPMS Results of Lead Sheathing Isotope Analysis .........................137 D. Ossa Morena Zone and Los Pedroches Comparative Data .......................140 vi LIST OF TABLES 1. Average Values Of Lead Sheathing And Mina La Sultana Isotope Ratios ...........................106 vii LIST OF FIGURES 1. Strip of lead sheathing .............................................................................................................36 2. Tack head impressions .............................................................................................................37 3. Sheathing patch with eight tack head impressions ..................................................................40 4. Epoxy cast replica of a sheathing tack .....................................................................................44 5. Construction of the models with overlapping strips of lead ....................................................60 6. Model with arbitrarily spaced tacks placed over strips of lead ................................................60 7. Model One with complete sheathing .......................................................................................62 8. Model Two with partial sheathing ...........................................................................................62 9. Model Two after one month of submersion .............................................................................64 10. Model One immediately after removal from Emanuel Point II ballast pile ............................65 11. Model Two immediately after removal from Sabine Island docks ..........................................65 12. Teredo
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