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Amistad National Recreation Area: Archeological Survey and Cultural Resource Inventory

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Amistad National Recreation Area: Archeological Survey and Cultural Resource Inventory AMISTAD NATIONAL RECREATION AREA: ARCHEOLOGICAL SURVEY AND CULTURAL RESOURCE INVENTORY By Phil Dering Submitted to: National Park Service Intermountain Cultural Resource Center P.O. Box 728 Santa Fe, NM 87504-0728 In Partial Fulfillment of Cooperative Agreement No. 1443-CA-1250-6-005 Between National Park Service and Texas A&M University Submitted by: Center for Ecological Archaeology Texas A&M University College Station, Texas 77843-4352 2002 MANAGEMENT SUMMARY This draft report is submitted in partial fulfillment of Cooperative Agreement No. 1443-CA-1250-6-005 between the National Park Service and Texas A&M University (TAMU). It presents a basic description of the Systemwide Archeological Inventory Survey (SAIP) of 19921993, and subsequent surveys conducted during a reservoir drawdown period in 1995, 1996, and 1997. Survey descriptions are based on draft documents and site data recording forms submitted to TAMU. Following a description of research and resource management objectives, a basic overview of the past and present environment, existing archeological knowledge, and major questions for current and future research are presented. Drawing upon past survey documents and the Archeological Sites Management Information System (ASMIS) database, a summary of survey goals, methods, and a basic description of the cultural resource inventory of the areas surveyed is provided. The report discusses a selected sample of 500 sites, including all sites noted in the SAIP 19921993 survey and 102 of the sites noted in the 1995, 1996, and 1997 surveys. Survey areas are estimated from documents, and site density for various sections of the Amistad NRA and adjacent properties is presented. The sample of 500 sites is discussed and summarized in tabular form. Fourteen prehistoric site types were identified in the database, with 144 sites located wholly or partially on federal property, and the remaining 356 on adjacent private property. The database contains 227 rockshelters, 92 burned rock middens, and 29 caves; these three site types account for 76 percent of all the sites in the project database. In addition to these site types, 25 fire-cracked rock concentrations or scatters, 24 overhangs, 22 lithic scatters, and 16 hearth sites are listed. The database of 500 sites contains a total of 2,477 feature entries 2,380 are prehistoric and 97 are historic. The presence of 109 pictograph features and 183 well-preserved middens in shelters attests to the unusual richness of cultural resources in this region. The discussion summarizes known site attributes, including cultural affiliation, chronology, feature and artifact scatter types, landform category, material culture, and rock art features of the 500 survey sites. Available survey documents include a scope-of-work providing field approach for the low-water survey, but there is no scope-of work for the SAIP survey. Further, examination of the database provided to Texas A&M University indicates that a single, clearly defined site typology was not applied to all of the surveys. Because site typologies were not consistently applied, efforts are made in the current study to define and apply a single site typology that is consistent with other other regional site designators utilized outside the park. The current report presents a review of previous surveys conducted in the region and provides suggestions for a site typology, field methods, and a minimal site definition. Recommendations for additional research, for field and recording methods, and for future investigations needed to aid future resource management efforts are also discussed. ii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The investigators are thankful for the cooperation of Robert Powers, Anthropology Division of the National Park Service, Santa Fe. We also thank Joseph Labadie, Park Archeologist at Amistad National Recreation Area for his assistance, and Park Superintendent William Sontag for his support. Steven Baumann, Archeologist and ASMIS Administrator at the Western Archeological and Conservation Center, National Park Service, Tucson, deserves acknowledgment for his assistance with the databases. Bryan Mason and Michael Crow of the Center for Ecological Archaeology at TAMU were the graphics and GIS managers for the project. Bryan Michael drew many of the maps in AutoCad and compiled the others from ARCView. Student workers and volunteers were Jana Grabbe and David Spatzier. Alston V. Thoms, Center Director, provided advice and administrative support. Many thanks to Robert Powers, Stephen L. Black, Joseph Labadie, and Daniel Potter, for reviewing the report and providing constructive comments. iii TABLE OF CONTENTS Management Summary............................................................................................................................... ii Acknowledgments......................................................................................................................................iii List of Figures .............................................................................................................................................v List of Tables............................................................................................................................................. vi Chapter 1: INTRODUCTION TO THE PROJECT Project History and Objectives................................................................................................... 1.1 Organization of the Report......................................................................................................... 1.2 Chapter 2: PRESENT AND PAST ENVIRONMENT Physical Environment................................................................................................................. 2.1 Modern Climate ......................................................................................................................... 2.3 Biological Environment ............................................................................................................. 2.3 Paleoenvironment of the Lower Pecos ....................................................................................... 2.5 Chapter 3: ARCHEOLOGY OF THE LOWER PECOS REGION Previous Archeological Research in the Lower Pecos................................................................ 3.1 Site Types, Cultural Chronology, and Paleoeconomy ................................................................ 3.2 Prehistoric Economy and Settlement........................................................................................ 3.11 Data Deficiencies ..................................................................................................................... 3.13 A Review of Survey Methods .................................................................................................. 3.14 Conclusions.............................................................................................................................. 3.19 Chapter 4: RESEARCH DESIGN Research Objectives ................................................................................................................... 4.1 Management Objectives and the ASMIS Database.................................................................... 4.2 Site-Based Survey: Sites, Isolates, and Site Typology................................................................ 4.3 Survey Methods ......................................................................................................................... 4.6 Chapter 5: SYSTEMWIDE ARCHEOLOGICAL INVENTORY PROGRAM, 1991-1993, AND LOW-WATER SURVEYS OF 1995, 1996, AND 1997 Survey Results............................................................................................................................ 5.1 Data Summary of Cultural Resources in the ASMIS Database.................................................. 5.3 Administration and Assessment Information ............................................................................. 5.8 Summary of SAIP and Low-Water Surveys ............................................................................ 5.11 Chapter 6: CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS Overview of Archeological Resources ....................................................................................... 6.1 Recommendations ...................................................................................................................... 6.6 General Recommendations for Future Research ........................................................................ 6.8 Conclusion ............................................................................................................................... 6.13 REFERENCES CITED .........................................................................................................References.1 iv Appendix A: TASK DIRECTIVE FOR ARCHEOLOGICAL SURVEY DICTATED BY PL101-628 (REWRITE NO. 5).................................................................. A.1 Appendix B: SURVEY MODEL: 1995, 1996, AND 1997 SAIP SURVEY ......................................B.1 Appendix C: SURVEY FORM FOR THE SYSTEMWIDE ARCHEOLOGICAL PROJECT, 1992-1993..............................................................................................................C.1 Appendix D: SURVEY FORM FOR THE LOW-WATER SURVEYS OF 1995, 1996, AND 1997....................................................................................................................... D.1 LIST OF FIGURES 2.1. Boundary of Amistad National Recreation Area with
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