Little Big Painting Roy Lichtenstein, 1965

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Little Big Painting Roy Lichtenstein, 1965 15 avril 2015 Dylan Pouilly 404 Joanne Joho 403 Little Big Painting Roy Lichtenstein, 1965 15 avril 2015 Little Big Painting, Roy Lichtenstein ​ Fiche signalétique Le sujet de ce tableau est une représentation d’un plan rapproché de plusieurs traits de peinture représentant l’Action Painting, mais réalisé dans le style unique de Roy Lichtenstein. Le ​ ​ sujet est donc la peinture elle­même. Le travail est réalisé sur une toile de 172,7 x 203,2 centimètres1 à la peinture à l’huile et au Magna (marque d’acrylique pouvant s’enlever avec de l’essence de thérébentine)2. Il fait partie de la série Brushstrokes (coups de pinceau) qu’a ​ confectionnée Roy Lichtenstein sous forme de tableaux et de sculptures à partir de 1965 (même s’il s’y est surtout consacré de 65 à 66). Cette oeuvre est l’une des premières de cette série et a été achevée en 1965, année où Willem de Kooning, artiste néerlandais (naturalisé américain) et précurseur de l’expressionnisme abstrait, connait sa première rétrospective dans un musée américain (Smith College Museum of Art)3 . Ce tableau est actuellement exposé au Whitney Museum of American Art à New York. ​ ​ Analyse Aux États­Unis, les années soixante sont des années marquées par une forte envie de vivre, traduite par la montée du mouvement hippie, en même temps qu’une époque de hautes tensions internationales : en 1962, la crise des missiles de Cuba fait croire à une Troisième Guerre Mondiale, l’année suivante connait l’assassinat de Kennedy, tandis que la guerre du Vietnam fait rage et le combat pour les droits civiques est à son apogée, avec comme leader spirituel et charismatique Martin Luther King, qui sera d’ailleurs assassiné lui aussi dans cette décennie, en 1968. C’est en 1960 que Roy Lichtenstein s’installe avec femme et enfants dans le new Jersey, où il a eu un poste de professeur à l’université Rutgers. C’est là qu’il va se plonger dans l’environnement pop, avec ses publicités familiales classiques, avec ses couleurs et ses artistes majeurs (Andy Warhol rendait mythique en 1962 Marilyn Monroe, année du décès de l’actrice, grâce à ses fameuses sérigraphies, pour ne citer que cet exemple). Il va débuter ses oeuvres qui lui sont propres en 1961, également inspirées des dessins animés, en accomplissant plusieurs grands projets, tels que “look mickey”, et cette période de son parcours artistique se terminera en 1965, année où il peint “little big painting”.4 5 Par ce tableau (et avec l’intégralité de ses oeuvres de la série Brushstrokes) le but de ​ ​ l’auteur était, en quelque sorte, de répondre au mouvement artistique qu’est l’expressionnisme abstrait, ou même plus précisément, l’Action Painting (sous­catégorie de l’abstraction). Ce dernier ​ consiste à déposer des traits de peinture instinctifs sur un support, privilégiant ainsi “l’acte spontané de peindre”6. Sa réponse est donc totalement caricaturale de ce qu’est l’Action Painting, puisque le style ​ ​ qu’il utilise est tout autre : chaque coup de pinceau est réfléchi et minutieusement déposé là où il a été prévu qu’il le soit. Chez Roy Lichtenstein, la toile reste donc lisse et sans relief contrairement à des tableaux de l’Action Painting. Il a transformé de l’expressionnisme abstrait en une version ​ ​ graphique propre à lui­même. 1 http://whitney.org/Collection/RoyLichtenstein/662/ 2 http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magna_(peinture) 3 http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willem_de_Kooning 4 http://www.le­pop­art.com/roy­lichtenstein.html 5 http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roy_Lichtenstein 6 http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Action_Painting 1 15 avril 2015 Little Big Painting, Roy Lichtenstein ​ "Ca m'intéressait de décrire, voire de caricaturer, un coup de pinceau” explique­t­il dans une interview faîte par John Coplans en 1967, à propos de la série Brushstroke. Il continue : “Bien sûr ​ ​ quand les coups de pinceau sont visibles sur une toile, on y voit un côté grand geste. Mais, entre mes doigts, le coup de pinceau devient la représentation de ce grand geste.”7 Définitions des caractéristiques artistiques Sur toile, le style de Roy Lichtenstein se définit par de larges aplats de couleurs simples (quatre différentes mariées au noir et au blanc), peint à l’acrylique (le Magna qui permet des modifications sans traces), donnant ainsi l’impression de sortir d’une bande dessinée. Les points souvent visibles en arrière­plan de ses oeuvres sont le fruit de pochoirs et réalisés à l’huile, tandis que les rayures sont faîtes à la main, ou à l’aide de ruban­adhésif.8 Roy Lichtenstein a débuté sa série Brushstrokes avec le tableau éponyme : ​ ​ Roy Lichtenstein, Brushstrokes, 1965. Peinture à l’huile et Magna sur toile, ​ ​ 122.5 x 122.5 cm. Collection privée. 7http://archeologue.over­blog.com/article­un­bon­coup­de­pinceau­de­roy­lichtenstein­brushstroke­monumental­en ­bord­de­seine­119274588.html 8 http://cimaises­leblog.fr/lichtenstein/ 2 15 avril 2015 Little Big Painting, Roy Lichtenstein ​ L’idée de ce tableau viendrait vraissemblablement d’un des Charlton Comics, paru une ​ ​ année plus tôt. Dick Giordano, “The Painting”, Strange Suspense Stories #72, ​ ​ Charlton Comics, octobre 1964. Cette bande dessinée raconte l’histoire d’un artiste hanté par un esprit et un visage qu’il tente d’effacer à coups de pinceau formant un “X” ; il en devient presque fou. Ce qui nous montre que malgré le résultat se voulant caricaturalement abstrait du tableau Little Big Painting que nous avons, l’idée de base venait d’une bande dessinée, de l’univers dont Roy Lichtenstein a, semble­t­il, l’impossibilité de se séparer. Liens avec d’autres artistes et mouvements Franz Kline est le profil type de l’artiste qui est carricaturé par le travail Little Big Painting de ​ Roy Lichtenstein : il est plongé dans l’Action Painting, souhaitant créer des oeuvres en se basant ​ ​ sur la spontanéité du geste, d’abord en noir et blanc, puis en couleur à partir de 1955. Cet artiste s’intéressait énormément aux mouvements du pinceau, que Lichtenstein éradique consciencieusement dans sa toile Little Big Painting, ce qui exprime bien la caricature, voire la ​ ​ satyre esthétique qu’accomplit notre artiste à propos de ce peintre abstrait, de quelques années son aîné (Kline est en effet déccédé en 1962, quelques années avant l’apparition de Little Big ​ Painting). ​ Cependant, Roy Lichtenstein avoue son point de vue sur le travail de Kline, que ce n’est pas réellement ce que l’on croit, lors d’une interview de David Sylvester en 1966. “David Sylvester : Et vous continuez en faisant ces grands traits d’une manière très méticuleuses et soigneusement formée. 3 15 avril 2015 Little Big Painting, Roy Lichtenstein ​ Roy Lichtenstein : Et bien sûr je ne suis pas certain que Kline ne l’ai pas également fait à sa manière. Ils ressemblent à des coups de pinceaux, mais ils n’en sont pas. J’ai entendu qu’ils étaient dessinés avant. Ils sont certainement retravaillés quand vous les regardez, pas spontanés. Je pense que c’est vrai pour chacun d’eux, ils symbolisaient des coups de peinture, ils symbolisaient que “l’art c’est l’art”, mais en même temps, ils représentaient une image de coups de peinture.”9 Franz Kline, Painting Number 2, 1954, huile sur toile, 204.3 x 271.8 cm, collection privée ​ ​ ​ Ce qui nous montre que Roy Lichtenstein ne trouvait peut­être pas sa série d’oeuvres aussi paradoxale qu’elle laisse croire. Analyse technique Comme expliqué précédemment, Roy Lichtenstein s’est basé sur des techniques lui permettant de travailler avec précision et en applat : des pochoirs et de l’huile pour les points qui représentent l’arrière­plan du tableau, de l’acrylique avec, parfois, du ruban­adhésif pour tracer les traits. L’oeuvre en est d’autant plus proche de la bande dessinée et du Pop Art de cette période, ​ tout en étant une vive caricature de mouvements plus abstraits. Ainsi, le choix de la technique n’est pas hasardeux et sans conséquences sur l’oeuvre : il l’inscrit dans le domaine créatif de son 9 http://www.lichtensteinfoundation.org/sylvester1.htm 4 15 avril 2015 Little Big Painting, Roy Lichtenstein ​ auteur, et la, par sa forme, ses couleurs et sa technique, permet d’émettre une critique d’un mouvement, une caricature, en se distançant de la simple imitation. Mais il ne faudrait surtout pas se limiter à la simple oeuvre inscrite dans un processus artistique en deux dimensions ! Car Roy Lichtenstein a également réalisé une série de sculptures représentant aussi ces fameux traits de pinceaux, et amenant la caricature sur un plus vaste domaine ! Roy Lichtenstein, Brushstroke, 1996. ​ ​ Aluminium peint, musée National Centre d’Art, Madrid. Tendance stylistique de l’oeuvre Nous pensons que ce tableau s’inscrit dans le courant du Pop Art, d’une part en raison de sa ​ ​ technique, de ses couleurs et de l’énergie “Pop” qui s’en dégage, bien propre à ce courant artistique, et d’autre part de la réflexion, de la caricature qui se trouve dans ces traits et ces formes, comme d’autres artistes aimaient le faire dans leurs oeuvres : Warhol a transmis de nombreuses idées philosophiques et culturelles au travers de ses réalisations, Keith Haring parlait grâce à ses personnages colorés et en mouvement, tout en critiquant des aspects de la socitété, etc. De plus, l'inspiration directe de bandes dessinées démontre bien que le corps de cette oeuvre provient de la culture populaire, qui constitue le plat principal des artistes du courant dans lequel nous avons placé Roy Lichtenstein. Conclusion Cette oeuvre représente un important travail, puisque faisant partie intégrante d’une longue série du même genre, que Lichtenstein va poursuivre jusqu’à la veille de sa mort, en 1997 (sculptures du Brushstroke réalisée en 1996).
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