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Studies in Ancient Near Eastern Records
The Role of Women in Work and Society in the Ancient Near East Studies in Ancient Near Eastern Records General Editor: Gonzalo Rubio Editors: Nicole Brisch, Petra Goedegebuure, Markus Hilgert, Amélie Kuhrt, Peter Machinist, Piotr Michalowski, Cécile Michel, Beate Pongratz-Leisten, D. T. Potts, Kim Ryholt Volume 13 The Role of Women in Work and Society in the Ancient Near East Edited by Brigitte Lion and Cécile Michel ISBN 978-1-61451-913-3 e-ISBN (PDF) 978-1-61451-908-9 e-ISBN (EPUB) 978-1-61451-997-3 ISSN 2161-4415 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data A CIP catalog record for this book has been applied for at the Library of Congress. Bibliographic information published by the Deutsche Nationalbibliothek The Deutsche Nationalbibliothek lists this publication in the Deutsche Nationalbibliografie; detailed bibliographic data are available on the Internet at http://dnb.dnb.de. © 2016 Walter de Gruyter Inc., Boston/Berlin Typesetting: Meta Systems Publishing & Printservices GmbH, Wustermark Printing and binding: CPI books GmbH, Leck ♾ Printed on acid-free paper Printed in Germany www.degruyter.com Foreword The idea for the conference on Women in Work and Society is already ten years old. It was first conceived to be an event open to historians of the classical world, as well as ethnologists. However, historians who specialize in ancient Greece and Rome are much ahead of Assyriologists on the matter of gender studies, and it appeared that it would be interesting to explore the involvement of women in the economy of ancient Mesopotamia. -
Some Professions with Both Male and Female Members in the Presargonic E2-MI2 Corpus
ORIENT Volume 51, 2016 Some Professions with Both Male and Female Members in the Presargonic E2-MI2 Corpus Fumi KARAHASHI The Society for Near Eastern Studies in Japan (NIPPON ORIENTO GAKKAI) Some Professions with Both Male and Female Members in the Presargonic E2-MI2 Corpus Fumi Karahashi* This paper will examine three professions (šu-i2, tug2-du8, and i3-du8) in the Presargonic E2- MI2 Corpus that included both male and female members, with the aim of assessing their socio-economic status and roughly delineating their internal organization. A pattern seems to be discernible, namely that each group was comprised of men who held subsistence land and thus were listed in Type I ration lists, and men and women who held no land but received barley rations every month, and thus were listed in Type II or IV lists. Assuming that the ration lists and land allotment texts reflect the socio-economic status of a receiver, these documents should in turn refect the workforce hierarchy. Keywords: women, Presargonic, Lagaš, queen’s household, E2-MI2 I. Introduction The so-called Presargonic E2-MI2 Corpus (ED IIIb), which originated in Girsu in the city-state of Lagaš, contains some 1,800 texts (Foxvog 2011, 59). Many were excavated clandestinely and reached museums in various parts of the world (Paris, Berlin, London, St Petersburg, Copenhagen, US, and so forth) via antiquities dealers in Baghdad (Prentice 2010, 2–5). The majority of the documents are dated to the last three rulers of Presargonic Lagaš, spanning more than twenty years (Visicato 2011, 301; Sallaberger and Schrakamp 2015, 70–74).1 The institution that produced these documents was called E2-MI2 during the reigns of Enentarzi and Lugalanda as well as the frst year of Urukagina, and then its designation was changed to E2- d Ba-u2. -
3D Printing and 3D Scanning of Our Ancient History: Preservation and Protection of Our Cultural Heritage and Identity
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENERGY AND ENVIRONMENT Volume 8, Issue 5, 2017 pp.441-456 Journal homepage: www.IJEE.IEEFoundation.org TECHNICAL PAPER 3D printing and 3D scanning of our ancient history: Preservation and protection of our cultural heritage and identity Maher A.R. Sadiq Al-Baghdadi Center of Preserving of the Cities Heritage and Identity, International Energy and Environment Foundation, Najaf, P.O.Box 39, Iraq. Received 12 June 2017; Received in revised form 12 Aug. 2017; Accepted 17 Aug. 2017; Available online 1 Sep. 2017 Abstract 3D printing and 3D scanning are increasingly used in archeology and in cultural heritage preservation. These 3D technologies provide museum curators, researchers and archeologists with new tools to capture in 3D ancient objects, artifacts or art pieces. They can then study, replicate, restore or simply archive them with much more details than traditional 2D pictures. It is even possible to 3D scan entire archeological sites to get a full 3D mapping. Iraq is too rich in ancient cultural heritage but unfortunately much of the hundreds of thousands of artifacts remain in archives of the museums worldwide. Having the exact copies of these ancient artifacts will allow the audience here to learn more about our heritage. The Center of Preserving of the Cities Heritage and Identity (CPCHI) at International Energy and Environment Foundation (IEEF) started a roadmap in preserving our ancient history with 3D scanning, 3D virtual reality, and 3D printing technologies. As part of the project create high-quality 3D replicas of our cultural heritage, which are located in our museums and sites, and most of them are spread around the world, and then exhibit it in several venues throughout our country Iraq. -
New Radiocarbon Dates and a Review of the Chronology of Prehistoric Populations from the Minusinsk Basin, Southern Siberia, Russia
RADIOCARBON, Vol 51, Nr 1, 2009, p 243–273 © 2009 by the Arizona Board of Regents on behalf of the University of Arizona NEW RADIOCARBON DATES AND A REVIEW OF THE CHRONOLOGY OF PREHISTORIC POPULATIONS FROM THE MINUSINSK BASIN, SOUTHERN SIBERIA, RUSSIA Svetlana V Svyatko1,2 • James P Mallory1 • Eileen M Murphy1 • Andrey V Polyakov3 • Paula J Reimer1 • Rick J Schulting4 ABSTRACT. The results are presented of a new program of radiocarbon dating undertaken on 88 human skeletons. The indi- viduals derived from Eneolithic to Early Iron Age sites—Afanasievo, Okunevo, Andronovo (Fedorovo), Karasuk, and Tagar cultures—in the Minusinsk Basin of Southern Siberia. All the new dates have been acquired from human bone, which is in contrast to some of the previous dates for this region obtained from wood and thus possibly unreliable due to old-wood effects or re-use of the timber. The new data are compared with the existing 14C chronology for the region, thereby enabling a clearer understanding to be gained concerning the chronology of these cultures and their place within the prehistory of the Eurasian steppes. INTRODUCTION The results of radiocarbon dating are of particular importance for the establishment of the chronol- ogy of cultures not recorded in written sources, as is the case for most of the cultures of prehistoric Southern Siberia. Some of the first 14C dates obtained for the prehistoric complexes of Southern Siberia (Scythian monuments of the Altai Mountain region) were published in Radiocarbon in 1965 (Butomo 1965), and since then the various aspects of the area’s 14C chronology have been presented and discussed in its pages (e.g. -
Resolving the Chronology of the Hyksos Kings
RESOLVING CHRONOLOGY OF THE 2nd MILLENNIUM B.C. James B. Parkinson Several puzzling problems of Canaanite archaeology and Hyksos times can be resolved by looking for Israel’s Exodus and entry into Canaan rather earlier than has been commonly considered. Key findings include: The Mediterranean campaign of Ur-Nammu, king of Ur and Sumer, fourteen years before he died, corresponds well to the campaign of Amraphel, king of Shinar, fourteen years before Abram’s victory over him. Nearly 430 years later, Moses would have been contemporary with Pharaoh Khyan/Iannas (as attested in the N.T.); hence the Exodus from Egypt in B.C. 1615 must have begun the decline of the Hyksos kings. The once unexplained end of the Middle Bronze age in the mid-16th century B.C. is readily explained by the Israelite invasion of Canaan. The Habiru threat of the el-Amarna letters apparently follows the contemporary victories of Deborah/Barak and Gideon. The Biblical accounts appear both reliable and precise. Introduction Israel’s Exodus from Egypt and entry into Canaan are central to its early history. Over the past many decades scholars have argued only whether it was around the time of Thutmose III (mid-14th century B.C.) or around the end of the reign of Ramesses II (c. BC1237-1212). Abetted by lack of positive evidence for the former and by progressive lowerings of the reigns of the kings of the United Monarchy, the latter has been strongly favored of late. In the light of Palestinian archaeology, this view has made it fashionable to doubt the conquest tradition of Israel, or that any pre-Kings historical details should be taken more seriously than, say, the bizarre Gilgamesh Epic. -
Comptabilités, 8 | 2016 Archives and Bookkeeping in Southern Mesopotamia During the Ur III Period 2
Comptabilités Revue d'histoire des comptabilités 8 | 2016 Archéologie de la comptabilité. Culture matérielle des pratiques comptables au Proche-Orient ancien Archives and Bookkeeping in Southern Mesopotamia during the Ur III period Archéologie de la comptabilité. Culture matérielle des pratiques comptables au Proche-Orient ancien Archives et comptabilité dans le Sud mésopotamien pendant la période d’Ur III Archive und Rechnungswesen im Süden Mesopotamiens im Zeitalter von Ur III Archivos y contabilidad en el Periodo de Ur III (2110-2003 a.C.) Manuel Molina Electronic version URL: http://journals.openedition.org/comptabilites/1980 ISSN: 1775-3554 Publisher IRHiS-UMR 8529 Electronic reference Manuel Molina, « Archives and Bookkeeping in Southern Mesopotamia during the Ur III period », Comptabilités [Online], 8 | 2016, Online since 20 June 2016, connection on 19 April 2019. URL : http:// journals.openedition.org/comptabilites/1980 This text was automatically generated on 19 April 2019. Tous droits réservés Archives and Bookkeeping in Southern Mesopotamia during the Ur III period 1 Archives and Bookkeeping in Southern Mesopotamia during the Ur III period* Archéologie de la comptabilité. Culture matérielle des pratiques comptables au Proche-Orient ancien Archives et comptabilité dans le Sud mésopotamien pendant la période d’Ur III Archive und Rechnungswesen im Süden Mesopotamiens im Zeitalter von Ur III Archivos y contabilidad en el Periodo de Ur III (2110-2003 a.C.) Manuel Molina 1 By the end of the 22nd century BC, king Ur-Namma inaugurated in Southern Mesopotamia the so-called Third Dynasty of Ur (2110-2003 BC). In this period, a large, well structured and organized state was built up, to such an extent that it has been considered by many a true empire. -
Chronology Activity Sheet
What Is Chronology Chronology? The skill of putting events into time order is called chronology. History is measured from the first recorded written word about 6,000 years ago and so historians need to have an easy way to place events into order. Anything that happened prior to written records is called ‘prehistory’. To place events into chronological order means to put them in the order in which they happened, with the earliest event at the start and the latest (or most recent) event at the end. Put these events into chronological order from your morning Travelled to school Cleaned teeth 1. 2. 3. 4. Got dressed Woke up 5. 6. Had breakfast Washed my face How do we measure time? There are many ways historians measure time and there are special terms for it. Match up the correct chronological term and what it means. week 1000 years year 10 years decade 365 days century 7 days millennium 100 years What do BC and AD mean? When historians look at time, the centuries are divided between BC and AD. They are separated by the year 0, which is when Jesus Christ was born. Anything that happened before the year 0 is classed as BC (Before Christ) and anything that happened after is classed as AD (Anno Domini – In the year of our Lord). This means we are in the year 2020 AD. BC is also known as BCE and AD as CE. BCE means Before Common Era and CE means Common Era. They are separated by the year 0 just like BC and AD, but are a less religious alternative. -
The Revenge of History
Bruno Tertrais The Revenge of History Vladimir Putin justifies the annexation of Crimea by its alleged role as the cradle of Russia. ISIS announces that it has erased the Sykes-Picot colonial border. Sunni Arabs see Iranian expansionism as the return of the Safavid empire. China justifies its claims in the South China Sea by “historical evidence” dating as far back as the 21st Century B.C. Throughout the world, history is making a comeback—with a vengeance. And the West is not ready. After they closed the wound open during the years 1914–1945—a true war of thirty years, three decades of self-destruction—Western countries turned their backs on major war, believing they entered an era of progress and liberty that would be freed from the barbarism of previous centuries. As a consequence, in the modern bourgeois and consumer-oriented West, the tragic nature of history risks being dangerously easy to forget, especially in “ ” Europe which would like to be post-historical, or in nstant news, crises, the United States with its relatively short history and I prevalence of lawyers in national decision-making and short election (about whom Henry Kissinger once regretted how cycles make history much they tended to be “deficient in history”).1 After a proper examination of conscience and coming to easy to overlook, if terms with their own past, liberal democracies now not forget. live in the present of instant news, current crises, and short election cycles, making history sometimes easy for decision-makers to at least overlook, if not forget. This does not mean that history is forgotten everywhere or by everyone. -
Recent Trends in the Study of Ancient Near Eastern History: Some Reflections
DOI 10.1515/jah-2013-0006 JAH 2013; 1(1): 83–98 Area Review Marc Van de Mieroop Recent Trends in the Study of Ancient Near Eastern History: Some Reflections Marc Van de Mieroop: Department of History, Columbia University, New York, E-Mail: [email protected] Reality struck scholars of the ancient Near East hard when in mid-April 2003 news of the looting of the Iraq Museum in Baghdad hit the airwaves. Not that many of them had ever set foot in the building – for decades ideological prejudices, wars, sanctions, and other obstacles had stopped most European and American scho- lars of the antiquity of Iraq from visiting the country. But the news showed the blatant ignorance or indifference of those who had planned the country’s inva- sion and at the same time exposed how scholarship had failed to make an impact on the perceptions of the past held by political leaders in the USA, Great Britain, and beyond. Even the media realized the absurdity of US Secretary of Defense Donald Rumsfeld’s question whether it was “possible that there were that many vases in the whole country?” (April 11, 2003), and various specialists who had spent their careers in the shelter of the less-commonly-taught subjects at elite universities were suddenly asked to step into the spotlight and explain the importance of their subject. Historians stressed how ancient Mesopotamia was the land of “firsts”–first writing, first cities, first laws, etc.– while archaeologists remarked on the amazing richness of Iraq’s cultural heritage and pointed out how its entire territory was filled with ancient remains. -
Languages by Date Before 1000 BC
Languages by Date Before 1000 BC Further information: Bronze Age writing Writing first appeared in the Near East at the beginning of the 3rd millennium BC. A very limited number of languages are attested in the area from before the Bronze Age collapse and the rise of alphabetic writing: the Sumerian, Hurrian, Hattic and Elamite language isolates, Afro-Asiatic in the form of the Egyptian and Semitic languages and Indo-European (Anatolian languages and Mycenaean Greek). In East Asia towards the end of the second millennium BC, the Sino- Tibetan family was represented by Old Chinese. There are also a number of undeciphered Bronze Age records: Proto-Elamite script and Linear Elamite the Indus script (claimed to record a "Harappan language") Cretan hieroglyphs and Linear A (encoding a possible "Minoan language")[3][4] the Cypro-Minoan syllabary[5] Earlier symbols, such as the Jiahu symbols, Vinča symbols and the marks on the Dispilio tablet, are believed to be proto-writing, rather than representations of language. Date Language Attestation Notes "proto-hieroglyphic" Egyptian hieroglyphs inscriptions from in the tomb of Seth- about 3300 BC c. 2690 BC Egyptian Peribsen (2nd (Naqada III; see Dynasty), Umm el- Abydos, Egypt, Qa'ab[6] Narmer Palette) Instructions of "proto-literate" period Shuruppak, the Kesh from about 3500 BC 26th century BC Sumerian temple hymn and (see Kish tablet); other cuneiform texts administrative 1 | P a g e Languages by Date from Shuruppak and records at Uruk and Abu Salabikh (Fara Ur from c. 2900 BC. period)[7][8] Some proper names attested in Sumerian A few dozen pre- texts at Tell Harmal Sargonic texts from from about 2800 c. -
Rafał Kolinski 20Th Century BC in the Khabur Triangle Region and The
Rafał Koli´nski 20th Century BC in the Khabur Triangle Region and the Advent of the Old Assyrian Trade with Anatolia 0. Introduction For some time, the turn of the third millennium BC in Northern Mesopotamia has been considered a period of settlement collapse that witnessed the abandonment of the whole area (Weiss et al. 1993). Re- cent research in the Khabur Triangle, a region located in the central part of the Jazirah, has demon- strated that during the so-called Post-Akkadian (or Early Jazirah V) period the central part of the area at least had been settled and probably politically divided between Urkesˇ and Nagar, both serving as seats of local dynasties of Hurrian origin. A dark period starts with the abandonment of the Post-Akkadian le- vels at most of the sites in the area. As for the subsequent period, lasting approximately 100 to 200 years little or nothing is known about the archaeology of the area. Only with the advent of the Middle Bronze Age II period, in which the well-known Khabur Ware pottery appears in its technically and stylistically most developed form, do settlements in the Khabur Triangle seem to be reestablished. Yet, this pro- cess can hardly be dated with precision. At some sites Khabur Ware is contemporary with Samsı¯-Addu’s ‘Kingdom of North Mesopotamia’1 (1809–1776 BC) (Barjamovic et al., 25, 29–32, fig. 10) such as at Tell Chagar Bazar, Tell Rimah, Tell Leilan, and Tell Bi’a, i.e., belong to the first quarter of 18th century BC2, but it appears as well on sites with later texts, dating after the Samsı¯-Addu’s death.3 On the other hand, pottery earlier than the 18th century BC has turned out to be very difficult to identify (Faivre / Nicolle 2007, 185). -
Book of Centuries, They Are for Your Information on How to Use the Book
Mapping History A Timeline Book of the Centuries by Michele Quigley Contents: • Cover page • Introduction • Labeling worksheet sample • Blank labeling worksheet • 2 page spread sample pages - 13th century BC • 2 page spread sample pages - 13th century AD • Full color cover • Bookplate page • 3 blank pages • 48 lined, columned pages • 3 blank pages Printing Instructions: The left side of every page is intended to be blank. Therefore you will simply print this file as is and your book will be complete. After printing you can either 3 hole punch the pages and put them in a binder of take them to a printer to be bound together Please note: The first eight pages --cover page, introduction, labeling worksheets and sample pages-- are not meant to be included in the actual book of centuries, they are for your information on how to use the book. The Book of Centuries begins with the full color cover on page 9. © 2013 Michele Quigley. For Personal Use Only. Students in the PNEU schools would begin a “Book of the Centuries” around the age of 10 and keep the book throughout their school years. A child should have a concept of time and the past before beginning his centuries book. If you wish to begin earlier, you might consider making a “family” book of centuries. Each two page spread represents 100 years of history. The left side is blank, the right side is lined and columned. (see sample pages) On the right the child will record historical events, names and dates on and on the left he will make illustrations of artifacts, tools, pottery, clothing, etc., of the time period.