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A History of Point to Point Digital Microwave Radio Systems

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A History of Point to Point Digital Microwave Radio Systems Page 1 Mercury one2one, a world's first . Professor Andy Sutton University of Salford This article first appeared in the Telecommunications Heritage Journal, Issue Number 86, Spring 2014 and is reproduced with the permission of the Telecommunications Heritage Group The 7th September 2013 marked the 20th which would play a role in shaping the UK anniversary of an event that changed the UK telecommunications landscape. In 1989 The UK telecommunications market forever, this event Department of Trade & Industry (DTI) produced a was the launch of Mercury one2one. document ‘Phones on the Move’ that first proposed PCN (Personal Communications Networks (later known as DCS 1800 and subsequently GSM 1800)) to operate in the 1800 MHz frequency band. The European initiative started in 1982 with the formation of Groupe Spécial Mobile (GSM) by the Confederation of European Posts and Telecommunications (CEPT), with a brief to design a pan-European mobile telecommunications system. Figure 1: Mercury one2one logo In 1985 the UK signed a joint development agreement for GSM; along with France, Italy and West Germany. The 900MHz spectrum band was Prior to 1993 there were just two mobile networks identified for GSM in 1986 while work to adopt the in the UK, Vodafone which had launched an GSM standard to operate in the 1800MHz band st analogue cellular service on the 1 January 1985 started in 1990. and Cellnet which launched a few days later on the 7th January 1985. Early mobile phones, Originally three PCN licenses were issued: contracts and calls were expensive however there was significant demand, particularly amongst Mercury PCN, owned by a consortium business users. including Cable & Wireless Unitel, owned by a consortium including The story of Mercury one2one can be traced back US West to two key events in the UK and a European Microtel, owned by a consortium including initiative which would influence the development British Aerospace of mobile telecommunications around the Globe. The UK events took place in 1980 and 1989 In 1992 Cable & Wireless and US West merged respectively; in 1980 the Conservative their PCN business units (each the survivor of Government pursued two parallel policy their respective consortia) to form Mercury objectives, privatisation and liberalisation, both of Personal Communications which launched Mercury one2one Page 2 Mercury one2one. British Aerospace sold Microtel were literally standing in line to become dealers, to Hutchison Telecom, this went on to become excitement was building! Hutchison Microtel and then Orange in 1994. At around the same time, tentative testing on the The original 3 PCN license holders; Mercury network began. About 30 employees took part in PCN, Unitel and Microtel were each awarded 2 x this first phase of live network testing, employees 25MHz of spectrum in the 1800MHz band. The were asked to travel anywhere, as long as it was merger of Cable & Wireless and US West did not between Borehamwood and Enfield, make test result in a company with twice as much spectrum; calls and keep notes of experiences to discuss in one license had to be surrendered. No other focus groups. By mid-1993, launch dates were company came forward to take this license being pencilled in, and then erased. Senior therefore the spectrum was split between the 4 management would meet regularly at the Moat mobile network operators some years later. House hotel in Borehamwood to check on Mercury one2one and Orange received an extra 2 progress and canvas opinion from across the x 5MHz each whilst Cellnet and Vodafone company as to whether launch could progress or received 2 x 5.8MHz each. not. Frequently the sales and marketing departments would be saying yes while network engineering would be asking for more time, in the Mercury one2one’s first headquarters were in end a business decision was made: we have to launch soon! Elstree Tower, Borehamwood, where it took up residence in 1990. This location was chosen for So, launch date was set for Tuesday 7th its easy transport links to the City of London, with September 1993 however very few had an inkling its bankers and regulators, and the airport for of the story that was to put Mercury one2one on visiting shareholders flying in from the USA. the front page of every national newspaper. Every An early strategic decision was taken to roll out brand needs a positioning; a clearly defined niche the network within the M25 and expand to cover it can occupy. Mercury one2one would bring a previously exclusive product to anyone who other major urban centres and transport routes in wanted it. The brilliant simple idea which brought the future. Launch would be focused on London. The new PCN technology was unproven at this this to life was free calls during the weekday time so Mercury one2one really did break new evenings (7pm - 7am) and throughout the ground while the industry watched, with great weekends. It was staggering in its boldness and, as the business was about to discover, interest. The company needed everything; cell overwhelmingly appealing. sites and IT, handsets and marketing and, of course, dealers to take the new brand into the high street. It therefore embarked on a series of roadshows across London to recruit new dealers to the network. Back in 1993 there wasn’t a Carphone Warehouse or a Phones 4U on every street corner. Any dealer who turned up to the roadshow (and they did in such numbers that venues had to be switched at the last minute) became aware of two things: Mercury one2one could tell you virtually nothing about its plans and that if you didn’t sign up, someone else would. With just a few months to go before launch there were still no price plans, no handsets and no projections, nothing. Yet they Figure 2: Free off-peak local calls advert Mercury one2one Page 3 The free calls proposition was treated with great The advertising budget was an incredible commercial sensitivity, prior to launch one2one £10Million, this included TV, radio, press and only ever spoke about local calls costing 10p. A poster campaigns. The TV advert featured Robert small group of people were aware of the plan, Lindsay and French movie star Béatrice Dalle. A maybe 50 to 60 people who collectively were copy of the launch TV advert is available on known as the Tufty Club. The marketing YouTube at: brochures which detailed the free calls were printed in Singapore, flown in and held in a http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=g5gZtAZjFyU bonded warehouse at Heathrow. The secret held, Note that this is titled incorrectly as 1992 on not a single leak would dilute the extraordinary YouTube, it was of course released in September impact of free calls come launch day. 1993. Launch day started at 7am with Lord Young, Chairman of Mercury’s parent company Cable & Wireless, breaking news of free calls in an interview on Radio 4’s Today programme. “BT is our real target” he explains. The impact of the announcement was bigger than anyone expected, national TV, radio and newspapers all ran the story, and the front page headline of the Evening Standard stated “Free Calls in New Phone War”. The Times described the launch as “an inspired move and one that will send a shiver of anxiety through the telecoms market”. Once the news had broken it was all systems go, the field sales teams began to deliver the previously secret product marketing brochures and point of sale material. Product details were released; the network launched with Personal Call and Business Call packages, and two handsets; the entry level m200 at £249.99 and the high-end m300 at £299.99. Figure 4: Press coverage of launch day What a day, all that was left was a series of celebrations to conclude events. The Directors of Mercury one2one hosted a black tie dinner for senior management and industry figures. Elstree towers played host to a celebratory barbecue for the many staff who had worked long hours to ensure Mercury one2one made history and changed the UK telecommunications landscape forever. Mercury one2one was not only the UK’s first DCS1800 network; it was in fact the World’s first network to launch an operational service in this Figure 3: Siemens m200 & Motorola m300 frequency band. The device eco-system for GSM 1800MHz mobile phones in general and 1800MHz in particular was in its Mercury one2one Page 4 infancy, Siemens and Motorola provided the first By 1994 Mercury one2one’s focus was on two two DCS1800 handsets to support the Mercury locations; Birmingham and, bizarrely, Thailand. one2one service. The m200 took 16 hours to Roaming was an early strategic focus of the charge and offered 60 minutes of talk time; it was company so despite the fact you couldn’t make a not uncommon for customers to own three or four call outside of the M25 in the UK; you could if you batteries to get them through the day. happened to be in Phuket. It was however the UK which dominated the strategic agenda, in June After the excitement of launch came the reality of 1994 the network claimed its 100,000th meeting expectations. The free calls proposition connection. The market was stimulated further by was bound to have a tremendous impact and, the first handset price reduction and, by October from day one, customer services were buried 1994, the network was ready to be launched in under an avalanche of calls. That said, the entire the West Midlands. Birmingham, Wolverhampton, customer services departments comprised just 11 Coventry, Rugby and Northampton became people per shift. Mobile phones were a new Mercury one2one territory.
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