Twelve New Species of Two Genera Smenospongia and Cacospongia (Demospongia: Dictyoceratida: Thorectidae) from Korea

Journal of Species Research 5(1):31-48, 2016

Twelve new species of two genera Smenospongia and Cacospongia (Demospongia: Dictyoceratida: Thorectidae) from Korea

Chung Ja Sim1,*, Kyung Jin Lee2 and Young A Kim3

1Department of Biological Sciences and biotechnology, Hannam University, Daejeon 34430, Korea 2Strategic Planning Division, National Institute of Biological Resources, Incheon 22689, Korea 3Korea Institute of Ocean Science and Technology, Ansan 15627, Korea

*Correspondent: [email protected]

Twelve new species of two genera Smenospongia and Cacospongia (Demospongia: Dictyoceratida: Thorectidae) are described from Gageodo Island and Ulleungdo Island, Korea. Of these, ten new species of the Smenospongia are distinguished from the other nine reported species of the genus by the skeletal structure and sponge colour. Primary fibres of the genus Smenospongia are mostly dense, dark colour, and invisible inside of fibres, but they are mostly cored detritus and echinated with spicules. Especially, the end of primary fibres at the surface shows densely cored with spicules. All these new species changed the colour. Two new species of the genus Cacospongia are compared with nine other reported species. In skeletal structure, primary fibres of the genus Cacospongia are light colour, visible inside and more heavily cored with spicules and sands. The skeleton of this genus has large meshes. The colour of the genus Cacospongia does not change. Keywords: Cacospongia, Demospongia, Korea, new species, Smenospongia, Thorectidae

changed very slowly to almost dark brown. This species IntroductIon is not determined as Cacospongia due to its changed colour (Fig. 13A, B). Sandes and Pinheiro (2014) reported The genus Smenospongia in subfamily Thorectinae one new species, Smenospongia ramosa from Brazil, (Thorectidae) erected by Wiedenmayer (1977) is not well and compared it with all other reported Smenospongia known throughout the field. Wiedenmayer defined that species. the genus is characterized by an aerophobic chemical The genus Cacospongia in subfamily Thorectinae (Tho- properties, fibres conspicuously stratified but not pithed. rectidae) was erected by Schmidt (1862). Diagnosis of The skeleton is characterized by wide, trellised primary the genus is that the skeleton is comprised of fine lami- systems, well developed secondary fibre reticulum, and nated, primary and secondary fibres. Primary fibres are distinctly honeycombed surface (Wiedenmayer, 1977). cored, and secondary fibres are uncored. The secondary Nine reported Smenospongia species are as follows: reticulum is well developed relative to primary fibre S. aurea Hyatt, 1875 from Bahamas, S. cerebriformis (Bergquist, 1980). Polejaeff (1884) is reported 15 species Duchassaing and Michelotti, 1864 and S. musicalas Du- in the genus Cacospongia, but most of them are moved chassaing and Michelotti, 1864 from Virgin Island, S. to other genera except three species, C. amorpha, C. in- nuda (Levi, 1969) from Vema Seamount (Atlantique sud), termedia, and C. levis. Von Lendenfeld (1889), Schmidt S. echina (de Laubenfels, 1934) from West Indian region (1864) and Burton (1952, 1959) reported Cacospongia (Puerto Rico), S. dysodas (de Laubenfels, 1954) from species. Recently, Cacospongia mycofijiensis (Kakou et Palaus, S. conulosa Pulitzer-Finali, 1986 from West In- al., 1987) was reported from the Fiji. dian, S. coreana Lee and Sim, 2005 from Korea, and S. ramose Sandes and Pinheiro, 2014 from Brazil (Van Soest et al., 2015). MaterIals and Methods The colour of Smenospongia coreana (Cacospongia coreana at the World Porifera Database) from Korea Sponge collections were made from Gageodo Island 32 JOURNAL OF SPECIES RESEARCH Vol. 5, No. 1 and Ulleungdo Island, Korea. They were collected from Jeollanam-do, Shinan-gun, Heuksan-myeon, Gageodo depth 15-30 m using SCUBA diving during the period Island (Jakeunganyeo), 14 Oct 2013, Kim HS, by SCUBA 2001-2013. Collected specimens were preserved in 95% diving, Depth 20 m, deposited in the NIBR. ethyl alcohol and were identified based on their morpho Description. Thick mass, size up to 15×9×5 cm. Sur- logical characters. The external feature of sponges was face, honeycomb patterned and conules distinct, with observed with stereo microscope (Stemi SV. 6, Carl Zeiss, slimy dermal membrane. Several oscules, 1-5 mm in dia Germany). The skeletal fibres were studied under a light meter, open on surface of sponge. Colour in life, beige microscope (Axioscope II, Carl Zeiss, Germany). The turns to black soon after exposure to air. Texture, soft type specimens were deposited in the National Institute and compressible. Choanosome, lightly cavernous like of Biological Resources (NIBR), Incheon, Korea. bread. Skeleton: Primary fibres, 100-140-250 μm in diameter, fasciculated fibres, 400-500 μm in diameter, cored with Systematic Account dense spicules which come out from fibres like rose spine. Regularly arranged at surface and dark colour. Choano- Phylum Porifera Grant, 1836 somal fibres, irregularly arranged, and light colour. Sec- Class Demospongiae Sollas, 1885 ondary fibres, 10-50-100 μm in diameter, irregularly ar Order Dictyoceratida Minchin, 1900 ranged at choanosome, 160 μm in diameter at base. Fibres Family Thorectidae Bergquist, 1978 cored with round mass like egg. Subfamily Thorectinae Bergquist, 1978 Etymology. The specfic name, spinulosa, is named after Genus Smenospongia Wiedenmayer, 1977 that the figures of primary fibres with spicules. Remark. This species is similar to Smenospongia nuda Key to the species of Korean Smenospongia (in Levi 1969) in shape and colour but it differs in its (The key is illustrated by Figs. 1-10 and Table 1) fibres. Primary and secondary fibres of the new species are thicker than them of Levi’s specimen (Primary fibres 1. Colour in life beige turns to black ····························· 2 90-180 μm, secondary fibres 20-45 μm in diameter). It - Colour in life yellow or beige turns to dark brown ···· 6 is not easy to find cored in fibres, because they are too 2. Colour turns to black very slowly ··················· S. nigra thick and dark brown colour except large spicules com- - Colour turns to black soon after exposure to air ······· 3 ing out from the fibres. Many large sands are contained 3. Without ladder-like fasciculate primary fibres· ········· 4 in the choanosome. The spine of primary fibres is dis- - Ladder-like fasciculate Primary fibres· ····················· 5 tinctly protruding at the surface, but they are indistinct 4. ‌Primary fibres cored with dense spicules and echinat- at the choanosome fibres. ing ···························································· S. spinulosa - ‌Primary fibres cored with rare spicules and echinating 2. Smenospongia nigra n. sp. (Fig. 2) ································································ S. gageoensis 5. ‌Diameter of ladder like fascicule 500 μm at the sur- Type specimen. Holotype (NIBRIV0000321366), Korea: face ······························································ S. scalaris Jeollanam-do, Shinan-gun, Heuksan-myeon, Gageodo - ‌Diameter of ladder like fasciculate 850-1000 μm, Island (Jakeunganyeo), 14 Oct 2013, Kim HS, by SCUBA throughout the sponge ································ S. duokyeo diving, Depth 20 m, deposited in the NIBR. 6. Yellow in life turns to dark brown ···························· 7 Description. Thick mass, size up to 13×8×6 cm. Sur- - Gray or beige in life turns to dark brown ··················· 8 face, honeycomb pattern with short and sharp conules, 7. Regular skeletal structure ······························· S. flavia covered with slimy membrane. Oscules open at surface - ‌Irregular skeletal structure, rare secondary fibres· ······· of sponge. Colour in life light beige, change grey after ·································································· S. arbuscula exposure to air and turn to black very slowly in alcohol. 8. ‌Primary fibres have uncored, no echinating spicules ···· Texture soft and compressible, cavernous. ······························································· S. dokdoensis Skeleton: Primary fibres, 200-250 μm in diameter, reg- - Primary fibres have echinating· ································· 9 ularly arranged at surface and have dark colour. Fascicu- 9. ‌Primary fibres have numerous echinating spine· ········· lated primary fibres, 400-600 μm in diameter. Chanoso- ·································································· S. varispina mal primary fibres, 100-250 μm in diameter, cored with - ‌Primary fibres have rare long echinating spine· ··········· rare spicules and small sands, but easy to find spicules at ···························································· S. wiedenmayeri end of surface primary fibres. Secondary fibres, 30-50 μm in diameter at surface. Cho- 1. Smenospongia spinulosa n. sp. (Fig. 1) anosomal secondary fibres, 100-150 μm in diameter, irregularly arranged. Some part of enlarged secondary fi- Type specimen. Holotype (NIBRIV0000321365), Korea: bres cored with material like egg. Lateral side of sponge February 2016 SIM ET AL.-TWELVE NEW SPECIES IN THORECTIDAE FROM KOREA 33

Table 1. Fibres size data and morphological characteristics of the species of Smenospongia and Cacospongia

Growth Surface Fibres (μm in diameter) Species Colors form (dermal membrane) Primary Secondary 100-250 Beige to Black light honeycomb 10-50-100 S. spinulosa Thick mass 400-500 (very fast turn) (slimy membrane) 160( base) (fasciculate) honycomb with 200-250 Beige to Black S. nigra Thick mass sharp conules 400-600 30-150 (very slowly change) (slimy membrane) (fasiculate) Orange yellow honeycomb S. flavia Thick mass 250-400 50-120 to Dark brown low conules Thick Golden yellow 50-100 S. arbuscula low conules 200-300 encrusting to Dark brown (rare) Thick honeycomb S. dokdoensis Dark brown 100-300 50-100 encrusting low sharp conules 100-250 round conules 50-100 S. scalaris Thick mass Dark gray to black 500 (slimy membrane) 30-50(base) (fasciculate)

Grey and beige to indistinct conules S. wiedenmayeri Thick mass 100-200 30-100 dark brown (slimy membrane)

Thick low sharp conules S. varispina Beige to dark brown 100-300 40-100 chusion shape (without membrane) 140-200 Beige to dark smooth S. duokyeo Thick mass 850-1000 30-120 brownish black (membrane) (fasciculate) 200-300 Thick honeycomb 40-100 S. gageoensis Beige to black 600 encrusting (slimy membrane) 150-200 (fasiculate) honeycomb 150-230 100 C. bakusi Round mass Grey to Black sharp conules (fasiculate) 20-30 Thin rough with 100-200-300 C. dokdoensis Black 30-50-100 encrusting conules (fasiculate) has thin secondary fibres network. Secondary fibres at Description. Thick mass, size up to 9 ×8 ×3 cm. Sur- base of sponge attached to substrate (Fig. 2G). face with low round conules, honeycomb pattern. Rare Etymology. The specific name, nigra, is named after the oscules, 1 mm in diameter. Colour in life orange yellow black color in spirit. turns to dark brown. Texture firm and compressible. Remark. This new species is similar to Smenospongia Sponge with many large sands and other animals in their coreana Lee and Sim, 2005 in that the colour changed body. very slowly, but differs in skeletal structure. Secondary Skeleton: Primary fibres, 250-400 μm in diameter, fibres of Smenospongia coreana are distributed only at dark brown colour. Fasciculated primary fibres uncored. the ectoderm and changed its colour to dark brown. This Secondary fibres, 50-120 μm in diameter, light colour, new species has secondary fibres throughout the sponge thin, uncored, and regularly arranged with reticulated and changed its colour to black. network. Etymology. The specific name, flavia, is named after 3. Smenospongia flavia n. sp. (Fig. 3) yellow colour in life. Remark. This new species easily distinguished with Type specimen. Holotype (NIBRIV0000321367), Korea: other smenospongian by regular skeletal structure. This Gyeongsangbuk-do, Ulleung-gun, Ulleungdo Island new species is smilar to genus Dactylospongia in yellow (Neunggul), 23 Oct 2001, Lee KJ, by SCUBA diving, colour in life but differs in changing colour in the air. Depth 20 m, deposited in the NIBR. This new species changes its colour to dark brown, but 34 JOURNAL OF SPECIES RESEARCH Vol. 5, No. 1

Fig. 1. Smenospongia spinulosa n. sp. A, entire animal; B, closed surface; C, surface skeletal structure; D, choanosome; E, surface skeletal structure; F, closed primary fibres. Scale bars: A=2 cm, C-E=200 μm, F=100 μm. genus Dactylospongia changes to dark purple or reddish Surface with low conules and covered with many other brown. animals and seaweed. Oscules opened on surface. Colour in life golden yellow turns to dark brown in air. Texture 4. Smenospongia arbuscula n. sp. (Fig. 4) firm and compressible. Skeleton: Primary fibres, 200-300 μm in diameter, Type specimen. Holotype (NIBRIV0000321368), Korea: branched, dark colour, heavily cored with spicules. Gyeongsangbuk-do, Ulleung-gun, Ulleungdo Island Some part of primary fibres, cored with round mass like (Neunguel), 1 Aug 2001, Lee KJ, by SCUBA diving, egg or spore, 20 μm in diameter. Several egg-like mass Depth 25 m, deposited in the NIBR. free appeared in mesohyl. Fibres easily broken like Description. Thick encrusting, size up to 6×5 ×2 cm. seaweed. Second fibres rare, uncored, 50-100 μm in di- February 2016 SIM ET AL.-TWELVE NEW SPECIES IN THORECTIDAE FROM KOREA 35

Fig. 2. Smenospongia nigra n. sp. A, entire animal; B, closed surface; C, end of primary fibre; D, surface primary and secondary fibre; E, choanosome secondary fibres enclosed egg ball; F, choanosome skeletal structure; G, base secondary fibres; H, echinating primary fibres. Scale bars: A=3 cm, C-H=200 μm. 36 JOURNAL OF SPECIES RESEARCH Vol. 5, No. 1

Fig. 3. Smenospongia flavia n. sp. A, entire animal; B, closed surface; C, surface skeletal structure; D, choanosome skeletal structure; E, closed primary fibre; F, skeletal structure. Scale bars: A=2 cm, C, D=200 μm, E=100 μm, F=200 μm. ameter. In choanosome, many primary fibres, branched bres, but this new species has very rare secondary fibres without secondary fibres. and primary fibres are cored egg-like material. Etymology. The specific name, arbuscula, is named after the shape of branched primary fibres. 5. Smenospongia dokdoensis n. sp. (Fig. 5) Remark. This new species is distinguished by its branching primary fibres, which is thick and dark colour. Type specimen. Holotype (NIBRIV0000321369), Korea: They have no mesh of secondary fibres except a few on Gyeongsangbuk-do, Ulleung-gun, Ulleung-eup, Dokdo the surface. This new species is similar to Smenospongia Island, 10 Oct 2008, SCUBA diving, Depth 15-25 m, de- flavia n. sp. in colour in life, but differs in skeletal struc- posited in the NIBR. tures. Smenospongia flavia has crowded secondary fi- Description. Thick encrusting, size up to 9×5 ×1 cm. February 2016 SIM ET AL.-TWELVE NEW SPECIES IN THORECTIDAE FROM KOREA 37

Fig. 4. Smenospongia arbuscula n. sp. A, entire animal; B, closed surface; C, surface primary and secondary fibres; D, choanosome primary fibres; E, primary fibres enclosed egg ball; F, free egg ball. Scale bars: A=2 cm, C, D=200 μm, E=50 μm, F=10 μm.

Surface with low sharp counles and honeycomb pattern. Remark. This new species is very different from other Several oscules, 1-2 mm in diameter, open at surface of species, in regularly arranged primary and secondary sponge. Surface colour, dark brown. Texture firm and fibres. All fibres are uncored but end of primary fibres compressible. near the surface are cored with spicules. Skeleton: Regularly arranged primary fibres, 100-300 μm in diameter, cored with spicules but invisible except 6. Smenospongia scalaris n. sp. (Fig. 6) end of primary fibres near surface. Secondary fibres, 50- 100 μm in diameter. Type specimen. Holotype (NIBRIV0000321370), Korea: Etymology. The specific name, dokdoensis, is named Jeollanam-do, Shinan-gun, Heuksan-myeon, Gageodo after locality Dokdo, Korea. Island (Baganyeo), 27 Jul 2005, Lee KJ, by SCUBA 38 JOURNAL OF SPECIES RESEARCH Vol. 5, No. 1

Fig. 5. Smenospongia dokdoensis n. sp. A, entire animal; B, closed surface; C, D, surface skeletal structure; E, choanosome skeletal structure; F, end of primary fibres cored spicules. Scale bars: A=2 cm, C-E=200 μm, F=100 μm. diving, Depth 25 m, deposited in the NIBR. nected secondary fibres with primary fibres, 20-25 μm Description. Thick mass, size up to 10×6×2.5 cm. Sur in diameter. Choanosomal primary fibres, 200-250 μm face, smooth with round conules and slimy membrane, in diameter, thicker than fibres near surface and almost associated with bryozoan and other sponge. Oscules, uncored. Choanosomal secondary fibres, 60-100 μm in 1-2 mm in diameter, open at top of sponge. Colour, dark diameter and 30-50 μm in diameter at base. gray in life turns to black. Texture soft and compressible. Etymology. The specific name, scalaris, is named after Skeleton: Regularly arranged primary fibres, 100-150 the shape of ladder-like skeletal structure. μm in diameter, weakly cored with detritus, but fibres’s Remark. This new species is characterized by having colour too dark to see cored detritus. Ladder-like fasci ladder-like skeletal form at the surface. This form is sim culate fibres 500 μm in diameter at surface. Secondary ilar to Smenospongia duokyeo n. sp. in skeletal form but fibres, 50-80 μm in diameter, regularly arranged. Con- differs in diameter of fasciculated ladder-like form, they February 2016 SIM ET AL.-TWELVE NEW SPECIES IN THORECTIDAE FROM KOREA 39

Fig. 6. Smenospongia scalaris n. sp. A, entire animal; B, closed surface; C, surface skeletal structure; D, surface skeletal structure; E, choanosome skeletal structure; F, closed skeletal structure. Scale bars: A=2 cm, C-E=200 μm, F=100 μm. are much larger than this new species. gray and beige turns to dark brown. Texture firm and compressible. 7. Smenospongia wiedenmayeri n. sp. (Fig. 7) Skeleton: Primary fibres, 100-170 μm in diameter, regularly arranged at surface and invisible cored debris Type specimen. Holotype (NIBRIV0000321371), Korea: with rare echinating spicules. Secondary fibres, 30-70 Jeollanam-do, Shinan-gun, Heuksan-myeon, Gageodo μm in diameter, irregularly arranged. Choanosomal pri- Island (Gukhuldo), 11 Jul 2001, Lee KJ, by SCUBA mary fibres, 100-150-200 μm in diameter. Choanosomal diving, depth 25 m, deposited in the NIBR. secondary fibres 50-100 μm in diameter, easily broken. Description. Thick mass, size up to 14×9×3 cm. Sur Etymology. The specific name, wiedenmayeri, is named face with indistinct conules, and slimy membrane. Sur- after the Wiedenmayer who erected the genus name. face covered with many bryozoan animals. Oscules open Remark. This new species is distinguished from other at top of sponge, 1.5-3 mm in diameter. Colour in life species. Surface is not clear the conules. Primary fibres 40 JOURNAL OF SPECIES RESEARCH Vol. 5, No. 1

Fig. 7. Smenospongia wiedenmayeri n. sp. A, entire animal; B, closed surface; C, surface secondary fibres; D, E, choanosomes skeletal structure; F, closed primary fibres. Scale bars: A=3 cm, C-E=200 μm, F=100 μm. are difficult to see the cored debris. Echinating spine of oscules, 1-2 mm in diameter, open at top of sponge. Col primary fibres is thick and long. our, beige in life turns to dark brown. Texture firm and compressible. 8. Smenospongia varispina n. sp. (Fig. 8) Skeleton: Primary fibres near surface, 150-200-300 μm in diameter, cored with only spicules, and dense spicules Type specimen. Holotype (NIBRIV0000321372), Korea: protrude out of fibres. Secondary fibres, 70-100 μm in Jeollanam-do, Shinan-gun, Heuksan-myeon, Gageodo diameter. Choanosomal primary fibres, 100-300 μm in Island (Gukhuldo), 20 Jul 2007, Lee KJ, by SCUBA div- diameter, and secondary fibres, 40-100 μm in diameter ing, depth 20 m, deposited in the NIBR. with rare spine. Description. Thick cushion shape, size up to 13×8×3 Etymology. The specific name, varispina, is named after cm. Surface, have low sharp conules, without membrane, cushion shape of the sponge. and covered with many algae and other animals. Small Remark. This new species is similar to Smenospongia February 2016 SIM ET AL.-TWELVE NEW SPECIES IN THORECTIDAE FROM KOREA 41

Fig. 8. Smenospongia varispina n. sp. A, entire animal; B, closed surface; C, surface skeletal structure; D, choanosome skeletal structure; E, F, closed skeletal structure. Scale bars: A=2 cm, C, D=200 μm, E, F=100 μm. spinulosa n. sp. in primary fibres with spine, but differs Description. Thick mass, size up to 11×7×4 cm. Sur- in numerous spine. face, smooth with membrane and indistinct conules. Several small oscules on top of sponge. Colour in life 9. Smenospongia duokyeo n. sp. (Fig. 9) beige turns to dark brownish black. Texture firm and compressible. Type specimen. Holotype (NIBRIV0000321373), Korea: Skeleton: Surface primary fibres, 140-200 μm in dia Jeollanam-do, Shinan-gun, Heuksan-Myeon, Gageo- meter, ladder-like form, 850-1000 μm in distance, core do Island (Duokyeo), 20 Jul 2007, Lee KJ, by SCUBA sands. Secondary fibres, 30-60-90 μm in diameter, un- diving, depth 15 m, deposited in the NIBR. cored. Choanosomal primary fibres, 150-200 μm in dia 42 JOURNAL OF SPECIES RESEARCH Vol. 5, No. 1

Fig. 9. Smenospongia duokyeo n. sp. A, entire animal; B, closed surface; C and E, surface skeletal structure; D, choanosome skeletal structure; F, closed primary fibres. Scale bars: A=2 cm, C-E=200 μm, F=100 μm. meter, and secondary fibres, 70-120 μm in diameter. 10. Smenospongia gageoensis n. sp. (Fig. 10) Etymology. The specific name, duokyeo, is named after locality Duokyeo, Gageodo Korea. Type specimen. Holotype (NIBRIV0000321374), Korea: Remark. This new species is similar to Smenospongia Jeollanam-do, Shinan-gun, Heuksan-myeon, Gageodo scalaris n. sp. in ladder-like skeletal structure throughout Island (Jakeunganyeo), 14 Oct 2013, Kim HS, by SCUBA the sponge, but differs in distance of ladder-like form. diving, Depth 28 m, deposited in the NIBR. This new species is much larger than that of Smeno Description. Thick encrusting, size up to 6×3.5×2 cm. spongia scalaris. Surface with conules and distinct honeycomb pattern. Several oscules, 1-3 mm in diameter open on top of February 2016 SIM ET AL.-TWELVE NEW SPECIES IN THORECTIDAE FROM KOREA 43

Fig. 10. Smenospongia gageoensis n. sp. A, entire animal; B, closed surface; C, surface skeletal structure; D, choanosome skeletal structure; E, closed primary fibres; F, closed secondary fibres. Scale bars: A=1 cm, C, D=200 μm, E, F=100 μm. sponge. Colour in life pale beige turns to black soon after ter locality Gageodo Island, Korea. exposure to air. Texture soft and compressible. Surface Remark. This new species is similar to Smenospongia has thick slimy membrane. Choanosome cavernous. spinulosa, but differs in surface and skeletal structure. Skeleton: Primary fibres near surface, 200-300 μm in This new species have distinct honeycomb shape on the diameter, dark colour and fasciculated primary fibares, surface and have rare protruding spine in the fibres. 600 μm in diameter. Choanosomal primary fibares, 220- 300 μm in diameter. Secondary fibres near surface, 40- 11. Cacospongia bakusi n. sp. (Fig. 11) 100 μm in diameter. Choanosomal secondary fibres, 60- 150-200 μm in diameter, irregularly arranged. Type specimen. Holotype (NIBRIV0000321375), Korea: Etymology. The specific name,gageoensis , is named af- Jeollanam-do, Shinan-gun, Heuksan-myeon, Gageodo 44 JOURNAL OF SPECIES RESEARCH Vol. 5, No. 1

Fig. 11. Cacospongia bakusi n. sp. A, entire animal; B, closed surface; C, surface skeletal structure; D, choanosome skeletal structure; E, F, closed primary fibres. Scale bars: A=2 cm, C, D=200 μm, E, F=100 μm.

Island (Baganyeo), 27 Jul 2005, Lee KJ, by SCUBA meter, regularly arranged, and made large meshes, 800- diving, Depth 20 m, deposited in the NIBR. 1000 μm in diameter. Very rare thin secondary fibres, Description. Round mass, size up to 6×5×2 cm. Sur- 20-30 μm in diameter, connected with primary fibres. face honeycomb pattern with sharp conules. Several Etymology. The specific name, bakusi, is named for the oscules, 1-4 mm in diameter, open at surface of sponge. late Dr. Gerald J. Bakus who was a professor in the de- Colour in life, black on surface and beige inside, not partment of biological sciences, University of Southern changed in spirit. Texture, sponge and compressible. California, a marine ecologist and sponge taxonomist. Skeleton: Primary fibres, 150-230 μm in diameter, reg- Remark. This new species is similar to Cacospongia ularly arranged, lightly fasciculated, heavily cored with sysbiotica Burton, 1959 in cored with spicules in primary spicules and rare sands. Secondary fibres, 100 μm in dia fibres, but differs in diameter of fibres. Fibres of this new February 2016 SIM ET AL.-TWELVE NEW SPECIES IN THORECTIDAE FROM KOREA 45

Fig. 12. Cacospongia dokdoensis n. sp. A, entire animal; B, skeletal structure; C, D, closed primary fibres; E, F, closed secondary fibres. Scale bars: A=1 cm, B=200 μm, C-F=100 μm. species has thicker than Burton’s specimen, also colour 3×2×1 cm. Surface rough with conules. Colour black is different. on surface, brown inside. Texture firm and compressible. Skeleton: Primary fibres, 100-200-300 μm in diameter, 12. Cacospongia dokdoensis n. sp. (Fig. 12) cored sands. Secondary fibres 30-50-100 μm in diameter, made large meshes, 730-1,000 μm in diameter. Type specimen. Holotype (NIBRIV0000321376), Korea: Etymology. The specific name, dokdoensis, is named Gyeongsangbuk-do, Ulleung-gun, Ulleung-eup, Dokdo after its type locality, Dokdo, Ullreung-gun, Korea. Island, 10 Oct 2008, SCUBA diving, Depth 15-25 m, de- Remark. This new species is big different with other posited in the NIBR. species in primary fibres. Cored sands are very clear in Description. Thin encrusting, small piece, size up to the fibres. This new species is similar to Cacospongia 46 JOURNAL OF SPECIES RESEARCH Vol. 5, No. 1

Fig. 13. Smenospongia coreana (A, B) and S. aurea (C-F: LA County Museum) A, entire animal; B, changed colour to blackish dark brown; C, entire animal; D, closed surface; E, F, skeletal structure (black colour is primary fibres). Scale bars: E=200 μm, F=100 μm. mollior Schmidt 1862 in skeletal structure but differs in also focused on the skeletal structures and fibre’s co- diameter of fibres and colour. Fibres of new species are lour changing. All of our new species in Smenospongia thicker than that of Schmidt's (1862) specimen which is changed colour to the black or dark brown either rapidly changed colour black in spirits and air. New species not or slowly. Wiedenmyer’s study also reports that genus changed colour. Smenospongia turns to black upon collection. We found that the fibre’s color of the Smenospongia turns to black after collection, but it is different from the specimen’s Discussion colour change to purple upon collection. The genus Smenospongia is characterized by colours turn to black, Wiedenmyer (1977) marked for genus Smenospongia the primary and secondary fibres are clearly distinguish- by aerophobic chemical properties, changed colour, and able and are not well developed. Additionally, we found fibres conspicuously stratified. In addition, our study primary fibres of the new species have dark amber to February 2016 SIM ET AL.-TWELVE NEW SPECIES IN THORECTIDAE FROM KOREA 47 dark brown colour and mostly invisible, but at the end of preparing Smenospongia specimens from Turneffe Is- primary fibres near the surface cored spicules are found. land. We thank Dr. K. Ruetzler, Research Biologist and Most of them have echinated spicules. curator, Dept. of Invertebrate Zoology, Smithsonian In- De Laubenfels (1934, 1954) reported two species in the stitution, National Museum of Natural History, for help genus Smenospongia, S. dysodes (de Laubenfels, 1954) to compare with type specimens at MSC. and S. echina (de Laubenfels, 1934), which are cored with primary and secondary fibres, but we found that the fibres of Smenospongia echina are not cored with RefeRences detritus as the type specimen (U.S.N.M. No. 22315). We consider Smenospongia dysodes need for further studies Bergquist, P.R. 1980. A revision of the supraspecific classifi- because their colour is not changed. There have been cation of the orders Dictyoceratida, Dendroceratida and few details for skeletal structure in reported papers up to Verongida (class Demospongiae). New Zealand Journal now. of Zoology 7(4): 443-503. The colour of Smenospongia coreana Lee and Sim, Burton, M. 1952. The ‘Manihine’ Expedition to the Gulf of

2005 changed very slowly to almost dark brown (Fig. Aqaba 1948-1949 – Sponges. Bulletin of the British Mu- 13A, B). This species is not determined as genus Caco- seum (Natural History) Zoology 1(8): 163-174. spongia due to its changed colour. Korean Smenospongia Burton, M. 1959. Sponges. In: J. Murray (ed.), Scientific Re- species are light cavernous compared with other report- ports. John Murray Expedition, 1933-34. 10(5). British ed species, and have thick mass, partly honeycomb pat- Museum (Natural History): London. pp. 151-281. tern. Several species have unknown egg-like material at De Laubenfels, M.W. 1934. New sponges from the Puerto the enlarged secondary fibres. Smenospongia arbuscula Rican deep. Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections, 91 n. sp. shows the free egg-like material separated from (17), 1-28. primary fibres in sponges. We examined with Smeno- De Laubenfels, M.W. 1954. The Sponges of the West-Central spongia aurea (Hyatt, 1875) from Turneff Island at LA Pacific. Oregon State Monographs. Studies in Zoology 7:

County Museum (Tymlax et al., 1985). It consists of 1-10, 1-306. crowded primary and secondary fibres, so it is difficult Kakou, Y., P. Crews and G.J. Bakus. 1987. Dendrolasin and to determine both fibres (Fig. 13C-F). It is significantly Latrunculin a from the Fijian Sponge Spongia mycofi- different from our specimen. They changed colour from jiensis and an associated Nudibranch chromodoris Lochi. yellow to purple like genera Aplisina and Dictyospongia. Journal of Natural Products 50(3): 482-484. Ten Korean Smenospongia species are from Gageodo Lee, K.J. and C.J. Sim. 2005. A New Sponge of the Genus Island, and Ulleungdo Island. Of these, seven species Sme nospongia (Dictyoceratida: Thorectidae) from Gage- are collected from Gageodo Island, and it is showing odo Island, Korea. Integrative Biosciences 9(1): 9-11. high diversity of Smenospongia. Levi, C. 1969. Spongiaires Du Vema Seamount (Atlantique The skeleton of the genus Cacospongia is comprised Sud). Bulletin du Museum national d’Histoire naturelle, of relatively fine, concentrically laminated, cored prima- 41(4), 952-997. ry fibres and uncored secondary fibres. The secondary Polejaeff, N. 1884. Report on the Keratosa collected by reticulum is well developed (Schmidt, 1862). The two H.M.S. ‘Challenger’ during the years 1873-1876. Report new Korean Cacospongia species have distinct cored on the Scientific Results of the Voyage of H.M.S. ‘Chal- primary fibres. The skeleton of genus Cacospongia has lenger’, 1873-1876. Zoology 11: 1-88, pls I-X. large meshes. The color in life is black in exterior, and Sandes, J. and U. Pinheiro. 2014. Dictyoceratida (Porifera: beige in interior. The colour is not changed upon collec- Demo spongiae) from Tropical Southwestern Atlantic tion. The genus Cacospongia is similar to genus Smeno- (Northeastern Brazil, Sergipe State) and the description spongia in skeletal structure, but differs in larger mesh of three new species. Zootaxa 3838(4): 445-461. and no colour changing. Schmidt, O. 1862. Die spongien des adriatischen Meeres. (Wilhelm Engelmann:Leipzig): i-viii, 1-88, pls 1-7. Schmidt, O. 1864. Supplement der spongien des adriatischen Acknowledgments Meeres. Enthaltend die Histologie und systematische Erganzungen. (Wilhelm Engelmann: Leipzig): i-vi, 1-48, This work was supported by a grant from the National pls 1-4. Institute of Biological Resources (NIBR), funded by the Tymlak, A., L. Rinehart and G.J. Bakus. 1985. Constitu- Ministry of Environment (MOE) of Republic of Korea ents of Morphologically similar Sponges Aplysina and (NIBR No.201501201). We thank Kathy Omura, collec- Smenospongia species. Tetrahedron 41(6): 1039-1047. tions manager in Marine Biodiversity processing center, Van Soest, R.W.M., N. Boury-Esnault, J.N.A. Hooper, K. Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County for Ruetzler, N.J. de Voogd, B. Alvarex de Glasby, E. Hajdu, 48 JOURNAL OF SPECIES RESEARCH Vol. 5, No. 1

A.B. Pisera, R. Manconi, C. Schoenberg, D. Janussen, Wiedenmayer, F. 1977. Shallow-water sponges of the west- K.R. Tabachnick, M. Klautau, B. Piction, M. Kelly, J. ern Bahamas. Experientia Supplementum 28: 1-287. Vacelet, M. Dohrmann, M.C. Diaz and P. Cardenas. 2015. World Porifera database [available from http://marine- species.org.porifera, accessed 17 Aug 2015]. Submitted: September 14, 2015 Von Lendenfeld, R. 1889. A monograph of the horny spong- Revised: October 13, 2015 es. Trubner and co., London, pp. 1-936. Accepted: February 16, 2016