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Public Health Concerns Associated with Feeding Raw Meat Diets to Dogs

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Public Health Concerns Associated with Feeding Raw Meat Diets to Dogs 1101PVM3.QXD 10/15/2005 11:03 AM Page 1222 Public health concerns associated with feeding raw meat diets to dogs Jeffrey T. LeJeune, DVM, PhD, and Dale D. Hancock, DVM, PhD ood safety issues have recently gained considerable carcasses of condemned animals (eg, animals found to attention from the public and represent an impor- be dead, dying, disabled, or diseased at the time of F 1 tant concern for the veterinary profession. Problems slaughter), are also used for dog food. Because of the related to food contamination, however, are not unique inherent nature of these products and the less stringent to humans, as dogs are also susceptible to a large num- handling requirements, compared with products ber of food-borne infections. Unfortunately, the safety approved for human consumption, these products may of food intended for consumption by dogs has received contain high levels of bacterial contamination. limited attention. Of the bacterial pathogens that can be found in Racing Greyhounds and sled dogs are commonly raw meats offered to dogs, organisms of the genus fed diets containing raw meat, and some pet owners Salmonella have received the most attention. Twenty to also choose to feed uncooked meat to their pets. The thirty-five percent of poultry carcasses intended for risks associated with feeding raw meat to dogs are well human consumption test positive for Salmonella organ- documented, and it is imperative that veterinarians isms,2,3 and raw meat used for feeding dogs is even recognize these risks and convey this information to more frequently contaminated with this pathogen.4 their clients and the public. The risk of food-borne ill- Outbreaks of Salmonella-related gastroenteritis in dogs nesses in pet dogs is a major concern, but of more consuming diets containing raw meat are document- importance is the public health risk of zoonotic infec- ed.5,6 In 1 study,6 more than half the strains of tions. For pets in contact with livestock or livestock Salmonella spp identified in the feces of dogs could be feeds, there is the added risk of introducing or perpet- matched to strains found in their diet. Perhaps more uating diseases in livestock populations. The purpose commonly, dogs may become subclinical carriers of of the present article is to summarize the microbiolog- Salmonella spp following exposure.7 Pet-to-person ic infections dogs may acquire through consumption of transmission of Salmonella spp may occur if infected raw or undercooked meats and meat by-products. pets are handled without observing proper hygienic Suggestions on reducing the risks associated with these practices. There is also a risk of humans becoming infections are provided. infected with Salmonella spp after handling contami- Raw meat incorporated into canine diets may be nated meat products intended for dogs, such as bones derived from many sources. It may be added intention- and pigs’ ears dog treats.8 ally by the owners or acquired from hunting or scav- Campylobacteriosis is the most frequently reported enging. In either case, uncooked meat can be a vehicle notifiable human enteric infection in the United States,9 for the transmission of microorganisms. Importantly, and household contact with dogs is a significant risk even meat obtained from healthy animals approved for factor for development of campylobacteriosis in human consumption is not sterile. Bacteria from the humans.10 Campylobacteriosis can also develop in dogs, hide or feathers are frequently deposited on the surface but similar to Salmonella infection, a large proportion of of the meat at slaughter. Additional contamination can infected dogs excrete organisms in their feces yet occur during evisceration, processing, and packaging. remain clinically normal.11 The routes by which dogs Although control measures such as carcass trimming, can become infected with Campylobacter spp are not washing, and steam pasteurization are incorporated precisely known; however, because most raw poultry is into processing lines to reduce pathogen load, some contaminated with Campylobacter spp, primarily C jeju- contaminating bacteria persist on carcasses. Some of ni, food-borne infection is highly probable among dogs these bacteria contribute to meat spoilage; others are fed raw chicken.12 The link between poultry and campy- pathogenic to humans and animals. Microscopic con- lobacteriosis in dogs is strengthened by results of a tamination or infection of meat with viral or parasitic serotyping study13 in which serovars of Campylobacter agents in the absence of gross pathologic changes will spp isolated from dogs with diarrhea were also isolated frequently go undetected at inspection. Meat products from poultry carcasses fed to the dogs. not intended for human consumption, such as inedible Shiga toxic Escherichia coli (STEC) strains, many tissues, condemned portions of carcasses, and entire of which are able to cause disease in humans and ani- mals, are routinely isolated from fresh ground ham- From the Field Disease Investigation Unit, Department of Veterinary burger.14,15 Escherichia coli O157, an emerging human Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington 16 State University, Pullman, WA 99164. Dr. LeJeune’s present pathogen, has been identified in dog feces. Illness address is Food Animal Health Research Program, Ohio occurs in Greyhounds fed raw meat containing high 17 Agriculture Research and Development Center, The Ohio State concentrations of this pathogen. University, Wooster, OH 44691-4096. Yersinia enterocolitica, another Enterobacteriaceae, 1222 Vet Med Today: Public Veterinary Medicine JAVMA, Vol 219, No. 9, November 1, 2001 1101PVM3.QXD 10/15/2005 11:03 AM Page 1223 can frequently be isolated from raw meat, especially cattle may contribute to maintenance of the disease in pork. Depending upon the hygienic conditions during areas where it is endemic.35 Carcasses contaminated slaughter, packaging, and storage, as much as 89% of with Burkholderia (Pseudomonas) pseudomallei, the commercially available raw meats may be contaminat- agent that causes melioidosis, can serve as a source of ed with this organism.18 Pathogenic serotypes of Y ente- infection if ingested by dogs.36 Meat from horses with rocolitica are shared between humans and dogs,19 and glanders can be a source of Burkholderia as with Salmonella spp and Campylobacter spp, dogs (Pseudomonas) mallei, and dogs are moderately suscep- may be subclinically infected with Y enterocolitica tible to infection with this organism.37 serotypes that are pathogenic to humans.20 Conversely, A few viruses that pose a risk to dogs may also be dogs may develop enteritis when infected with other present in raw meat. Pseudorabies (Aujeszky’s disease) serotypes.21 Household transmission of this pathogen reportedly developed in dogs fed lungs from a herd of from dogs to people has been documented.22 pigs with a high prevalence of this disease.38 The dog is Numerous other bacterial pathogens, including a dead-end host for this viral infection, and transmis- Listeria monocytogenes and Clostridium perfringens, sion from dogs to humans is not reported. On the other may also cause illness in dogs. Listeria monocytogenes hand, rabies may be transmitted via ingestion,39 and has been reported as a cause of abortion in a bitch that rabid dogs are a serious health risk to owners and the consumed raw meat products thought to be contami- general public. nated with the organism.23 Handling of infected abort- Numerous food-borne parasitic infections can ed tissues in the absence of appropriate hygiene mea- affect dogs. Feeding raw fish to dogs can result in infec- sures would undoubtedly put handlers at risk of infec- tion with a variety of organisms, including tion. Although the exact relationship between C per- Diphyllobothrium latum, the fish tapeworm; fringens infection and gastroenteritis in dogs is not Opisthorchis tenuicollis, a trematode that infects the bile clear, numerous cases of C perfringens-associated duct, pancreatic ducts, and small intestines; enteritis in dogs have been reported in the veterinary Dioctophyme renale, the giant kidney worm; and literature.24,25 Nanophyetus salmincola, the vector of Neorickettsia In addition to these food-borne bacterial agents, helminthoeca, the agent responsible for salmon poison- several other bacteria pose a direct risk to pets, even ing in dogs.40-42 though there is little or no known risk of secondary The prevalence of Toxoplasma gondii infection in transmission to humans from pets. Dogs are suscepti- swine intended for slaughter varies regionally. It is ble to the neurologic effects of C botulinum toxin, and reportedly as high as 13% in Canada and is much high- some packaged foods, such as bacon, are capable of er in other countries.43,44 Fortunately, although dogs supporting growth of C botulinum and toxin produc- may become infected with T gondii, they are not the tion.26 If these foods are not fully cooked to destroy the definitive host and, therefore, do not pass infective toxin prior to feeding, disease may ensue. Dogs are also oocysts into the environment. On the other hand, dogs susceptible to illness caused by Staphylococcus aureus routinely fed raw meat are commonly infected with the and Bacillus cereus.27,28 These toxin-producing organ- protozoa Sarcocystis spp,45,46 and dogs that ingest infect- isms can be found in raw meat and commercially pre- ed meat may excrete sporocysts of this parasite in their pared foods and may proliferate and produce toxins if feces and contaminate the environment, resulting in a the food is allowed to incubate before feeding. Many hazard for livestock grazing in the same environment. idiopathic digestive upsets of dogs may be related to When livestock ingest Sarcocystis spp, clinical disease bacterial growth in moist foods put out for dogs and resulting in considerable economic losses may ensue.47 left for many hours before they are eaten. More recently, dogs have been identified as the defini- Several additional bacterial agents can, under spe- tive host of another important protozoan parasite of cial circumstances, be transmitted to dogs in raw meat.
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