Philippines: Angat Water Transmission Improvement Project

Initial Environmental Examination

July 2014

Prepared by Metropolitan Waterworks and Sewerage System for the Asian Development Bank.

CURRENCY EQUIVALENTS (as of 6 June 2014)

Currency unit – peso (Php) Php1.00 = $.0228076 $1.00 = Php43.85

ABBREVIATIONS AAS Atomic Absorption Spectrometry ADB Asian Development Bank ADSDPP Ancestral Domain Sustainable Development and Protection Plan AFP Armed Forces of the Philippines AQ Aqueduct AP Affected Person D&B Design and Build Contractor Brgy Barangay BH Borehole BOD5 Biological Oxygen Demand (5 Days) CADT Certificate of Ancestral Land Domain Title CBFM Community-based Forest Management CEMP Contractor’s Environmental Management Plan CITES Convention on International Trade on Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora CNC Certificate of Non-coverage COD Chemical Oxygen Demand CLUP Comprehensive Land Use Plan CPDO City Planning and Development Office CPF Common Purpose Facility CWA Contractor’s Work Area DAO Department Administrative Order D&B DBH Design and Build Diameter at Breast Height DED Detailed Engineering Design DENR CO DENR Central Office DENR MO DENR Memorandum Order DPWH Department of Public Works and Highways DOST DS Department of Science and Technology Downstream DQP Design Quality Plan ECA Environmental Critical Area ECC Environmental Compliance Certificate ECP Environmental Critical Project EMB Environmental Management Bureau EMP Environmental Management Plan EO Executive Order EU Environmental Unit FED Fire and Explosives Division FGD Focus Group Discussion FIDIC Fédération Internationale Des Ingénieurs-Conseils (International Federation Of Consulting Engineers) FVR Friendship Village Resources

GOP HH Government of the Philippines Household IEC IEE Information, Education and Communication Initial Environmental Examination IP Indigenous People (Dumagat) IUCN International Union for Conservation of Nature IRA IV Internal Revenue Alignment Importance Value LGU Local Government Unit LWUA Local Water Utilities Administration Mbg Meters Below Ground MENRO Municipal Environmental and Natural Resources Office MMT Multipartite Monitoring Team MOA Memorandum of Agreement MWCI Manila Water Company Inc. MWSI Maynilad Water Services Inc. MWSS Metropolitan Waterworks and Sewerage System NCIP National Commission on Indigenous Peoples NCSO National Census and Statistics Office NGA National Government Agencies NIPAS National Integrated Protected Area System NPC National Power Corporation NVH North Village Housing NWRB National Water Resources Board O&M Operation and Maintenance OSP- Office of Special Project for Angat Water Transmission AWTIP Improvement Project PA Protected Area PAGASA PAMB Protected Area Management Board PAWB Protected Areas and Wildlife Bureau PCR Physical Cultural Resources PD Presidential Decree PGA Peak Ground Acceleration PNP PO Philippine National Police People’s Organization PPTA Project Preparation Technical Assistance QMP RA Quality Management Plan Republic Act RCE Riparian Channel Evaluation REA Rapid Environmental Assessment ROW Right of Way SAPA Special Use Agreement in the Protected Areas SPS 2009 ADB Safeguard Policy Statement, June 2009 SPSC TA Scoping/Procedural Screening Checklist Technical Assistance US Upstream WHO World Health Organization WVF West Valley Fault

NOTE In this report, "$" refers to US dollars.

This Initial Environmental Examination is a document of the borrower. The views

expressed herein do not necessarily represent those of ADB's Board of Directors, Management, or staff, and may be preliminary in nature. Your attention is directed to the “terms of use” section of this website.

In preparing any country program or strategy, financing any project, or by making any designation of or reference to a particular territory or geographic area in this document, the Asian Development Bank does not intend to make any judgments as to the legal or other status of any territory or area.

Initial Environmental Examination – Output 2

Document history Initial Environmental Examination Angat Water Transmission Improvement ADB/MWSS

This document has been issued and amended as follows:

Version Date Description Created by Verified by Approved by

1 Draft Rustica Romero Maynard Delfin Marissa De Guzman

2 2 Feb 2014 Draft Final Rustica Romero Marissa De Marissa De / Delfa Uy Guzman Guzman

3 14 Feb 2014 Final Rustica Romero Delfa Uy Marissa De Guzman

4 1 Mar 2014 Revised Final Rustica Romero Delfa Uy Marissa De Guzman

Initial Environmental Examination – Output 2

Contents Executive Summary i 1 Introduction 1 1.2 IEE Report 1 1.2 IEE Approach and Methodology 2 2 Policy, Legal and Administrative Framework 5 2.1 National Policy and Regulatory Framework 5 2. 2 Administrative Framework 9 3 Project Description 11 3.1 Project Rationale 11 3.2 Proposed Scheme 13 3.3 Contracting Method 18 4 Environment Description 21 4.1 Climate 21 4.2 Air Quality and Noise Level 22 4.3 Topography and Soils 25 4.4 Geology 27 4.5 Seismology 28 4.6 Ecological Resources 36 4.7 Economic Development 57 4.8 Social and Cultural Resources 58 5 Anticipated Environmental Impacts and Mitigation Measures 63 5.1 Approach 63 5.2 Issues and Concerns Relative to Siting, Planning and Design 63 5.3 Issues and Concerns Prior to Construction 68 5.4 Impacts during Construction 68 5.5 Impacts during Operation 75 5.6 Project Benefit, Positive Impact and Outcome 78

6 Environmental Management Plan 79 6.1 Introduction 79 6.2 Environmental Mitigation Plan 79 6.3 Institutional Arrangement 94

Initial Environmental Examination – Output 2

6.4 Environmental Monitoring Plan 101 6.5 Performance Indicators 104 6.6 Reporting 111 7 Public Consultation, Information Disclosure and Grievance Redress Mechanism 113 7.1 Public Consultation 113 7.2 Information Disclosure 114 7.3 Additional Public Consultation and Information Campaign 114 7.4 Grievance Redress Mechanisms 114 8 Findings 118 9 Conclusions and Recommendations 120 References 122

Initial Environmental Examination – Output 2

List of Figures

Figure 1: Project Location ...... 1 Figure 2: Segments of Tunnel 4 Project Component ...... 3 Figure 3: Timeline for Securing Required Clearance/ Agreement/ Permit/ License ...... 9 Figure 4: Manila Water Demand with and without 15% Buffer...... 11 Figure 5: Ipo-La Mesa Transmission System Schematic ...... 12 Figure 6: Inlet Structure including Coffer Dam ...... 14 Figure 7: Outlet Structure and Temporary Spoil Disposal Area ...... 16 Figure 8: Projected Tunnel Geology and Ground Elevation ...... 26 Figure 9: Geology in the Study Area ...... 28 Figure 10: Surface Water Quality and River Ecology Sampling Stations at Ipo Watershed ...... 29 Figure 11: Average Turbidity Level at Ipo Dam...... 29 Figure 12: Surface Water and Groundwater Sampling Stations along Tunnel Segments ...... 33 Figure 13: Raintree and Mahogany-Dominated Vegetation in Bigte Proposed as Contractor’s Work Area ... 38 Figure 14: Tree-Dominated Vegetation (Raintree and Balete) in Bigte Tunnel Outlet ...... 39 Figure 15: Brushland Vegetation in Segment 2 ...... 39 Figure 16: Residential Subdivision and Cultivated Area cum Brushland in Segment 3 ...... 39 Figure 17: Brushland Vegetation in Segment 7 above the Tunnel Outlet in Bigte ...... 40 Figure 18: Open-type Vegetation in Bigte Proposed for Disposal Area ...... 40 Figure 19: Angat River Mollusc Dendogram ...... 48 Figure 20: Angat River Fish Dendogram ...... 49 Figure 21: Project Segments ...... 49 Figure 22: Location of the Inlet and Associated Works ...... 50 Figure 23: Location of the Outlet Structure...... 53 Figure 24: Defective Housing Unit of AFP Subdivision in Segment 3 ...... 57 Figure 25: MWSS Organizational Structure ...... 95 Figure 26: MWSS Office of Special Projects ...... 96 Figure 27: Grievance Redress Mechanism Diagram ...... 117

Initial Environmental Examination – Output 2

List of Tables

Table 1: Other Relevant Laws, Regulations and Guidelines ...... 6 Table 2: Document Requirements for Foreman Blaster and Purchaser Licenses ...... 8 Table 3: The Philippines’ Environmental Impact Assessment Process ...... 10 Table 4: Water Available to MWSS from Angat Reservoir ...... 11 Table 5: Associated Facilities of Tunnel 4...... 17 Table 6: Projected Temperature and Rainfall Change in Bulacan Province...... 21 Table 7: Ambient Air Quality Results ...... 23 Table 8: Noise Level Monitoring Results at Brgy. Hall San Mateo...... 24 Table 9: Noise Level Monitoring Results at Brgy. Hall San Mateo ...... 24 Table 10: Noise Level Monitoring Results at Ipo Dam Site ...... 25 Table 11: Borehole Sediment Quality ...... 27 Table 12: Surface Water Quality in Angat River (Upstream and Downstream of Ipo Dam) ...... 30 Table 13: Surface Water Quality in Bigte River and Sta. Maria River ...... 34 Table 14: 2013 Borehole and Water Table...... 34 Table 15: Groundwater Quality along the Tunnel Segments ...... 35 Table 16: Different Segments of the Study Site ...... 40 Table 17: River Ecology Sampling Stations ...... 45 Table 18: Mollusc Diversity Index ...... 47 Table 19: Fish Diversity Index ...... 48 Table 20: Heavy Metals in Fish ...... 49 Table 21: Summary Description of Tunnel Segments ...... 54 Table 22: Municipal Profile of Norzagaray, Bulacan ...... 58 Table 23: Population/Growth Rate of Norzagaray, Bulacan ...... 59 Table 24: Percent Households by Type of Water Facility Used (San Mateo) ...... 60 Table 25: Sectoral Distribution of Employment ...... 61 Table 26: Extent and Average Yields of Agriculture Land Use: Norzagaray ...... 61 Table 27: Interaction Matrix during Construction Phase ...... 69 Table 28: Interaction Matrix during Operation Phase ...... 75 Table 29: EMP prior to Construction Phase ...... 80 Table 30: EMP for the Construction Phase ...... 81 Table 31: EMP for the Operations Phase ...... 93

Initial Environmental Examination – Output 2

Table 32: Institutional Requirements ...... 95 Table 33: Institutional Responsibilities...... 97 Table 34: Environmental Management Implementation Schedule ...... 99 Table 35: Performance Indicator ...... 104 Table 36: Performance Monitoring Indicator ...... 108 Table 37: Summary Matrix of Issues Raised at Public Consultation ...... 113

Initial Environmental Examination – Output 2

List of Abbreviations

AAS Atomic Absorption Spectrometry ADB Asian Development Bank ADSDPP Ancestral Domain Sustainable Development and Protection Plan AFP Armed Forces of the Philippines AQ Aqueduct AP Affected Person D&B Design and Build Contractor Brgy Barangay BH Borehole BOD5 Biological Oxygen Demand (5 Days) CADT Certificate of Ancestral Land Domain Title CBFM Community-based Forest Management C-E MP Contractor’s Environmental Management Plan CITES Convention on International Trade on Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora CNC Certificate of Non-coverage COD Chemical Oxygen Demand CLUP Comprehensive Land Use Plan CPDO City Planning and Development Office CPF Common Purpose Facility CWA Contractor’s Work Area DAO Department Administrative Order D&B Design and Build DBH Diameter at Breast Height DED Detailed Engineering Design DENR CO DENR Central Office DENR MO DENR Memorandum Order DPWH Department of Public Works and Highways DOST Department of Science and Technology DS Downstream DQP Design Quality Plan ECA Environmental Critical Area ECC Environmental Compliance Certificate ECP Environmental Critical Project EMB DENR Environmental Management Bureau EMP Environmental Management Plan EO Executive Order EU Environmental Unit

Initial Environmental Examination – Output 2

FED Fire and Explosives Division FGD Focus Group Discussion FIDIC Fédération Internationale Des Ingénieurs-Conseils (International Federation Of Consulting Engineers) FVR Friendship Village Resources GOP Government of the Philippines HH Household IEC Information, Education and Communication IEE Initial Environmental Examination IP Indigenous People (Dumagat) IUCN International Union for Conservation of Nature IRA Internal Revenue Alignment IV Importance Value LGU Local Government Unit LWUA Local Water Utilities Administration Mbg Meters Below Ground MENRO Municipal Environmental and Natural Resources Office MMT Multipartite Monitoring Team MOA Memorandum of Agreement MWCI Manila Water Company Inc. MWSI Maynilad Water Services Inc. MWSS Metropolitan Waterworks and Sewerage System NCIP National Commission on Indigenous Peoples NCSO National Census and Statistics Office NGA National Government Agencies NIPAS National Integrated Protected Area System NPC National Power Corporation NVH North Village Housing NWRB National Water Resources Board O&M Operation and Maintenance OSP-AWTIP Office of Special Project for Angat Water Transmission Improvement Project PA Protected Area PAGASA PAMB Protected Area Management Board PAWB Protected Areas and Wildlife Bureau PCR Physical Cultural Resources PD Presidential Decree PGA Peak Ground Acceleration PNP Philippine National Police PO People’s Organization

TA 8196-PHI: Angat Water Transmission Improvement Project Initial Environmental Examination – Output 2

PPTA Project Preparation Technical Assistance QMP Quality Management Plan RA Republic Act RCE Riparian Channel Evaluation REA Rapid Environmental Assessment ROW Right of Way SAPA Special Use Agreement in the Protected Areas SPS 2009 ADB Safeguard Policy Statement, June 2009 SPSC Scoping/Procedural Screening Checklist TA Technical Assistance US Upstream WHO World Health Organization WVF West Valley Fault

TA 8196-PHI: Angat Water Transmission Improvement Project Initial Environmental Examination – Output 2

Executive Summary Introduction

The bulk of the water supply for Metro Manilaʹs 13 million inhabitants comes from the Umiray‐Angat‐ Ipo system of reservoirs, tunnels and aqueducts. Aside from the Metro Manila demands, the transmission system also supplies San Jose del Monte water treatment plant and other private users, including some illegal users.

Currently, the water transmission system fails to supply the 46m3/s granted water allocation. Also, the water transmission system needs improvement to supply future demands. MWSS and the two concessionaires Manila Water Company Inc. (MWCI) and Maynilad Water Services Inc. (MWSI) have prepared several demand scenarios for future water requirements in Metro Manila, which vary between 35m3/s and over 80m3/s by 2035.

The Angat Water Supply Transmission Improvement Project seeks to improve the reliability and security of the raw water transmission system through partial transmission system rehabilitation from Ipo to La Mesa and the implementation of water safety, risk and asset management plans. As part of the project, it is proposed to build a new tunnel to augment the water conveyance capacity provided by the three existing tunnels. Once completed, it is possible to drain and inspect each of the tunnels and assess the need for further works.

The proposed scheme comprises a new tunnel, alongside the three existing tunnels, to convey water from Ipo reservoir to MWSS Bigte portal in Bulacan Province (Luzon Island), about 35km northeast of Manila. The proposed tunnel is about 6.5km in length and 4m in diameter and lying adjacent to the existing Tunnel 1.

The project is classified as Category B based on ADB’s environmental safeguard policies, indicating there are some potential adverse environmental impacts, but not sufficient for a full environmental impact assessment (EIA).

The study area comprises the full length of the new tunnel alignment, including the inlet and outlet works, the Contractor’s work sites, and the temporary spoil disposal areas. The initial environmental examination (IEE) commenced with the completion of ADB‘s Rapid Environmental Assessment (REA) form, which was used to identify potential impacts. The baseline in the study area was characterized by collecting secondary data and commissioning new surveys, consisting of surface water quality, ambient air quality, ambient noise, terrestrial vegetation and wildlife, and aquatic ecology, in the study area. GIS maps were prepared based on the survey results and available maps such as topographic and hazard maps to characterize the study area. Environmental quality data was compared with the Philippine environmental quality standards, and when these were not readily available locally, compared with international criteria.

The Interaction Matrix (Leopold Matrix) was used to identify the potential adverse environmental impacts along each tunnel alignment segment during the construction and operation phases.

Public consultation meetings were held within the communities of Brgys. Bigte and San Mateo. Separate consultation, focused group discussions (FGDs) and interviews were held with the Dumagats, an ethnic minority group, in Ipo dam site at Brgy. San Mateo.

TA 8196-PHI: Angat Water Transmission Improvement Project Initial Environmental Examination – Output 2

Project Description

Angat river water is transmitted from an upstream location of Ipo dam to Bigte through the three existing tunnels. From Bigte, water is conveyed along six aqueducts (pipelines), with Aqueducts 1 and 2 carrying water to La Mesa reservoir and the remaining four aqueducts carrying water to La Mesa water treatment plant. Existing infrastructure needs to be rehabilitated and expanded. The construction of Tunnel 4 will augment the water supply to Aqueducts 5 and 6 to meet their full capacities. It will then be possible to close and fully inspect the older Tunnels 1, 2, 3 and Aqueducts 1, 2, 3 and 4 to assess their condition and determine the extent of the required rehabilitation.

The proposed location for Tunnel 4 is constrained by the following factors: (1) alignment of Tunnel 4 should be within the existing MWSS tunnel right of way (ROW); (2) optimum tunnel site would minimize disruption to operations; (3) new tunnel intake should be in the same general area as the existing intakes; and (4) intake needs to be located in an area where reservoir silting is at minimum. With all these constraints, the most favorable location for the Tunnel 4 intake lies upstream of the existing intakes and the proposed tunnel alignment lies close to Tunnel 1. No alternative was provided given these constraints. An above‐ground conveyance system is not applicable due to the rugged terrain of Brgy. San Mateo in the Municipality of Norzagaray, Province of Bulacan where intake and majority of the tunnel alignment will be located.

The proposed Tunnel 4 will be 6.5km in length and 4m in clear internal diameter. The tunnel will be located at about 100m to 150m below ground surface with maximum depth of 200m. The depth at the inlet and outlet is about 10m and 8m, respectively.

According to the feasibility study, the tunnel will be excavated by drill and blast method with cast in situ concrete lining formed in plain concrete and steel reinforced concrete linings.

The intake will be located between the new and old Ipo dams. The intake structure will comprise a rectangular basin, with a trash rack to control debris entering the tunnel, and stoplogs for closure and control of sluice gates to regulate the flow of water in the tunnel.

The outlet will be located at Brgy. Bigte and connected to a channel to convey water from the outlet to Basin 3 at Bigte Portal. The outlet structure will comprise a rectangular basin with an observation deck for maintenance and operation.

In cases of design deviation, such as shift of alignment resulting in tunnel being located outside the MWSS ROW, changing inlet structure location and/or revising the method of construction, the MWSS through its PMO should immediately: (1) seek the advice of EMB Central Office if such design deviation warrants an ECC amendment; (2) inform ADB should EMB advise for ECC amendment; and (2) seek ADBʹs clearance/concurrence for an IEE revision and/or EMP updating.

Environment Description Physical Resources Climate, Air Quality and Noise Level

Climate is tropical summer monsoon characterized by two pronounced seasons, a warm dry season from November to April and a warm wet during the rest of the year. The mean annual rainfall is about 2,385mm, with the maximum falling between June and August. The mean monthly temperature ranges between 26°C and 29°C. Climate change forecasts indicate increasing temperature and summer rainfall over the next 50 years.

TA 8196-PHI: Angat Water Transmission Improvement Project Initial Environmental Examination – Output 2

No major air pollution source is found in the study area. The ambient air quality in the project area is within DENR’s air quality standards. Ambient noise levels are within DENR’s limits, except for a slight noise level exceedance observed in Bigte during night time, and this is generally typical among rural areas. Topography and Soil

Brgy. San Mateo, where most of the tunnel alignment will be located, is characterized by hilly to mountainous terrain with an elevation between 85masl and 250masl. Within Brgy. Bigte, the terrain is a combination of flat to gently sloping. Soils are of varying thickness and typical of the parent material. An analysis of heavy metals in the rock samples from boreholes along the tunnel alignment indicates that the heavy metal concentrations are below standard1 for habitat and agriculture so the spoil can be reused. Geology

The Ipo inlet area is underlain by the Bayabas Formation characterized by the massive agglomerate and basalt, which is observed as hard when fresh. In situ weathering is slight to moderate with residual soil approximated more than a meter deep, except when overlain by talus materials. The tunnel will be in good ground rock mass rating more than 50%.

Tunnel 4 alignment from the inlet will pass through agglomerate and basalt and then go to equally hard Alagao volcanics before proceeding to limestone toward tunnel outlet in Brgy. Bigte. Except for localized faults and shears, the tunnel will be in good ground rock mass rating more than 60% and no major problem is envisaged during the tunnelling. This is the fourth tunnel to be constructed along this corridor. Seismology

Very little seismic data are available in the project area. The West Valley Fault (WVF) trace has been mapped fairly well. However, only general results such as earthquakes magnitude and peak ground acceleration (PGA) are available. Data suggest that the WVF trace runs roughly parallel to an average of 10km from the Angat Water Transmission Improvement System. It was estimated that the WVF can generate a magnitude of 7.2 to 7.4 with a corresponding PGA of 0.67g. Additional study should be performed to verify the current data. Hydrology and Water Resources

Angat River is the main drainage system within the Angat watershed that is drained principally by the Angat River and dammed twice. Angat dam generates hydroelectric power. Releases from Angat reservoir, together with discharges from the river’s tributaries between Angat and Ipo dams, contribute to the flow into Ipo reservoir.

Bigte River is the primary drainage system at the Bigte portal. The runoff of Bigte River contributes to the flow into Sta. Maria River.

The surface water quality of Angat River from the downstream of Angat dam, Ipo dam site and Ipo dam downstream is Class B freshwater. The sampling program during the rainy season recorded high levels of turbidity, fecal and total coliforms at the Ipo dam site and Ipo dam downstream and elevated levels of turbidity, color, fecal and total coliforms in the Bigte and Sta. Maria rivers.

1 Based on Thai Environmental Regulation. No standards established in the Philippines.

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TA 8196-PHI: Angat Water Transmission Improvement Project Initial Environmental Examination – Output 2

The groundwater data in the project area was very limited. Data on groundwater levels were obtained from 10 boreholes drilled in the area. The 2013 borehole report showed in Segment 1 that along the tunnel alignment the water table lies at about 45m below ground (mbg). In Segment 4, the groundwater was at about 50mbg, in Segment 6 at about 45mbg, and in Segment 7 from 20mbg to 30mbg. During construction, the expected groundwater flow into the tunnel could be relatively dry to moderate inflow.

Results of the groundwater sampling and testing from community wells showed exceedances in turbidity and color in Segments 5 and 6 and exceedances in fecal coliform in Segments 4 and 7. Ecological Resources Wildlife Ecology

Wildlife inventory for birds, mammals, amphibians and reptiles, and arthropods were compiled, carrying out biodiversity assessment.

During the survey event, there were at least nine species found in the project area. Five species of birds were present of which four were endemic to Luzon while two species were classified as threatened species. The Luzon Tarictic and the Philippine Eagle Owl are classified as near‐threatened and vulnerable. All of these avian species were recorded in Segment 1. Two mammals, the shrew rat Chrotmys sp. was confined with Luzon; and the long‐tailed Macaque was heavily hunted either for food or household pet and also listed in the Convention on International Trade on Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES).

Overall, Segment 1 has the highest biodiversity index compared to other project segments. The biodiversity index, however, was still rated “moderate” at Segments 1 and 7 and “low” with the rest of the project segments. Protected Areas

The MWSS tunnel ROW near Ipo dam (Segment 1) lies within the indicative boundaries of the Angat Watershed Forest Reserve, which is managed by NPC, and the Angat Watershed and Forest Range (pilot) in the Ipo watershed, which is managed by MWSS. These watersheds are considered protected areas under RA 7586 (NIPAS Act). Ipo dam and its related infrastructure are located at the boundaries of these watersheds. Terrestrial Ecology

The terrestrial habitats along the tunnel alignment comprise a combination of brushland and agro‐ ecosystem, dominated by common fruit trees interspersed with residential houses and other built‐up areas. Segment 1vegetation by Ipo inlet works and proposed CWA location is co‐dominated by bamboo known as buho alongside agricultural crops such as mango, coconut, banana and caimito and other tree pioneers like binunga and alagasi. Few samples of the forest tree Pterocymbium tinctorium were recorded. The vegetation biodiversity index is rated as low diversity.

The main habitat along Segments 2‐7 is an agroecosystem, with the vegetation dominated by agricultural crops and in fallow and uncultivated areas by brush and weed species. The vegetation in Bigte (Segment 7), where it is proposed to locate the Contractor’s work area, is dominated by mature acacia (Samanea saman). The vegetation biodiversity index is rated as very low diversity in Segments 2 to 7.

The natural vegetation in the area is highly modified due to human intervention with many residential houses and yards surrounded by domesticated plants such as mangoes, coconuts and other cash crops.

TA 8196-PHI: Angat Water Transmission Improvement Project Initial Environmental Examination – Output 2

One threatened species was recorded in Bigte area (Segment 7) known as narra (Pterocarpus indicus). Three individuals were found. Wildlife Ecology

Wildlife inventory for birds, mammals, amphibians and reptiles, arthropods were compiled, carrying out biodiversity assessment.

During the survey, at least nine species were observed in the project area and regarded as noteworthy as they were restricted to the Greater Luzon Biogeograhic Region. These were listed as globally threatened by the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) or were heavily exploited for food or taken as pets. Five of these noteworthy species were birds, four of which were endemic to Luzon, namely: the Luzon Tarictic Penelopides manillae, scale‐feathered Malcoha Phaenicophaeus cumingi, red‐crested Malcoha Phaenicophaeus supercillosus and the gray‐backed tailorbird Orthothomus derbianus. The Luzon Tarictic and the Philippine eagle owl Bubo philippensis are classified as near‐threatened and vulnerable. All of these bird species were recorded in Segment 1. Two mammals were noteworthy, the shrew rat Chrotmys sp., which was confined to Luzon, and the long‐tailed Macaque Macaca fasciculari, which was heavily hunted either for food or as pets and also listed in the CITES. The endemic frog Platymantis mimulus was known only from a very few localities on Luzon Island and the monitor lizard Varanus marmoratus was heavily hunted across its known distribution.

Overall, Segment 1 has the highest biodiversity index compared to other project segments. However, the biodiversity index was still rated as moderate at Segments 1 and 7, and low along the rest of the alignment. River Ecology

Angat and Bigte rivers were identified as directly impacted bodies of water particularly in relation to the Tunnel 4 construction. No insect larva was collected in the project area. The observed molluscs during the survey were comparable to those found around the Philippines and two of the mollusc species were collected by locals for food.

Angat river has higher biodiversity index than Bigte river. The dendograms of the aquatic species showed that the Ipo reservoir and downstream of Angat river support similar assemblages of aquatic species.

Exceedances in mercury levels were reported in fish species such as kanduli, biya, carpa and dalag caught in the upstream of Angat river. Social and Cultural Resources

According to the Comprehensive Land Use Plan (CLUP) of the Municipality of Norzagaray, the land use in the project area is classified as a forest zone around Ipo dam and reservoir and forest buffer, residential and agricultural zones along the rest of the tunnel alignment and other project components.

A housing subdivision was being developed at Segment 3 in Brgy. San Mateo, but the quality of construction was poor and the defective housing units were already observed during the IEE study.

Indigenous peoples (IP) known as the Dumagats reside in the mountains of Norzagaray, particularly in San Mateo and San Lorenzo. About 367 IPs live in San Mateo while 8 IPs live in Bigte.

Currently, Certificate of Ancestral Land Domain Title (CADT) application of the Dumagats of Brgy. Kabayunan, Municipality of Dona Remedios Trinidad Bulacan, Brgys. San Lorenzo, San Mateo and San Isidro, all in the municipality of Norzagaray, Bulacan is being processed by the National Commission on Indigenous Peoples (NCIP) regional office. Social preparation activities were already

TA 8196-PHI: Angat Water Transmission Improvement Project Initial Environmental Examination – Output 2

undertaken as of November 2013 and delineation of the claimed ancestral domain is being prepared. A total of 593 families are claiming Certificate of Ancestral Land Domain Title (CADT) ownership. About 209 families from Sitio Ipo, 13 families from Sitio Paco , 48 families from Sitio Anginan/Santol and 53 families from Sapang Munti, all from Brgy. San Mateo, Norzagaray, Bulacan are considered claimants of CADT.

The main physical cultural resource (PCR) near the MWSS tunnel ROW is the Pinagrealan Cave, which is known a historical landmark by the National Historical Commission of the Philippines. Application for the cave as a protected area under National Integrated Protected Area System (NIPAS) is ongoing. The Pinagrealan Cave is located near Bigte segment, about 450m away from the tunnel ROW. A local cemetery about 300m is away from the tunnel ROW. Environmental Management Plan Forecasting Environmental Impacts and Mitigation Measures

Rapid environmental assessment (REA) was carried out using ADB REA form to identify potential impacts. The Interaction Matrix (Leopold Matrix) was used to assess potential adverse environmental impacts in every segment during construction and operation phase of the project. Summary of Potential Impacts and Mitigation Measures Preconstruction Phase

Project activity Potential Proposed mitigation measures Institutional environmental responsibility impacts

Completion of Acceptability of project Secure required permits/ MWSS relevant project by the community, clearances prior to Notice of permits and LGU and government Award to the D&B Contractor clearances agencies Conduct of intensive social and MWSS environmental awareness program

Ensure an environmentally MWSS responsible procurement process by including an SPS-compliant EMP in the bidding document;

EMP to be appended in the Agreement of the Contractor for basis in the preparation of C- EMP; C-EMP to be cleared/ approved by ADB prior to start of any activity

Preparation of Incorporate various environmental D&B Contractor detailed design design parameters in the detailed design as specified in the design and build bidding document

Conduct further studies such as D&B Contractor geological and hydrogeological investigations to ensure that appropriate engineering measures are taken into account

Construction Phase

TA 8196-PHI: Angat Water Transmission Improvement Project Initial Environmental Examination – Output 2

Project Potential Proposed mitigation measures Institutional activity environmental responsibility impacts Physical environment Soil. Tunnel Soil erosion and Erosion control must be considered from the D&B Contractor drilling and landslide at the beginning of construction blasting inlet and outlet sites

Mismanaged construction

activities pose

risk of severe erosion and/ or

landslide, particularly at the inlet and

outlet sites

Surface water Deterioration of Provide for adequate sanitation facilities and D&B Contractor resources. surface water water supply at work sites and worker’s camp and

Tunnel drilling quality at Angat enforcement of good sanitation practices by workers and blasting river (in the vicinity of Ipo and other Implement an eco-friendly solid and hazardous related dam site) and waste management construction Bigte creek activities Proper storage of hazardous materials

Use cofferdams when constructing inlet and outlet structures

Prevent/ control siltation or sedimentation through proper storage of aggregates and spoils

Use efficient tunnelling technology that recycles tunnel drainage water to minimize extractor of surface water

Ground water. Impact to Identify temporary stockpile of excavated soils in D&B Contractor Tunnel drilling groundwater flat areas away from main surface drainage routes along the resource Provide silt fences, silt traps and/or sandbags alignment

Air quality Deterioration of Locate local emission sources away from sensitive D&B Contractor and noise. air quality and receptors increase noise Tunnel drilling Apply dust suppression techniques and blasting level at the project site and Water exposed areas and stockpiles of nearby aggregates and spoils at least twice daily or as community necessary Use of blast curtains/ nets Require hauling trucks of aggregates, wastes and cement to have secure cover Limit idling of equipment to five minutes Biological environment Tunnel Clearing of Impact can be minimized by siting temporary D&B Contractor construction vegetation and construction sites such as the construction camp disturbance to and the temporary spoil disposal areas in habitat due to locations which are poorly vegetated, minimizing construction the area to be cleared, and revegetating the sites activities on completion of construction

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TA 8196-PHI: Angat Water Transmission Improvement Project Initial Environmental Examination – Output 2

Project Potential Proposed mitigation measures Institutional activity environmental responsibility impacts

Forest at Ipo dam is contiguous with the Angat watershed, which would provide a refuge for displaced wildlife

Health and safety Traffic. Transportation Prior coordination with the barangay and D&B Contractor Transport of network will be municipality will be necessary for the formulation affected due to spoil, heavy of a traffic management and safety plan and equipment to transport of clearing of encroaching structures. Contractor and from inlet/ heavy shall post traffic flagmen, equipped with two-way outlet and equipment and radio at strategic points along the Ipo road. temporary spoil movement of Assistance from the Brgy. Tanod (community disposal sites haulage trucks police) may be requested to transport spoil form inlet

and outlet to temporary disposal sites

Potential increase in road accidents and

incidents, especially along

Ipo road where residential structures have encroached the

ROW

Damage to

roads

Community Potential risk to Health and safety plan should be in place and D&B Consultant health and health and implemented. safety of the safety. Tunnel construction community activities workers who are directly and indirectly exposed to cross-cutting

threats from impacts of air quality, increase in traffic, potential fire and explosion, communicable

disease by other construction workers

Increased employment opportunity is very likely

Workers’ Potential risk to Health and safety plan should be in place and D&B Consultant health and health and implemented. safety of the

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TA 8196-PHI: Angat Water Transmission Improvement Project Initial Environmental Examination – Output 2

Project Potential Proposed mitigation measures Institutional activity environmental responsibility impacts safety. Tunnel workers who construction are directly activity exposed to especially cross-cutting drilling and threats from blasting impacts of air activities quality, increase in traffic, potential fire and explosion, communicable disease by other construction workers Waste An estimated Excavated material is initially assessed to be a very D&B Consultant 3 disposal 150,000m of good construction material. May be reused in the excavated concreting of the tunnel lining, backfill of barangay material is dirt roads in Brgys. San Mateo and Bigte. expected to be generated due to tunnelling works.

Operation and Maintenance Phase

Potential environmental Proposed mitigation Institutional Project activity impacts measures responsibility

Conveyance of raw Potential impact on the natural Maintain the flow as required by MWSS, water to aqueducts water flow of Angat river as a AQ5 and 6 Concessionaires result of the conveyance of water to the aqueducts.

Maintenance The transportation network will Road signs should be in MWSS, activities of tunnel be affected due to the slight strategic location of Ipo road. Concessionaires increase in the number of Maximum speed limit of 40kph vehicles traveling to site Ipo should be implemented dam site for the maintenance and operation. Encroachment to ROW should not be allowed

Design and Location Considerations

Several scheme parameter constraints were considered for Tunnel 4. These include:

(a) Operation disruption of the existing transmission system during the tunnel construction to be minimal. (b) Tunnel 4 must be within the existing MWSS ROW. (c) Tunnel 4 is not pass over or under the existing working tunnel as the risk of collapse and disruption is unacceptable. This means Tunnel 4 is restricted to the corridor between Tunnel 1 and the southern boundary of the MWSS ROW.

(d) The scheme must convey 19m3/s (elevation of Ipo reservoir water level 100.3m; elevation of

TA 8196-PHI: Angat Water Transmission Improvement Project Initial Environmental Examination – Output 2

Basin 3 (AQ5 start) water level 95.5m; and hydraulic roughness of concrete to be taken as 4mm).

Tunnel 4 intake is recommended to be built between the old and new Ipo dams to reduce risk of silt built‐up in front of the intake. Silt levels upstream of the old dam are at approximate elevation of 91m and increasing by approximately 0.3m a year. In comparison, downstream levels of the old dam are approximately 83m.

The outlet will be located at Bigte portal in Brgy. Bigte. A channel will be constructed to convey water from the outlet to the Basin 3 at Bigte portal. The outlet structure includes observation deck for maintenance and operation.

TA 8196-PHI: Angat Water Transmission Improvement Project Initial Environmental Examination – Output 2 Environmental Mitigation Plan

Pre-construction Phase

Potential Mitigation cost / Responsible Performance standard Guarantee Possible approach/ Mitigating measures Enhancement 1.1.3 impact Required Obtain the following prior to Notice of Award: Permits/clearances Employer’s permits/ obtained prior to requirement document a) ECC a) PhP 500,000.00 a) MWSS clearances Notice of Award b) MOA between DENR RO 3, NPC and b) None b) MWSS MWSS c) Part of construction c) D&B c) Permit to cut tree cost Contractor d) Permit to use explosives for construction d) Part of construction d) D&B cost Contractor

Prepare Conduct intensive social and environmental Included in OSP-AWTIP’s OSP-AWTIP relevant awareness program at least one month prior to budget communities Notice of Award, covering: (i) communicable/ Affected transmittable diseases that may be brought barangays with the entry of workers; (ii) potential social conflicts between communities and workers; (iii) other health and safety hazards and impacts during construction and during maintenance and repair of completed works; and (iv) the grievance redress mechanism.

Ensure Include an SPS-compliant EMP in the bidding Not applicable OSP-AWTIP SPS-compliant EMP environmentally documents. included in the bidding responsible documents procurement

Append EMP to the Contract for basis in the OSP-AWTIP EMP appended in the preparation of the C-EMP Contract

In Contract, require D&B Contractor to submit OSP-AWTIP Requirement stated in monthly and semi-annual environmental the Contract monitoring report

Stipulate in the Contract the tie-up of progress OSP-AWTIP Stipulation in the payment and collection of performance bond Contract with the performance in C-EMP implementation

TA 8196-PHI: Angat Water Transmission Improvement Project Initial Environmental Examination – Output 2

Potential Mitigation cost / Possible approach/ Mitigating measures Responsible Performance standard Guarantee Enhancement 1.1.3 impact Prepare C-EMP that addresses as minimum D&B Contractor Presence of a C-EMP the requirements of the EMP. A final based on EMP construction spoil management plan will be prepared by Contractor for endorsement / approval by both MWSS and ADB. The plan should be included in the C-EMP to be prepared by D&B Contractor.

Evaluate the C-EMP quantitatively and OSP-AWTIP Evaluation undertaken qualitatively against the EMP quantitatively and qualitatively

Clear the C-EMP before the start of any ADB C-EMP cleared prior to activity/work on site or establishment of any start of any construction-related facility onsite by D&B mobilization activity on Contractor site by D&B Contractor Endorsement/ approval of the final construction spoil management plan, which is part of C- EMP

TA 8196-PHI: Angat Water Transmission Improvement Project Initial Environmental Examination – Output 2

EMP for Construction Phase

Mitigation cost/ Responsible Potential impact Possible approach/ Mitigating measures Performance standard Guarantee Enhancement Implement Monitor Physical (land) environment

Soil and erosion Location: Inlet structure and relevant work Part of project D&B OSP- CEMP due to: sites development cost Contractor AWTIP ‐ soil disturbance Confine soil disturbance and/ or vegetation ‐ vegetation clearing to predefined and planned area that clearing includes project footprint and needed easements Stabilize exposed soils with temporary seeding, mulches, mats, and non-chemical- based soil binders Protect slopes with any one or combination of bonded fiber matrices, erosion control blankets, silt fence, fiber rolls, and keeping stormwater off the slopes through diversion channels and/or berms Revegetate disturbed soils/ slopes as soon as possible after completion of the construction works Replace vegetation that died during the defects liability period

At the active work sites Provide temporary drainage with sedimentation tank or filters such as block and gravel, prior to discharge to water courses

xii

TA 8196-PHI: Angat Water Transmission Improvement Project Initial Environmental Examination – Output 2

Mitigation cost/ Responsible Potential impact Possible approach/ Mitigating measures Performance standard Guarantee Enhancement Implement Monitor

Impact on surface At the active work sites Part of project D&B OSP- Water column. Parameters to water quality due to/ (construction) cost Contractor AWTIP characterize the physico- Mitigate contaminants from: chemical and biological status Provide adequate sanitation facilities and of the water column to include ‐ Contaminants water supply at work sites and workers’ camp. but not limited to: from materials Enforce observance of good sanitation temperature, salinity, total used and practices by workers suspended solids, turbidity, construction dissolved oxygen and activities and Implement solid waste management that bacteriological parameters. processes minimizes, re-uses, properly segregates and  Siltation from soil promptly and properly disposes of generated erosion, spoil solid wastes Refer to DAO 34 and 35 for disposal area, water quality standards drill and blasting, Implement hazardous waste management dewatering that minimizes, properly segregates and excavations, etc promptly and properly disposes of generated hazardous wastes

Store hazardous construction materials in appropriately contained and elevated area and at least100m away from surfacewater bodies

Immediately repair leaking (oil) equipment clearly off-site. No vehicle/ equipment maintenance, repair and refuelling to be allowed at the sites

Treat construction water before discharge. Install settling pond for water generated during tunnel boring. Allow water through grease trap or oil/collector and/or filters such as rock filled bags, block and gravel

Implement corrective action, when trigger thresholds of water quality are reached

During construction, the contractor shall take corrective action to reduce concentration to below the standard

xiii

TA 8196-PHI: Angat Water Transmission Improvement Project Initial Environmental Examination – Output 2

Mitigation cost/ Responsible Potential impact Possible approach/ Mitigating measures Performance standard Guarantee Enhancement Implement Monitor

Mitigate sedimentation Build cofferdams when constructing inlet structure.

Use any combination of perimeter controls at spoil disposal areas or stockpiles of aggregate materials, e.g. silt fences, sediment basins, sandbags, earth berm/ bund

Minimize/ control dewatering or extraction of tunnel water by storing and re-using pumped- out water from the tunnel

Extraction of water from the dam site Use efficient tunnelling technology that Part of project D&B OSP- If significant amount of water (inlet) and creek recycles tunnel drainage water to minimize (construction) cost Contractor AWTIP is to be used, a permit from (near the outlet) to extraction of water the National Water Resources be used as coolant Board may be necessary during construction DAO 34 and 35 for water quality standards

Impact on In all active work sites Part of project D&B OSP- DAO 1994- 26A for Philippine groundwater (construction) cost Contractor AWTIP drinking water quality Site temporary stockpile of excavated soils in standards a) Deteriorating flat areas, away from main surface drainage water quality due routes, limit to maximum of 2m high to: Provide silt fences, silt traps, or sand bags, at  Silt/ sediments stockpiles of aggregate materials  Solid waste Dispose residual soil/spoil as soon as  Hazardous possible to the disposal areas or as free materials and backfilling materials for LGU/barangay roads waste Avoid stockpiling more aggregates than necessary a) Lowering of water Monitor for potential groundwater depletion in Part of project D&B OSP- level of wells in existing wells in the vicinity. Provide interim (construction) cost Contractor AWTIP nearby measures to avoid disrupting water supply to communities due affected households. Investigate for proper

xiv

TA 8196-PHI: Angat Water Transmission Improvement Project Initial Environmental Examination – Output 2

Mitigation cost/ Responsible Potential impact Possible approach/ Mitigating measures Performance standard Guarantee Enhancement Implement Monitor to tunnelling, corrective action pumping/extractin g of tunnel drainage water

Air Quality and Noise

a) Deterioration of At the project area, locate emission sources Part of project D&B OSP- Maintain air quality within D&B Contractor ambient air quality away from sensitive receptors, e.g. concrete (construction) cost Contractor AWTIP national air quality standards, Scope of Work due to dust and batching and rock crushing plants at least or if these are not available, D&B Contractor’s gas emissions 500m upwind of sensitive receptors. internationally accepted air C-EMP from: quality standards, such as  Earthworks and WHO Air Quality Guidelines other In active work sites Global Update, 2005 construction Use of blast curtains / nets to capture dust processes; from blasting Averaging Guide tunnelling (drill 3 Parameter Period µg/m and blast) Apply dust suppression techniques, e.g. SO2 24 hrs 20  Stockpiling of watering with bowsers, sheeting particularly at NO2 1 year 40 aggregates and Bigte area spoils, and Water dry unpaved/exposed surfaces, 1 hour 200 conveyance of stockpiles of sand and excavated materials, at PM10 1 year 20 spoils to disposal least twice daily, or as necessary areas 24 hrs 50  Increased Protect aggregate stockpiles with sheeting to PM2.5 1 year 10 transport restrict the movement of dust activities in the Use of blast curtains / nets to capture dust 24 hrs 25 construction from blasting areas and along Ipo Road Require trucks, particularly those hauling  Burning of aggregates, to have secure covers vegetation and wastes Limit engine idling to five minutes  Operation of mechanical Prohibit open burning of vegetation and other equipment waste in the project area

Ipo road, main access road, other roads in the

TA 8196-PHI: Angat Water Transmission Improvement Project Initial Environmental Examination – Output 2

Mitigation cost/ Responsible Potential impact Possible approach/ Mitigating measures Performance standard Guarantee Enhancement Implement Monitor Project area Limit speed of all construction vehicles to max of 40kph on the access road and max 30kph onsite

Ipo road, main access road, other roads in the Project area Llimit speed of all construction vehicles to max of 40kph in the access road to, and max 30kph onsite

Noise and vibration Use only equipment that emit least noise and Part of project D&B OSP- D&B Contractor in the project area vibration and are well maintained (construction) cost Contractor AWTIP Adopt national standards for Scope of Work from drill and blast construction sites and activities, vehicle Use facility layout to minimize noise residential areas if available. D&B Contractor’s and equipment propagation e.g. using topography / existing Alternatively use C-EMP operations buildings as barriers, where possible locate internationally accepted noisy activities away from local communities standards such as WHO.

Control noise at source, e.g. low noise plant, muffling, acoustic screening, switch off Reference Ambient campaigns /Jurisdiction Standard Restrict use of noisy and highly vibrating equipment from 8 a.m. to 5 p.m. Necessary overtime work should: (a) not go beyond 9:00 p.m.; (b) observe regulated noise and vibration levels; (c) not use noisy and highly vibrating equipment; and (d) should be coordinated with the barangay and affected households

Manage the ins and outs of hauling trucks. Spread out the schedule of material, waste and spoil transport in the day (off-peak hours)

Enforce the rule of no blowing of horns

Strictly enforce upon workers the compliance with wearing of ear mufflers, especially those

xvi

TA 8196-PHI: Angat Water Transmission Improvement Project Initial Environmental Examination – Output 2

Mitigation cost/ Responsible Potential impact Possible approach/ Mitigating measures Performance standard Guarantee Enhancement Implement Monitor

who are operating equipment Guidelines for Receptor: Community residential; Noise, WHO, institutional; 1999 educational International Daytime (07:00- 22:00): 55dBA

Nighttime (22:00- 07:00): 45dBA

Receptor: industrial; commercial

70dBA throughout the day

Biological environment

Loss of vegetation Institute measures to avoid impacting on Part of project D&B OSP- Minimal number of trees Tree cutting due to: habitats and wildlife, such as: (construction) cost Contractor AWTIP applied for tree cutting permit permit  Vegetation from DENR. clearing and  minimize vegetation clearance at Bigte potential and especially at the intake; trampling of  fence off vegetation to be retained; trucks/  provide environmental training for equipment workforce; and beyond project  enforce site rules and sanctions to footprints discourage workforce from hunting, fishing and poaching.

Confine all construction activities to previously disturbed areas, to the extent practicable, e.g. workers’ quarters/camps

Use existing roads for project activities. Minimize new road construction

xvii

TA 8196-PHI: Angat Water Transmission Improvement Project Initial Environmental Examination – Output 2

Mitigation cost/ Responsible Potential impact Possible approach/ Mitigating measures Performance standard Guarantee Enhancement Implement Monitor To avoid unnecessary clearing, mark/delineate areas to be cleared of vegetation, e.g. by fencing

Rehabilitate cleared areas to their pre-project conditions, unless otherwise agreed with the landowner

Re-vegetate construction sites using local, indigenous species

Re-vegetate watershed target sites especially in areas identified by the Watershed Management Plan

Limit any collection of wood for charcoal to exotic, e.g. non-native species

Disturbance to Implement measures to mitigate noise, Part of project D&B PMO Record number of poaching N/A wildlife due to vibration and dust (construction) cost Contractor and illegal trading of wildlife construction noise, by workers vibration, dust, Strategically place nets at the tunnel portals to lighting, presence/ prevent flying debris movement of people, Water to minimize dust accumulation and etc. flying debris spreading from blasting

Socio-economic

Traffic due to: Institute prior coordination with the barangay Part of project D&B Zero accident and related D&B Contractor and municipality for the formulation of a traffic (construction) cost Contractor incidents Scope of Work  Inadequate capacity of Ipo management and safety plan and clearing of structures encroaching into access road ROW D&B Contractor’s Road (access C-EMP road) Prior to construction, clear easement of  Expected encroaching structures, most of them being volume of truck temporary movement Strategically post billboards informing the public about the expected increase in volume

xviii

TA 8196-PHI: Angat Water Transmission Improvement Project Initial Environmental Examination – Output 2

Mitigation cost/ Responsible Potential impact Possible approach/ Mitigating measures Performance standard Guarantee Enhancement Implement Monitor of traffic in the influence area due to project implementation. Post at least two weeks prior to mobilization Coordinate with the barangay for assistance in traffic management Strategically post traffic flagmen along Ipo road, equipped with two-way radio Post sufficiently legible (reflectorized) traffic safety notice and signage at strategic locations along the entire stretch of the access road Limit speed to 40kph along Ipo road, and 30kph at construction sites and unpaved haulage roads

Potential damage of Coordinate with DPWH regarding the use of Ipo Part of project D&B D&B Contractor existing roads used road (construction) cost Contractor Scope of Work as access roads due to movement of Restore access roads within the MWSS D&B Contractor’s heavy equipment compound to the preconstruction condition or CEMP and vehicles better

Restricted access to Inform affected communities living in Ipo Part of project D&B D&B Contractor the existing fish watershed on the impact of construction works (construction) cost Contractor Scope of Work landing sites in Sitio on transportation and consult them for the best Consultant (identified alternative route. Have alternative route and fish D&B Contractor’s area as the and boat landing sites ready for use prior to CEMP Contractor’s Work commencement of construction activities Area) and boat landing at Sitio Ipo

Community health Inform local residents of the timing of blasting Part of project D&B D&B Contractor and safety hazards and prohibit entry of local residents into the (construction) cost Contractor Scope of Work construction area D&B Contractor’s Secure project area, including associated CEMP facilities particularly the storage for explosives, from unauthorized entry

xix

TA 8196-PHI: Angat Water Transmission Improvement Project Initial Environmental Examination – Output 2

Mitigation cost/ Responsible Potential impact Possible approach/ Mitigating measures Performance standard Guarantee Enhancement Implement Monitor

Implement measures to mitigate impacts on air and water quality, noise, and traffic

Set up a sufficiently equipped emergency first- response and health care team, linked to an ultimate response team

Provide safe housing with adequate basic services Enforce use of protective wears when at work Conduct premobilization orientation workshop on health and safety and emergency response and evacuation procedures Handling and storage of explosives  Magazine storage should be far from residential areas, roads, transmission lines, dams and their appurtenant works  Site should be well-drained and sloping, accessible by road at least 100m from overhead power transmission lines  Detonators should not be stored together with explosives  Maintenance should follow the prescribed instructions for the explosives  Inside of all magazines should be kept thoroughly clean  Cigarettes and matches should not be taken into explosives should be used

TA 8196-PHI: Angat Water Transmission Improvement Project Initial Environmental Examination – Output 2

Mitigation cost/ Responsible Potential impact Possible approach/ Mitigating measures Performance standard Guarantee Enhancement Implement Monitor according to date of manufactured magazines. Its keeper should ensure this  Explosive boxes should be of wood or soft non-ferrous metal, e.g. brass and copper.  Magazine should be securely locked, when not attended  Detailed records of outgoing and incoming stocks should be kept  Magazines should be kept free from bushes and vegetation  Empty boxes, loose packing material or cotton waste should not be kept on the magazine premises

Do not open magazines during or in the approach of a thunderstorm. No person should remain in the vicinity of the magazine during such storm

Spoil generation and Prepare and implement a plan for the Part of project MWSS Detailed spoil disposal. preparation of the spoil disposal areas development cost Engineering DED Estimated Design (DED) 150,000m3 is Minimize the volume of spoil to be disposed of by Consultants Scope of Work re-use in backfilling of roads, and offering as free expected to be filling materials to government projects needing D&B Detailed generated due to backfill materials Contractor Engineering and tunnelling works, Design Plans which is about Disposal area must be confined to solid ground 190,000m3 loose of low ecological and agricultural value volume. Disposal area must not occupy drainage lines and streams, and create an obstacle to streams or induced flooding Spoil heaps must be designed and shaped with stable side slopes and suitable drainage Spoil heaps must be compacted during the earthworks

xxi

TA 8196-PHI: Angat Water Transmission Improvement Project Initial Environmental Examination – Output 2

Mitigation cost/ Responsible Potential impact Possible approach/ Mitigating measures Performance standard Guarantee Enhancement Implement Monitor

When completed, the spoil heaps must be covered with the original top soil from the site and re-vegetated

Solid waste Implement an eco-friendly solid waste Part of project MWSS D&B Contractor management at work sites and workers’ camp/s, (construction) cost D&B Scope of Work which minimize, re-use, segregate and promptly dispose generated solid waste contractor D&B Contractor’s C-EMP

Hazardous waste Locate stationary ground storage for hazardous Part of project D&B Construction waste at least 100m away from water bodies, (construction) cost contractor D&B Contractor raised to min 1ft above high flood level. Or use Scope of Work mobile storage but should not be parked near D&B Contractor’s water bodies C-EMP

Secure storage areas appropriately. Storage facilities must contain spillage Dispose of waste promptly and appropriately The Contractor shall be required to implement an appropriate hazardous waste management program Storage of oil and grease used for the maintenance and operation of heavy equipment shall be properly built and maintained to include bunded storage for the capacity of the containers plus 10%, and oil traps on drainage outfalls

Public safety as MWSS must secure the ROW. Existing above MWSS related to future ground infrastructure along ROW should be development and limited. The public must not be allowed to activities along the encroach onto the ROW by constructing any ROW buildings or farming the land

xxii

TA 8196-PHI: Angat Water Transmission Improvement Project

Initial Environmental Examination – Output 2 EMP during operation

Potential Impact Possible approach/ Mitigating Measures Cost of Mitigation/ Responsible Performance Standard Guarantee enhancement

Public safety as related MWSS must secure the ROW. Existing above MWSS Concession to future development ground infrastructure along ROW should be Part of project agreement and activities along the limited. The public must not be allowed to maintenance cost CPF (represented by 2 ROW encroach onto the ROW by constructing any water concessionaires - buildings or farming the land. MWCI and MWSI)

During the operation phase, flows shall be Changes in hydrology monitored downstream of Ipo dam. along Angat river during dry season As practice in the Philippines, Ipo dam should maintain 10% riparian flow downstream. This flow aims to allow migration of fish species and maintain natural characteristics of the river downstream of the dam.

xxiii

TA 8196-PHI: Angat Water Transmission Improvement Project Initial Environmental Examination – Output 2

Institutional Requirements

The project implementation will require a Project Management Unit (PMU). For this project, it is called Office of Special Project for AWTIP. An Environmental Officer within the OSP‐AWTIP should oversee the implementation of the Environmental Management Plan, including the mitigation measures and environmental monitoring program identified in the EMP and the compliance of the Contractor with its C‐EMP.

Institution Prior to construction During construction During operation MWSS  Set up the OSP-AWTIP  Decide on  Decide on environmental  Engage an Environmental Officer for the environmental management matters requiring OSP-AWTIP management senior management  Organize the Multipartite Monitoring matters requiring intervention/ action/ resolution Team (MMT) senior management  Sign MOA with DENR and NPC on Angat intervention/ action/ Watershed and Forest Range Protected resolution Area  Ensure an environmentally responsible procurement of a D&B Contractor  Ensure an environmentally responsible maintenance policy

OSP-AWTIP  Update IEE and EMP, as necessary.  Conduct inspections  Conduct inspections and spot

 Coordinate with D&B Contractor to and spot checks to checks to monitor the ensure the incorporation of updated monitor the Performance of the Operator in findings and mitigation performance of the implementing the EMP  Measure design and bidding documents D&B Contractor in  Review Monthly and Annual  Ensure EMP is part of the bidding implementing the C- EMRs of Operator documents, EMP clauses are EMP/EMP  Prepare the Project’s Annual incorporated in bidding documents,  Review Monthly and EMR for submission to the contracts semi-annual EMRs ADB, until loan closure or as  Ensure DENR’s approval of EIS is of D&B Contractor. agreed granted prior to Notice of Award of D&B  Prepare the Project’s Contract Semi-Annual EMRs  Review D&B Contractor’s EMP (C-EMP) for submission to against EMP ADB  Conduct IEC, together with the Social Safeguard Officer in the OSP-AWTIP, for social preparation  Ensure D&B Contractor has obtained permits for tree-cutting and use of explosive for construction not later than three days after receipt of Notice of Award

Environment  Provide technical assistance and  Provide technical

Specialist guidance to OSP-AWTIP in the: advice/assistance - Update of IEE and EMP, as necessary e.g, preparation of - Review of bidding documents* Semi-annual EMR for - Incorporation of environmental criteria ADB, review of and weights in the evaluation of bids* results of - Review of environmental aspects of bid environmental effects documents* monitoring - Review of C-EMP against the SPS- compliant EMP ADB  Review and clear updated IEE/EMP, if Review Semi-annual Review Annual EMR applicable EMR.

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TA 8196-PHI: Angat Water Transmission Improvement Project Initial Environmental Examination – Output 2

Institution Prior to construction During construction During operation

Design and  Incorporate mitigation measures in design  Implement mitigation Build and bidding documents measures and (D&B)  Incorporate EMP as part of bidding conduct internal EMP Contractor documents, EMP clauses in bidding implementation documents, contracts monitoring  Prepare a Contractor’s EMP that  Conduct addresses as minimum the requirements environmental quality of the EMP monitoring as  Obtain Tree-Cutting Permit and Permit to prescribed in SPS- Use compliant EMP. (If an  Explosives for Construction not later than independent 3 after receipt of Notice of Award Licensed Laboratory will not be engaged)  Prepare Monthly and Semi-annual EMRs

Operators  Ensure an environmentally responsible  Perform maintenance  Implement mitigation measures (MWSI and maintenance policy in congruence to works in accordance and conduct internal EMP MWCI) MWSS maintenance policy with the maintenance implementation monitoring policy.  Prepare Monthly and Annual EMRs

DENR  Review and approve Project EIS  Review MMT reports.

MMT  Conduct environmental monitoring in

compliance With DAO 03-30

Municipality  Facilitate social preparation  Participate in the  Participate in the monitoring and Barangay  Participate in the MMT activities monitoring of the of the performance of performance of D&B Operator in EMP Contractor in EMP implementation implementation  Facilitate (and participate in)  Facilitate (and public consultation/s and participate in) public information disclosure consultation/s and  Review EMRs information  Assist in ensuring the disclosure observance of the GRM  Review EMRs  Assist in ensuring the observance of the GRM

Environmental Monitoring Plan

Two types of monitoring are required: environmental and compliance. Environmental monitoring evaluates the residual impacts2 of construction and operation activities in the environment and as necessary modifies the mitigation measures to ensure its effectiveness. Compliance monitoring ensures that all parties comply with the environmental requirements as set under Philippine legislation and policies, and the requirements described in this IEE and Contractor’s CEMP.

The hierarchy of compliance monitoring includes monitoring activities conducted by the Contractor, CPF internal monitoring and MWSS, MMT external monitoring, DENR, ADB and an independent monitoring team.

2 Residual impacts are impacts that cannot be mitigated

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TA 8196-PHI: Angat Water Transmission Improvement Project Initial Environmental Examination – Output 2

The proposed Environmental Monitoring Plan covers water quality, air quality, noise, and vegetation clearance. It also includes key parameters, sampling methodology and testing. The monitoring plan is focused on the construction period as no significant impact was identified during the operation phase. The Environmental Monitoring Plan will be updated as needed.

Public Consultation and Disclosure

Public consultations were held within the communities of Brgys. San Mateo and Bigte. A separate consultation meeting was held with the Dumagats of Ipo watershed discussing issues such as:

(a) Lack of domestic water supply in Brgys. Bigte and San Mateo. There is a separate program to address provision of water supply in the area and currently with an understudy within MWSS. (b) Identification of APs, especially the residents along MWSS ROW. Issues regarding the demolition of properties (with land titles and illegal resettlers) along MWSS ROW were laid out. (c) Impacts on road safety due to traffic congestion, transportation of spoil from the construction site to temporary spoil disposal. Road identification is likely to be affected, especially during construction phase. (d) Employment opportunities for the local population (Brgys. Bigte and San Mateo). (e) Spoil generation and management. Residents requested use of the spoil for their personal use, e.g. backfill materials in their house plots. Spoil can also be used as community road backfill, especially in dirty roads. (f) Commencement of the project construction. (g) The barangays (communities) are keen to have another consultation / discussion on the proper project implementation prior to project construction. (h) Determination of alternative routes and fish landing at Sitio Ipo.

Survey results and studies conducted in relation to the construction of Tunnel 4 were discussed within the communities of Dumagats in Brgys. San Mateo and Bigte.

Findings

Large volume of excavated materials will be generated in the tunnel construction. The spoil is a very good construction material that can be used in the tunnel construction. The spoil may also be used as backfill materials in about 14km barangay roads of Brgys. Bigte and San Mateo. The rock material can be used by cement companies with ready mix products if rock material qualifies to the needed materials. Temporary spoil disposal areas are identified near the location of the structures.

The construction work area (CWA‐Ipo) of about 1ha area called “Consultant” in Ipo dam site entails vegetation clearing prior to construction. This would sacrifice some 67 trees/ha in the area, although most are low diameter and non‐timber, non‐commercial species. The same is true for Bigte tunnel outlet construction site where there will also be clearing and where some mature rain trees will be affected. This impact is localized and can be mitigated by replacing the species that will be cut with the same species and plant the same in the open portions of the property. Also, a planned clearing of vegetation and keeping the vegetation clearing to a minimum will need to be done.

xxvi

TA 8196-PHI: Angat Water Transmission Improvement Project Initial Environmental Examination – Output 2

Temporary disturbance to wildlife will be experienced during the construction phase. The contiguous Angat watershed will serve as the wildlife refuge while construction is ongoing. The initial survey conducted during the wet season shall establish wildlife population data and used as a baseline for the subsequent monitoring of populations, especially in the construction and adjacent areas of Isla Puting Bato in Angat watershed area.

Traffic congestion is expected along Ipo road once construction phase commences. Although the impact is temporary, mitigating measures should be strictly implemented to avoid any case of road accidents. Traffic management at Ipo road is poor with no road signs in strategic road sections, speed limit and encroachment of some houses in the road ROW.

There are two river systems draining a seemingly separate watershed area that are the immediate project impact areas. The tunnel inlet construction will impact the Angat river system and the tunnel outlet construction will impact the Bigte‐Sta. Maria river system. It would be desirable to look at the dry season of the macro‐benthic communities in various sites.

High coliform content of the water in Ipo dam/Angat river waters and the Bigte‐Sta. Maria channel may be due to human and animal (domesticated) waste being thrown to the river waters. Immediate contact with these waters may lead to medical/sanitary problems within the area. Turbidity and siltation of these water systems are prevalent, especially during wet season.

The presence of mercury in the fish samples may also produce health hazards to the local population who eat locally caught fishes. The tunnel ROW traverses the AFP housing in Segment 3. Defective housing units are observed in the AFP housing project in Brgy. San Mateo. This observation is made prior to tunnel construction. Such defects are not valid to be associated to the ground vibrations due to the tunnel construction.

Conclusions and Recommendations

The Project will improve and expand the raw water transmission system, increasing the reliability and security of raw water transmission and ensuring sustainable water supply services to Metro Manila. The IEE concludes that most of the environmental impacts associated with the Tunnel 4 are expected to arise during construction. Potential impacts will be localized and site‐specific. Most of the identified impacts are low and temporary and if assessed adversely, it can be mitigated to an acceptable level without difficulty through standard site, engineering and construction practices. No significant adverse impacts have been identified during operation phase. The few impacts of high magnitude (without mitigation) during construction will not be distinct. Tunnel 4 will be the fourth tunnel to be constructed in the MWSS ROW. These impacts will not be sufficient to threaten the surrounding resources. During operation, low to moderate impacts will come from maintenance and repair. Wildlife and river ecology surveys were done during the wet season. There is a need to assess the same parameters during the dry season, which is considered the base‐flow period to provide a more robust baseline data. The EMP should be updated where necessary.

More detailed infrastructure survey should be carried out and existing conditions of the infrastructure should be noted. At the preliminary stage of the Tunnel 4 project, it was observed that there were poorly constructed housing units of the AFP subdivision. Such defects occurred prior to the tunnel construction and cannot be associated as impact of the activity.

During the detailed design phase, further consultation is required to address the concerns raised

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TA 8196-PHI: Angat Water Transmission Improvement Project Initial Environmental Examination – Output 2

during previous consultations to ensure that all public concerns are updated and publicly acknowledged and incorporated into detailed design and updated EMP. During the detailed design, environmental due diligence should be conducted on the key associated facilities, namely: Ipo dam, Basin 3 and Aqueduct 5. The EMP presented should be updated during the detail design phase to: a) Update the legislation and administrative arrangements, b) Incorporate the results of further terrestrial and aquatic surveys, and land use surveys, c) Update the impacts and mitigation presented herein, d) Expand upon the mitigation and monitoring plans, and e) Develop capacity building needs. In the event of design deviation, such as shift of alignment resulting in tunnel being located outside the MWSS ROW, change in inlet structure location and/or change in the method of construction, the MWSS through its PMO should immediately: (1) seek the advice of EMB Central Office if such design deviation warrants an ECC amendment; and (2) inform ADB should EMB advise for ECC amendment and finally, (2) seek ADBʹs clearance/concurrence for an IEE revision and/or EMP updating. The successful Contractor shall be required to prepare and implement a C‐EMP based on SPS compliant EMP. The following specific sub‐management plans should form part of the C‐EMP: chance finds recovery and removal; and include with the excavation subplan placement of temporary berms and plastic sheeting between excavations and adjacent land, surface waters, and property to prevent erosion, sedimentation, or contamination from excavation work, noise control plan, dust control plan; and workers and staff health and safety plan. Based on the above conclusions and recommendations, no further detailed EIA needs to be undertaken to comply with the SPS of the ADB. Under GOP policy, an EIS is required. The EIS will be based on this IEE.

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1 Introduction

This report presents the findings of the Initial Environmental Examination (IEE) of the Angat Water Transmission Improvement Project (the proposed project) to improve reliability of water supply to Metro Manila. The project is located in Bulacan Province (Luzon Island), about 35km northeast of Manila (Figure 1). Metropolitan Waterworks and Sewerage System (MWSS), the project proponent, is seeking a loan from the Asian Development Bank (ADB). This IEE has been prepared to comply with ADB environmental safeguard requirements.

Figure 1: Project Location

Angat Dam

Ipo Dam

MWSS Bigte Portal

1.2 IEE Report

This IEE study report is Output 2 of our PPTA. It covers the details of the initial environmental assessment of the new Tunnel 4 from Ipo to Bigte in Norzagaray, Bulacan and associated intake and outlet works, identified in the feasibility study report (also a deliverable under Output 2). The proposed tunnel construction is considered a priority scheme for the transmission system based on the assessment report (Output 1). Once constructed, it will facilitate the subsequent rehabilitation of the whole transmission system identified in the assessment report.

TA 8196-PHI: Angat Water Transmission Improvement Project Initial Environmental Examination – Output 2

1.2 IEE Approach and Methodology

1.2.1 IEE Scope

The IEE is focused on identifying environmental issues in the study area, potential environmental impacts and risks associated with the construction and operation of the proposed project, facilitating mitigation measures, and setting out an outline of the environmental management plan (EMP) to minimize adverse environmental impacts. The IEE study includes an environmental assessment of the tunnel alignment and related project components such as the Contractor’s work areas and spoil disposal areas, most of which are within the MWSS infrastructure compound. The study was carried out following the ADB SPS 2009 and in reference to the national policy and regulatory framework discussed in Section 2.

1.2.2 Rapid Environmental Appraisal and Categorization

ADB‘s Rapid Environmental Assessment (REA) form was used initially to identify potential impacts as presented in Appendix 1.

The project has been classified as Category B based on the type of environmental assessment required following ADB safeguard policies, indicating that there are potentially some adverse environmental impacts, but not sufficient to warrant a full environmental impact assessment (EIA).

1.2.3 Identification of Study Area

The optimum location of the tunnel alignment from the inlet through the entire alignment to the outlet has been selected to mitigate the potential impacts of tunnel construction and operation works on air, water, flora and fauna, and within the communities. The study area extends along the full length of the new tunnel alignment, including the project related sites for the construction on the inlet and outlet works, and the temporary spoil disposal sites. The tunnel alignment was subdivided into 1km lengths resulting in seven segments for the entire project. The characteristics of the study area and the potential for environmental and social impacts were then assessed in each segment. Segments 1 and 7 at either end of the project include inlet and outlet works, tunnel portal, Contractor’s work areas, and temporary spoil disposal sites. Most of the construction‐related impacts are associated with these segments. Segments 2 to 6 lie along the alignment of the tunnel, where there would be limited effects from tunnelling.

1.2.4 Baseline Data Collection

Environmental surveys for surface water quality, ambient air quality, noise, terrestrial vegetation and wildlife, and aquatic ecology, were undertaken in the study area. Where appropriate, the environmental quality data were compared with the Philippine environmental quality standards, and where national standards were not available, with international criteria. Detailed terrestrial vegetation and fauna surveys were undertaken in Segments 1 and 7, with less detailed surveys along Segments 2 to 6. The data are presented in Chapter 3 on the baseline together with secondary data gathered from various government agencies and other related literature. A GIS mapping exercise was undertaken with the various inputs from surveys and existing maps such as topographic maps and hazard maps to characterize the project site.

TA 8196-PHI: Angat Water Transmission Improvement Project

Initial Environmental Examination – Output 2 Figure 2: Segments of Tunnel 4 Project Component

Inlet Structure

6 7

Segment 1

Segment 2 Segment 3

Segment 4 Outlet Structure Segment 5

Segment 6

Segment 7

TA 8196-PHI: Angat Water Transmission Improvement Project Initial Environmental Examination – Output 2

1.2.5 Impact Assessment and Mitigation

The Interaction Matrix (Leopold Matrix) was used to identify the potential adverse environmental impacts along each segment of the tunnel alignment during the construction and operation. These impacts were described qualitatively and proposals for appropriate mitigation put forward.

1.2.6 Environmental Management Plan

An outline Environmental Management Plan (EMP) was developed to summarize the proposed requirements for mitigation measures, monitoring plan, and the institutional arrangements required to implement the EMP. During detailed design, the EMP should be developed further, as more information becomes available about the design and proposed construction methods.

1.2.7 Public Consultation

Public consultation meetings were held with the communities in Brgys. Bigte and San Mateo. Separate consultation, focus group discussions (FGDs) and interviews were held with the Dumagats, an ethnic minority group, in Ipo dam site in Brgy. San Mateo.

TA 8196-PHI: Angat Water Transmission Improvement Project Initial Environmental Examination – Output 2

2 Policy, Legal and Administrative Framework 2.1 National Policy and Regulatory Framework

The following laws/policies cover the framework for environmental assessment in the Philippines: a) The 1987 Philippine Constitution, Section 16, Article II and Section 15, sets the basic framework for the country’s Policy on Environment, stating: “The State shall protect and advance the right of the people to a balanced and healthful ecology in accord with the rhythm and harmony of nature. The State is mandated to protect and promote the people’s right to health.” b) Presidential Decrees (PD) 1586, 1978 established the Philippine EIS system, an assessment process through which all projects categorized as environmentally critical or situated within environmentally critical areas are required to undertake. c) Presidential Decree 1151, 1979 represents the Philippine Environmental Policy, requiring all proponents of projects that significantly affect the quality of the environment to prepare a detail statement on: (i) environmental impacts of the proposed project; (ii) any unavoidable adverse environmental effect of the project when implemented; (iii) alternative to the proposed action; (iv) determination that the short‐term uses of the resources of the environment are consistent with the maintenance and enhancement of the long‐term productivity of the same; and (v) finding to be made that such use and commitment are warranted, in case a proposed project will involve the use of non‐renewable resources. d) Proclamation 2146, 1981 declared certain types of project and areas as environmentally critical and within the scope of the EIS System. Proclamation No. 803, 1996 added one type of project as environmentally critical. e) DENR Administrative Order 30 in 2003 (DAO 03‐30) sets out the Implementing Rules and Regulations of the Philippine EIS System. f) Revised Procedural Manual for DAO 03‐30, 2008 prescribes the procedures for the processing of applications for Environmental Compliance Certificates (ECCs) and Certificates of Non‐ Coverage (CNCs). g) DENR Memorandum Circular No. 2007‐08, 2007 segregates the practice of requiring permits, clearances, licenses, endorsements, resolutions and other government approvals under the jurisdictions other National Government Agencies (NGAs) and Local Government Units (LGUs) so as not to pre‐empt the EIA evaluation process. As such, the EIA findings and recommendations are transmitted through the ECC for consideration by the NGAs and LGUs in the processing or prior to the issuance of their respective permits/clearances. It stipulates that the issuance of ECC or CNC for a project does not exempt the proponent from securing other government permits and clearances as required by other laws.

Other legal environmental issuances most relevant to the Project are presented in Table 1. These issuances regulate activities within the protected areas and their buffer zones and will be supported under the Project.

TA 8196-PHI: Angat Water Transmission Improvement Project Initial Environmental Examination – Output 2

Table 1: Other Relevant Laws, Regulations and Guidelines

Law / Regulation / Guideline Year Relevant provisions Remarks

Protected area management

Republic Act No. 7586 1992 Proposals for activities that are Although the Project is within a PA outside the scope of the classified as initial component, the NIPAS The National Integrated Protected management plan for protected may not be applicable because the Ipo Areas System (NIPAS) Act areas (PAs) shall be subject to an watershed does not have an organized EIA before they are adopted, and Protected Area Management Board the results thereof shall be taken (PAMB) for the watershed PA. into consideration in the decision- making process. An EEC is The MWSS ROW is included in the required prior to the actual management plan of the Angat Watershed implementation of such activities. Reserve and Forest Range (Pilot), a When allowed to undertake protected area. Nevertheless, the Project activities, the proponent shall plan will secure an ECC in compliance to the and institute measures to Philippine EIS System. minimize any adverse effects and take preventive and remedial action when appropriate.

DENR Administrative Order No. 17 2007 A Special Use Agreement in the Issuance of SAPA is currently suspended. Protected Areas (SAPA) may be DENR Region 3 has advised that a Rules and Regulations Governing issued within PAs except in strict Memorandum of Agreement (MOA) is Special Uses within Protected Areas nature reserves and shall be applicable for the Project. An initial draft confined only to the management MOA between the National Power zones of the PA appropriate for Corporation (NPC), MWSS and DENR has the purpose. been drafted by DENR and the Consultant on 7 November 2013. Copy has been forwarded to MWSS for its review. It is aimed to secure this MOA promptly.

DENR Administrative Order No. 26 2008 Prohibited acts within protected Project will be implemented within the areas includes: MWSS ROW. Appropriate measures are Revised Implementing Rules and recommended I the EMP to ensure such Regulations of the NIPAS Act (1) destroying and disturbing prohibited acts are prevented during plants or animals; (2) dumping of construction and operation. wastes; (3) destroying objects of natural beauty or of interest to cultural communities; (4) damaging roads and trails; (5) squatting or occupying any land within; (6) constructing structure without permit; (7) leaving the PA in unsanitary conditions with refuse, debris or depositions in water bodies; and (8) removing or destroying boundary marks or signs.

Technical Bulletin No. 2013-01: 2013 Lists the Angat Watershed and This has been considered in the feasibility Forest Range (Pilot) among the study. List of Protected Areas Under PAs under the NIPAS. NIPAS System

Tree-cutting

Executive Order No. 277, Amending 1987 Watershed reserves are included Tree-cutting permit is not necessary when Secion 68 of the PD No. 705 under forest lands in the Revised cutting trees of common species. (Revised Forestry Code) Forestry Code. Cutting of trees in forest lands without license is a criminal offense.

TA 8196-PHI: Angat Water Transmission Improvement Project Initial Environmental Examination – Output 2

DENR Administrative Order No. 21 2000 Tree-cutting permit is required for Some trees need to be cleared to give way cutting premium hardwood. to the construction activities. Some of the Revised Guidelines on the Issuance Same permit is not required for affected trees at the outlet area would of Private Land Timber trees of common species. qualify for a permit. As such, a tree-cutting Permit/Special Private Land Timber permit is necessary. Permit

Executive Order (EO) 23 dated 1 2011 The DENR is prohibited from Exemptions may be considered if project is Feb 2011 issuing tree-cutting permits in all a priority by Government of the Philippines natural and residual forests (GOP). Moratorium on cutting of timber in nationwide, except for clearing of natural and residual forests ROW by DPWH, site preparation for tree plantations, silvicultural treatment and similar activities, provided that logs derived from the cutting permits shall be turned over to DENR for proper disposal.

Health and Safety

DOLE Department Order No. 13 1998 Provisions on safety rules, This is considered in the EMP. including rules in working at Guidelines governing occupational hazardous workplace. safety and health in the construction industry

DOLE: Occupational Safety and 2013 Provision on duties of employers, This is considered in the EMP. Health Standards (as amended, May workers and other persons, safety 1989 rules, including rules in working at hazardous workplace.

IRR of RA 8294 dated 06 June 1997 Permit for the use of explosives. This is considered in the EMP.

Four environment‐related clearances/agreements/permits/licenses have emerged as requisite documents to be secured prior to Project implementation, i.e., prior to the issuance of Notice of Award or Notice to Proceed as shown in Figure 3. These are: a) ECC, which will require the submission of an EIS that is prepared and submitted for approval to the DENR Environmental Management Bureau (EMB) Central Office following the EIA process described in Table 2. An ECC will be required prior to Notice of Award. An ECC or proof of submission of the Project EIS to the EMB Central Office for processing is a requisite document for ICC clearance/NEDA Board approval for the Project loan. Proof of submission of EIS to the EMB Central Office for processing is a requisite document for the application of a tree‐cutting permit. b) MoA among MWSS, NPC, and DENR in place of SAPA as advised by DENR Regional Office 3 (Appendix 8). This will be required prior to the submission of the EIA to EMB Central Office for processing. A draft MoA prepared jointly by DENR and Consultant has been forwarded to the MWSS for review on 7 November 2013 and consequently forwarded to NPC by MWSS. The MOA will be attached as supporting document to the application of the tree‐cutting permit by MWSS.

c) Tree‐cutting permit, which will be secured from DENR RO3 by MWSS as the authorized land user of MWSS ROW. This will be applied for only when the EIS has been submitted to the EMB Central Office for processing; but should have been secured prior to Notice of Award.

TA 8196-PHI: Angat Water Transmission Improvement Project Initial Environmental Examination – Output 2

According to DAO 2000‐21, the following documents will be required: (i) letter application; (ii) sketch map of area applied for; (iii) development plan, if application covers 10ha or larger with at least 50% of the area covered with forest trees; (iv) endorsement from any of the following LGU officials, namely: concerned Barangay Chairman, Municipal/City Mayor, or Provincial Governor; and (v) inventory fee based on existing regulations. DENR RO3 advised that the MOA among MWSS, NPC and DENR will be attached to the application as supporting document. In addition to the application requirements, a 100% timber inventory needs to be undertaken by registered forester/s of Region 3 in accordance with the guidelines set in Section 6 of DAO 2000‐21. A proof of submission of the Project EIS to the EMB Central Office for processing will be used as basis for permit issuance. d) License to use explosives in construction, which shall be secured from the Philippine National Police (PNP) by the Contractor (Purchaser License) and his chief blaster (Foreman Blaster License). This can only be applied for after Contractor has received the Notice of Award but should have been secured prior to Notice to Proceed. Application shall be addressed to the Chief, PNP through the Chief of the Fire and Explosives Division (FED). Processing period for both licenses is 15 working days. Any movement of explosives/explosive ingredients from the Port of Manila or from one province to another or within the same province but from one license to another shall require prior approval of the FED Chief. Approval should be secured only prior to commencement of blasting activities to minimize storage of explosives onsite

Table 2: Document Requirements for Foreman Blaster and Purchaser Licenses

Documentary Requirements A B 1. Letter of Request addressed to Chief PNP through the Chief of FED √ √ 2. Accomplished PNP Form No. 6 (Application for License to Possess Explosives √ - 3. Certification from the Contractor/Sub-contractor (which is a FED explosives licensee) √ - 4. Certificate of being capable in handling explosives from mining engineer Iif applicant not a mining eng’r √ - 5. Contractor’s/Sub-contractor’s Purchaser License √ - 6. Biodata √ √ 7. Drug test √ - 8. Local clearances (court, police, mayor, NBI) √ √ 9. Recent ID photo of licensee (2x2) √ - 10. Endorsement from Bureau of Mines, if employed in a mining firm) √ -

11. Authenticated registration with SEC &/or DTI for single proprietor and a copy of Articles of Incorporation and its By-Laws or copy of Articles of Partnership or Articles of Cooperation with Cooperative Dev’t. - √ Authority, as applicable. 12. Certificate of Registration of business (if single proprietorship) & Certificate of Mun. Treasurer stating capital investment in the business - √ 13. Inspection Report/Security or Survey signed by the FED Inspector - √ 14. Pictures, details and location of the existing magazine (warehouse) - √ 15. Copy of endorsement letter from concerned agencies (DENR-Mines and Geosciences Bureau, Dept. of - √ Energy, Phil. Coast Guard, Pesticide Authority DPWH) A Foreman Blaster License (for chief blaster) B Purchaser License (for Contractor)

TA 8196-PHI: Angat Water Transmission Improvement Project Initial Environmental Examination – Output 2

The key environmental quality standards applied in this IEE include: (i) National Ambient Air Quality Criteria for Pollutants, 1998; (ii) Noise Control Regulations, 1980; and (iii) Water Quality Standards (DAO 35, 1990). International standards referred to include the WHO Air Quality Guidelines, Global Update 2005; WHO Guideline for Community Noise, 1999; WB Pollution Prevention and Abatement Handbook, 1998; IFC Environmental, Health and Safety (EHS) Guidelines; and Assessing Vibration: Technical Guide, 2006 in the absence of a national vibration guideline. The Philippines became part of the following three international environmental agreements most relevant to the Project: (i) UNESCO World Heritage Convention in 1985, committing to ensure the protection and conservation of the cultural and natural heritage situated on territory of, and primarily belonging to, the State; and (ii) Convention of Biodiversity in 1993, committing to require environmental assessment of projects that are likely to have significant adverse effects on biological diversity with a view of avoiding or minimizing such effects; and (iii) Convention on Wetlands of International Importance especially as Waterfowl Habitat (Ramsar Convention), in 1994, committing to conserve and wisely use wetlands (i.e., maintaining ecological character) as a contribution toward achieving sustainable development locally and worldwide. The list of specific clearances / permits and timeline relevant to the project is presented in Figure 3.

Figure 3: Timeline for Securing Required Clearance / Agreement / Permit / License

2.2 Administrative Framework

DENR is the primary government agency responsible for the conservation and protection of the environment, including natural resources in reservations and watershed areas. It is also mandated to enforce the implementation of the EIS System. Pursuant to PD 1586, the EIS System covers projects

TA 8196-PHI: Angat Water Transmission Improvement Project Initial Environmental Examination – Output 2

that have been declared as environmentally critical projects (ECPs) and projects situated in environmentally critical areas (ECAs), presumed to have significant impacts on the quality of the environment. The law provides the non‐covered projects, which may be required environmental safeguards if deemed necessary by DENR. New projects will require EIS, Programmatic EIS, Initial Environmental Examination (IEE) Report, IEE Checklist or Project Description Report. The proposed Angat Water Transmission Improvement Project will require an EIS, as indicated by DENR. The country’s environmental impact assessment (EIA) process involves the following stages: (i) project screening; (ii) EIA study scoping; (iii) conduct of the EIA study and preparation of the EIA report for the application for an environmental compliance certificate (ECC) or certificate of non‐coverage (CNC); (iv) review and evaluation of the EIA Report; (v) decision‐making; and (vi) environmental impact monitoring, validation and evaluation/audit. The process, applicable to the Project, is summarized below:

Table 3: The Philippines’ Environmental Impact Assessment Process

Steps in the Process Responsible Entity

Screening Self-screening by referring to Annex 2.1a of the Revised Procedural Manual for DAO 2003-30 MWSS Screening validation using the same Annex DENR CO Scoping Conduct of Information, Education and Communication (IEC) of LGUs within which the Project will MWSS be implemented Request for scoping MWSS Submit 5 sets of Pro-forma Project Description Scoping with supporting documents: Map and description of preliminary impact areas

Stakeholder ID form Summary of IEC documentation Filled-out scoping portion of the appropriate EIA Scoping/Procedural Screening Checklist (SPSC).

Review Team formation, scheduling of three-level scoping activity EMB CO (within 5 working days from receipt of letter-request for scoping)

Conduct 3-level scoping activity to be done one-time on site or in the region of project location. MWSS-driven 1st level, Project Briefing Meeting with Review Team 2nd level, Public Scoping with Community 3rd level, Technical Scoping with Review Team Final approval of scoping checklist EMB CO EIA Study and Report Preparation MWSS EIA Report Review and Evaluation Submit 1 copy of EIA Report MWSS Filled-out Procedural Screening portion of the SPSC Validates procedural screening by the proponent – within 3 days from receipt of EIA Report EMB CO Payment of filing fee/set up Review Fund MWSS Submission of Procedurally-accepted Application Documents MWSS (for EIS, 7 hard copies and 1 CD/e-copy) Review and Evaluation of EIA Report (estimated workdays, 120 days) EMB CO Decision Making DENR Monitoring, Validation and Evaluation/Audit MWSS-driven

TA 8196-PHI: Angat Water Transmission Improvement Project Initial Environmental Examination – Output 2

3 Project Description 3.1 Project Rationale

3.1.1 Water Demand Supply

The bulk of the water supply for Metro Manilaʹs 13 million inhabitants comes from the Umiray‐Angat‐ Ipo system of reservoirs, tunnels and aqueducts. The main feature of the existing system is the regulation of Angat river, along Angat and Ipo dams, having two reservoirs in the river. Three tunnels are located close to each other, conveying water from the Angat river upstream of Ipo dam through the hilly terrains that supply six aqueducts. These in turn convey water to La Mesa reservoir and La Mesa water treatment plant.

In addition to supplying water to Metro Manila, the transmission system supplies 0.5m3/s to San Jose del Monte water treatment plant and other private users. A large number of illegal users take up an estimated 0.1 m3/s. Moreover, the Bulacan Bulk Water Supply Project currently understudy within MWSS is likely to require up to 5.5 m3/s from a take‐off on the aqueducts at Pleasant Hills, about 10.2km south of Bigte portal. The MWSS and the two concessionaires – Manila Water Company Inc (MWCI) and Maynilad Water Services Inc (MWSI) – have looked at the future water demands for Metro Manila. Several demand scenarios have been identified (Figure 4). By 2035, forecast demand varies between 35m3/s and over 80m3/s. Figure 4: Manila Water Demand with and without 15% Buffer

At present, there is a granted water allocation of 46m3/s from Angat reservoir but the water flow available to MWSS is often below the water allocation. Existing water resources would provide up to 51.7m3/s, given the flow of 46 m3/s from Angat is secure and the relevant treatment plant and distribution infrastructure are constructed. Table 4: Water Available to MWSS from Angat Reservoir

Flow to MWSS is Flow to MWSS is Granted water Probability below - m³/s above - m³/s right - m³/s 10% 27.5 48.6 46 20% 32.3 45.8 46 50% 39.2 39.2 46

TA 8196-PHI: Angat Water Transmission Improvement Project Initial Environmental Examination – Output 2

To improve the reliability and security of the raw water transmission system, partial rehabilitation of the transmission system from Ipo to La Mesa and the implementation of water safety, risk and asset management plans is proposed through the Angat Water Supply Transmission Improvement Project.

3.1.2 Existing Transmission System Needs and Rehabilitation Figure 5: Ipo-La Mesa Transmission System Schematic Water from the Angat river is transmitted from a location upstream of Ipo dam to Bigte through the three existing tunnels. From Bigte, water is conveyed along six aqueducts (pipelines), with Aqueducts 1 and 2 carrying water to La Mesa reservoir and the remaining four aqueducts carrying water to La Mesa water treatment plant. A schematic outline of the system is shown in Figure 5. Based on the condition assessment, the main pipelines appear in reasonable condition, although the older Aqueducts 1 and 2, 3 and 4 show leakage totalling nearly 10%. This level of leakage will become unacceptable as demand increases, given that water availability is limited. Rehabilitation is likely to involve local repair and/or replacement of longer lengths of pipe. The tunnels continue to convey significant volumes of raw water, which indicate that they are intact with no major collapse. To check the actual conditions and extent of remediation needed by existing tunnels, internal access is required. A completed Tunnel 4 internal access will be possible without disrupting water supply to Metro Manila and other areas served by the system. Based on a hydraulic assessment, there is no flexibility in the system to allow closure of a conveyance for maintenance and rehabilitation: (i) the capacity of the existing tunnels is below the anticipated maximum flow of 48m3/s and needs to increase in the next few years to meet future demands; and (ii) only one of Aqueducts 5 and 6 can be supplied to its full capacity by Tunnel 3, reducing the effective capacity to 42m3/sec. Hence, hydraulically, the first requirement is to construct a new Tunnel 4 to: (i) augment supply to Aqueducts 5 and 6 to their full capacities and allow closure of existing tunnels and the remaining four aqueducts for inspection, maintenance and rehabilitation.

TA 8196-PHI: Angat Water Transmission Improvement Project Initial Environmental Examination – Output 2

3.2 Proposed Scheme

The proposed scheme will involve the construction of a fourth tunnel (Tunnel 4) and associated structures, namely: (1) intake structure; (2) outlet structure, and (3) channel connecting Tunnel 4 outlet portal to existing Basin 3 and Aqueduct 5. For ease of social and environmental due diligence, the tunnel alignment was divided into 1km lengths, resulting in seven segments (see Figure 2): Segment 1 (Ipo dam site) includes <1km length of the tunnel and the intake structure and traverses through a forest zone and partly in a built‐up zone of the Ipo watershed controlled zone. Segment 1 also includes Contractors’ work area (CWA) and temporary spoil disposal sites which are considered construction support facilities. Segments 2 to 6 include mainly the tunnel at 1km length each. Segment 2 (San Mateo Rolling Terrain) is found within the indicative boundary of the Angat Watershed Forest Reserve, traversing through residential zone, forest zone and forest buffer area. Segment 3 (AFP Housing) is outside the forest buffer area and is not part of the protected area. Segment 4 (Grassland) traverses a forest buffer area and residential buffer zone. Segments 5 (Road ROW) and 6 (Grassland) traverse residential and agricultural zones outside the protected area. Segment 7 (Brgy. Bigte) includes the remaining <1km length of the tunnel, outlet structure and channel to Basin 3 and Aqueduct 5. It traverses through residential, agricultural and quarry zones. Segment 7 also includes CWA and two temporary spoil disposal sites which are considered construction support facilities.

3.2.1 Tunnel

The proposed Tunnel 4 will be 6.5km long and 4m in diameter (finished internal diameter), lying within the MWSS ROW and adjacent to Tunnel 1, and running from Ipo reservoir to Bigte. Much of the tunnel will be located at depths from 100m to 150m below the ground surface, with a maximum depth of approximately 200m. The tunnel will have a permanent in situ cast concrete lining with steel reinforcement to ensure structural integrity and raw water flows over the long term. Significant consideration has been given to the siting of the new tunnel and portal. The existing MWSS right‐of‐way (ROW) is on average 60m wide and centered on Tunnel 1. MWSS requires that the new tunnel be within this ROW. The optimum tunnel site would also minimize disruption to existing operations. Notwithstanding the above, the new tunnel intake should be located in the same general area as the existing intakes. Taking all the constraints into account, the most favorable location for Tunnel 4 intake lies upstream of the existing intakes and in an area where reservoir silting is minimal (see Figure 6).

3.2.2 Intake Structure

The intake structure provides a conduit between the reservoir and the tunnel inlet portal located between the new and old Ipo dams. Such structure comprises a rectangular box with nominal dimensions of 10m wide and 18m long. A transition structure, approximately 10m long and 4m wide, allows for transition from the rectangular section to the circular profile at the tunnel. The intake structure invert is set at a relative elevation of 95.7m, nearly 5m below the normal reservoir operating level. The top deck is set at relative elevation of 103.5m. The intake structure includes a trash rack to control debris entering the tunnel, stoplogs for closure, and control or sluice gates to regulate the flow to the tunnel. The inlet works will be located at depths of approximately 10m.

TA 8196-PHI: Angat Water Transmission Improvement Project Initial Environmental Examination – Output 2

Figure 6: Inlet Structure including Coffer Dam

New Ipo Dam

Old Ipo Dam Tunnel 3

Inlet

Tunnel 2

Tunnel 1

Tunnel 4

TA 8196-PHI: Angat Water Transmission Improvement Project Initial Environmental Examination – Output 2

3.2.3 Outlet Structure

The outlet structure is located at the Bigte end of Tunnel 4 and provides a transition between the tunnel cross‐section and the channel that carries water to Basin 3 (see Figure 7). The outlet structure comprises an uncovered rectangular basin 4m wide and 7m long, with an outlet invert elevation at about 92.3m. There is also an observation deck for maintenance and operation. The outlet works will be located at depths of approximately 8m.

3.2.4 Channel

The channel connects (or carries water from) Tunnel 4 outlet portal to the existing Basin 3 and Aqueduct 5. Its alignment will generally follow the contour of the hill behind the existing Bigte basins. It is rectangular in section of 4m wide and 45m deep.

3.2.5 Construction Support Facilities

Construction support facilities include CWAs and temporary spoil disposal area at the inlet and outlet. a) CWA CWA is a piece of land that is not contiguous to the project footprint but is necessary to securely site the workers’ camp, project office, emergency first‐response station, construction materials storage, explosive storage, equipment parking, and some necessary pre‐fabrication and maintenance works. The workers’ camp will include adequate housing for construction workers and basic services and facilities to meet personal and domestic needs for safe water, sanitation/sewage disposal, garbage disposal, natural and artificial lighting, cooking, food storage and laundry. Outside the workers’ camp, sanitation facilities, water supply systems, lighting and internal accesses will be provided for the other activities and works. The explosive storage area should be located and constructed in accordance with Rule 19 of the IRR of RA 82943. Preliminary CWA sites have been identified as follows: • In Segment 1, one CWA site near the intake structure (see Figure 22). Access to the CWA will be on the landside through an existing narrow dirt road and on the waterside by utilizing a barge. The existing dirt road will be widened under the project to facilitate mobility of workers and materials during construction. • In Segment 7, two CWA sites near the outlet structure (see Figure 23). Access will be through an existing concrete road. b) Temporary Spoil Disposal Sites Temporary spoil disposal area is a staging area for debris, spoils and residual soils from construction works. In Segment 1, the site that was used as temporary disposal area during the construction of the New Ipo dam and Tunnel 3 will be used in the project as the temporary spoil disposal area near the intake structure works. It is currently an open area dominated by grasses. Two temporary spoil

3 Rules and regulations governing the administration and enforcement of the PD 1866 dated 29 June 1983 as amended by RA 8294, dated 06 June 1997 entitled “Codifying the laws on illegal/unlawful possession, manufacture, dealing in, acquisition or disposition of firearms, ammunition or explosives/explosive ingredients or instruments used in the manufacture of firearms, ammunition or explosives, and imposing stiffer penalties for certain violations thereof and for relevant purposes.

TA 8196-PHI: Angat Water Transmission Improvement Project Initial Environmental Examination – Output 2

disposal areas, both with open‐type vegetation, have been identified near the outlet structure in Segment 7 (see Figures 22 and 23).

Figure 7: Outlet Structure and Temporary Spoil Disposal Area

Tunnel 3

Basin 3

Tunnel 2

Tunnel 1 Proposed Open Channel

Tunnel 4

Outlet

3.2.6 Construction Program and Methods

Indicative design and construction period of the proposed Tunnel 4 is about 52‐months, including 3.5 years for tunnel construction, plus a 12‐month defects notification period.

According to the feasibility study, the preferred method for tunnel construction is drill and blast two pass with cast in‐situ concrete lining. The construction sequence for the undrained tunnel is summarized as follows:

a) Probing ahead will be undertaken from the tunnel face. The purpose of the probing is to investigate the ground conditions ahead of the tunnel face, as the majority of fault zone and portal tunnel sections will be excavated in low quality ground. b) Grouting of the ground in advance of excavation can be undertaken at the portal end to improve the ground conditions and control groundwater inflow. c) Full face excavation of the tunnel heading will be undertaken using drill and blast (or mechanical depending on the Contractor’s preference) methods. The length of each advance will vary in response to the actual ground conditions. Excavation profile will be carefully controlled to minimize over breaking and damage to the surrounding rock mass.

TA 8196-PHI: Angat Water Transmission Improvement Project Initial Environmental Examination – Output 2

d) Rock support will generally consist of steel sets and sprayed concrete in the poor ground conditions, with combinations of temporary rock bolts and steel fiber reinforced sprayed concrete if ground conditions are suitable. e) Reinforced concrete invert is placed first. The edges of the invert arch pour will form the footing for the tunnel arch formwork. f) Concrete arch lining can be cast in situ from 10m to 12m long sections. Consideration of the effects of the tight radius bend at the Ipo end of the works will be needed, and the use of a shorter shutter length may be required. g) Contact grouting will be carried out at the completion of concrete lining to fill any remaining void in the tunnel crown so that the concrete lining is in intimate contact with the rock around the tunnel. h) Contact grouting is carried out at low pressure between the excavated surface and the extrados of the concrete lining.

3.2.7 Alternatives Considered

No alternative was considered given the constraints on project siting. Above ground conveyance system is not applicable due to the rugged terrain of San Mateo. The proposed tunnel lies within the existing MSWW ROW.

3.2.8 Associated Facilities

According to Paragraph 6, Appendix 1 of the SPS 2009, impacts and risks will be analyzed in the context of project’s area of influence. This area of influence encompasses, among others, associated facilities that are not funded as part of the project and whose viability and existence depend exclusively on the project and whose goods or services are essential for the successful operation of the project. The PPTA Team’s assessment of the identified associated facility is presented in Table 5. The associated facilities are not funded as part of the project. The viability and existence of such facilities are not dependent exclusively on the project. The facilities, despite their age, particularly for Ipo dam and Basin 3, were assessed to be in good/reasonable condition to provide services essential to the successful operation of Tunnel 4. Further due diligence is not necessary.

Table 5: Associated Facilities of Tunnel 4

TA 8196-PHI: Angat Water Transmission Improvement Project Initial Environmental Examination – Output 2

Identified Is it funded as Are its viability Are its services PPTA’s assessment of the associated part of the and existence essential for identified associated facility facility project? depending the successful exclusivity on operation of the the Project? Project? Basin 3 No No Yes Basin 3 is more than 20 years. Based on the facilities inventory and assessment conducted by the PPTA Team using available drawings, site visits, the CPF asset register, limited repair and maintenance information, discussion with operators and other parties, and assessment of losses, the main basins at Bigte, which includes Basin 3, are in reasonable condition. Aqueduct 5 No No Yes Aqueduct 5, of size 3.6m x 16 km, has a capacity of 1,640mld and has been rehabilitated under Phase 2 of the Angat Water Utilization and Aqueduct Improvement Project (between 2010 and 2013). According to the hydraulic assessment by the PPTA Team, Aqueduct 5 is not showing signs of leak and can be supplied to its full capacity. The assessment of structural resilience of aqueducts indicates that there are no major issues which need to be urgently addressed. The main concern is damage that will occur at hard/stiff points along the pipeline. It is considered that this risk is best dealt with post- earthquake repair, rather than installation of flexible joints. Ipo Road No No Yes The Ipo road is a two-lane concrete road from Bigte to Ipo dam Compound. It has sections that are winding; hence additional road signs along the road are needed as precautionary and safety measures. From site visit, the road is in good condition.

3.3 Contracting Method

The contracting method is design‐and‐build (D&B) for the construction of Tunnel 4 (Ipo to Bigte). The bid document explicitly states that the Tunnel 4 should be parallel to the existing three tunnels, from Ipo to Bigte, where it shall be connected to Aqueduct 5. Scope of work of the D&B Contractor includes: 1. Complete design, construction, installation and commissioning in accordance with the Contract requirements of: a. New Tunnel 4 intake structure at Ipo reservoir; b. New Tunnel 4 connecting Ipo reservoir to a new transition basin at Bigte; c. New transition basin at Bigte; d. New conveyance connecting the new transition basin at Bigte to the existing transition Basin 3 at Bigte; e. Necessary modifications to the existing transition Basin 3 at Bigte to enable the unimpeded flow of not less than 19m³/s of water from the Ipo dam to the existing Aqueduct, which conveys water from Bigte to the portals at the La Mesa reservoir in Novaliches.

TA 8196-PHI: Angat Water Transmission Improvement Project Initial Environmental Examination – Output 2

2. Complete design and construction of site ancillaries including, but not limited to: a. Permanent access to the new Tunnel 4 intake structure at Ipo reservoir. b. Provision of temporary accommodation and equipment for Employer/Engineer c. All temporary works necessary for the construction of Tunnel 4 3. Disposal of spoils resulting from excavation works 4. Preparation and submission of as‐built drawings, O&M manuals, list of any spare parts which may be required for operation of equipment supplied by the Contractor. 5. Training of Employer’s personnel in operation of the works. 6. Commissioning and performance testing of the completed works

The proposed tunnel construction method in the feasibility study is drill and blast. The bid document has not set restrictions on tunnel construction methodology. Instead, scheme design criteria are specified to guide D&B contractor on the appropriate tunnel construction methodology. The scheme design criteria include: 1. Design life of the tunnel shall be 100 years. 2. Design life of Ipo intake structure, Bigte outlet structure, and connecting channels shall be 75 years. 3. Elevation of Ipo reservoir hydraulic design water level shall be taken as 100.3m above MWSS data. 4. Normal operating level of Ipo reservoir shall be assumed to vary between 100m and 101m above MWSS data. 5. Elevation of Basin 3 (Aqueduct 5 start) hydraulic design water level 95.5m above MWSS datum. 6. Finished hydraulic radius of both the completed tunnel and the connecting channel shall be sufficient to ensure a minimum flow of 19m³/s to the start of Aqueduct 5 at Basin 3. a. The Contractor shall confirm the basis upon which this minimum flow is to be achieved over the design life of the works, and in particular, upon the assumed absolute roughness values or friction coefficients adopted for both “as constructed” and “ultimate” condition of the surfaces in contact with the fluid. b. The Contractor shall provide justification for the selected values of the roughness values or friction coefficients so selected. 7. Sluice gates shall be used at the Ipo intake structure to regulate flow through Tunnel 4 a. Stop‐logs shall be provided both upstream and downstream of each sluice gate so that they can be taken out of service individually for inspection or repair. 8. Suitable barriers and/or screens shall be provided at the intake works to prevent large suspended and floating debris from entering the tunnel. 9. The new intake must be located to the downstream side (western side) of the old, flooded, Ipo dam to minimize the possibility of abstracting sediment. 10. Tunnel 4 must be located within the MWSS ROW. It should be noted that the alignment of both existing Tunnels 2 and 3 lies outside MWSS’ current ROW, and that a small section of the existing Tunnel 1 alignment also lies outside MWSS’ current ROW. 11. Tunnel 4 shall not pass over or under the existing working tunnels as the risk of collapse and subsequent disruption to supply is unacceptable. Criteria 10 and 11 suggest that the alignment of Tunnel 4 is restricted to the corridor between existing Tunnel 1 and the southern boundary of MWSS ROW. Also, the D&B Contractor is required to draft Design Quality Plan (DQP). The DQP shall define the D&B Contractor’s structure, policies, procedures and Quality Management Plan (QMP) documents for the quality control of design activities for the design and construction of the tunnel.

TA 8196-PHI: Angat Water Transmission Improvement Project Initial Environmental Examination – Output 2

The DQP shall include, among others: a. Procedures and event triggers for creating corrective action teams; b. Procedures for control of design changes during both design and construction phases; and c. Process to verify the accuracy and completeness of as‐built drawings, specifications, and other construction documentation to foster the future ability of the Employer to locate utilities, make minor modifications, and enhance or alter the final constructed works. In addition, it is explicitly stated in the bid document that no changes or corrections other than the changes and corrections noted by the Engineer shall be made to any Contractor’s documents which have been reviewed as “proceed” except by re‐submittal with revisions appropriately noted. The submission shall be accompanied by justification for the changes and corrections, including necessary design calculations. In the event of design deviation, such as shift of alignment resulting in tunnel being located outside the MWSS ROW, change in inlet structure location and/or change in the method of construction, the MWSS through its PMO should immediately: (i) seek the advice of EMB Central Office if such design deviation warrants an ECC amendment; and (ii) inform ADB should EMB advise for ECC amendment and finally, (iii) seek ADBʹs clearance/concurrence for an IEE revision and/or EMP updating.

TA 8196-PHI: Angat Water Transmission Improvement Project Initial Environmental Examination – Output 2

4 Environment Description 4.1 Climate

The project area climate falls under Type I climate of the modified coronas classification characterized as having two pronounced seasons, dry from November to April and wet during the rest of the year. Typhoons have a greatly affected the climate and weather conditions in the area. An annual average of nine typhoons (1948‐2004) made landfall or crossed the country, the majority of which hit Luzon Island where the project is located. Climate trends were analyzed by DOST PAGASA using available observed data from 1951 to 2009 with the average for 1971 as the reference value. Table 6a summarizes seasonal temperature and rainfall for the recent baseline (1971 to 2000) with future projections for Bulacan Province to 2065. At present, the temperature is equitable all‐year round, with slightly higher temperatures in the dry season from March to May and prior to the main summer rains. The mean annual rainfall is about 2,385mm, with the maximum rainfall falling from June to August and least amount of rain observed from December to May. Future trends indicate an increase in mean monthly temperature of about 2°C by 2065, and an increase in annual rainfall to about 2,470mm with a seasonal shift to a more peaked rainfall distribution in the three summer months from June to August.

Table 6: Projected Temperature and Rainfall Change in Bulacan Province

a. Seasonal increase in temperature and rainfall

Observed baseline Change in 2020 Change in 2050

1971-2000 2006-2035 2036-2065

DJF MAM JJA SON DJF MAM JJA SON DJF MAM JJA SON

Seasonal increase in 25.60 27.90 27.10 26.70 26.50 29.00 28.00 27.70 27.50 30.00 28.80 28.60 temperature Seasonal rainfall 212.40 288.90 1041.40 842.10 221.32 288.24 1042.73 841.86 184.36 183.74 1287.17 814.31 change

b. Frequency on Extreme Events

Provinces Stations No of Days w/ Tmax > 35°C No. of dry days No. of days with rainfall >200mm OBS 2020 2050 OBS 2020 2050 OBS 2020 2050 (1971- (1971- (1971- 2000) 2000) 2000) Frequency Manila Science 1095 1984 3126 7476 6302 6220 9 13 17 of extreme garden event Source: Climate Change in the Philippines, February 2011, DOST-PAGASA

The study by DOST‐PAGASA (Table 6b) predicted that the number of days with a maximum temperature greater than 35°C would almost double in the period 2006‐2035 and triple in the period 2036‐2065, compared with the baseline (1971‐2000). The study also predicted that the number of dry

TA 8196-PHI: Angat Water Transmission Improvement Project Initial Environmental Examination – Output 2

days would decrease over the coming 50 years compared with the baseline with 7,476 days, falling to 6,302 between 2006 and 2035, and decreasing to 6,220 dry days in the period 2036‐2065. There is also forecast to be a slight increase in the number of days with rainfall greater than 200mm from nine days for the baseline, to 13 days in 2006‐2035, and 17 days in 2036‐2065.

4.2 Air Quality and Noise Level

Air quality and ambient noise levels in the study area were monitored from 30 July to 2 August 2013. Details of the methodology are presented in Appendix 2. There are no major sources of air pollution in the study area, which is largely given over to rural land uses. The ambient air quality sampled at Ipo dam site, San Mateo Barangay Hall and Bigte portal are within the DENR ambient air quality standards. The results are presented in Table 7.

TA 8196-PHI: Angat Water Transmission Improvement Project Initial Environmental Examination – Output 2

Table 7: Ambient Air Quality Results

AT4- A2 AT4- A1 AT4 A3 DENR San Mateo Parameter Sampling method Test method Reporting Near MWSS Ipo dam site Units Barangay Hall standards limits Bigte property (1-2 Aug (31 July- 1 2013) (30-31 July 2013) Aug 2013)

Filtration method by high TSP flame AAS 230 0.1 µg/Ncm 119.87 33.9 35.4 volume sampler

Absorption in liquids for SO2 gaseous pollutants - flame AAS 180 0.4 µg/Ncm 15.26 15.26 13.9 Kimoto Brand (sampler)

Absorption in liquids for NO2 gaseous pollutants - flame AAS 150 0.4 µg/Ncm 3.57 3.42 6.56 Kimoto Brand (sampler)

Filtration method by high PM10 flame AAS 150 20 µg/Ncm 71.09 30 33.19 volume sampler

Filtration method by high Pb flame AAS N/A 0.8 µg/Ncm ND ND ND volume sampler CO Direct read out analyzer flame AAS N/A 0.4 µg/Ncm 3.16 1.83 ND

Initial Environmental Examination – Output 2

Main sources of noise in the study area arise from people going about their daily work, traffic near roads, and wind. Noise level at the project site was measured using a digital sound level meter (precision type). Noise levels in Brgy. San Mateo and the Ipo dam site are all within the DENR limits and are typical of day‐time noise levels in rural areas. There is a slight noise level exceedance observed in Bigte during the nighttime (1900‐2100). Results are presented in Tables 8 to 10.

Table 8: Noise Level Monitoring Results at MWSS Property Brgy. Bigte

DENR standard maximum Sampling time / Date Average dB (A) Remarks allowable noise level 1057-1257 / 30 July 2013 61.6 70 Passed 1257-1257 / 30 July 2013 61.1 70 Passed 1457-1657 / 30 July 2013 59.5 65 Passed 1657-1857 / 30 July 2013 55.3 65 Passed 1857-2057 / 30 July 2013 66.5 60 Exceeded 2057-2257 / 30 July 2013 52.5 60 Passed 2257- 0057 / 30-31 July 2013 52.3 60 Passed 0057-0257 / 31 July 2013 43.6 60 Passed 0257-0457 / 31 July 2013 42.5 65 Passed 0457-0657 / 31 July 2013 64.0 65 Passed 0657-0857 / 31 July 2013 62.6 70 Passed 0857-1057 / 31 July 2013 68.2 70 Passed

Table 9: Noise Level Monitoring Results at Brgy. Hall San Mateo

DENR Standard Sampling Time / Date Average dB (A) maximum allowable Remarks noise level 1250-1450 / 31 July 2013 66.8 70 Passed 1450-1650 / 31 July 2013 60.9 70 Passed 1650-1850 / 31 July 2013 64.2 65 Passed 1850-2050 / 31 July 2013 59.4 65 Passed 2050-2250 / 31 July 2013 61.4 60 Passed 2250-0050 / 31 July-1 Aug 2013 54.2 60 Passed 0050-0250 / 1 Aug 2013 47.5 60 Passed 0250-0450 / 1 Aug 2013 43.9 60 Passed 0450-0650 / 1 Aug 2013 51.6 65 Passed 0650-085 / 1 Aug 2013 64.0 65 Passed 0850-1050 / 1 Aug 2013 63.6 70 Passed 1050-1250 / 1 Aug 2013 62.2 70 Passed

Initial Environmental Examination – Output 2

Table 10: Noise Level Monitoring Results at Ipo Dam Site

DENR standard maximum Sampling time / Date Average dB (A) Remarks allowable noise level

1345-1545 / 1 Aug 2013 52.9 70 Passed 1545-1745 / 1 Aug 2013 54.1 70 Passed 1745 -1945 / 1 Aug 2013 54.1 65 Passed 1945-2145 / 1 Aug 2013 51.4 65 Passed 2145-2345 / 1 Aug 2013 51.5 60 Passed 2345-0145 / 1-2 Aug 2013 51.0 60 Passed 0145-0345 / 2 Aug 2013 50.7 60 Passed 0345-0545 / 2 Aug 2013 51.5 60 Passed 0545-0745 / 2 Aug 2013 56.9 65 Passed 0745-0945 / 2 Aug 2013 54.2 65 Passed 0945-1145 / 2 Aug 2013 53.2 70 Passed 1145-1345 / 2 Aug 2013 51.5 70 Passed

4.3 Topography and Soils

Brgy. San Mateo of the Municipality of Norzagaray, where the greater part of the alignment is located, is characterized by hilly to mountainous terrain whose elevation varies from 85masl to 250masl. Brgy. Bigte is characterized by a combination of flat to gently sloping areas and hilly lands with highest elevation of about 95masl. The projected tunnel depth in Brgy. San Mateo is about 200m to 600m below ground (mbg) while in Bigte, the tunnel is at 50mbg (see Figure 8). Borehole samples were tested for heavy metals to determine if the excavated material which will be disposed in temporary spoil disposal sites may be above sediment quality standard. Adopted criteria used are based on the Thai Environmental Regulation for Habitat and Agriculture as there is no standard established in the Philippines. The results show the rock samples are within standards for heavy metals in soil (see Table 11).

TA 8196-PHI: Angat Water Transmission Improvement Project Initial Environmental Examination – Output 2

Figure 8: Projected Tunnel Geology and Ground Elevation

TA 8196-PHI: Angat Water Transmission Improvement Project Initial Environmental Examination – Output 2

Table 11: Borehole Sediment Quality

Sample code Unit Adopted criteria7 BH 3 BH4 BH5

Sampling date 20 July 2013 20 July 2013 20 July 2013 Depth (m) 15.5-17 31-32.5 27.5-29 Segment location Segment 1 Segment 4 Segment 7 Cadmium mg/kg 37 ND ND 0.3 Chromium mg/kg 300 5.7 9.7 11 Copper mg/kg 1,560 196 106 Iron mg/kg 84,400 30,900 2,140 Lead mg/kg 400 12 19 10 Manganese mg/kg 1800 371 576 48 Nickel mg/kg 1600 9 15 12 Zinc mg/kg 63 63 8.5

4.4 Geology

4.4.1 IPO Dam

The dam site is underlain by the eocene‐oligocene Bayabas Formation, an extensive bedded sequence of highly indurated sandstone, shale, chert and pyroclastics mainly agglomerate and welded tuff, and volcanic flows predominantly amygdaloidal basalt with associated minor andesite pillows sometimes framed by chert materials. Surface geology comprises agglomerates and basalts which are hard enough to form abutments for a concrete gravity dam though may require some grouting.

4.4.2 IPO Inlet

The area around the Ipo inlet is underlain by the Bayabas Formation or specifically by the massive agglomerate and basalt which was observed to be hard to very hard when fresh. In situ weathering is slight to moderate with residual soil approximated to be no more than a meter deep, except when overlain by talus materials. Various fracture orientations with utmost two joint sets plus random could be present. Except for localized faults/shears, the tunnel will be in good ground with rock mass rating more than 50%.

4.4.3 Proposed Tunnel 4 Alignment

Tunnel 4 alignment passes through the Buenacop limestone upper member of the Madlum Formation, hence traverses for the most stretch of the tunnel in the middle part of same formation labeled as Alagao volcanics before going into the equally hard Bayabas Formation composed of agglomerate and basalts. The area is underlain by the Bayabas Formation or specifically by the massive agglomerate and basalt

7 Thai Environmental Regulation for habitat and agriculture

TA 8196-PHI: Angat Water Transmission Improvement Project Initial Environmental Examination – Output 2

which was observed to be hard to very hard when fresh. Joint set spacings could be from 1m to 2m. In situ weathering is slight to moderate with residual soil approximated to be no more than a meter deep, except when overlain by talus materials. Various fracture orientations with utmost two joint sets plus random could be present. Except for localized faults/shears, the tunnel will be in good ground with rock mass rating more than 60%. Estimated rock quality categorized into good, moderate and bad rock could be 50%, 25% and 25%, respectively. No major problems are envisaged during tunnelling, this being the fourth tunnel to be constructed along this corridor. Expected groundwater flow can be relatively dry to moderate inflow. Figure 9: Geology in the Study Area

4.4.4 Tunnel 4 Outlet at Bigte

The tunnel outlet at Bigte will be hard and massive limestone with fracture spacings more than 2m. Rock mass rating8 will be more than 60%, which means the rock material is a very good quality rock.

4.4.5 Bigte Interconnecting Basins

Like Tunnel 4 outlet, the lithology is limestone with minimal soil cover of no more than 2m. The soil profile is characterized by gravelly/bouldery silt with some clay and sand transported soil if not moderately weathered limestone. Groundwater levels are quite deep of more than 5m. 4.5 Seismology

Very little seismic data are available for the project area. The West Valley Fault (WVF) trace has been

8 The rock mass rating (RMR) system is based on the following parameters: (a) uniaxial compreseeive strength of rock material; (2) rock quality designation; (3) conditions of discontinuities; (5) groundwater conditions; and (6) orientation of discontinuities

TA 8196-PHI: Angat Water Transmission Improvement Project Initial Environmental Examination – Output 2

mapped fairly well and one study has been undertaken to establish seismic design parameters for the La Mesa dam, intake structures and spillway. However, only general results such as earthquake magnitude and peak ground acceleration (PGA) are available. In addition, available data suggest that the WVF trace runs roughly parallel to an average of 10km from the Angat Water Transmission Improvement System. It has been estimated that the WVF can generate a magnitude 7.2 to 7.4 event with a corresponding peak ground acceleration of approximately 0.67g. 4.5.1 Hydrology and Surface Water Figure 10: Surface Water Quality and River Resources Ecology Sampling Stations at Ipo Watershed

The project is located in the Angat Watershed shown in the project location map (Figure 10). The extensive area of the watershed results in a large volume run‐off that is temporarily retained upstream of Angat dam although there are times when the water level rises to critical levels necessitating the release of extra run‐off into the Angat river system. Releases from Angat dam, together with inflows from several small tributaries, flow into Ipo reservoir. The low‐lying embankment west of Brgy. Poblacion of Municipality of Norzagaray within the vicinity of Matictic Bridge is usually submerged under water if Angat dam releases water. During high volume rainfall, the areas on the western side of the river further downstream are also submerged from the run‐off drained by Bayabas river that feeds into Angat river. These two areas are expected to be regularly inundated, and increasingly so in the future with the more intense rainfall events due to climate change. The rolling topography of the rest of the municipality with pockets of flat lands contributes to the concentration of extensive and regular flooding in these two areas. 4.5.2 Surface Water Quality of the Angat Upper Reach The Angat Upper Reach between Angat dam and Ipo dam is classified as Class Figure 11: Average Turbidity Level at Ipo Dam B fresh surface water9. This means that the river water quality is suitable for primary contact recreation such as bathing, swimming, and skin diving, particularly those designated for tourism purposes. Water quality sampling and rapid site assessment were undertaken on 22 May 2013. Water samples were collected by grab sampling technique from eight sampling points from 5km upstream of

Ipo dam to 0.8km downstream. A suit of samples was collected from Angat river in the Municipality of Angat. The sampling points are

9 Based on DENR Administrative Order 90‐34. Freshwater Classification

TA 8196-PHI: Angat Water Transmission Improvement Project Initial Environmental Examination – Output 2

shown in Table 12. The in situ and laboratory results confirmed that the water quality is within the Class B standards for fresh surface water (see Table 13 for the full surface water quality results). Elevated fecal and total coliform are reported at the Ipo dam site and downstream of Ipo dam. These elevated measures can be attributed to settlements found near the dam site and downstream which is due to poor sanitation practices of the community.

Based on a one‐year turbidity measurement made by CPF, it can be observed that the turbidity levels are high during the wet season (see Figure 11).

Table 12: Surface Water Quality in Angat River (Upstream and Downstream of Ipo Dam)

Angat River Parameter, Adopted IPO IPO IPO IPO Downstream mg/L (unless IPO4 IPO3 IPO2 IPO1 Reference US2 (Municipality stated) Criteria US1 DS1 DS2 of Angat)

Sampling date/ 22 May 22 May 22 May 22 May 22 May 22 May 22 May 22 May 25 Aug 2013/ 2013/ 2013/ 2013/ 2013/ 2013/ 2013/ 2013/ 2013/ time 15:35 14:48 15:07 15:24 15:34 15:47 15:57 16:46 16:30

Physical Characteristics

Stabilizing Temp (°C) 27.55 28.75 31.8 28.3 31.3 30.95 31.3 31.3 25.80 parameter

Parameter

not Salinity (%) 8.65 8.68 9.98 8.86 9.64 9.59 9.71 9.70 14.10 included in DAO90-34

Electric Cond. stabilizing 135.15 135.65 156 138.4 150.6 149.9 151.7 151.5 220.30 (mS/cm) parameter

Turbidity (NTU) 5 DA O 90-34 1.91 2.325 113.6 15.4 20.4 44.05 5.135 6.405 63.70

TDS 500 DA O 90-34 85.72 85.005 97.08 86.6 94.15 93.305 5.135 94.71 174.80

Inorganic and Non -metallic Constituents pH 6.5 - 8.5 DAO 90-34 7.83 7.835 8.03 7.81 8.115 7.86 8.315 8.53 7.60 stabilizing ORP (mV) 216.5 235.5 254 241 234.5 229.5 212 190.5 211.00 parameter Organic and Biological Constituents

Fecal Coliform 200 DAO 90-34 27 70 350 110 350 170 130 350 3,500 (MPN/100mL) Total Coliform 1000 DAO 90-34 540 350 3,500 16,000 3,500 3,500 1,600 9,200 5,400 (MPN/100mL)

Heavy Metals Antimony (Sb) 0.005 DAO 90 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 Arsenic (As) 0.01 DAO 90 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 Cadmium (Cd) 0.003 DAO 90 <0.006 <0.006 <0.006 <0.006 <0.006 <0.006 <0.006 <0.006 <0.006 Copper (Cu) 1 DAO 90 <0.02 <0.02 <0.02 <0.02 <0.02 <0.02 <0.02 <0.02 <0.02

TA 8196-PHI: Angat Water Transmission Improvement Project Initial Environmental Examination – Output 2

Lead (Pb) 0.01 DAO 90 <0.04 <0.04 <0.04 <0.04 <0.04 <0.04 <0.04 <0.04 <0.04 <0.000 Mercury (Hg) 0.001 DAO 90-34 <0.0001 <0.0001 <0.0001 <0.0001 <0.0001 <0.0001 <0.0001 <0.0001 1 Nickel (Ni) 0.075 WHO <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01

Vanadium (V) 0.075 WHO <1.0 <1.0 <1.0 <1.0 <1.0 <1.0 <1.0 <1.0 <1.0

Zinc (Zn) 5 DAO 90-34 <0.02 <0.02 <0.02 <0.02 <0.02 <0.02 <0.02 <0.02 <0.02 Bromide 4.1 2 2.6 1.6 2.5 6.7 2.5 1.6 not measured

4.5.3 Surface Water Quality at Bigte

Surface water samples were collected from Bigte Creek during rainy season (August 2013, see Figure 12). Samples were collected employing grab sampling technique from Bigte River, the creek near the MWSS property, and Sta. Maria River. Based on Class B surface water criteria, elevated measures were reported for turbidity, color, and total coliforms at all sites. Phosphorus and BOD are seen to have slightly elevated measures in Sta. Maria River. Table 13: Surface Water Quality in Bigte River and Sta. Maria River

Parameter, mg/L SW2 SW03 SW Sta. Maria (Unless Stated) Adopted Criteria (Class B, DAO Bigte river, At Bigte,

90-34) sampling site with the Sta. Maria Description is near the Salonga River bridge Property

Physical Characteristics

laundry, laundry, Water use swimming, swimming, domestic domestic Temp (°C) 26.85 27.00 27.30 Salinity (%) 27.69 14.06 15.74 TSS 86 10.00 657.00 Electric Cond. (mS/cm) 432.7 219.70 246.00 Turbidity (NTU) 5 62.00 12.60 51.40 Colour (Apparent, PCU) 5 100 20.00 500.00 TDS 500 285.95 141.10 158.00 Inorganic and Nonmetallic Constituents pH 6.5 - 8.5 7.65 8.33 8.20 ORP (mV) 201 211.00 187.00 Nitrogen (as NO₃¯) Nr 0.4 0.2 0.1

Phosphorus (as PO₄³¯) 0.2 0.2 0.08 0.7 Organic and Biological Constituents Dissolved Oxygen 5 13.40 22.5 not measured BOD5 5 3 2 14 COD 9.9 9.8 49

TA 8196-PHI: Angat Water Transmission Improvement Project Initial Environmental Examination – Output 2

Parameter, mg/L SW2 SW03 SW Sta. Maria (Unless Stated) Adopted Criteria (Class B, DAO Bigte river, At Bigte,

90-34) sampling site with the Sta. Maria Description is near the Salonga River bridge Property

Faecal Coliform (MPN/100mL) 200 24,000 9,200 920,000 Total Coliform (MPN/100mL) 1000 240,000 92,000 920,000 Oil and Grease 1 0.3 0.3 <0.3 Heavy Metals Antimony (Sb) 0.005 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 Arsenic (As) 0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 Cadmium (Cd) 0.003 <0.006 <0.006 <0.006 Chromium (hexavalent, Cr(VI)) 0.03 <0.003 <0.003 <0.003 Copper (Cu) 1 <0.02 <0.02 <0.02 Lead (Pb) 0.01 <0.04 <0.04 <0.04 Manganese (Mn) 0.5 0.07 0.07 0.4 Mercury (Hg) 0.001 <0.0001 <0.0001 <0.0001 Nickel (Ni) 0.075 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 Vanadium (V) 0.075 <1.0 <1.0 <1.0 Zinc (Zn) 5 <0.02 <0.02 0.1

TA 8196-PHI: Angat Water Transmission Improvement Project Initial Environmental Examination – Output 2

Figure 12: Surface Water and Groundwater Sampling Stations along Tunnel Segments

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4.5.4 Groundwater

Based on the Groundwater Availability Map of the Philippines10, the project area is underlain by impermeable rocks with limited potential for groundwater resource. The geology varies from rocks without any known significant groundwater obtained through drilled wells to rock with limited potential to moderate permeability. Shallow water yields of less than 0.01L/s to 0.03L/s. Groundwater quality is soft to moderately hard. The information on groundwater use in the project area is very limited. Communities are getting their drinking water supply from the local water district (LWUA, Local Water Utilities Administration) and distributed by water trucks or shallow wells. Groundwater wells registered at the National Water Resources Board (NWRB) include two Norzagaray water district wells in Brgys. Partida and Matictic in the Municipality of Norzagaray, Province of Bulacan with 31.95m and 8.11m pumping water level, respectively. Data on groundwater levels were also obtained from 10 boreholes drilled within the project area (Table 14). The 2013 borehole report shows that the water table is found in Segment 4 at about 4.5mbg; Segment 6 at about 15.5mbg and Segment 7 at 9.5mbg.

Table 14: 2013 Borehole and Water Table

Depth as Borehole Elevation Depth to water drilled Location (masl) Remarks no. meters table

River hole. Bedrock not reached River hole; no BH-1 82.469 16 - (Segment 1) measurement of water River hole; no River hole. Be drock reached 25.5 - measurement of BH-1A (Segment 1) water Intake Area (T unnel) BH-2 98.969 Not drilled Not drilled - (Segment 1) BH-3 Tunnel (Segm ent 1) 142.015 25 15.10 - BH-4 Tunnel (Segm ent 4) 248.156 45 4.5 - BH-4A Tunnel (Segm ent 6) 40 15.5 - Upstream, Tunnel Outlet Portal BH-5 122.746 30 - Hole dry (Segment 7) Tunnel Outlet Portal (Segment BH-6 97.189 20 8.45 - 7)

Connecting Channel BH-7 96.139 16.5 - Hole dry (Segment 7)

Connecting Channel BH-8 97.849 12 9.5 (Segment 7)

10 Groundwater Availability Map of the Philippines Plate XVI. Ministry of Bureau of Mines and Geosciences

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Groundwater samples from community wells used for drinking water supply were collected, tested and compared to the Philippine Standards for Drinking Water (DAO 1994‐26‐A). Results showed exceedances in turbidity and color in wells found in Segments 5 and 6, and exceedances in fecal coliform are reported in Segments 4 and 7 (see Table 15).

Table 15: Groundwater Quality along the Tunnel Segments

Adopted Parameter, criteria

mg/L (DOH GW 1 GW 2 GW 3 GW 3A GW 4 GW 5 (unless DAO stated) 2007- 0012) Project Segment Segment Segment Segment Segment Segment segment 2 4 5 6 7 7 location Description The square Locally The water is Communal Near Bigte. Communal well is made known as the from a well. Walls Owned by well at Bigte of concrete. 'Naget', deep shallow are made of Norma Palad area Located at the well which concrete well hollow blocks community distributes and is near the gate water supply pumped out of MWSS using water using a trucks to manual houses corroded hand pump Water use Domestic, Domestic, Domestic Domestic Domestic, Domestic drinking water drinking water drinking water during summer

Physical characteristics Temp (°C) 26.20 26.6 25.6 25.80 27.50 26.10 Salinity (%) 19.3280 36.6720 18.0512 18.7648 34.7328 41.4208 TSS 4 4 8 <2.5 <2.5 8.00 Electric Cond. (mS/cm) 302.00 573 282.05 293.20 542.70 647.20 Turbidity 5 2.27 0.46 7.11 7.19 0.65 1.63 (NTU) Color (apparent, 10 <3 <3 8 8 <3 5 PCU) TDS 500 197.40 382.5 181.8 189.90 360.60 435.30

Inorganic and nonmetallic constituents

pH 6.5 - 8.5 6.64 7.55 6.69 6.78 6.91 7.20 ORP (mV) 232.00 212 152 195.00 190.00 214.00 Nitrogen (as 2.9 0.1 <0.006 17 16 2.8 NO₃¯) Phosphorus 0.06 <0.006 <0.006 0.1 0.1 0.1 (as PO₄³¯) Organic and biological constituents Dissolved 20 oxygen 4.60 8.1 5.4 5.40 5.80 16. BOD5 <1 1 1 1 <1 <1 COD 4.9 4.9 4.9 4.9 4.9 4.9

TA 8196-PHI: Angat Water Transmission Improvement Project Initial Environmental Examination – Output 2

Adopted Parameter, criteria mg/L (DOH GW 1 GW 2 GW 3 GW 3A GW 4 GW 5 (unless DAO stated) 2007- 0012) Project Segment Segment Segment Segment Segment Segment segment 2 4 5 6 7 7 location Fecal coliform <1.1 >23 1.1 >23 >23 16 >23 (MPN/100mL) Total coliform <1.1 >23 >23 >23 >23 >23 >23 (MPN/100mL)

Oil and grease <0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 <0.3 0.3 Heavy metals

Antimony (Sb) 0.02 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 Arsenic (As) 0.05 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 Cadmium (Cd) 0.003 <0.003 <0.003 <0.003 <0.003 <0.003 <0.003 Chromium (hexavalent, 0.05* <0.003 <0.003 <0.003 <0.003 <0.003 <0.003 Cr(VI)) Copper (Cu) <0.02 <0.02 <0.02 <0.02 <0.02 <0.02 Lead (Pb) 0.01 <0.0001 <0.0001 <0.0001 <0.0001 <0.0001 <0.0001 Manganese 0.4 <0.02 <0.02 0.38 0.38 0.38 0.38 (Mn) Mercury (Hg) 0.001 <0.0001 <0.0001 <0.0001 <0.0001 <0.0001 <0.0001 Nickel (Ni) 0.02 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 Vanadium (V) <1.0 <1.0 <1.0 <1.0 <1.0 <1.0 Zinc (Zn) 5.0 <0.02 <0.02 <0.02 <0.02 <0.02 <0.02 *Chromium (total) maximum value. No value on hexavalent chromium

4.6 Ecological Resources

Flora and fauna surveys, including river ecology survey, have been carried out to characterize the project location in terms of ecological resources for each of the segments discussed in Section 1 of this report. Segments 1‐7 are initially delineated as the direct impact areas. Considerable survey effort was done in Segment 1 at Ipo dam site and Segment 7 at Bigte where the intake and outlet structures will be constructed; and temporary site for CWA and temporary spoil disposal site.

4.6.1 Protected Areas

The MWSS tunnel ROW at the Ipo dam segment lies within the indicative boundaries11 of the Angat Watershed Forest Reserve and the Angat Watershed and Forest Range (Pilot) in the Ipo watershed. The Angat Watershed Forest Reserve, which covers about 55,707ha, is managed by National Power Corporation12 while the Angat Watershed and Forest Range and the Ipo watershed are managed by MWSS13. The Angat Watershed Forest Reserve and the Angat Watershed and Forest Range are

11 The boundaries of the watersheds are in the process of validation according to DENR‐Protected Areas and Wildlife Bureau 12 The Angat Watershed Forest Reserve was proclaimed a watershed forest under Proclamation 71 dated 27 March 2010. 13 The Angat Watershed and Forest Range (Pilot) was proclaimed a watershed forest reserve under Proclamation

TA 8196-PHI: Angat Water Transmission Improvement Project Initial Environmental Examination – Output 2

considered protected areas under Republic Act (RA) 7586, which is the National Integrated Protected Area System (NIPAS) Act14.

4.6.2 Terrestrial Ecology 4.6.2.1 Vegetation Survey

A vegetation survey was undertaken in the study area using the quadrat method of sampling to characterize the vegetation cover in the project site. The vegetation survey details are presented in Appendix 3. Vegetation inventory and biodiversity assessment was done. Quantitative structure analysis was performed to determine the density of the individuals, basal area, and occurrence frequency and importance value of each species in the community. Further computations were also undertaken to determine the diversity of the community using species richness (SR), Shannon‐Wiener diversity index (H’) and evenness index (J) as discussed in Kent and Coker (1992). 4.6.2.2 General Vegetation Description

Habitats in Segments 1 to 7 are a combination of brushland and agro‐ecosystems, dominated by common fruit trees such as mango, santol, caimito and banana, interspersed by residential houses and other built‐up areas such as community infrastructure sites. A complete record of flora inventory is presented in Appendix 2. Segment 1, where the intake structure and temporary CWA will be located, is within the boundaries of the Angat Watershed and Forest Reserve, which is a protected area and the site where inlet structure will be located. Hence, a more detailed survey was carried out. In Segment 1, a total of 75 species were recorded, of which 38 were classified as trees, 16 shrub species, 20 herbaceous species and 1 bamboo species as shown in Appendix 2. From the total, 18 are agricultural crops and the rest are brushland species with two to three species forest/timber species. Of the tree species, 12 are agricultural crops and the rest of the trees are pioneer species common in brushland and other secondary vegetation. The vegetation in Segment 1 is co‐dominated by bamboo known as buho alongside with agricultural crops like mango, coconut, banana and caimito and some other tree pioneers associated with secondary vegetation such as binunga and alagasi. Some forest trees like Taluto (Pterocymbium tinctorium), a medium diameter tree, were also recorded but only a few were found. In Segments 2 to 7, a total of 69 species were recorded, of which 44 were classified as trees, four shrub species, 18 herbaceous species and three bamboo species. From the total, 20 species were either agricultural crops (17 species) or tree plantation crop (three species). As the area is an agro‐ecosystem type, the vegetation is expectedly dominated by agricultural crops like mango, coconut, banana and caimito. The areas under fallow and currently non‐cultivated areas are dominated by brush and weed species such as alim, binunga, hagonoy and dita, among others.

391 dated 30 April 1968. It covers about 6,600 ha.

14 Protected Areas and Wildlife Bureau, Technical Bulletin No2013‐01 dated January 10,2013

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4.6.2.3 Quantitative Structure: DBH, Basal Area, Density and Importance Value

The Bigte area and Ipo dam site, where most of the construction activity would be located (including the construction camps, tunnel portals, and spoil disposal areas), are vegetated with large trees. Elsewhere the vegetation is characterized by open, cultivated or brushland habitats. The highest recorded diameter at breast height (DBH) at Ipo dam site is 85cm while the lowest is 5cm. A tree locally called kupang (Parkia roxburghii) of family Fabaceae (narra family) has the highest diameter. Among the tree species with the lowest diameter is niog‐niogan (Ficus pseudopalma) of family Fabaceae (Fig family), which is common in secondary semi‐open vegetation. Most trees at the Ipo dam site have a DBH of at least 15cm with some of them reaching above 40cm DBH. Basal area is the area of land covered by the trunk of individual trees. It is computed from the values of DBH and summed per species. Density is the number of individuals in a defined area. It is also an objective measure of abundance. The total basal area of trees in Segment 1 is low at 11.25sqm per hectare of land. The density of trees (5cm and up in DBH) in Segment 1 is low at 305 individuals per hectare, on average.

The Segment 1 vegetation is dominated by local bamboo species called buho, along with other agricultural crops such as coconut and mango, and open‐loving species like kupang, dita and tibig. Among other species recorded in the section, buho, a local bamboo species, registered the highest importance value of 38.5% with density of 33.3 clumps per hectare (with around 30 to 50 culms per clump), basal area of 2.32m2/ha and appeared in six of the 12 plots. Among the trees with the lowest importance value (IV) are pioneer species Bridelia and Mallotus, each registered with only 1.9 IV due to their lowest density, basal area and frequency of occurrence.

In the proposed Contractor’s work are in Bigte, the trees are dominated by mature individuals of rain tree (Samanea saman), locally known as akasya, an introduced/exotic species. Also, in Bigte Contractor’s work area there are some 67 trees/ha. The DBH of trees ranges from 5cm to 84cm with an average of 38cm. Majority trees in the area are mature with 61% of them having a DBH of above 20cm. The basal area of standing trees is 11.19m2/ha.

Figure 13: Raintree and Mahogany-Dominated Vegetation in Bigte Proposed as Contractor’s Work Area

At the Bigte tunnel outlet, the average DBH of trees is a high of 28.2cm due to large raintree (akasya) and balete individuals. The DBH ranges from 8cm to above 60cm. The nine individuals of raintree in the area have DBH range from 55cm to 82cm. The basal area of trees in the site is 14.4m2/ha with a density of 115 trees/ha. The tree is dominated by raintree (akasya) as shown.

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Figure 14: Tree-Dominated Vegetation (Raintree and Balete) in Bigte Tunnel Outlet

Along the tunnel alignment (Segments 2 to 7), the main habitat is an agro‐ecosystem and open area interspersed with residential houses. Fruit trees such as mango, coconut, banana, santol and caimito dominate. Other trees include some pioneer trees in the open and areas under fallow such as ipil‐ipil, alim, aratiles and binunga. The DBH of trees is at most 25cm. The density of trees, albeit mostly are fruit trees, is estimated to be 30 to 50 trees/ha only. Figure 15: Brushland Vegetation in Segment 2

Figure 16: Residential Subdivision and Cultivated Area cum Brushland in Segment 3

TA 8196-PHI: Angat Water Transmission Improvement Project Initial Environmental Examination – Output 2

Figure 17: Brushland Vegetation in Segment 7 above the Tunnel Outlet in Bigte

The proposed spoil disposal area in Segment 1 is open and dominated by grasses such as cogon, carabao grass and aguingay and bounded by few pioneer trees such as ipil‐ipil, hawili and binunga which are at most 12cm in DBH. The trees are estimated as only 15‐20 trees/ha. Figure 18: Open-type Vegetation in Bigte Proposed for Disposal Area

4.6.2.4 Biodiversity Indexes: Richness, Shannon Index and Evenness Index

Table 16 presents the biodiversity index in the different segments of the study site.

Table 16: Different Segments of the Study Site

TA 8196-PHI: Angat Water Transmission Improvement Project Initial Environmental Examination – Output 2

Shannon diversity Segment Species richness Evenness index iIndex Ipo Dam Disposal Area (Segment 1) 17 2.432 0.86 Segment 2 14 2.1 0.83 Segment 3 17 2.28 0.57 Segment 4 26 2.7 0.83 Segment 5 19 2.46 0.84 Segment 6 14 1.98 0.75 Segment 7.Bigte Tunnel Outlet 22 2.6 0.83 Segment 7. Bigte Workers Area 22 2.079 0.67 Segment 7. Bigte Disposal Area 14 1.038 0.39 Mean 18.33 2.185 0.73

The mean Species Richness is 19 while the mean Diversity Index is 2.185 which is low as expected based on Modified Fernando’s Biodiversity Scale. Some plants recorded are exotic and domesticated either as agricultural crops or plantation tree species and their associated weeds with low diameter pioneer trees. 4.6.2.5 Observation on Phenological Stages

Coconuts and santol trees are fruiting alongside with coconuts during the survey time. Local clumps of bamboo buho in the area are continuously reproducing through the production of shoots. 4.6.2.6 Observed Disturbances

The natural vegetation in the area is highly modified due to human intervention, with many residential houses and yards with their domesticated plants such as mango, coconut and banana fruit trees and other cash crops. 4.6.2.7 Threatened Species

One threatened species was recorded such as narra (Pterocarpus indicus) classified as vulnerable by the IUCN. Three individuals with diameters of 80cm, 221cm and 248cm were found in the MWSS Bigte Portal.

4.6.3 Wildlife 4.6.3.1 Sampling Sites and Methodology

Wildlife surveys were undertaken for birds, herptofauna, small rodents, bats and arthropods. Five sampling sites were selected. The first three sampling sites were situated within the vicinity of Ipo dam, namely: (1) the Contractorʹs Working Area ( the “Consultant”) for the inlet works, (2) the Spoil Disposal Area (known as Miranda), and (3) Isla Puting Bato. A fourth sampling site was located in the vicinity of Segments 5 and 6 along the tunnel alignment, and the fifth site is located by the tunnel outlet at Brgy. Bigte. In each of the sampling sites, bird census was carried out at predetermined sampling intervals (0600h‐ 0900h and 1500h‐1730h) by walking along the 1km to 1.2 km transect lines on established trails. All bird species seen or heard were noted using the following information: species name, number of individuals, habitat and elevation, if seen singly or in a group, feeding singly, as a group or in mixed flocks.

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No standardized method was employed in the survey of herpetofauna. Instead, a wide array of possible microhabitats (sensu Alcala and Brown, 1998) for frogs and reptiles were examined intensively for the duration of the fieldwork. Sampling periods were usually conducted in the afternoon and the rest of the evening, although sampling in the morning was occasionally done after servicing the nets and traps.

Cage traps were used to capture rodents and shrews. For the ground surface trapping, the traps were placed in various suitable locations (i.e. under root tangles, in front of burrow entrances, along runways, and on top of fallen logs). Traps were baited with either live earthworms or fried coconut coated with peanut butter. All traplines were maintained for three nights. Mistnets were used for capturing bats and were set on ridgetops, across trails and streams, and at edges of clearing adjacent to forest.

Wildlife inventory was complied and biodiversity assessment was carried out for birds, amphibians and reptiles, and mammals. The detail of methodology and wildlife biodiversity assessment is presented in Appendix 5. 4.6.3.2 Birds

A total of 470 individuals representing 60 species of birds were recorded during transects across the five sampling sites. At least 33 species are non‐endemic resident breeders, whereas 21 species are endemic to the Philippines. Also, at least four species are considered as restricted to Luzon Island, namely: the Luzon Tarictic (Penelopides manillae), scale‐feathered Malcoha (Phaenicophaeus cumingi), red‐ crested Malcoha (Phaenicophaeus supercillosus), and the gray‐backed tailorbird (Orthothomus derbianus). Most endemic species recorded are strongly associated (with highest abundance) with forest habitats, especially at Segment 1 (CWA, Site 1), Isla Puting Bato where vegetation is dominated by early to mature second‐growth forest; these sites have 13 and 12 endemic species, respectively. The proposed spoil disposal area (Site 2) and Isla Puting Bato (Site 3) have isolated aggregates of early second growth forest (mostly dominated by pioneer plant species) and expectedly would harbor a substantial number of endemics as well (nine and seven species, respectively). Segments 5‐6 (Site 4) has only two species of endemics and the rest of its avian diversity are strongly associated with open habitats. A total of six species recorded are winter migrants which include the Japanese sparrowhawk (Accipiter gularis), little heron (Butorides striatus), an unidentified plover (Charadrius sp.), grey‐tailed tattler (Heteroscelus brevipes), common kingfisher (Alcedo athis), and the brown shrike (Lanius cristatus). September is usually the onset winter migration for these birds, although there are some species that are known to come early by July. It is expected that the number of winter migrants will increase with the coming months (especially in November). Across the five sites, the Contractorʹs work area at Segment 1 has the highest number of avian species with 31 recorded species. It also has the highest number of endemics (13) and has all the Luzon endemic birds. Site 3 has 23 species and an equally high number of endemics (12), and two of the Luzon endemics. Both sites have predominantly forested habitats. The proposed spoil disposal area has higher species richness than Site 3 with 26 species but has a lower proportion of endemics, and a majority of the bird assemblage is associated with open habitats. MWSS Bigte Portal (Site 5) has relatively low species richness although the presence of seven endemic species is attributed to the presence of early secondary growth forest within its vicinity. Site 4 has the lowest species richness with 11 species and only two endemics; almost all species are associated with open habitats as clearly evident in its landscape. Average diversity index of birds for the five sites is at 2.51. Such modest index is fuelled mostly by the high indices from CWA at Ipo dam site (Segment 1); Isla Puting Bato and spoil disposal area at Ipo dam

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site, which generally have the similar values (2.82 to 2.91). These sites have the highest diversity index values, indicative of the high number of species that are concentrated in the vicinity of Ipo dam. As expected, Segment 5‐6 and MWSS Bigte Portal have the lowest indices, owing mostly to relatively low species diversity, especially at Segments 5 to 6. Evenness and dominance index values show a different trend across the five sites. Isla Puting Bato and Segment 5‐6 sites have highest evenness and lowest dominance indices (Site 3‐0.87 and 0.079; Site 4‐ 0.93 and 0.068), which indicate that these sites have a relatively equally distributed abundances among the species recorded and that numerical dominance is not confined to two or three species. Despite the high diversity index for Ipo CWA, dominance is relatively high attributed to the numerical dominance of only one species, the Philippine Bulbul (Hypsipetes philippinus) with 28 individuals. Segments 5‐6 and MWSS Bigte Portal sites are among the highest in terms of Dominance Index and this is reflective of the unequal distribution of species abundance. 4.6.3.3 Mammals

From mist‐netting, trapping, ocular evidences, and interviews with local guides, a total of 12 species of mammals were recorded in all five sampling sites (see Appendix 5). This total comprised of four species of bats, four species of rodents, one macaque, and one civet. Two mammals species are considered as endemics, the Musky fruit bat (Ptenochirus jagori), and an unidentified shrew rat of the genus Chrotomys (captured by hand at Ipo CWA). Five species are considered as residents, including the three species of bats (Cynopterus, Rousettus, and Tylonycteris), and the macaque Macaca fascicularis (known to occur at Ipo CWA, Isla Puting Bato and MWSS Bigte Portal), and the Palm Civet (Paradoxurus hermaphroditus) whose presence was based on fecal matter seen at Sites 1 and 5. The three invasive pest species recorded were all rodents, and are known to inflict damage to crops, reside in houses and adjacent vegetation, and carry infectious diseases such as Leptospirosis. Virtually all of these invasive, pest rodents occur at all the five sampling sites. Trapping effort of 105 trap‐nights resulted in captures of 11 rodents representing three species; all are invasive pests. At Ipo dam sites (Sites 1‐3), trapping success were at 10% (Ipo CWA), 20% (Ipo Disposal Area) and 13% (Site 3). The low capture rates are attributed to the heavy rains during nighttime which rendered the traps less effective. A total of 16 individuals of bats representing four species were captured in mist nets. Netting success ranged from 0.72 bat per net‐night (Ipo spoil disposal area) to 1 bat per net‐night, which indicates low capture rates and attributable to nighttime rains. 4.6.3.4 Amphibians and Reptiles

A total of five species of amphibians and seven species of reptiles were recorded within the four sampling sites. No survey was done along Segments 5 to 6 as effort was concentrated on bird survey. The lone endemic frog, Platymantis minulus, is a Luzon endemic and usually restricted to forest habitats; this species was recorded only at Ipo CWA. Two resident frog species, Fejervarya cancrivora and Polypedates leucomystax, are common inhabitants of open areas and early secondary growth forest. Two invasive species, Rhinella marina and Kaloula pulchra, are strongly associated with human habitation and open areas. These two invasive species were present in Sites 1 and 5; it is highly likely that they are also present in other sites. The seven species of reptiles are comprised of five residents, and two endemic species. The two endemics, the agamid Draco spilopterus and the monitor lizard Varanus marmoratus were recorded in forested habitats, at CWA at Ipo Dam site (Segment 1) and Isla Puting Bato, respectively. All five resident reptiles are strongly associated with residential, agricultural areas, and occasionally on scrub‐ type vegetation.

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4.6.3.5 Arthropods

Above‐ground sweeping and soil‐litter sampling of arthropods within the project site resulted in a total of 642 individual arthropods representing 14 orders and 69 families recorded (Appendix 5.8). The most represented order (in terms of number of member families) were Coleoptera (beetles) and Diptera (flies) with 15 families each, Lepidoptera (butterflies and moths) and Orthoptera (grasshoppers) with six families, and Hymenoptera (ants, bees, and wasps) with five families. Much of the total abundance was attributed to only three orders, which accounted for more than 70% of the total number of recorded individuals. These were Hymenoptera with 218 individuals, Diptera with 180 individuals, and Lepidoptera with 73 individuals. Among the most dominant families were Formicidae (ants ‐ O. Hymenoptera) with 211 individuals, Psychodidae (moth flies ‐ O. Diptera) with 72 individuals, Sciaridae (fungus gnats ‐ O. Diptera) with 69 individuals, and Nymphalidae (butterflies ‐ O. Lepidoptera) with 35 individuals. Among sampling sites, the Contractorʹs area had the most number of arthropod orders and families recorded with 12 and 45, respectively. A total of 198 individuals were captured, of which almost 50% were psychodid flies and ants. Coleopterans and dipterans were most represented with 12 and 10 families, respectively. Segment 5 to 6 had 36 families and nine orders, and had the highest number of individuals captured with 339. Much of the total abundance for this site is dominated by Formicid ants (53%) and fungus gnats (17%). Hemipterans (hoppers and bugs) were highly represented at this site with nine families. At least 29 families representing 10 orders were recorded at Brgy. Bigte; nympahlid butterflies were most numerous at this site with 14 individuals captured. Most represented orders within the site had relatively even number of families: Orthoptera and Hemiptera with six, Lepidoptera with five, and Diptera with four families. Most of the sampling effort was concentrated at the cited sites; sampling at the disposal area and Isla putting Bato were incidental in nature (i.e. during conduct of bird transects) so that diversity and abundance numbers at these areas were comparatively sparse. Above-ground Arthropods Sampling at above‐ground stratum resulted to a tally of 13 orders, 61 families and 515 individuals (Appendix 5.8); roughly 80% of all arthropods were recorded in this stratum. Dipterans had the most number of families represented with 15, whereas coleopterans and hemipterans accounted for 10 families apiece. A substantial proportion of individuals (70%) were hymnenopterans (195), dipterans (95), and lepidopterans (73). Highly represented orders such as coleoopterans and hemipterans accounted for only 11% of total number arthropod individuals captured. Computed overall diversity index (in terms of number of families and their respective abundance) was more or less modest with 2.75 (a value of 3 or higher denotes a high index and thus more diverse). The sampling site within the Contractorʹs area had the highest diversity index with 3.22, and followed by Brgy. Bigte with 2.98. Segments 5 to 6 had a low index (1.92), despite having the highest number of families and abundance. This can be attributed to numerical dominance of only a few families, of which Sciaridae and Formicidae accounted for more than 70% of the total abundance for the sampling site. Soil-litter Arthropods Arthropod diversity was much depressed in the soil‐litter strata (Appendix 5.8). At least half of the arthropod order, and more than two‐thirds of the families were not recorded. Total abundance and diversity index were also considerably lower. On the other hand, soil‐litter strata harbor a distinct arthropod assemblage, of which almost half of the families are exclusive dwellers. These include:

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Anthicidae, Bruchidae, Carabidae, Dermestidae, and Erotylidae‐ all coleopterans, and the psocopterans (barklice) Lepidosocisdae, Pachytrochidae, and Stenopcidae. 4.6.3.6 Species of Conservation Significance

At least nine species present in the project area were chosen as noteworthy based on several characteristics: (1) restricted to Greater Luzon Biogeographic Region, (2) listed as globally threatened by IUCN, and (3) heavily exploited for food or taken as household pets. Five species of birds are noteworthy of which four are endemic to Luzon (already mentioned) whereas two species are classified as threatened species. The Luzon Tarictic and the Philippine Eagle Owl (Bubo philippensis) are classified as near‐threatened and vulnerable, respectively. All of these noteworthy avian species were recorded at Ipo CWA and Isla Puting Bato. Two species of mammals, the shrew rat Chrotomys sp. and the long‐tailed Macaque (Macaca fascicularis) deserve special mention as the former is probably confined within Luzon (as most of its congeners are), and that the latter is heavily hunted either as food or as pets. The long‐tailed Macaque is also listed in the CITES. Platymantis mimulus is known only from a very few localities on Luzon Island. It is a poorly known species, with information on ecology, reproduction, and population severely lacking. The monitor lizard Varanus marmoratus is heavily hunted across its known distribution.

4.6.4 Freshwater Ecology 4.6.4.1 Sampling Sites and Methodology

Sampling sites of the aquatic ecology cover two general areas that are perceived to be the ‘impact’ areas of the proposed project: (a) within the vicinity of Ipo dam where the intake channel would be located and (b) within the vicinity of Bigte river where the exit tunnel construction would be located. In each of these sites a 50m stream length was designated as the sampling area. These sampling sites are presented in Table 17. An initial sampling activity was done in the first and third week of August 2013. It should be noted that the sampling regimes were conducted during the “rainy” season of the year, with typhoon “Maring” occurring in between the two sampling periods, bringing heavy rains even up to the second sampling period.

Table 17: River Ecology Sampling Stations

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Sampling sites Date / Time General Remarks

Site 1. Ipo Dam 8/23/2013; Sampling after storm Maring; cloudy; with few hours of sunlight in the upstream (IPO4 in morning but with light to heavy rains in the late afternoon and 1050h map) evening. Sampling about 100m from the Angat spillway; depth about 3m; molluscan fauna are lesser in number; stone and rocks with few insects; 50m downstream with stony muddy substrate; reported by fishermen - tilapia, carp, kanduli, biya, halfbeaks, gourami.

Site 2. Ipo Dam 8/23/2013; Banks with generally good vegetation cover but with one area midstream (IPO2 in observed to be recently eroded; with human habitation in relatively map) 1220h flat areas.

Site 3. Ipo Dam 8/23/2013; Banks with infrastructure generally with good vegetation cover; Infrastructure site proposed tunnel inlet site. 1350h (IPO1 in map)

Site 4. Ipo Dam 8/23/2013; Substratum stony-rocky with boulders; water murky; with about 50m. below dam (IPO DS1 in map) 1520h

Site 5. Bigte River 8/23/2013; Small stream in the old seedling site of MWSS; stream joins Bigte tributary (SW Bigte 1 River about 15m downstream; gravel-sand-mud substrate; proposed in map) 0850h tunnel outlet site.

Site 6. Sta. Maria 8/23/2013; Santa Maria River underneath bridge in San Jose del Monte in River Bulacan; Bigte River is a tributary of this channel. 1130h

Site 7. Angat River in 8/23/2013; Main channel of Angat River in Angat town. the Municipality of Angat 1530h

The riparian, channel and environmental (RCE) inventory has been developed to assess the physical and biological condition of small streams in the lowland and agricultural landscape. It consists of 14 characteristics which define the structure of the riparian zone, stream channel morphology, and the biological condition in both habitats. The scoreboard is presented in Appendix 4 for the conditions in the site up to 50m upstream and downstream of the recorder. The RCE was developed for flowing‐ water streams. Zooplankton and phytoplankton samples were collected from the water column using plankton net of 60μm mesh size. Approximately 50L water was collected, mostly from slow‐moving sections of the stream. Samples were immediately placed in plastic leak‐proof bottles, and preserved in 70% ethyl alcohol. Plankton identification and counts were determined in the laboratory. Each water sample was tapped with additional water to make 10ml. From this 10ml sample, a 1ml sub‐sample was taken after thorough mixing for plankton identification and counts.

TA 8196-PHI: Angat Water Transmission Improvement Project Initial Environmental Examination – Output 2

Where the substratum was composed of stones, attached algae were scraped off using a plastic brush with very pliable bristles, from a 10m riverbank transect for an approximate total of 1m2 of surface area of stones and other suitable substrates (leaf litter, wood, etc). In sandy or muddy substrates, approximately 1m2 (cumulative) of substrate (taken 1‐inch deep) was passed through a 1mm sieve. Insects are also often used as biological indicators of disturbance. Thus, the presence of disturbance‐ sensitive organisms like plecopterans, ephemeropterans, trichopterans, riffle beetles, blackfly and cranefly larvae, may be indicators of relatively good water quality. A locally made electro‐fishing gear was used in the study. In each site, an approximately 30m length of the stream was subjected to electro‐fishing in wadable sections of the river. Fish samples were immediately preliminarily sorted, identified, and preserved in ice. The prevailing stormy weather condition at the times of sampling most probably hindered the collection effort for fish samples for eco‐toxicological analysis. Thus, only five species were used for the analysis. These are Arius dispar (kanduli), Glossogobius giuris (biya), Channa striata (dalag), Oreochromis niloticus (tilapia), and Labeo rohita (karpa). These species are edible and reported to be common in Ipo dam. 4.6.4.2 Riparian Channel Evaluation (RCE)

The RCE scores at the Ipo river sites and the Channel at Bigte are presented in Appendix 4.2. Since no existing RCE can be used for comparison, the data provide a baseline against which the effect of new development activities can be assessed. The use of the RCE in the Philippines is not yet extensively used and well studied. Even the ratinale of the scoreboard has not yet been evaluated within our own country setting. It is included in the IEE not so much as a definitive test of “quality” but more for the search of “quality standards” and monitoring changes within a stream for long periods of time. 4.6.4.3 Freshwater Biota - Plankton

The plankton catch in all the sites is almost nil. Only a few nauplius larvae were collected from the midstream portion of the Ipo dam lake. It is possible that the intense precipitation has diluted much the plankton density in the sampling sites. 4.6.4.4 Freshwater Biota - Macro-benthos Insects No insect larva was collected in the suitable environments. Macrobenthic insects usually prefer a hard substratum. The conditions in the dam sites do not generally satisfy this requirement. With the large quantity and the turbidity of water, this becomes a stressful environment for aquatic macro‐benthic insects. In the river sites, the increase flow and volume of water can easily displace these organisms from their habitat. Molluscs Collected molluscs are typical and comparable to those found all over the Philippines. Of the molluscan species collected, Brotia asperata and Corbicula manilensis are also collected for table consumption by the locals.

Table 18: Mollusc Diversity Index

TA 8196-PHI: Angat Water Transmission Improvement Project Initial Environmental Examination – Output 2

Sites Index Evenness Richness

Site 1-3 Angat river 1.673 0.934 6 Site 4 downstream of Ipo dam 1.026 0.637 5 Site 5 Bigte river 0.687 0.625 3

The lake waters present the most favorable environment for the molluscs, among the three sites compared. The neritid Clithon corona is characteristic of relatively clean river waters, and they are abundant in Site 4. In the river environment of Site 5, this species was not present in the collection site sampled. This species may be a good indicator of relative disturbance for assessing the project impact.

A cluster dendrogram for molluscan similarity of the sites (UPGMA clustering; Jaccard’s similarity index) was presented below. Jaccard’s similarity index takes into consideration only the presence or absence of the species. This indicates that mollusc population at Ipo reservoir is the same with the mollusc population downstream of the Ipo dam.

Figure 19: Angat River Mollusc Dendogram

Macro-crustaceans The shrimp and crab fauna are still relatively species poor with only four genera present, Macrobrachium, Atyopsis, Caridina, and Varuna. Almost all taxa were present in the sites where fish sampling was also done. The catch is small, just about 100g. 4.6.4.5 Freshwater Biota - Fish Fauna

Fourteen species of fishes were collected from the sites. More species were collected in the lake waters, with the predominance of tilapia and ayungin in the catch. Because of the unfavourable weather conditions, a less than systematic sampling could only be done. Table 17 shows the fish diversity index of the three sites above.

Table 19: Fish Diversity Index

TA 8196-PHI: Angat Water Transmission Improvement Project Initial Environmental Examination – Output 2

Sample Index Evenness Richness

Sites 1-3 Angat river 2.104 0.878 11 Site 4 Ipo dam downstream 2.101 0.819 13 Site 5 Bigte river 2.062 0.895 10

The lake water (Sites 1‐3) has the highest diversity index although only 11 species were collected. Site 4 was second, but was richer in two more species. The lowest species richness was found at Bigte with 10 species, but the differences are small. Cluster analysis was done to assess site similarity and the result was given in the dendrogram in Figure 20 below.

Figure 20: Angat River Fish Dendogram

The Ipo lake area and the portion of Angat river below the dam structure are about 70% similar in the presence or absence of a specific fish species. 4.6.4.6 Ecotoxicological Studies

Fish samples were sent to laboratory for heavy metal testing. Only the flesh of the fish was tested for arsenic, cadmium, chromium, lead, mercury and selenium. Results show that only mercury was above the acceptable limit in most of the fish samples (except for tilapia from Angat river upper reach).

Table 20: Heavy Metals in Fish

Sample code AT4-F1 AT4-F2 AT4-F3 AT4-F4 AT5-F5 fish species Kanduli Biya Tilapia Carpa Dalag (Common Test Reporting Unit name) method limits Angat Angat Angat Angat Bigte

upstream upstream upstream upstream Sampling site Gaseous Arsenic 0.01 mg/kg ND ND ND ND ND hydride AAS Cadmium Flame AAS 0.02 mg/kg ND ND ND ND ND Chromium Flame AAS 0.05 mg/kg ND ND ND ND ND Lead Flame AAS 0.1 mg/kg ND ND ND ND ND Manual cold Mercury 0.005 mg/kg 0.2 0.06 ND 0.2 0.2 vapor ASS Gaseous Selenium 0.005 mg/kg ND ND ND ND ND hydride AAS

TA 8196-PHI: Angat Water Transmission Improvement Project Initial Environmental Examination – Output 2

4.6.5 Summary Description of the Project Segments

Table 21 has the description of the environment in every segment from Ipo dam site to MWW Bigte portal. Segment 1 (Ipo dam site) is a forest zone. It is also in a build up zone of the Ipo watershed controlled zone. It is a part of a protected area, the Angat Watershed Forest Reserve (55,000ha managed by NPC), Angat Watershed and Forest Range (Pilot)/Ipo Watershed managed by DENR and MWSS. There are no physical cultural resources found in this segment. About 49 structures were found at 60m ROW. The depth of the tunnel is about 100m to 200m in the basalt rock formation at this segment. The segment is covered with tree‐dominated vegetation, mostly domestic trees but has low diversity. No endemic vegetation species was found. There is a moderate diversity in wildlife. Groundwater quality must be within DENR standards. Results in surface water have shown that coliform counts were reported at the confluence of Sapang Munti and Ipo and downstream of the dam past the community site. The air quality should also be within DENR standards. The CWA for the construction of the inlet structure will be located at Segment 1 which is about 1ha. The CWA includes material storage, workers’ cam. An existing dirt road down the hill and finally to the intake structure site can be used during the construction phase.

TA 8196-PHI: Angat Water Transmission Improvement Project

Initial Environmental Examination – Output 2 Figure 21: Project Segments

TA 8196-PHI: Angat Water Transmission Improvement Project Initial Environmental Examination – Output 2

Figure 22: Location of the Inlet and Associated Works

TEMPORARY SPOIL DISPOSAL AREA

CONTRACTOR’S WORKERS’ AREA

Segment 2 (San Mateo Rolling Terrain) is located in a residential zone, forest zone and forest buffer zone. It is found within the indicative boundary of Angat Watershed Forest Reserve. A total of 18 infrastructure were found within the 60m ROW. The tunnel will traverse basalt and sediment rock formation at about 125mbg to 200mbg. Segment 2 vegetation was dominated by brushland. No endemic vegetation species was found. This segment has low to very low vegetation diversity and low wildlife diversity. No endemic wildlife species was found. The groundwater and surface water qualities must be within the DENR standards and air quality. Segment 3 (AFP housing) is located in a forest buffer zone. It was not a part of protected area and no physical cultural resources were found on this segment. A total of 201 infrastructure, mostly housing units of the AFP subdivision, were identified within the 60m ROW. The tunnel traverses sediment and volcanic rock formation at about 100mbg to 125 mbg. This segment is covered by residential, subdivisions, cultivated area and brushland. It has low to very low vegetation diversity and low wildlife diversity. No endemic wildlife species were found. Groundwater and surface water qualities must be within the DENR standards and air quality. Segment 4 (Grassland) is located in a forest and residential buffer zones. The barangay cemetery is located 300m away from the tunnel ROW. A total of eight infrastructure were found within the 60m ROW. The tunnel traverses Alagao volcanic rock formation at a depth of about 100m to 125 m. The vegetation in this segment comprises of grassland and brushland. This segment has low to very low vegetation diversity and low wildlife diversity. No endemic wildlife species was found. Groundwater and surface water qualities must be within DENR standards and air quality. Segment 5 (Road ROW) is located in residential and agricultural zones. It is not a part of a protected area. No physical cultural resources were found near this segment. A total of 13 infrastructure were found within the 60m ROW. The tunnel depth is about 100m to 125m and traverses Alagao volcanic

TA 8196-PHI: Angat Water Transmission Improvement Project Initial Environmental Examination – Output 2

rock formation. Segment 5 vegetation comprises of grassland and brushland. This segment has low to very low vegetation diversity and low wildlife diversity. Groundwater and surface water qualities must be within DENR standards and air quality. Segment 6 (Grassland) is located in a residential and agricultural zones. It is not a part of a protected area. No physical cultural resources identified near this segment. A total of 12 infrastructure are within the 60m ROW. The tunnel depth is about 50m to 100 m and traverses Alagao volcanic rock formation. This segment is dominated with grassland and brushland. This segment has low to very low vegetation diversity and low wildlife diversity. No endemic wildlife species were found. Groundwater and surface water qualities must be within DENR standards. The elevated noise level is observed at 19:00 to 21:01. Segment 7 (Brgy. Bigte) is located in residential, agricultural zone and quarry zone. Pinagrealan Cave is about 450m away from tunnel ROW. It is considered tourist attraction and historical landmark in Norzagaray. There are about 23 infrastructure found within the 60m ROW. The tunnel depth is about 20mbg to 50 mbg and traverses volcanic and limestone rock formation. This is the outlet location and the area is dominated by rain tree and mahogany while the proposed disposal area is dominated by open‐type vegetation. This segment has low to very low vegetation diversity. Endemic species found is narra (Pterocarpus indicus). There is moderate wildlife diversity in this segment. Groundwater quality must be within DENR standards, while results in surface water have shown a high coliform measure. Elevated noise level is observed at nighttime between 19:00 to 21:00.

Figure 23: Location of the Outlet Structure

TEMPORARY SPOIL DISPOSAL AREA

CONTRACTORS’ WORK AREA

TA 8196-PHI: Angat Water Transmission Improvement Project Initial Environmental Examination – Output 2

Table 21: Summary Description of Tunnel Segments

2 Segment 1 3 4 5 6 7 description San Mateo rolling AFP housing Grassland Road ROW Grassland Bigte Ipo dam site terrain Land use based on Forest zone; built Residential zone, Forest buffer zone Forest buffer zone. Residential zone, Residential zone, Residential zone, CLUP up zone of the IPO forest zone, forest Residential zone agricultural zone agricultural zone agricultural zone, watershed buffer zone quarry controlled zone Protected area Angat Watershed Indicative None None None None None Forest Reserve boundary of Angat (55,500ha Watershed Forest managed by NPC), Reserve Angat Watershed and Forest Range (Pilot)/ Ipo Watershed managed by DENR and MWSS Physical cultural None None None ROW is 300m None None 450m away from resources away from Pinagrealan Cave cemetery Infrastructure (60m 49 18 201 8 13 12 23 ROW) Tunnel depth (mbg) 100-200 125-200 100-125 100-125 100-125 50-100 20-50 Rock formation at ROW Basalt 25%basalt; 75% 70% sediment; Alagao volcanics Alagao volcanics Alagao volcanics 20% volcanics; sediments 30% volcanic 80% limestone Vegetation cover Tree-dominated Brushland Residential Grassland and Grassland and Grassland and Rain tree and vegetation mostly vegetation subdivision, brushland brushland brushland mahogany - domesticated trees cultivated area and vegetation vegetation vegetation dominated brushland vegetation in Bigte; Open type vegetation in the proposed disposal area Vegetation diversity Low diversity Low to very low Low to very low Low to very low Low to very low Low to very low Low to very low diversity diversity diversity diversity diversity diversity Endemic vegetation None None Narra (Pterocarpus species indicus)

TA 8196-PHI: Angat Water Transmission Improvement Project Initial Environmental Examination – Output 2

2 Segment 1 3 4 5 6 7 description San Mateo rolling AFP housing Grassland Road ROW Grassland Bigte Ipo dam site terrain Wildlife diversity Moderate diversity Low diversity Low diversity Low diversity Low diversity Low diversity Moderate diversity Endemic wildlife species Macropygia tenuirostris (Brown cuckoo dove), Phapitreron leucotis (White- eared brown dove), Bolbopsittacus lunulatus (Guiabero), Phaenicophaeus cumingi (Scale- feathered malkoha), Phaenicophaeus superciliosus (Red- crested malkoha), Collocalia troglodytes (Pygmy Swiftlet), Penelopides manillae (Tarictic hornbill),Dendrocop os maculatus (Philippine Woodpecker), Hypsipetes philippinus (Philippine bulbul), Dicrurus balicassius (Balicassiao), Copsychus luzoniensis (White- browed shama), Orthotomus derbianus (Grey- backed tailorbird), Phylloscopus cebuensis (Lemon- throated leaf- warbler), Sarcops calvus (Coleto),

TA 8196-PHI: Angat Water Transmission Improvement Project Initial Environmental Examination – Output 2

2 Segment 1 3 4 5 6 7 description San Mateo rolling AFP housing Grassland Road ROW Grassland Bigte Ipo dam site terrain Dicaeum australe (Red-keeled Flowerpecker) Water quality Groundwater Within DENR Within DENR Within DENR Fecal coliform Within DENR Within DENR Within DENR standards standards standards reported standards standards standards Surface water Coliform counts Within DENR Within DENR Within DENR Within DENR Within DENR High coliform reported at the standards standards standards standards standards measure reported confluence of Sapang Munti and Ipo; and downstream of the dam past the community site Air quality Within DENR Within DENR Within DENR Within DENR Within DENR Elevated noise Elevated noise standards standards standards standards standards level observed at level observed at 19:00 - 21:01 19:00 - 21:00

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4.7 Economic Development

4.7.1 Land Use

The Ipo dam area (Segment 1) is within the watershed area and considered a protected area. This zone is classified as forest zone based on the CLUP of the Municipality of Norzagaray. Segment 1 area is within the built up zone of the Ipo watershed controlled zone. The rest of the segments of the tunnel alignment and project components are within forest buffer, residential and agricultural zones.

4.7.2 Infrastructure Facilities

The infrastructure facilities at Brgys. Bigte and San Mateo include the MWSS tunnel 1, 2 and 3, Ipo dam and related infrastructure. The Ipo road, which links the MWSS Bigte portal and Ipo dam site, is a national road maintained by DPWH. Figure 24: Defective Housing Unit of AFP The AFP housing subdivision is being Subdivision in Segment 3 developed in Segment 3 (near San Mateo Barangay Hall). An area of the subdivision traverses the MWSS tunnel ROW. Defects in the housing units were already observed during the ocular survey of the tunnel ROW and prior to any construction activities of Tunnel 4.

4.7.3 Transportation

The means of transport at Bigte and San Mateo are jeepney and tricycle travelling along Ipo road. Some barangay roads are paved especially the ones connecting to the national road. There are about 7km barangay dirt roads of San Mateo and Brgy. Bigte. These roads are muddy and often not passable by vehicle during wet season. Private vehicles of communities and transport services of the MWSS, CPF (transport service of MWSI and MWCI) are the common Ipo road users.

4.7.4 Power Sources and Transmission

Communities in the watershed have very limited or no power sources. Some communities rely on the solar power units installed in the communities. Most of these, however, are no longer operational. The Bulacan Bulk Water Project is currently being planned by the MWSS and Manila Water to supply the needs of the municipalities of the Province of Bulacan.

4.7.5 Agricultural Development, Mineral Development, and Tourism Facilities

Segments 2 to 6 are mostly rain‐fed agricultural land. Quarry for limestone and Pinagrealan Cave is located at Segment 7. The quarry area is the site where Spar Corporation and La Farge Cement Company are operating. The Pinagrealan Cave, about 450m away from the Tunnel 4, is considered a tourist attraction in Norzagaray.

TA 8196-PHI: Angat Water Transmission Improvement Project Initial Environmental Examination – Output 2

4.8 Social and Cultural Resources

4.8.1 Population and Communities

The Municipality of Norzagaray, where the water transmission line (Tunnel 4) will be constructed, is in the southeast of Bulacan bordering the Municipality of Montalban, Rizal Province. It is bound on the north by the Municipality of Doña Remedios Trinidad, by the Municipalities of Angat and Sta. Maria in the west and by the City of San Jose del Monte in the southwest. It is part of the third congressional District of Bulacan together with Angat, San Rafael, San Ildefonso and San Miguel, all on the eastern side of Bulacan. More than one‐third of the municipality‘s land area is within Angat watershed that was delineated through Proclamation 71 dated 10 March 1927 covering a total area of some 62,310ha of the Sierra Madre Mountain Range in the Province of Bulacan and Nueva Ecija. The Angat and Ipo dams are located in the watershed boundary. The dams are notable for being a major water and power supply for Metro Manila. Ipo dam is located downstream of the Angat Multi‐purpose Dam below the confluence with the Ipo river. Proclamation No.391 (April 30 1968) transferred the administration and management of the Ipo dam watershed from NPC to MWSS and DENR. The management includes the regulation of occupancy and use of the watershed forest reserve, cutting, collection, and removal of timber and other forest products within the watershed in accordance with forest laws and regulation.

Norzagaray belongs to the third district of Bulacan and is classified as 1st class municipality.15 It has a total land area of about 288.52km² (Table 22).

Table 22: Municipal Profile of Norzagaray, Bulacan

Founded 1857

Total of barangays 13

Total area 288.52km²

Population 2010 103,095

Density 360 km²

District 3rd District

Income class 1st Class

Regional classification Region 3

At present, Norzagaray is divided into 13 barangays with an estimated total land area of some 30,819ha, excluding some 1,607ha contested with Doña Remedios Trinidad and San Jose del Monte. Brgy. San Mateo is the second largest in terms of land area representing 24.13% while Bigte is the 9th largest representing 1.89% of the total municipal land area.

15 Municipalities in the Philippines are divided into income classes according to average annual income during the previous four calendar years. First class municipality has an average annual income of 55M Php or more.

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Table 23: Population/Growth Rate of Norzagaray, Bulacan

Year Population ±% p.a - 1995 51,015 8.58 2000 76,978 4.60 2007 105,470 -0.76 2010 103,095

Between 1995 and 2007, the municipal population was more than double. This was the result of the relocation programs of the national government, the populations of Brgys. Tigbe and Bitungol increased rapidly between 1995 and2000 primarily due to migration toward the resettlement sites of North Village Housing (NVH) and Friendship Village Resources (FVR). On average, 2,226 persons annually relocated into Norzagaray between 2000 and 2007. This caused undue burden for the local government unit (LGU) to provide for the increase demand for social services and facilities. Norzagaray is a net in‐migration area from 2000 to 2007 (NCSO/Municipal Civil Registrar Office). In 2010, however, population slightly decreased due to out‐migration. Indigenous peoples (IP), known as Dumagats, reside in the mountains of Norzagaray, particularly in San Mateo and San Lorenzo. About 367 IPs live in San Mateo while 8 IPs live in Bigte. Currently, CADT application of the Dumagats of Brgy. Kabayunan, Municipality of Dona Remedios Trinidad Bulacan, Brgys. San Lorenzo, San Mateo and San Isidro, all in the municipality of Norzagaray Bulacan is being processed by the NCIP regional office. Social preparation activities were already undertaken as of November 2013 and delineation of the claimed ancestral domain is being prepared. A total of 593 families are claiming CADT ownership. About 209 families from Sitio Ipo, 13 families from Sitio Paco , 48 families from Sitio Anginan/Santol and 53 families from Sapang Munti, all from Brgy. San Mateo, Norzagaray Bulacan are included as CADT claimants. The Karahume Ancestral Domain Sustainable Development and Protection Plan (ADSDPP) was completed in December 2008 and endorsed by the Sangguniang Bayan of Norzagaray on 20 July 2009. The ADSDPP of Karahume envisions, “to have a peaceful, progressive, environment friendly and self‐ sustaining Dumagat community wherein human rights is respected by the state and the rights for better education, good health, better livelihood programs is guaranteed by government.” The ADSDPP implementation, covering about 1,145ha targeted as mix land use, faces crucial challenges due to multiplicity of land tenure instruments over portions of the CADT, of which portions of the CADT fall within the proclaimed forest reserves of the MWSS and NPC (Presidential Proclamation Nos. 391 and 599 and a CBFM issued by DENR). The mixed land use includes (i) agricultural (351ha), (ii) cemetery (2ha), (iii) communal forest (303ha), (iv) eco‐tourism (7ha), (v) pasture land (59ha), (vi) reforestation (782ha), (vii) residential (81ha), and (viii) sanctuary (232ha). The other issues include the intrusion of the non‐IPs upland farmers and trading of land rights over portions of CADT. At present, in addition to the Karahume CADT, the Dumagats have applied CADT for the entire Angat Watershed and Forest Reserve, including the portion of the project site – Segment 1. There are significant number of laborers and unskilled workers among the employed persons, followed by trade and related workers, plant and machine operators and assemblers, farmers, forestry workers and fishermen. With the increase of the construction activities in the area due to Tunnel 4 construction, including the increased requirement of the cement factories and their respective quarry sites, the inadequacy of livelihood and employment opportunities were given a boost and this included the resettled families in the area. Skills training, capability building and financial assistance were

TA 8196-PHI: Angat Water Transmission Improvement Project Initial Environmental Examination – Output 2

provided to the new settlers and several women were trained in rag‐making which grew into a livelihood opportunity for the residents. Norzagaray, being a first class municipality, generates more than half of its revenue from local business locators, quarrying and cement manufacturing, including hydropower plant and other industries. Less than 40% come from Internal Revenue Allotment (IRA) from the national government.

4.8.2 Health Facilities

Primary health services are provided to Norzagaray residents through a network of a municipal hospital and two rural health units. This is complemented by six privately operated health facilities. The Norzagaray Municipal Hospital is located in Brgy. Poblacion and is being operated by the municipal government and also caters for the primary health care needs of neighboring municipalities. In terms of water access, only 66.45% have access to safe water in Bigte and 28.45 % in San Mateo. The Bulacan Bulk Water project is currently being planned by the MWSS and Manila Water to supply the needs of the municipalities of the Province of Bulacan.

Table 24: Percent Households by Type of Water Facility Used (San Mateo)

Water facility type Household (%) Community Water System (WS) owned 35.55 Community WS shared 19.59 Deep well owned 3.56 Deep well Shared 16.11 Dug/Shallow well owned 1.08 Dug/Shallow well shared 4.11 River, stream, lake, spring bodies of water 10.24 Bottled water 6.3 Others 1.50 Total 100.00 Source: CBMS 2006 results

4.8.3 Education Facilities

The municipality provides the basic primary high school and a municipal college for its constituents. Pre‐school and day‐care and kindergarten are operated in each barangay of the municipality.

4.8.4 Socio‐economic Conditions

The local economy is dominated by the service sector, followed by industry, and then the agriculture, fishery and forestry sector. Table 25 shows the distribution of employment by sector.

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Table 25: Sectoral Distribution of Employment CY 2000, Bulacan and Norzagaray

Norzagaray Sector Bulacan Municipality (%) Prov Sector (%) Agricultural, Fishery, and 12.40 12.43 3.27 Forestry Industry 27.26 29.21 3.50 Services 60.34 58.36 3.16 Total 100.00 100.00 3.27 Source: CLUP Norzagaray/National Statistics Office (NSO)

The contribution of the mining sub‐sector in the industry is significant and slightly higher in Norzagaray than the province. However, it may be seen that the total employment share of Norzagaray is a mere 3.27% of the province. The high location quotient is due to the accessibility of the quarry areas and establishments of the three large cement manufacturing plants (Republic cement, Holcim and La Farge) contribute to this comparative advantage. In addition, it has also exhibited and continues to exhibit an advantage compared to the other municipalities of Bulacan in electricity, gas and water, construction and wholesale and retail trade. This is due to the continuing operation of NPC’s Angat Dam Hydro Electric Power Plant, the Trans Asia Power Generation Corporation and the MWSS Ipo Dam. Data from the Municipal Agricultural Office show that as of December 2007, the municipality has an estimated 9,250ha of agricultural lands but more than half of the of this is not used for crop production and remains covered with grass. Of the municipality’s agricultural lands, only around 44% are used for production activities. Almost a third (3,278ha) is used for crop production while some 780ha are used for livestock and fishery production. Rice, mango, banana, and root crops are the mostly extensively grown crops. But only 14% of the rice lands are irrigated. In some areas, rice lands have remained untilled or abandoned as prospective expansion areas of the existing quarry operations.

Table 26: Extent and Average Yields of Agriculture Land Use: Norzagaray

Ave. yield / Crops/Livestock Area (Has) (%) No. of Farmers mt / ha / year

Crops 3,287.43 35.51 4,379

Rice 4.17 ‐ Rainfed 1,152 12.44 1,o56 3.77 ‐ Irrigated 162 1.75 268 5.37 Mango 665.71 7.19 885 429.82 4.64 575 4.19 Banana

Coconut 142.04 1.53 630 11.34

Coffee 21.15 0.23 55 0.16

Root Crops 228.71 2.47 322 9.27

Other crops 486 5.25 853 4.6

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Ave. yield / Crops/Livestock Area (Has) (%) No. of Farmers mt / ha / year

Livestock 780.52 8.43 2,900 7.05 Swine 20.9 0.23 602 7.05 Large Cattle 303.1 3.27 1,366 4.32 Native Chicken 0.87 0.01 605 4.32 Broiler 4.37 0.05 167 0.59 Fishery 450.92 4.87 160 0 Grassland 5,190.05 56.06 7,279 Total 9,258.00 100 Source: CLUP Norzagaray/ 2007 Municipal Agricultural Profile

In addition to cement production, Norzagaray hosts companies that manufacture feeds (Subjin), roofing materials (Vasquez), agrochemicals (Oria), fireworks (Nomilyn and DSP), and corrugated carton (Jennson), among others.

4.8.5 Physical Cultural Resources

The only physical cultural resource16 (PCR) near the MWSS tunnel ROW is Pinagrealan Cave. The Pinagrealan Cave near the Bigte segment and is about 450m away from the tunnel ROW. It is a declared historical landmark by the National Historical Commission of the Philippines. The local government of Norzagaray also recognizes its historical and tourism importance17. The application of the cave as protected area under NIPAS is ongoing.

16 Physical and cultural resources are defined as movable or immovable objects, sites, structures, groups of structures, and natural features and landscapes that have archaeological, paleontological, historical, architectural, religious, aesthetic or other cultural significance. PCRs are important as sources of valuable scientific and historical information, as assets for economic and social development and as integral parts of a people’s cultural identity and practices. 17 This was included in Norzagaray CLUP 2011‐2020

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5 Anticipated Environmental Impacts and Mitigation Measures 5.1 Approach

ADB’s Rapid Environmental Assessment Checklist for urban and water infrastructure projects was used to identify potential impacts of the project (Appendix 1). An Interaction Matrix (Leopold Matrix) was then developed to identify the types and locations of potential impacts during the construction and operation phases (Tables 25 and 26). Following identification of the main impacts, an outline environmental management plan was prepared to set out the proposed mitigation and implementation issues (Tables 27 to 29). For this project, most of the adverse environmental impacts are associated with the tunnel construction and associated spoil disposal. Areas most likely to be affected by construction activities are the sites of the tunnel inlet/outlet works, the temporary and final spoil disposal areas, the construction compounds, and haulage routes to and from site. During operations, the main impact of the scheme would be a year‐round reduction of water in the Angat river (Table 26). 5. 2 Issues and Concerns Relative to Siting, Planning and Design

Screening using the REA checklist has revealed the following siting concerns for consideration in planning and design of the Project, including the method/s of construction. a) Although urban development within the MWSS ROW is not significant, the following, found within it and in close proximity, need to be considered as they will be exposed to potential impacts from the Project, mainly during construction and to a lesser extent during maintenance/repair works: (1) few people residing, their structural assets, their source of water (groundwater), and economic activities; (2) existing relevant community and protected area roads; and (3) components of the existing raw water transmission system, i.e. tunnels, aqueducts, inlets, outlets and their appurtenances. b) The project area is within the Angat Watershed and Forest Range, a protected area, and its buffer zone. The inlet structure is at the indicative boundary of the protected area; and tunnel Segments 1 and 2 traverse the buffer zone. MWSS ROW is included in the management plan for the protected area and its buffer zone. c) Angat river and Bigte creek will be subject to potential water quality impacts during construction. d) Existing Ipo road is about 5m wide and winding. Some household structures have encroached into the road ROWs. e) Situated in a tectonically active region, the Project area is subject to earthquake events. Project area is also subject to flooding and landslides. Additionally, planning and design must adequately address environmental parameters and concerns regarding: a) Climate change‐induced wind and floods and precipitation that would lead to unanticipated necessary flow release of dam/s; b) Seismicity and the applicable maximum design earthquake; c) Other physical hazards that may be induced by tunnel construction, e.g. ground collapse/landslides/subsidence

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d) Vulnerability of groundwater tables with tunnelling, e.g. potential impact on quality and/or their flow e) Spoil to be generated during construction f) Impacts of the proposed spoil disposal area near Angat river g) Safe storage of explosives for blasting;

h) Provision of interim fish landing to temporarily replace the existing fish landing that will be have to be closed during construction of the intake structure i) Potential social issues and concerns and stakeholders ’opinions on the Project, including the Dumagat group of indigenous people living within the Ipo watershed area.

In preparing feasibility study and conducting social due diligence and this IEE, the following mitigation measures have been undertaken to minimize the project’s environmental and socio‐ economic impacts: a) In the conduct of social due diligence, activities to assess the Project’s potential impacts on people, structures, land/assets and tree crops were conducted and included in the FS report. The activities revealed no involuntary resettlement will take place.

To address concerns regarding indigenous people, adequate consultation and assessment were carried out (see Appendix 7) and included in the FS report. During the consultation, the IPs were informed of the current environmental and social status of the area, activities for the tunnel construction and potential Contractor’s work area. The activities revealed no resettlement or permanent displacement of IP will be involved. At the time of preparation of this IEE, the CADT is in the process of application by Dumagats. The area of the ancestral domain being applied for covers majority of the Angat Forest Reserve, which includes the Contractor’s Work Area.

b) In the conduct of IEE, protected area relevant concerns were addressed through: (1) consultations with DENR’s PAWB and Regional Office, the watershed management Consultants of MWSS, the Dumagats residing within the Ipo watershed; (2) review of policies and regulations governing and/or relevant to protected areas, watershed management plans; (3) conduct of detailed surveys of terrestrial vegetation, wildlife and freshwater ecology; and (4) assessment of the project’s impacts and risks on biodiversity and natural resources in accordance with SPS 2009.

 PAWB Technical Bulletin 2013‐01 indicates that the Angat Watershed is not designated as critical habitat. With the issuance of SAPA currently suspended and the absence of an established PAMB (a pre‐requisite for a SAPA) for the Angat Watershed and Forest Reserve, the DENR RO 3 has advised that the applicable instrument for the Project is an MOA among DENR, NPC and MWSS. DENR is yet to provide a letter to MWSS to formally document such advice (see Appendix 8). Advance copy of the letter from DENR ‐ unsigned). The draft MOA drawn together by DENR RO 3 and Consultant has been forwarded to the MWSS for review.

Results of the detailed surveys of terrestrial vegetation and wildlife; and freshwater ecology revealed that biodiversity at the project areas is low to very low.

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 Existence of physical cultural resources was investigated. The Pinagrealan Cave, a declared national historical landmark, is about 450m away from the Bigte outlet. A barangay cemetery is about 400m from the MWSS RoW. Both will not be affected by the Project.  Environmental concerns of stakeholders were solicited and obtained through consultation meeting and focus group discussion (refer Appendix 7).  Although the project is partially within protected area, there is no natural habitat and critical habitat that will be affected. The project is within an area of modified habitat and partially within the legally protected area (see Section 5.2.1 and Appendix 1.2).

c) MWSS requires Tunnel 4 should be constructed within the existing tunnel ROW. In preliminary engineering design, the following were considered/ incorporated:  Provision of sluice gate and stop logs at the intake structure to control the water flow to the tunnel during extreme precipitation events.  Potential hazards caused by the nature of geology, soils and topography conditions in the Project area such as : ‐ building intake structure on fill with a cofferdam and in situ weathered basalt, considering the poor rock quality at the inlet; ‐ locating intake structure between the new and old Ipo to avoid siltation; ‐ strengthening cut slopes with steel fiber, reinforced shotcrete and rock bolt; ‐ installing temporary rock support during drill and blast; and ‐ applying baseline value used for assessing earthquakes/ seismic loads in the tunnel design.  An estimated 150,000m3 of compacted spoils (equivalent of 190,000m3 loose volume) will be generated during construction. About 11,000m3 can be reused and utilized for tunnel construction. Brgys. San Mateo and Bigte are in need of rock material to be used a backfill to 14km barangay roads and this will require about 49,000 m3 of rock materials. An estimate from 90 m3 to 130m3 of residual spoil needs to be managed by the Contractor for final disposal. Temporary disposal sites were identified during the preliminary engineering design. Temporary sites were near the location of the inlet and outlet structures.

Potential impacts, issues and concerns that could arise during construction and operation can be avoided or, at least, mitigated with the: a) Incorporation/consideration during detailed design of the environmental design parameters used at preliminary design, as appropriate, and the following:  wind and floods during extreme wet weather events;  maximum design earthquake;  existing conditions of community and protected area roads that will be used by heavy construction vehicles to access the Project area;  relevant feedback/suggestions obtained during stakeholder consultations;  measures to mitigate the temporary impacts on users of the fish landing that will be closed during construction of the inlet structure;  safe storage for the explosives; and  ensured safety of the workers with the proposed method of construction.

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b) Conduct of the following during detailed design:  more detailed geological and geotechnical mapping to ensure appropriate engineering measures are designed to mitigate slope failure; and  hydrogeological investigation to design measures to mitigate impacts on groundwater‐ dependent households.  review available seismic information and determine whether D&B Contractor could meet the project performance expectations using available data. If not, then the D&B Contractor needs to determine what additional data they need and plan the exploratory/ fieldwork accordingly. The exploratory work such as gathering additional data could be done while design is going on. Conservative assumptions shall be applied in the design and the field work would be used to confirm assumptions.

5.2.1 Assessment of Impacts on Biodiversity and Natural Resources

This sub‐section summarizes the results of the assessment of impacts on biodiversity and natural resources. Appendix 1.2 details the context and findings/results of the assessment.

Modified Habitats

The natural habitats of all 7 segments have been altered. Based on anecdotal record, Segments 1‐3 used to be forested areas until 1970s. The recent vegetation survey results show that Segment 1 is co‐dominated by bamboo with agricultural trees like mango, coconut, banana and caimito and some other tree pioneers associated with secondary vegetation such as binunga and alagasi. Segment 2‐7 is an agro‐ecosystem type of vegetation dominated by agricultural crops; uncultivated areas are dominated by brush and weed species.

Opportunities for Project to enhance habitat during operation include:

 Identifying area/s within the study area where new trees of the species that are endemic in the watershed reserve may be planted to replace the trees needed to be cleared to give way to construction activities. The objective is not just to reforest but to try to patch up the habitat fragmentation of the watershed forest in some way. In this identified area, implement the condition in the tree‐cutting permit regarding planting of endemic tree species at the watershed area.  Fencing of the MWSS RoW with dense rows of trees to mark the boundary, as appropriate. Fast growing trees such as madre de cacao or ipil ipil which will initially serve as ROW marker and interspersed with endemic tree species.  Active participation of nearest communities to watershed reforestation program  Promotion of MWSS on watershed protection/ watershed management by continued implementation of tree planting activities in the Ipo watershed area by groups of individuals.

Measures to mitigate further conversion or degradation of the habitats include:

During operation  Fence in MWSS RoW with dense rows of trees to mark the boundary, as appropriate. It may be reinforced with barbed wire fence with warning signage at strategic points of the boundary to prohibit unauthorized entry and settlement.  Vigilant monitoring of, and prompt action on, illegal/unauthorized entries.

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 Enjoin and collaborate with the nearest communities in the vigilant watch over the RoW.

During construction and during operation (maintenance and repair)  Spoil disposal area, contractor’s work area, worker’s camp site should be in areas that will no longer involve or will involve least land clearing.  Eco‐friendly solid and hazardous waste management.  Proper storage of explosives and other hazardous materials. Manage/limit the quantity of explosives/hazardous materials stored on site to only what is needed in the short term.  Manage soil erosion and sedimentation to protect the quality of Angat River.  No construction equipment/vehicle repair to be done in the Study area.  Use least noisy equipment and processes.

Natural Habitats

There is no natural habitat in the Project area.

Critical Habitats

PAWB Technical Bulletin 2013‐01 indicates that the Angat Watershed is not designated as critical habitat.

Legally Protected Areas

Segment 1 is fully within, and Segment 2 is partly within the indicative boundary of, the legally protected areas.

Provision and Action to be carried out by the Result to be included in the REA requirement of the SPS Consultant 2009 on Legally Protected Areas

Act in a manner The IPO Watershed Management Although the inlet of the tunnel is within consistent with defined Plan has been reviewed by the the indicative boundary of Angat protected area consultant. watershed, the project area has been management plans considered in the management plan of According to the management the watershed. All project activities are plan, the proposed project area is within existing ROW and will mostly be classified as built up zone of the underground. Nonetheless, appropriate controlled zone of the watershed. mitigating measures including compensatory (or offset) measures have been included in the EMP and C/EMP to achieve no net loss of biodiversity.

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Consult protected area Consultations were made with Enhancement measures (e.g. through the sponsors and managers, the MWSS Watershed Unit, watershed management program of local communities, and DENR Protected Areas and MWSS) have been and will continue to other key stakeholders on Wildlife Bureau and DENR be implemented. the proposed project Region 3 Office.

Discussion with MWSS Watershed Management Unit included area of watershed covered by the plan, programs to promote and enhance the conservation and protection of the water and protected watershed and its implementation.

5.3 Issues and Concerns Prior to Construction

Prior to construction, environmental issues/concerns include: (1) obtaining the required permits/clearances, e.g. ECC, MOA in place of SAPA, permit to cut trees and permit to use explosives for construction; (2) preparing relevant communities; and (3) ensuring an environmentally responsible procurement. The above concerns shall be addressed as follows: a) Obtain the aforementioned required permits/clearances prior to Notice of Award. b) Conduct intensive social and environmental awareness program at least one month prior to Notice of Award, covering: (1) communicable/ transmittable diseases that may be brought with the entry of workers; (2) potential social conflicts between communities and workers; (3) other health and safety hazards and impacts during construction and during maintenance and repair of completed works; and (4) the grievance redress mechanism. c) Ensure an environmentally responsible procurement by such measures as, among others: (1) including an SPS‐compliant EMP in the bidding documents; (2) EMP to be appended in the Contract for basis in the preparation of Contractor’s EMP (C‐EMP); and (3) C‐EMP to be cleared by ADB prior to start of any activity/work on site and/or establishment of any construction‐related facilities on site.

5.4 Impacts during Construction

Potential impacts were mostly identified at Segments 1 and 7 where most of the construction activities will take place.

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Table 27: Interaction Matrix during Construction Phase

Category Description 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Ipo dam San Mateo AFP San Mateo Road ROW Grassland Bigte site rolling housing grassland terrain A. Physical and chemical characteristics Earth/Land Mineral resources soils Low impact landform unique physical features Water surface high impact low impact quality high impact low impact underground Low impact temperature recharge Air quality moderate moderate impact impact noise moderate moderate impact impact climate

temperature Processes floods stability (slides, low impact slumps) stress-strain low impact (earthquake) fire low impact air movements B. Biological conditions

Flora trees, grass moderate moderate impact impact microflora moderate moderate impact impact Endangered low impact species endemic low impact species crops fauna birds endangered low impact species endemic low impact species insects low impact bentthic low impact organism

microfauna low impact Biological ecological Interactions relationships, ecosystem based processes, food chains C. Cultural factors

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Category Description 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Ipo dam San Mateo AFP San Mateo Road ROW Grassland Bigte site rolling housing grassland terrain Landuse wilderness wetlands forestry moderate impact peatlands agricultural residential commercial industry Recreation hunting fishing low impact boating low impact swimming low impact camping and hiking resorts Aesthetics scenic views and vistas open space

parks and moderate

reserves impact unique physical low impact features

rare and uniqe

ecosystems historical or low impact archeological sites and objects

Cultural Cultural Status patterns (lifestyle) health and moderate safety impact employment moderate moderate moderate moderate moderate moderate moderate impact impact impact impact impact impact impact population density Manufacture transportation high impact moderate moderate moderate moderate moderate moderate d facilities network impact impact impact impact impact impact and (movement, activities access) utility networks waste disposal high impact high impact structures government activities

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5.4.1 Soil Erosion and Landslide

The potential of soil and sediment eroding from the area locally known as ‘Consultant’ and degrading surface water quality of Angat river is very likely. Tunnel 4 inlet location Erosion may cause significant loading of sediments to Angat river, especially during wet season and severe typhoon events. Erosion control must be considered from the beginning of construction. The main factors influencing erosion include the volume ‘Consultant’ and velocity of the runoff from rain events, the rate of precipitation infiltration downward through the soil, the amount of vegetative cover, slope length or the distance from the point of origin of overland flow to the point where deposition begins, and operational erosion/ slide control structures. Mismanaged construction activities pose risk of severe erosion and/ or landslide particularly at the inlet and outlet sites. With faulty drilling or blasting activities during tunnel construction, potential rock fractures will be created and may render vulnerability to earthquakes.

5.4.2 Surface Water Resources

There are potentially high impacts on surface water quality at the Ipo dam site and Bigte creek due to construction activities of the inlet and outlet of the tunnel. Turbidity levels at Ipo dam site have been a concern in the past and still evident at the dam site, especially during the wet season. The turbidity measure usually peaks during wet season. This is mainly attributed to erosion due to degraded forests in the area, which has resulted in significant siltation in both Angat and Ipo reservoirs. There are no wetlands at the vicinity supported by the river system. The water quality of the raw water conveyed to Tunnels 1 to 3 is potentially affected. However, mitigating measures shall be in place to avoid disruption to operations of the existing transmission system (Tunnels 1to 3) during construction. Some measures to mitigate contamination of waters in Angat river, Ipo dam and Bigte creek include: (1) provisions for adequate sanitation facilities and water supply at work sites and worker’s camp and enforcement of good sanitation practices by workers; (2) implementing an eco‐friendly solid and hazardous waste management; (3) proper storage of hazardous materials; (4) use of cofferdams when constructing inlet and outlet structures; (5) preventing/controlling siltation or sedimentation through proper storage of aggregates and spoils; and (6) using efficient tunnelling technology that recycles tunnel drainage water to minimize extractor of surface water.

5.4.3 Groundwater Resources

There is a low impact on groundwater along the alignment of the tunnel from Ipo dam site to Bigte. The data on the level of groundwater in the project area are very limited. From the BHs drilled, water table near the inlet is at 4.5mbg to 15.5mbg while in the outlet structure it is at 8.45mbg. To mitigate impact on groundwater resources, among others: (1) site temporary stockpile of excavated soils in flat areas away from main surface drainage routes; (2) provide silt fences, silt traps and/or sandbags.

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5.4.4 Air Quality and Noise Level

Air Quality

Tunnel construction will require transport of heavy equipment to the construction sites (at the inlet and outlet) and hauling of excavated materials to the temporary spoil disposal area. Air quality will be deteriorated due to frequent movement of vehicles at the construction site, transportation of spoil and blasting activities. High noise level near construction sites will be observed by communities living near the outlet and inlet sites.

Construction activities can lead to elevated concentrations of NO2, SOx, CO2, and dust in the atmosphere. The main source of pollutants is from combustion of fuel in vehicles and plant. Construction dust also arises from the tunnelling, earthworks, and transportation. Construction of the tunnel will require the transport of heavy equipment to the construction sites (at the inlet and outlet works) and haulage of excavated materials to the temporary spoil disposal area. It is likely that the local air quality will deteriorate temporarily due to dust from tunnelling, frequent movement of vehicles at the construction site, and the dumping and compaction of spoil as the disposal site. Emissions from vehicles and plant are unlikely to result in exceedance of the air quality standards. Construction dust is typically confined to within 100m to 200m of the construction site as the dust is deposited close to the source. Whether construction dust causes a nuisance depends on various factors, such as the construction activity, wind speed and direction, recent weather, and the existence of sensitive receptors such as residential areas nearby. The main receptors are likely to be construction workers and people living and working within 200m of open air construction sites and haulage routes. There will be no impact on air quality along the tunnel alignment, away from the tunnel portals. Measures to mitigate dust include, but not limited to: (1) locating local emission sources away from sensitive receptors; (2) applying dust suppression techniques; (3) watering exposed areas and stockpiles of aggregates and spoils at least twice daily or as necessary; (4) use of blast curtains/nets; (5) requiring hauling trucks of aggregates, wastes and cement to have secure cover; and (6) limiting idling of equipment to 5 minutes. Noise and Vibration The main sources of noise during construction would be the works to build the in‐take and off‐take structures, tunnelling works near the portal entrances, heavy goods vehicles required to move spoil from the tunnel to the final disposal sites, movement of machinery to compact the spoil disposal sites, and road haulage. Blasting for the tunnelling would have to be carefully controlled to reduce the noise impact. As the tunnelling progresses, the propagation of noise levels will be attenuated by the surrounding ground. The main receptors likely to be affected by construction noise are the construction workers themselves, people living and working within about 200m of the construction sites of the intake / outlet works, and wildlife. People living and working along the alignment of the tunnel would not be affected by construction noise, but may be affected by noise from haulage traffic along the roads. The Contractor would be required to implement a Noise Control Plan to minimize noisy activities.

5.4.5 Flora and Fauna

There will be a direct impact on vegetation in the construction sites which will have to be cleared. The impact can be minimized by siting temporary construction sites such as construction camp and temporary spoil disposal areas in locations which are poorly vegetated, minimizing the area to be

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cleared, and re‐vegetating the sites on completion of construction. Virtually all species of fauna are susceptible to disturbance due to construction, for example from noise, vibration, poor air quality, lights, and the presence of people. Many mobile species may resort to re‐locating away from the construction sites. The nine noteworthy species (by virtue of being a Luzon endemic, globally threatened, or actively hunted) were recorded in Sites 1 and 3, where disturbance would have the greatest adverse effect. However, the forest at Ipo dam is contiguous with the Angat watershed, which would provide a refuge for displaced wildlife. The potential impact on wildlife is expected to be minimal, given that construction works are highly localized and confined near existing facilities. Measures to mitigate noise, vibration, dust and flying debris from blasting will mitigate disturbance to wildlife.

5.4.6 Traffic

Ipo road is about 5m wide and serves two‐way traffic. Communities along Ipo road, especially those situated toward the Ipo dam compound, have temporary structures encroached into the road ROW, somehow constraining traffic flow. During construction, heavy construction trucks and equipment will be using this road to access the Project area from Quirino Highway. Traffic congestion is expected along Ipo road and at its junction with Quirino Highway. Delivery of goods, services and people will experience longer travel time. Residents and road users in the vicinity will be exposed to road safety hazards. Prior coordination with the Barangay and Municipality will be necessary for the formulation of a traffic management and safety plan and for the clearing of encroaching structures. Contractor shall post traffic flagmen, equipped with two‐way radio, at strategic points along the Ipo Road. Assistance from the barangay tanod (community police) may be requested. During construction phase, it is anticipated that the transportation network will be affected due to the increase in the number of heavy equipment and haulage trucks to transport the spoil from the inlet and outlet works to the temporary / final disposal sites. A significant increase in heavy vehicles on the roads can result in slower journey times, higher accident risks, dirt on the roads from the vehicles, and driver stress.

5.4.7 Damage to Roads and Utilities

During construction phase, the road network leading to the Project area will have to endure the volume of heavy trucks to and from the Project area. Roads not designed to withstand large volume of heavy construction trucks will be vulnerable to damage. Illegal water hoses near Ipo compound, used for raw water distribution, were observed embedded along the road expansion joints. Prior coordination with DPWH on the use of Ipo road and restoring the access roads within the MWSS compound to pre‐construction conditions are the proposed mitigation measures. To succeed the consultation with the community, MWSS should discuss the issue on the raw water supply.

5.4.8 Restricted Access to Fish and Boat Landings

The fish landing in Sitio Consultant, identified as CWA, and the boat landing at Sitio Ipo will be temporarily closed during construction; thus disrupting the transport and economic activities of local folks. Communities living in the Ipo watershed must be informed on the impact of construction works on transportation and consulted for the best alternative routes to bring and sell their produce outside the watershed area. Alternative route and fish and boat landings must be identified and ready for use by the local folks prior to commencement of construction activities.

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5.4.9 Community Health and Safety

The health and safety of the community/public will be at high risk during construction. These people will be exposed to cross‐cutting threats from the impacts on air quality, generated noise and vibration, traffic, accidental spills of hazardous substances during transport, reckless drivers of construction‐ associated vehicles, potential fire and explosion, and lack of awareness on the hazards posed by subproject implementation on health and safety. Communicable and transmittable diseases may potentially be brought into the community by construction workers. Impact to community health and safety relating to road safety is anticipated, especially during construction phase. The Ipo road is about 10km from Bigte portal to Ipo dam compound. The road is characterized with some curves, very few road signs and no speed limit. At the onset of the tunnel construction, it is expected that there will be an increase in traffic due to the transport of heavy equipment and construction materials and hauling of spoil to temporary disposal areas. With the influx of traffic and residential plots which have encroached in road ROW, road accidents may occur. The preconstruction community IEC will be designed to ensure sufficient awareness of the community on the health and safety hazards that will come with construction works, particularly with the blasting operations and entry of workers in the community. Implementing measures to mitigate noise and impacts on air and water quality and traffic would mitigate health and safety hazards.

5.4.10 Workers’ Health and Safety

The drill and blast method of tunnel construction will involve explosives. This poses salient threat to the worker’s safety. Inadequate supply of safe/potable water in construction sites, sanitation facilities; poor sanitation practices on site, poor housing conditions, handling and operation of construction equipment; handling of hazardous substances, exposure to extreme weather and non‐observance of health and safety measures pose additional threats to the health and safety of construction. Workers may also be potentially exposed to communicable and transmittable diseases in the community and the workforce. The provision of adequate basic services in the workers’ camp/s and at the construction sites, enforcement of use of protective wears, conduct of pre‐mobilization orientation workshop to include health and safety hazards, training on emergency response and evacuation procedures and having a well‐trained first‐response team on site are among the measures to mitigate workers’ health and safety hazards. Mitigating the potential adverse impacts of drill and blast in tunnel construction shall be the responsibility of D&B Contractor. The D&B Contractor should secure related explosive permits from PNP prior to blasting activities. The Contractor shall consider the position, erection, security fencing, maintenance, licensing, and subsequent removal of proper explosive and detonator magazines required for the satisfactory performance. The design and construction of the magazines shall comply fully with relevant statutory requirements. The D&B contractor shall also be responsible for the guarding of magazines in terms of any regulations which may be in force or come into force. The Contractor shall ensure that only authorized, licensed and competent persons are allowed access to the magazines

5.4.11 Waste Disposal

Waste generated during construction includes spoil, solid waste and hazardous waste. An estimate of 150,000 m3 excavated material expected to be generated due to tunnelling works. This is about

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190,000m3 loose volume. The core samples are reported not to have heavy metal content as shown in the soil analysis done. The spoil is likely not to have nutrient content and not advised to be disposed in the productive area. The spoil can be re‐used as concrete materials for the tunnel lining or road backfill. The 6.5km tunnel is estimated to require 11,000m3 or spoil material. Community roads of Brgys. Bigte and San Mateo that need backfill require about 49,000m3 of excavated material. About 130,000m3 spoil of loose volume has to be managed by D&B Contractor for final disposal. Contractor will be required to implement solid and hazardous waste management that involves minimization, re‐use, segregate, safe storage and prompt disposal to legitimate landfills.

5.5 Impacts during Operation

Potential impacts during operation are perceived insignificant. Low impacts are likely on water quality, community health and safety during maintenance and repair. It is also extremely unlikely that future developments will affect the tunnel. However, it would be consistent with normal practice for significant new infrastructure or developments (including excavations for quarries or mines) to be assessed for influence on the tunnel, prior to construction permission being granted. The new tunnel will augment three existing, parallel, drill and blast, partially lined, tunnels, constructed in the 1930s, 1970s and 1990s. It will run parallel to the existing tunnels, with the potential to cross above the abandoned section of Tunnel 1 near Ipo dam. Table 28 presents the result of the Interaction Matrix during operation phase.

Table 28: Interaction Matrix during Operation Phase

Environmental Alignment segment Items 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Description Ipo dam San Mateo AFP San Mateo Road ROW Grassland Bigte Category site rolling housing grassland terrain A. Physical and Chemical Characteristics

Earth/Land Mineral resources soils landform unique physical features Water surface low impact quality underground temperature recharge Air quality noise climate temperature Processes floods stability (slides,

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Environmental Alignment segment Items 1 2 Description 3 4 5 6 7 Ipo dam San Mateo AFP San Mateo Road ROW Grassland Bigte Category site rolling housing grassland terrain slumps) stress-strain (earthquake) fire air movements

B. Biological Conditions Flora trees, grass

microflora Endangered species

endemic species crops fauna birds

endangered species endemic species

insects benthic low impact organism microfauna Biological ecological Interactions relationships, ecosystem based processes, food chains C. Cultural Factors Landuse wilderness wetlands forestry peatlands agricultural residential commercial industry Recreation hunting fishing boating swimming camping and hiking resorts Aesthetics scenic views and vistas open space parks and reserves

TA 8196-PHI: Angat Water Transmission Improvement Project Initial Environmental Examination – Output 2

Environmental Alignment segment Items 1 2 Description 3 4 5 6 7 Ipo dam San Mateo AFP San Mateo Road ROW Grassland Bigte Category site rolling housing grassland terrain unique physical features rare and unique ecosystems historical or archeological sites and objects Cultural Status Cultural patterns (lifestyle) health and low impact low impact safety employment population density Manufactured transportatio facilities and n network activities (movement, access) utility low impact low impact networks waste disposal structures low impact low impact low impact low impact low impact low impact low impact government low impact activities

5.5.1 Transportation Networks and Utilities

During operation phase, it is anticipated that the transportation network will be affected due to the slight increase of some vehicles travelling to Ipo dam site for maintenance and operation. Residential plots alongside the roads have encroached the road ROW. An increase in residential infrastructure built within the road ROW may result in slower journey times, higher accident risks, dirt on the roads from the vehicles, and driver stress.

5.5.2 Impacts on Natural Water Flow and Flooding Patterns

Potential impact during the operation phase may include impacts on the natural water flow of Angat river. Tunnel 4 construction is expected to augment the supply to Aqueducts 5 and 6 to their full capacities. This entails abstraction and conveyance of additional volume of water from Angat river. The riparian flow of Angat River will be affected if the water supply to AQ5 and AQ6 will be maintained. An increase in the number of days of wet season is anticipated from 2006 to 2035 compared to the baseline from 1971 to 2000 as projected in the study made by DOST‐PAGASA. This forecast reciprocates water requirement conveyed though the system.

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5.6 Project Benefit, Positive Impact and Outcome

The Project will offer opportunities for local employment and increased earnings of local enterprises during construction. When completed and become operational, the Project will have improved and expanded the raw water transmission system, increasing reliability and security of raw water transmission and ensuring sustainable water supply services to Metro Manila.

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6 Environmental Management Plan 6.1 Introduction

The environmental management plan (EMP) will serve as the framework for the Project’s environmental management, commencing before the procurement process for D&B Contractor up to the operation. This will be updated by the OSP‐AWTIP based on the detailed design, with technical assistance from the Environmental Specialists of the Project Implementation Support (PIS) Team. The EMPs will be mainly implemented by the OSP‐AWTIP, D&B Contractor and the Concessionaires. The EMP features the Environmental Mitigation Plan, Environmental Monitoring Plan, Implementation Arrangements and Performance Indicators.

6.2 Environmental Mitigation Plan

The recommended mitigation measures consist of actions, activities, plans and documents that need to be undertaken, observed, obtained, prepare to prevent and/or mitigate the Project’s adverse environmental impacts. The broad measures are outlined below while the specific measures are presented in the Environmental Mitigation Plan (Table 29, Table 30, and Table 31: ): a) Ensure incorporation in the detailed design of adequate considerations and conditions relative climate change and other natural hazards to sustain the structural integrity and effective operations of completed works. b) In the event of design deviation, such as shift of alignment resulting in tunnel being located outside the MWSS ROW, change in inlet structure location and/or change in the method of construction, ensuring to: (i) seek the advice of EMB Central Office if such design deviation warrants an ECC amendment; and (ii) inform ADB should EMB advise for ECC amendment and finally, (iii) seek ADBʹs clearance/concurrence for an IEE revision and/or EMP updating. c) Ensure engagement of an environment‐responsible D&B Contractor by incorporating the SPS‐ compliant EMP for this Project (hereinafter referred to as the EMP) into the bidding documents, as basis in the preparation of the Contractor’s EMP (C‐EMP) by D&B Contractor, addressing as minimum the requirements of EMP. C‐EMP to be quantitatively and qualitatively evaluated against the EMP by OSP‐AWTIP and cleared by ADB prior to the commencement of any work onsite. The contract for civil works to explicitly stipulate the obligation to institute the mitigation measures properly and carry out environmental monitoring according to the C‐EMP. The Contract to stipulate some tie‐up of progress payment and collection of performance bond with the performance in C‐EMP implementation. d) A C‐EMP that ensures good and environment‐friendly engineering practices that avoid first, and (if unavoidable) mitigate, adverse impacts; and commitment from D&B Contractor to fully implement the C‐EMP. e) Quality construction supervision and environmental monitoring by the OSP‐AWTIP. f) Conduct of engineering investigations of built structures after every seismic, extreme weather and other natural hazard events during construction and operation and full disclosure of investigation reports. Prompt action to correct damages. g) Sufficient funds for sustained quality of operation and maintenance. h) Observance of the grievance redress mechanism and prompt action/ resolution of lodged grievances.

TA 8196-PHI: Angat Water Transmission Improvement Project Initial Environmental Examination – Output 2

Table 29: EMP prior to Construction Phase

Potential Possible approach/ Mitigating Measures Cost of Mitigation/ Responsible Performance Standard Guarantee Impact Enhancement

Required Obtain the following prior to Notice of Award: Permits/clearances Employer’s requirement permits/ obtained prior to Notice document clearances a) ECC a) MWSS of Award b) MOA between DENR RO 3, NPC and b) MWSS MWSS a) PhP 500,000.00 c) D&B c) Permit to cut tree b) none Contractor d) Permit to use explosives for construction c) part of construction cost d) D&B d) part of construction cost Contractor

Preparing Conduct intensive social and environmental Included in OSP-AWTIP’s OSP-AWTIP relevant awareness program at least one month prior to budget communities Notice of Award, covering (i) communicable/ Affected transmittable diseases that may be brought with barangays the entry of workers; (ii) potential social conflicts between communities and workers; (iii) other health and safety hazards and impacts during construction and during maintenance and repair of completed works; and (iv) the grievance redress mechanism.

Ensuring Include an SPS-compliant EMP in the bidding Not applicable OSP-AWTIP SPS-compliant EMP environmentally documents. included in eth bidding responsible documents procurement

Append EMP to the Contract for basis in the OSP-AWTIP EMP appended in preparation of the C-EMP. Contract

TA 8196-PHI: Angat Water Transmission Improvement Project Initial Environmental Examination – Output 2

In Contract, require D&B Contractor to submit OSP-AWTIP Requirement stated in monthly and semi-annual environmental Contract monitoring report.

Stipulate in Contract the tie up of progress OSP-AWTIP Stipulation in Contract payment and collection of performance bond with the performance in C-EMP implementation.

Prepare C-EMP that addresses as minimum the D&B Contractor Presence of a C-EMP requirements of the EMP. based on EMP

Evaluate the C-EMP quantitatively and OSP-AWTIP Evaluation undertaken qualitatively against the EMP. quantitatively and qualitatively

Clear the C-EMP before the start of any ADB C-EMP cleared prior to activity/work on site or establishment of any start of any mobilization construction-related facility on site by D&B activity on site by D&B Contractor. Contractor

Table 30: EMP for the Construction Phase

Cost of Mitigation/ Responsible Potential Impact Possible Approach/ Mitigating Measures Performance Standard Guarantee Enhancement Implement Monitor

Physical (Land) Environment

Soil and Erosion due to: Location: Inlet structure and relevant work sites Part of project D&B Contractor OSP-AWTIP CEMP development cost  soil disturbance Confine soil disturbance and/or vegetation  vegetation clearing clearing to pre-defined and planned area that includes project footprint and needed easements

TA 8196-PHI: Angat Water Transmission Improvement Project Initial Environmental Examination – Output 2

Cost of Mitigation/ Responsible Potential Impact Possible Approach/ Mitigating Measures Performance Standard Guarantee Enhancement Implement Monitor

Stabilize exposed soils with temporary seeding, mulches, mats, non-chemical-based soil binders. Protect slopes with any one or combination of bonded fiber matrices, erosion control blankets, silt fence, fiber rolls, and keeping stormwater off the slopes through diversion channels and/or berms. Re-vegetate disturbed soils/slopes as soon as possible after completion of the construction works. Replacing vegetation that died during the defects liability period.

At the active work sites, Provide temporary drainage with sedimentation tank or filters such as block and gravel, prior to discharge to watercourses

Impact on surface water At the active work sites Part of project D&B Contractor OSP-AWTIP Water Column. quality due to/ from: (construction) cost Parameters to Mitigating contaminants characterize the physico-  Contaminants from chemical and biological materials used and  Provide adequate sanitation facilities and status of the water column construction water supply at work sites and workers’ to include but not limited activities and camp. Enforce observance of good sanitation to: temperature, salinity, processes practices by workers. total suspended solids,  Siltation from soil turbidity, dissolved oxygen erosion, spoil  Implement solid waste management that and bacteriological disposal area, drill minimizes, re-uses, properly segregates and parameters. and blasting, promptly and properly disposes of generated dewatering solid wastes. excavations, etc Refer to DAO 34 and 35  Implement hazardous waste management for water quality standards that minimizes, properly segregates and promptly and properly disposes of generated

TA 8196-PHI: Angat Water Transmission Improvement Project Initial Environmental Examination – Output 2

Cost of Mitigation/ Responsible Potential Impact Possible Approach/ Mitigating Measures Performance Standard Guarantee Enhancement Implement Monitor hazardous wastes.

 Store hazardous construction materials in appropriately contained and elevated area and at least100 m away from surface water bodies.

 Have equipment clearly leaking oil repaired off-site immediately. No vehicle/equipment maintenance, repair and refuelling to be allowed at the sites.

 Treat construction water before discharge. Install settling pond for water generated during tunnel boring. Allow water through grease trap or oil/collector and/or filters such as rock filled bags, block and gravel.

 Implement corrective action, when trigger thresholds of water quality are reached.

 During construction, the contractor shall take corrective action to reduce concentration to below the standard.

 Mitigating sedimentation

 Build cofferdams when constructing inlet structure

 Use any combination of perimeter controls at spoil disposal areas or stockpiles of aggregate materials, e.g., silt fences, sediment basins, sandbags, earth bern/bund.

 Minimize / control dewatering or extraction of tunnel water by storing and re-using pumped-

TA 8196-PHI: Angat Water Transmission Improvement Project Initial Environmental Examination – Output 2

Cost of Mitigation/ Responsible Potential Impact Possible Approach/ Mitigating Measures Performance Standard Guarantee Enhancement Implement Monitor out water from the tunnel.

Extraction of water from Use efficient tunnelling technology that recycles Part of project D&B Contractor OSP-AWTIP If significant amount of the dam site (inlet) and tunnel drainage water to minimize extraction of (construction) cost water is to be used, a creek (near the outlet) water. permit from the National to be used as coolant Water Resources Board during construction may be necessary. DAO 34 and 35 for water quality standards

Impact on groundwater: In all active work sites Part of project D&B Contractor OSP-AWTIP DAO 1994- 26A for (construction) cost Philippine drinking water b) deteriorating water Site temporary stockpile of excavated soils in flat quality standards quality due to: areas, away from main surface drainage routes,  Silt/sediments limit to maximum of 2 m high.  Solid waste Provide silt fences, silt traps, or sand bags, at  Hazardous stockpiles of aggregate materials. materials and waste Dispose of residual soil/spoil as soon as possible, to the disposal areas, or as free backfilling materials for LGU/barangay roads. Avoid stockpiling more aggregates than necessary.

c) lowering of water Monitor for potential groundwater depletion in Part of project D&B Contractor OSP-AWTIP level of wells in existing wells in the vicinity. Provide interim (construction) cost nearby communities measures to avoid disrupting water supply to due to tunnelling, affected households. Investigate for proper pumping/extracting corrective action. of tunnel drainage water

Air Quality and Noise

TA 8196-PHI: Angat Water Transmission Improvement Project Initial Environmental Examination – Output 2

Cost of Mitigation/ Responsible Potential Impact Possible Approach/ Mitigating Measures Performance Standard Guarantee Enhancement Implement Monitor b) Deterioration of At the project area, locate emission sources away Part of project D&B Contractor OSP-AWTIP Maintain air quality within D&B Contractor ambient air quality from sensitive receptors, e.g., concrete batching (construction) cost national air quality Scope of Work and rock crushing plants at least 500m upwind of standards, or if these are due to dust and gas D&B Contractor’s sensitive receptors. not available, emissions from: C-EMP internationally accepted air quality standards, such  Earthworks and other as WHO Air Quality construction Guidelines Global Update, processes; In active work sites: 2005 tunnelling (drill Averaging Guide Use of blast curtains / nets to capture dust from Parameter 3 and blast); Period µg/m blasting  stockpiling of SO 24 hrs 20 aggregates and Apply dust suppression techniques, e.g., watering 2 spoils, and with bowsers, sheeting particularly at Bigte area NO2 1 year 40 conveyance of 1 hour 200 spoils to Water dry unpaved/exposed surfaces, stockpiles PM 1 year 20 disposal areas; of sand and excavated materials, at least twice 10 24 hrs 50  increased daily, or as necessary. transport Protect aggregate stockpiles with sheeting to PM2.5 1 year 10 activities in the restrict the movement of dust. 24 hrs 25 construction areas and along Use of blast curtains / nets to capture dust from Ipo Road; blasting.  burning of Require trucks, particularly those hauling vegetation and aggregates, to have secure covers. wastes; and  operation of Limit engine idling to 5 minutes. mechanical equipment Prohibit open burning of vegetation and other waste in the project area

Ipo Road, main access road, other roads in the Project area area, Llimit speed of all construction vehicles to max. of 40 kph on the access road to, and max. 30 kph in, the site.

TA 8196-PHI: Angat Water Transmission Improvement Project Initial Environmental Examination – Output 2

Cost of Mitigation/ Responsible Potential Impact Possible Approach/ Mitigating Measures Performance Standard Guarantee Enhancement Implement Monitor

Noise and vibration in Use only equipment that emit least noise and Part of project D&B Contractor OSP-AWTIP Adopt national standards D&B Contractor the project area from vibration and are well maintained. (construction) cost for construction sites and Scope of Work residential areas if drill and blast activities, Use facility layout to minimize noise propagation available. Alternatively use vehicle and equipment e.g. using topography / existing buildings as internationally accepted D&B Contractor’s operations barriers, where possible locate noisy activities standards such as WHO. away from local communities. C-EMP Control noise at source, e.g. low noise plant, muffling, acoustic screening, switch off Reference / Ambient campaigns. Jurisdiction Standard Guidelines for Receptor: Restrict use of noisy and highly vibrating Community Residential; equipment from 8AM-5PM. Necessary overtime Noise, WHO, institutional; work should: a) not go beyond 9:00PM; b) 1999 educational observe regulated noise and vibration levels; c) International Daytime not use noisy and highly vibrating equipment; and (07:00- d) should be coordinated with the barangay and 22:00): affected households. 55dBA Manage the ins and outs of hauling trucks. Nighttime (22:00- Spread out the schedule of material, waste and 07:00): spoil transport in the day (off-peak hours). 45dBA Enforce the rule of no blowing of horns. Receptor: Industrial; Strictly enforce upon workers the compliance with commercial wearing of ear mufflers, especially those who are 70dBA operating equipment. throughout the day

Biological Environment

Loss of vegetation due Institute measures to avoid impacting on habitats Part of project D&B Contractor OSP-AWTIP Minimal number of trees Tree cutting permit to: and wildlife, such as: (construction) cost applied for tree cutting permit from DENR  vegetation clearing  minimize vegetation clearance at Bigte and and potential especially at the intake trampling of  fence off vegetation to be retained trucks/equipment  provide environmental training for workforce

TA 8196-PHI: Angat Water Transmission Improvement Project Initial Environmental Examination – Output 2

Cost of Mitigation/ Responsible Potential Impact Possible Approach/ Mitigating Measures Performance Standard Guarantee Enhancement Implement Monitor beyond project  enforce site rules and sanctions to discourage footprints workforce from hunting, fishing and poaching. Confine all construction activities to previously disturbed areas, to the extent practicable, e.g., workers’ quarters/camps. Use existing roads for project activities. Minimize new road construction. To avoid unnecessary clearing, mark/delineate areas to be cleared of vegetation, e.g. by fencing. Rehabilitate cleared areas to their pre-project conditions, unless otherwise agreed with the landowner. Re-vegetate construction sites using local, indigenous species. Re-vegetate watershed target sites especially in areas identified by the Watershed Management Plan. Limit any collection of wood for charcoal to exotic i.e. non-native species.

Disturbance to wildlife Implement measures to mitigate noise, vibration Part of project D&B Contractor PMO Record of number of N/A due to and dust. (construction) cost poaching and illegal trading of wildlife by Construction noise, Strategically place nets at the tunnel portals to workers vibration, dust, lighting, prevent flying debris. presence/movement of people, etc. Water to minimize dust accumulation and spreading. flying debris from blasting

Socio Economic

TA 8196-PHI: Angat Water Transmission Improvement Project Initial Environmental Examination – Output 2

Cost of Mitigation/ Responsible Potential Impact Possible Approach/ Mitigating Measures Performance Standard Guarantee Enhancement Implement Monitor

Traffic due to: Institute prior coordination with the Barangay and Zero road accident and D&B Contractor Municipality for the formulation of a traffic Part of project D&B Contractor related incidents Scope of Work  inadequate capacity management and safety plan and for clearing of (construction) cost D&B Contractor’s of Ipo Road (access structures encroaching into access road ROW. road) C-EMP  expected volume of Prior to construction, clear easement of truck movement encroaching structures, most of them being temporary. Strategically post billboards informing the public about the expected increase in volume of traffic in the influence area due to Project implementation. Post at least two weeks prior to mobilization. Coordinate with the Barangay for assistance in traffic management. Strategically post traffic flagmen along Ipo Road, equipped with two-way radio. Post sufficiently legible (reflectorized) traffic safety notice and signage at strategic locations along the entire stretch of the access road. Limit speed to 40 kph along Ipo Road, and 30 kph at construction sites and unpaved haulage roads.

Potential damage of Coordinate with DPWH regarding the use of Ipo Part of project D&B Contractor D&B Contractor existing roads used as Road. (construction) cost Scope of Work access roads due to movement of heavy Restore access roads within the MWSS D&B Contractor’s equipment and vehicles compound to the pre-construction condition or CEMP better.

Restricted access to the Inform affected communities living in Ipo Part of project D&B Contractor D&B Contractor existing fish landing Watershed on the impact of construction works (construction) cost Scope of Work sites in Sitio Consultant on transportation and consult them for the best (identified area as the alternative route. Have alternative route and fish D&B Contractor’s

TA 8196-PHI: Angat Water Transmission Improvement Project Initial Environmental Examination – Output 2

Cost of Mitigation/ Responsible Potential Impact Possible Approach/ Mitigating Measures Performance Standard Guarantee Enhancement Implement Monitor Contractor’s Work Area) and boat landing sites ready for use prior to CEMP and boat landing at Sitio commencement of construction activities. Ipo

Community health and Inform local residents of the timing of blasting Part of project D&B Contractor D&B Contractor safety hazards and prohibit entry of local residents into the (construction) cost Scope of Work construction area. D&B Contractor’s Secure project area, including associated CEMP facilities particularly the storage for explosives, from unauthorized entry. Implement measures to mitigate impacts on air and water quality, noise, traffic.

Workers’ health and Mitigating impacts from blasting: safety hazard  Include H&S protocols in the C-EMP on the safe procedures in the storage, handling and use of explosives during construction.  Control the blasting by using small charges.  Evacuation procedures in tunnel prior to setting charges. Set up a sufficiently equipped emergency first- response and health care team, linked to an ultimate response team. Provide safe housing with adequate basic services. Enforce use of protective wears when at work. Conduct pre-mobilization orientation workshop on health and safety and emergency response and evacuation procedures. Handling and storage of explosives

TA 8196-PHI: Angat Water Transmission Improvement Project Initial Environmental Examination – Output 2

Cost of Mitigation/ Responsible Potential Impact Possible Approach/ Mitigating Measures Performance Standard Guarantee Enhancement Implement Monitor  Magazine storage should be far from residential areas, roads, transmission lines, dams and their appurtenant works.  Site should be well-drained and sloping, accessible by road., at least 100 m from overhead power transmission lines.  Detonators should not be stored together with explosives.  Maintenance should follow the prescribed instructions for the explosives.  Inside of all magazines should be kept thoroughly clean.  Cigarettes and matches should not be taken into Explosives should be used according to date of manufacture magazines. Its keeper should ensure this.  Explosive boxes should be of wood or soft non-ferrous metal, e.g., brass, copper.  Magazine should be securely locked, when not attended.  Detailed records of outgoing and incoming stocks should be kept  Magazines should be kept free from bushes and vegetation.  Empty boxes, loose packing material or cotton waste should not be kept on the magazine premises.  Do not open magazines during or on the approach of a thunderstorm. No person

TA 8196-PHI: Angat Water Transmission Improvement Project Initial Environmental Examination – Output 2

Cost of Mitigation/ Responsible Potential Impact Possible Approach/ Mitigating Measures Performance Standard Guarantee Enhancement Implement Monitor should remain in the vicinity of the magazine during such storm

Generation of spoil and Prepare and implement a plan for the Part of project MWSS Detailed spoil disposal. preparation of the spoil disposal areas. development cost Engineering More than 150,000m3 is DED Consultants Design (DED) expected to be Minimise the volume of spoil to be disposed of by Scope of Work generated due to re-use in backfilling of roads, and by offering as D&B Contractor tunnelling works, which free filling materials to government projects Detailed is about 190,000 m3 needing backfill materials. Engineering and loose volume. Design Plans Disposal area must be confined to solid ground, of low ecological and agricultural value.

Disposal area must not occupy drainage lines and streams, and create an obstacle to streams or induced flooding.

Spoil heaps must be designed and shaped with stable side slopes and suitable drainage.

Spoils heaps must be compacted during the earthworks.

On complete, the spoil heaps must be covered with the original top soil from the site and re- vegetated

Solid waste Implement an eco-friendly solid waste Part of project MWSS D&B Contractor management at work sites and workers’ camp/s, (construction) cost Scope of Work which minimizes, re-uses, segregates and D&B Contractor’s promptly disposes of generated solid waste. D&B contractor C-EMP

TA 8196-PHI: Angat Water Transmission Improvement Project Initial Environmental Examination – Output 2

Cost of Mitigation/ Responsible Potential Impact Possible Approach/ Mitigating Measures Performance Standard Guarantee Enhancement Implement Monitor Hazardous waste Locate stationary ground storage for hazardous Part of project D&B contractor Construction D&B waste at least 100 m away from water bodies, (construction) cost Contractor Scope raised to min 1 ft above high flood level. Or, use of Work D&B mobile storage but should not be parked near Contractor’s C- water bodies. EMP

Secure storage areas appropriately. Storage facilities must be able to contain spillage.

Dispose of waste promptly and appropriately.

The contractor shall be required to implement an appropriate hazardous waste management program.

Storage of oil and grease used for the maintenance and operation of heavy equipment shall be properly built and maintained, to include bunded storage for the capacity of the containers plus 10%, and oil traps on drainage outfalls.

Public safety as related MWSS must secure the ROW. Existing above MWSS to future development ground infrastructure along ROW should be and activities along the limited. The public must not be allowed to ROW encroach onto the ROW by constructing any buildings or farming the land.

TA 8196-PHI: Angat Water Transmission Improvement Project

Initial Environmental Examination – Output 2 Table 31: EMP for the Operations Phase

Potential Possible approach/ Mitigating Measures Cost of Mitigation/ Responsible Performance Standard Guarantee Impact enhancement

Public safety as MWSS must secure the ROW. Existing above Part of project maintenance MWSS Concession agreement related to future ground infrastructure along ROW should be cost development and limited. The public must not be allowed to CPF (represented activities along encroach onto the ROW by constructing any by 2 water the ROW buildings or farming the land. concessionaires - MWCI and MWSI)

Changes in During the operation phase, flows shall be hydrology along monitored downstream of Ipo dam. Angat River during dry season As practice in the Philippines, Ipo dam should maintain 10% riparian flow downstream of Ipo dam. This flow aims to allow migration of fish species and to maintain natural characteristics of the river downstream of Ipo dam.

TA 8196-PHI: Angat Water Transmission Improvement Project Initial Environmental Examination – Output 2

6.3 Institutional Arrangement

6.3.1 Existing Arrangement

The MWSS organization includes an Office of Special Project (OSP) that looks after the implementation of its special projects. The OSP falls under the Office of the Deputy Administrator for Engineering and Operations. This project will be managed by the Office for Special Project ‐ Angat Water Transmission Improvement Project (see Figure 25). The OSP‐AWTIP includes the project manager and his administrative support staff, a construction group as technical staff, the contractor, and the construction supervision consultant. There is no Environmental Unit at MWSS to oversee general environmental concerns and issues of its projects. The Resettlement Group within the Support Services Group under the Office of the Deputy Administrator for Engineering and Operations includes 3 ROW and ECC Officers as shown in . MWSS has five consultants overseeing the implementation of the Watershed Management Plan for Ipo watershed. The Consultants were previously employed by Bantay Kalisan, a non‐government organization of ABS‐CBN Foundation, which was contracted by MWSS to manage the Ipo watershed and draft the community‐based Watershed Management Plan. The implementation of the Ipo Watershed Management Plan includes tree planting, patrolling and organizing the People’s Organization in the watershed. The People’s Organization is predominantly composed of the Dumagats, the indigenous group in Ipo watershed. The People’s Organization is funded by both Concessionaires through MWSS. The two concessionaires, Manila Water Company Inc (MWCI) and Maynilad Water Services Inc (MWSI), both have their own Environmental Department within their respective organizations. These departments generally oversee environmental concerns of the operation of their respective companies, including corporate social responsibility (CSR) activities. The Common Purpose Facility (CPF) is composed of staff from MWCI and MWSI. The CPF manages all infrastructures from Ipo dam, tunnels from Ipo to Bigte, Bigte portal Basins and aqueducts from Bigte to La Mesa dam. The concessionaires’ staffs, assigned in the CPF, take turns in being the head of the CPF. There is no clear environmental unit within the CPF that looks after the environmental concerns of infrastructure or projects managed under the CPF.

TA 8196-PHI: Angat Water Transmission Improvement Project Initial Environmental Examination – Output 2

Figure 25: MWSS Organizational Structure

6.3.2 Proposed Arrangements for Environmental Management

For a more‐focused management of social and environmental safeguard concerns of the project, it is proposed that a Safeguards Group (SG) be set up within the AWTIP OSP. The SG will have its own social safeguard officer and Environmental Officer (EO) which the MWSS envisioned to provide for this project. The EO will handle the project’s environmental safeguard concerns/ environmental management. Qualified representations from the two concessionaires in the SG will be required at least 3 months prior to operation.

TA 8196-PHI: Angat Water Transmission Improvement Project Initial Environmental Examination – Output 2

Figure 26: MWSS Office of Special Projects

6.3.2.1 Proposed Arrangements for Environmental Management

The following institutions are the key players for the environmental management of the Project a) The MWSS, as the Executing Agency (EA) and the Implementing Agency (IA), for the project will be responsible for setting up of PMO; engaging an environmental officer for the PMO; organizing the Multipartite Monitoring Team (MMT) as required by DAO 03‐30; and ensuring an environment responsible procurement of a D&B Contractor. b) The Office of Special Project for AWTIP (OSP‐AWTIP), as the project management office, specifically the EO of its SG, will be responsible for overseeing the implementation of the Environmental Management Plan (EMP) and conditions prescribed in the Environmental Compliance Certificate. The TOR for the Environmental Officer is presented in Appendix 6.1. c) Environment Specialist for project implementation support will provide technical assistance and guidance to the AWTIP OSP, particularly its EO, in the implementation of the EMP and ECC conditions. d) ADB will clear and approve any necessary revisions of the IEE and its EMP. ADB will clear/concur with any necessary IEE revision and/or EMP updating. Consequently, it will review environmental monitoring reports and undertake missions to review the environmental performance of the Project. e) D&B Contractor incorporates the EMP prescribed environmental considerations in design and implements the EMP during detailed engineering design and during construction. f) Concessionaires (MWCI and MWSI), as operators, will provide qualified environmental officers to work closely with the AWTIP OSP, commencing at least 3 months prior to construction, and implement the EMP and ECC conditions.

TA 8196-PHI: Angat Water Transmission Improvement Project Initial Environmental Examination – Output 2

g) DENR/EMB Central Office will review and approve, respectively, the Project’s EIS and conduct review of the monitoring reports from the AWTIP OSP and MMT. h) MMT will conduct the periodic monitoring prescribed in DAO 03‐30. i) Local Government Units, namely the Municipality of Norzagaray (through its Municipal Planning and Development Office and Municipal Environmental and Natural Resources Office) and Barangays Bigte and San Mateo will provide representations in the MMT.

Table 32: Institutional Responsibilities

Institution Prior to construction During construction During operation

 Set up the OSP-AWTIP. MWSS  Decide on  Decide on environmental  Engage an Environmental Officer for environmental management matters the OSP-AWTIP. management requiring senior  Organize the Multipartite Monitoring matters requiring management Team (MMT) senior intervention/action/  Sign MOA with DENR and NPC on management resolution. Angat Watershed and Forest Range intervention/actio

Protected Area n/ resolution.  Ensure an environmentally responsible procurement of a D&B Contractor.  Ensure an environmentally responsible maintenance policy  Review and endorse the C-EMP

and the spoil management plan to ADB for approval. OSP-  Update IEE and EMP, as  Conduct  Conduct inspections and AWTIP necessary. inspections and spot checks to monitor the  Coordinate with D&B Contractor to spot checks to Performance of the ensure the incorporation of updated monitor the Operator in implementing findings and mitigation performance of the EMP.  Measures in design and bidding the D&B  Review Monthly and documents. Contractor in Annual EMRs of Operator.  Ensure EMP is part of the bidding implementing the  Prepare the Project’s documents, EMP clauses are C-EMP/EMP Annual EMR for incorporated in bidding documents,  Review Monthly submission to ADB, until contracts. and semi-annual loan closure or as agreed.  Ensure DENR’s approval of EIS is EMRs of D&B granted prior to Notice of Award of Contractor. D&B Contract.  Prepare the  Review D&B Contractor’s EMP (C- Project’s Semi- EMP) against EMP and the spoil Annual EMRs for management plan. submission to  Endorse the C-EMP and spoil ADB. management plan to MWSS Management Team for ADB approval.  Conduct IEC, together with the Social Safeguard Officer in the OSP-AWTIP, for social preparation.  Ensure D&B Contractor has obtained permits for tree-cutting and use of explosive for

TA 8196-PHI: Angat Water Transmission Improvement Project Initial Environmental Examination – Output 2

Institution Prior to construction During construction During operation construction not later than 3 days after receipt of Notice of Award. Environment  Provide technical assistance and  Provide technical Specialist guidance to OSP-AWTIP in the: advice/assistance - Update of IEE and EMP, as e.g, preparation necessary of Semi-annual - Review of bidding documents * EMR for ADB, - Incorporation of environmental review of results criteria and weights in the of environmental evaluation of bids * effects - Review of environmental aspects monitoring. of bid documents * - Review of C-EMP against the SPS-compliant EMP

ADB  Review and clear updated  Review Semi-  Review Annual EMR. IEE/EMP, if applicable annual EMR.  Approval of the Spoil Management Plan and the C-EMP Design and  Incorporate mitigation measures in  Implement Build design and mitigation (D&B) bidding documents. measures and Contractor  Incorporate EMP as part of bidding conduct internal documents, EMP clauses in EMP bidding documents, contracts. implementation  Prepare a Contractor’s EMP that monitoring. addresses as minimum the  Conduct requirements of the EMP. environmental  Obtain Tree-Cutting Permit and quality monitoring Permit to Use as prescribed in  Explosives for Construction not SPS-compliant later than 3 after receipt of Notice EMP. (If an of Award. independent Licensed Laboratory will not be engaged)  Prepare Monthly and Semi-annual EMRs. Operators  Ensure an environmentally  Perform  Implement mitigation (MWSI and responsible maintenance policy in maintenance measures and conduct MWCI) congruence to MWSS maintenance works in internal EMP policy accordance with implementation monitoring. the maintenance  Prepare Monthly and policy Annual EMRs. DENR  Review and approve Project EIS.  Review MMT reports. MMT  Conduct environmental monitoring in compliance With DAO 03-30. Municipality  Facilitate social preparation.  Participate in the  Participate in the and  Participate in the MMT activities. monitoring of the monitoring of the Barangay performance of performance of Operator in D&B Contractor in EMP implementation.

TA 8196-PHI: Angat Water Transmission Improvement Project Initial Environmental Examination – Output 2

Institution Prior to construction During construction During operation

EMP  Facilitate (and participate implementation. in)public consultation/s and  Facilitate (and  information disclosure participate  Review EMRs. in)public  Assist in ensuring the consultation/s and observance of the GRM. information disclosure  Review EMRs.  Assist in ensuring the observance of the GRM.

6.3.3.1 Implementation Schedule

Environmental management will be implemented from the detailed design phase through to construction and operation. Table 33 presents the indicative time frame of key EMP activities in relation to Project implementation schedule.

Table 33: Environmental Management Implementation Schedule

Activity Indicative Time Frame

PROJECT IMPLEMENTATION D&B Contractor’s Mobilization Q1 Y1 Surveys and Investigations Q1 Y1 Detailed Design Q1 Y1 – Q2 Y1 Design Review and Approvals Q1 Y1 – Q3 Y1 Construction Q2 Y1 – Q2 Y5 Maintenance Period Q2 Y5 – Q2 Y6 ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT Overall 1. Engagement of Environmental Specialist for Y0 (in place at least 2 months prior to project implementation support bidding process for D&B starts)

2. OSP-AWTIP's submission of Environmental Monitoring Report (EMR)

- Monthly EMR for Project's Monthly 8th day after effective month Progress Report

- Semi-Annual EMR during D&B for 8th day after effective 6-mo. period submission to ADB - Annual EMR for submission to ADB 8th day after effective year - Self monitoring report (DAO 03-30) 8th day after effective 6-mo. period Prior to Notice of Award (NOA)/Notice to Proceed (NTP)

TA 8196-PHI: Angat Water Transmission Improvement Project Initial Environmental Examination – Output 2

Activity Indicative Time Frame

3. Secure MOA (in place of SAPA) Y0 - prior to EIS submission 4. Submit EIS for EMB CO review & secure Y0 - prior to ICC application approval from DENR CO 5. Secure Tree Cutting Permit Y0 - post-EIS submission, prior to NoA 6. Secure licenses for use of explosives during Y0 – post-NOA, prior to NTP construction prior to NTP

BETWEEN NTP & PRIOR TO CONSTRUCTION MOBILIATION 7. Inclusion of the EMP in the bid documents; Q4 Y0 (prior to Notice of Award) obtaining ECC

8. Finalization of EMP, (if applicable) revision Q1 Y1 (ADB’s concurrence required prior of IEE to revision) 9. ADB review and approval of revised IEE Q1 Y1 and EMP. 10. Community preparation (IEC, including Q1 Y1 disclosure of Final IEE and its EMP) 11. Preparation of C-EMP by selected D&B Q1 Y1, before start of works on site or Contractor, review of C-EMP against SPS- establishment of construction- related compliant EMP, clearance from ADB facilities.

Construction Period (Mobilization to Demobilization)

1. Implementation of mitigation measures and Q2 Y1 – Q2 Y5 conduct of environmental effects monitoring following the C-EMP.

2. Submission of Environmental Monitoring Q3 Y2 – Q2 Y3 Report (EMR) - Monthly, by D&B Contractor 5th day of the month following the effective month - Semi-annually, by D&B Contractor 5th day of the month following the effective 6-month period - Self-monitoring Report (DAO 03-30 8th day after effective 6-month period compliance), by OSP AWTIP - Monitoring Report (DAO 03-30 Week 2 after the effective 6-month period compliance) by MMT Operation Period (potentially could start even before Maintenance Period is over)

1. Implementation of mitigation measures and Starting Q2 Y6 monitoring activities as specified in the EMP 2. Submission of EMR Starting Q2 Y6 - Monthly, by Concessionaires 5th day of the month following the effective month - Yearly, by Concessionaires 5th day after effective year

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6.4 Environmental Monitoring Plan

Two types of monitoring are required ‐‐ environmental and compliance/ performance monitoring. Environmental effects monitoring will cover: (1) ambient air quality; (2) noise levels; (3) surface water quality; (4) groundwater quality; (5) community health and safety prior to construction and during construction and operation; and (6) workers’ health and safety during construction and operation (maintenance and repair). Compliance monitoring will monitor and evaluate the performance of the D&B Contractor, Concessionaire, and OSP‐AWTIP in complying with, or adhering to, the C‐EMP/EMP. A draft Environmental Monitoring Plan is presented as Table 34.

6.4.1 Monitoring Mechanism

A hierarchy of monitoring teams is presented below. a) The base layer of monitoring will be done by the D&B Contractor to ensure that construction impacts on environment and its personnel are within the acceptable limits set in the D&B Contractor Environmental Management Plan (CEMP). b) The second layer is the internal monitoring of CPF and MWSS. The monitoring is intended to provide information useful in promoting consistency and compliance with the Environmental Management Plan (EMP) and compliance with the ECC conditions and continued update of the EMP for sustained responsiveness to project construction, operations and impacts. c) The third layer is an external monitoring by the multipartite monitoring team, which is composed of representatives of MWSS, CPF, Bgry San Mateo LGU, Bgry Bigte LDU, EMB CO, relevant government agencies. d) The fourth layer is an external monitoring by DENR. The monitoring is intended to check compliance to the ECC conditions and effectiveness of environmental measures e) The fifth layer monitoring will be undertaken by ADB. This layer of monitoring is intended to ensure that construction and operation activities comply with ADB policies and safeguards. f) Independent Monitoring Team is an external independent team to undertake independent audit and evaluate effectiveness of the environmental measures implemented by the contractor and the project’s operators (the concessionaires – MWCI and MWSI) to mitigate the environmental Project Impacts referred to in this IEE. The independent monitoring of the environmental measures shall be undertaken during construction phase and for the first five years of operation. Table 34 summarizes the proposed environmental monitoring plan, which identifies the main environmental aspects, the potential impact arising, the key parameters to be monitored, and the sampling and management plan. The monitoring plan focuses on the construction period as no significant environmental impacts were identified for the operations phase. Currently, MWSS carries out daily observations of the raw water quality at the inlet structure. Hence, it would not be necessary to have the same during the operation of Tunnel 4. Existing conditions have been measured during the conduct of this IEE. The results may be adopted as the baseline conditions against which results of environmental effects monitoring during construction will be evaluated. The environmental monitoring plan covers water quality, air quality, construction noise, and vegetation monitoring. The monitoring plan should be updated to reflect the DENR recommendation specified in the ECC.

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The bid documents for the procurement of D&B Contractor should include implementation of environmental measures and drafting of the C‐EMP. This shall be submitted to MWSS for review and approval. Table 34: Environmental Monitoring Plan

Key environmental Key parameters to Sampling and measurement plan Potential impact be monitored aspect

During Construction and During Major Repair of Completed Works

Water quality Deterioration of Physico-chemical Method: refer to DAO 1990 -34 water quality in Ipo parameters Frequency: Dam and Bigte river including: Tributary during temperature, pH, Daily observations of water quality construction conductivity, total suspended solids, (a) Quarterly water quality sampling to include dissolved oxygen, wet and dry seasons BOD, oil and (b) After every accidental spillage event grease, and total faecal coliforms Locations: Angat River Upper Reach 1. Upstream Ipo dam 2. Ipo dam site (in the vicinity of construction area, near the intake of Tunnel 1,2 and 3) 3. Downstream Ipo Dam Bigte 4. Upstream Bigte tributary 5. Sitio settling 6. Bigte River 7. Sta Maria River

Air quality Deterioration of Dust deposition Method: see recommended methods for ambient air quality sampling in testing of ambient air parameters during construction stated in DAO 2000-81 Frequency: (a) Pre-construction monthly dust deposition monitoring (b) Monthly monitoring during construction Location: Ipo Dam site, Bgry Hall of San Mateo, MWSS Bigte Portal, and any haul routes on unpaved roads

Where haulage NOx Method: see recommended methods for traffic exceeds 200 sampling in testing of ambient air parameters heavy goods stated in DAO 2000-81 vehicles (HGV) per Frequency: Monthly analysis while day construction traffic exceeds 200HGVs / day Location: At a sample of villages along haul

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Key environmental Key parameters to Sampling and measurement plan Potential impact be monitored aspect

roads carrying more than 200 HGVs / day

Air quality in the Oxygen and carbon Method: BS6164 Construction:2011 tunnel monoxide Frequency: throughout the tunnelling construction period Continuous monitoring of oxygen with equipment conforming to BS EN 50104 Direct monitoring of carbon monoxide

Construction Increase noise Average ambient Method: Direct read out Noise levels due to (a) noise levels L Aeq Frequency: blasting, (b) general Maximum noise construction Minimum of 15 minute measurements at levels L activities, and (c) Aeqmax different times of the working day and at night haulage traffic in the event of night-time working. (a) Pre-construction baseline at all the construction sites and main haul roads and a selection of potential receptors nearby (b) Monthly monitoring at all the construction sites, including camps, spoil disposal areas, and along the main haulage roads and a selection of potential receptors nearby. (c) Following complaints from local communities at the complainant’s property and on the nearby construction sites.

Loss and Over-clearance and Frequency: damage to damage to (a) pre-construction survey of vegetation at terrestrial vegetation around construction sites an stake out / fence off vegetation the construction vegetation to be retained sites (b) weekly monitoring of vegetation cover around construction sites, (c) monitoring of revegetation of temporary construction sites in accordance with the C- EMP requirements for the restoration of temporary construction sites. Location: construction areas where vegetation clearance is done

During Operation

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Key environmental Key parameters to Sampling and measurement plan Potential impact be monitored aspect

BOD, oil and (b) After every accidental spillage event grease, and total Locations: faecal coliforms Angat River Upper Reach 1. Upstream Ipo dam 2. Ipo dam site (in the vicinity of construction area, near the intake of Tunnel 1,2 and 3) 3. Downstream Ipo Dam Bigte 1. Upstream Bigte tributary 2. Sitio settling 3. Bigte River Sta Maria River

6.5 Performance Indicators

This Section presents the preliminary set of environmental performance indicators to evaluate the effect of Project implementation on the environment, i.e., whether or not Project is enhancing, sustaining or deteriorating the state of the environment. The indicators are directed on two environmental areas that will be impacted by Project implementation: (i) the natural resources and (ii) health and safety of the concerned communities and Project workers. The selected indicators are limited to only those that can be measured/ gauged from activities during Project implementation and that can be tracked over a defined period.

Table 35: Performance Indicators

Indicator

Data Source Output / Baseline Level Target Outcome Performance Impact Scenario

During Construction and Operation (Major Maintenance/Repair Works) - Level should be equal - No. of parameters that - Results of air quality 1. Air - Pre-construction or less than the more exceeded, and monitoring during emissions ambient level does stringent limit percentage of construction not exceed the between national excess/es of each over, - Results of pre- more stringent limit standard and WHO the more stringent construction air quality between national Guidelines. limit/s between national monitoring standard and WHO standard and WHO Guidelines Guidelines

- Level should be equal - No. of parameters that - Pre-construction or less than the less exceeded, and ambient level does stringent limit percentage of not exceed the less between national excess/es of each over, stringent limit standard and WHO the less stringent limit/s between national Guidelines. between national standard and WHO standard and WHO

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Indicator

Data Source Output / Baseline Level Target Outcome Performance Impact Scenario

Guidelines. Guidelines

between national ambient level/s. standard and WHO Guidelines.

- No valid complaint - No valid complaint lodged on air - % of total HHs in main - Grievance Redress lodged on air area of influence that Mechanism records/ emissions caused by emissions caused Project. lodged valid complaint report by Project. on severe air emissions caused by Project.

- Pre-construction - Level should be equal - % of excess over the - Results of noise 2. Noise ambient level does or less than the more more stringent limit monitoring during

not exceed the stringent limit between national construction more stringent limit between national standard and WHO - Results of pre- between national standard and WHO Guidelines construction noise standard and WHO Guidelines. monitoring Guidelines.

- Level should be equal - % of excess over the

- Pre-construction or less than the less less stringent limit ambient level does stringent limit between national not exceed the less between national standard and WHO stringent limit standard and WHO Guidelines between national Guidelines. standard and WHO Guidelines. - Level should not - % of excess over pre- - Pre-construction exceed the pre- construction ambient ambient level level construction ambient exceeds the less level. stringent limit

between national

standard and WHO Guidelines. - No complaint lodged - % of total HHs in main - Grievance Redress - No valid complaint on noise during area of influence that Mechanism records/ lodged on noise Project lodged valid complaint report arising from Project implementation on noise during Project

implementation - Pre-construction - Level should be equal - % of excess over the - Results of vibration 3. Vibration/ level exceeds the or less than the pre- pre-construction level. monitoring during ground applied Guideline.* construction level. construction shaking - Level should be equal - % of excess over the - Results of pre- - Pre-construction or less than the applied Guideline.* construction vibration level does not applied Guideline.* monitoring exceed the applied Guideline.*

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Indicator

Data Source Output / Baseline Level Target Outcome Performance Impact Scenario

water exceeds national the pre-construction construction quality standard limit. - Results of pre- problem - Concentration should - % of excess over construction noise in Angat - Pre-construction not exceed national national standard limit. monitoring River and concentration does standard limit. Bigte not exceed national Creek standard limit. - No valid complaint - % of total HHs in main - Grievance Redress - No valid complaint lodged on area of influence that Mechanism records/ lodged on surface deteriorating surface lodged valid complaint report water quality water quality during on deteriorating water caused by Project. Project quality during Project

implementation. implementation

and WHO Drinking Guidelines. construction Water Guidelines groundwater quality - Level should be equal - % of excess over the monitoring - Pre-construction or less than the less less stringent limit concentration does stringent limit between national and not exceed the less between national and WHO Drinking Water stringent limit WHO Drinking Water Guidelines. between national Guidelines. and WHO Drinking

- No valid complaint - % of total HHs in main - Grievance Redress - No valid complaint lodged on area of influence that Mechanism records/ lodged on groundwater quality lodged valid complaint report groundwater quality during Project on groundwater quality caused by Project. implementation. during Project implementation.

- No road accidents - None and 0% of - Number and % of total - D&B Contractor's and 6. Constructi involving Project- construction days construction days with OSP-AWTIP's EMRs on-related associated with road accidents road accidents - D&B Contractor's vehicle construction involving construction involving construction Safety Team's road vehicles. vehicles. vehicles. records accidents - No accident should - Number and % of total - Grievance Redress - No accident should result in long-term or construction days with Mechanism records/ result in long-term permanent injury or accident that caused report or permanent injury fatality. serious injuries and/or - Records/reports of or fatality. fatalities LGU/ Barangay, local police/traffic authorities -

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Indicator

Data Source Output / Baseline Level Target Outcome Performance Impact Scenario

complaints on Project. during Project environmental implementation complaint during Project implementation. - No Project- - No incident of - Number of incidents of: - Progress and 8. Workers' associated vehicles Project-associated - Project-associated monitoring reports of health and involved in road vehicles involved in vehicles involved in OSP-AWTIP and safety accidents. road accidents. road accidents. D&B Contractor's hazards(A - on-site emergency emergency response ccidents, (e.g., fire, team.

injuries, explosion, - Grievance Redress

fire, landslide, ground Mechanism Record explosion, collapse, etc). or Report landslide - No incident of on-site - Number of workers: - Record and report of caused by - No Project- accident or - injured the D&B Contractor's earthwork associated on-site emergency (e.g., fire, - met long-term injury - Records and reports s, social accident or explosion, landslide, - lost lives. of LGU/ Barangay, conflicts emergency (e.g., ground collapse, etc) local police involving fire, explosion, - Hospital records workers, landslide, ground crimes collapse, etc). involving - No worker involved in - Number of workers workers) - No road accident Project- involved in social and on-site accident/emergency conflicts or crimes.

accident/ that caused injuries

and/or fatalities. - No worker involved in - No Project worker social conflict or involved in social crime. conflicts or crime. - No such events - No damage during - Number of events - Operator's field 9. Damage with Project. earthquake or inflicting damage on investigation report during extreme weather works during - Field spot checks and earthquak event. construction. random interviews by e or - Number of events with OSP-AWTIP. extreme major damage weather requiring temporary event stop of construction. - Number of events inflicting damage on completed works during construction. - Number of events with major damage requiring temporary closure of Tunnel 4 operations for repair.

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Table 36: Performance Monitoring Indicators

Indicator

Data Source Output / Baseline Level Target Outcome Performance Impact Scenario

During Construction and Operation (Major Maintenance/Repair Works) - Level should be equal - No. of parameters that - Results of air quality 1. Air - Pre-construction or less than the more exceeded, and monitoring during emissio ambient level does stringent limit percentage of construction ns not exceed the between national excess/es of each over, - Results of pre- more stringent limit standard and WHO the more stringent construction air quality between national Guidelines. limit/s between national monitoring standard and WHO standard and WHO

Guidelines Guidelines

between national Guidelines. between national

standard and WHO standard and WHO Guidelines. Guidelines

- Level should not - No. of parameters that - Pre-construction exceed the pre- exceeded, and ambient level construction ambient percentage of exceeds the less level. excess/es of each over, stringent limit the pre-construction between national ambient level/s. standard and WHO Guidelines. - No valid complaint - No valid complaint lodged on air - % of total HHs in main - Grievance Redress

lodged on air emissions caused by area of influence that Mechanism records/ emissions caused lodged valid complaint report Project. by Project. on severe air emissions

caused by Project.

- Pre-construction - Level should be equal - % of excess over the - Results of noise 2. Noise ambient level does or less than the more more stringent limit monitoring during not exceed the stringent limit between national construction more stringent limit between national standard and WHO - Results of pre- between national standard and WHO Guidelines construction noise standard and WHO Guidelines. monitoring Guidelines. - Level should be equal - % of excess over the - Pre-construction or less than the less less stringent limit ambient level does stringent limit between national not exceed the less between national standard and WHO stringent limit standard and WHO Guidelines between national Guidelines. standard and WHO Guidelines. - Level should not - % of excess over pre- - Pre-construction exceed the pre- construction ambient ambient level construction ambient level exceeds the less level. stringent limit between national standard and WHO Guidelines.

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Indicator

Data Source Output / Baseline Level Target Outcome Performance Impact Scenario

- No complaint lodged - % of total HHs in main - Grievance Redress - No valid complaint on noise during area of influence that Mechanism records/ lodged on noise Project lodged valid complaint report

arising from Project implementation on noise during Project

- No valid complaint - % of total HHs in main - Grievance Redress - No valid complaint lodged on vibration area of influence that Mechanism records/ lodged on vibration during Project lodged valid complaint report caused by Project. implementation. on vibration during Project implementation - Pre-construction - Concentration should - % of excess over pre- - Results of noise 4. Surface concentration be equal or less than construction monitoring during water exceeds national the pre-construction construction quality standard limit. - Results of pre- problem - Concentration should - % of excess over construction noise in Angat - Pre-construction not exceed national national standard limit. monitoring River and concentration does standard limit. Bigte not exceed national Creek standard limit.

- No valid complaint - % of total HHs in main - Grievance Redress - No valid complaint lodged on area of influence that Mechanism records/ lodged on surface deteriorating surface lodged valid complaint report water quality water quality during on deteriorating water caused by Project. Project quality during Project implementation. implementation

- Pre-construction - Level should be equal - % of excess over, the - Results of 5. Groundw concentration does or less than the more more stringent limit/s groundwater quality ater not exceed the stringent limit between national and monitoring during quality more stringent limit between national and WHO Drinking Water construction problem between national WHO Drinking Water Guidelines. - Results of pre- and WHO Drinking Guidelines. construction Water Guidelines groundwater quality - Level should be equal - % of excess over the monitoring - Pre-construction or less than the less less stringent limit concentration does stringent limit between national and not exceed the less between national and WHO Drinking Water stringent limit WHO Drinking Water Guidelines. between national Guidelines. and WHO Drinking

Water Guidelines - Level should not - % of excess over pre- - Pre-construction exceed the pre- construction level. concentration construction exceeds the less concentration. stringent limit between national and WHO Drinking Water Guidelines. - No valid complaint - % of total HHs in main - Grievance Redress - No valid complaint lodged on area of influence that Mechanism records/ lodged on

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Indicator

Data Source Output / Baseline Level Target Outcome Performance Impact Scenario

groundwater quality groundwater quality lodged valid complaint report caused by Project. during Project on groundwater quality implementation. during Project

implementation. - No road accidents - None and 0% of - Number and % of total - D&B Contractor's and 6. Constructi involving Project- construction days construction days with OSP-AWTIP's EMRs on-related associated with road accidents road accidents - D&B Contractor's vehicle construction involving construction involving construction Safety Team's road vehicles. vehicles. vehicles. records accidents - No accident should - Number and % of total - Grievance Redress - No accident should result in long-term or construction days with Mechanism records/ result in long-term permanent injury or accident that caused report or permanent injury fatality. serious injuries and/or - Records/reports of or fatality. fatalities LGU/ Barangay, local police/traffic authorities -

- No other valid - No other valid - % of total HHs in main - Grievance Redress 7. Other environmental environmental area of influence that Mechanism records/ environme complaint lodged complaint lodged lodged other valid report ntal on Project. during Project environmental complaints implementation complaint during Project implementation.

- No Project- - No incident of - Number of incidents of: - Progress and 8. Workers' associated vehicles Project-associated - Project-associated monitoring reports of health and involved in road vehicles involved in vehicles involved in OSP-AWTIP and

safety accidents. road accidents. road accidents. D&B Contractor's hazards(A - on-site emergency emergency response ccidents, (e.g., fire, team. injuries, explosion, - Grievance Redress fire, landslide, ground Mechanism Record explosion, collapse, etc). or Report landslide - No incident of on-site - Number of workers: - Record and report of caused by - No Project- accident or - injured the D&B Contractor's earthwork associated on-site emergency (e.g., fire, - met long-term injury - Records and reports s, social accident or explosion, landslide, - lost lives. of LGU/ Barangay, conflicts emergency (e.g., ground collapse, etc) local police involving fire, explosion, - Hospital records workers, landslide, ground crimes collapse, etc). involving - No worker involved in - Number of workers workers) - No road accident Project- involved in social and on-site accident/emergency conflicts or crimes. accident/ that caused injuries

and/or fatalities. - No worker involved in - No Project worker social conflict or involved in social crime. conflicts or crime.

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Indicator

Data Source Output / Baseline Level Target Outcome Performance Impact Scenario

- No such events - No damage during - Number of events - Operator's field 9. Damage with Project. earthquake or inflicting damage on investigation report during extreme weather works during - Field spot checks and earthquak event. construction. random interviews by e or - Number of events with OSP-AWTIP. extreme major damage weather requiring temporary event stop of construction. - Number of events inflicting damage on completed works during construction. - Number of events with major damage requiring temporary closure of Tunnel 4 operations for repair.

6.6 Reporting

Environmental monitoring activities and findings shall be documented for reporting, recording, verification, referral and evaluation of the environmental performance of the Project. The documentation shall also be used as basis in correcting and enhancing further environmental mitigation and monitoring. Environmental Monitoring Reports (EMRs) shall be prepared as follows: a) Monthly, by the D&B Contractor during detailed design and construction and by the Concessionaires during operation, to be submitted to the OSP‐AWTIP, to include, at least: (1) physical progress of the Subproject; (2) mitigation measures implemented in line with the C‐ EMP/EMP; (3) grievances received, resolved, closed and those directed to other mechanisms; and (4) if any, engineering investigation and corrective actions after a seismic or extreme weather event. The monthly EMRs will be submitted to the OSP‐AWTIP. b) Quarterly, by the OSP‐AWTIP, incorporating the monthly reports of D&B Contractors or Concessionaires into the overall quarterly progress report of Project. In addition, to include: (i) feedbacks from informal random interviews with affected communities; (iii) findings from regular inspections and unannounced spot checks; and assessment of the environmental performance of D&B Contractors or Concessionaires. c) Semi‐annually during detailed design and construction and annually during operation until loan closure or as agreed, by the OSP‐AWTIP to be submitted to the ADB to fulfill the environmental agreement in the loan. The Semi‐Annual and Annual EMRs will not only report on the progress and results of environmental monitoring and compliance of the C‐EMP/EMP implementation but also: (1) assess the effectiveness of instituted measures; (2) point out violation/s, if any; (3) assess/recommend corrective actions; and (4) cite any coordination made for corrective actions and, if applicable, certifications for having instituted them effectively. It shall also feature any innovative mitigation measures applied by the D&B Contractor or Concessionaires, and other lessons learned in C‐EMP/EMP implementation. These will be useful in adjusting the C‐EMP/EMP to adapt to real ground situations. (Proposed adjustments/

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enhancement of the C‐EMP/EMP must have prior ADB clearance.) A draft outline for the Semi‐Annual and Annual EMRs is presented as Appendix 9. The monthly EMRs by the D&B Contractor, Operator and PIU may adopt the outline, as applicable, to facilitate the preparation of the Semi‐Annual and Annual EMRs. In compliance with the Revised Procedural Manual for DAO 03‐30 and addressing the conditions of ECC, the environmental monitoring reports shall be prepared as follows and submitted to EMB CO: a) OSP‐ AWTIP shall prepare and submit Self Monitoring Report to EMB CO on semi‐annual basis following the outline prescribed in the Revised Procedural Manual for DAO 03‐30. b) MMT shall prepare Compliance Monitoring and Validation Report as the MMT Report Form on quarterly basis.

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7 Public Consultation, Information Disclosure and Grievance Redress Mechanism 7.1 Public Consultation

The public consultation was carried out during the early stage of preparation for the feasibility study and after the results of the preliminary surveys on air quality, water quality, vegetation, wildlife and aquatic resources were known. The consultation meetings were held with the communities and barangay councils of Brgy. San Mateo and Brgy. Bigte, NCIP, Dumagat leaders and communities at Ipo watershed and CPF. The information about the project’s environmental issues and concerns and technical data of the project were discussed in Tagalog, a dialect which the locals and indigenous peoples (IP) can understand. In addition to the public consultation, focus group discussions were held with the IP communities. The following issues were raised during the consultation with Brgy. San Mateo, Brgy. Bigte and Dumagat communities. Table 37: Summary Matrix of Issues Raised at Public Consultation

Key issues and concerns Response/ comments a) Lack of domestic water supply in Brgys. Bigte Other MWSS project is underway and looking at and San Mateo. the feasibility of treated water distribution in Bulacan.

b) Identification of affected person (APs), MWSS assures to have proper survey of the especially the residents along MWSS ROW. tunnel ROW before project commences. Affected Concerns on the process of demolition of residents will be compensated if relocation is properties (with land titles and illegal needed resettlers) along MWSS ROW.

c) Impacts on road safety due to increase in The residents are aware that their houses and/ or traffic and transportation of spoil from the their house plot fences have encroached in the construction site to temporary spoil disposal. RROW. The 1m road easement on both sides of Identification of the roads likely to be affected the road is recognized by the residents. especially during the construction phase. Mitigating measures on the potential impacts caused by the transportation of spoil will be

included in the EMP. Possible mitigating measure d) Employment opportunities for the local The community will be prioritized for jobs suitable population (Brgys. Bigte and San Mateo). to their acquired skills and capability. e) Generation and management of spoil. The residents’ request for spoil may be course Residents requested whether they could take through the barangay council and such the spoil for their personal use, e.g. as backfill consolidated request will be forwarded to MWSS/ material in their house plots. Spoil can also be D&B Contractor. used as community road backfill especially in dirt roads. f) Commencement of the project construction. The project is expected to start in 2014. For the project to push through, several approvals are needed and release of loan from ADB. g) The barangays are keen to having another Consultation meetings with affected communities consultation/ discussion on the project will be done by MWSS prior to construction. implementation prior to start of construction.

h) Determination of alternative routes and fish Alternative route and boat landing should be landing at Sitio Ipo. identified prior to commencement of tunnel construction. Potential boat landing site was

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identified near the mouth of Sapang Munti, a tributary of Angat River which is near the dam site.

7.2 Information Disclosure

Results of the surveys undertaken were discussed with Brgy. San Mateo, Brgy. Bigte and IP community at Sitio Ipo in Brgy. San Mateo. Public consultation meetings apart from the meetings held as reported in this IEE should be conducted with the potentially affected communities in Brgy. Bigte and Brgy. San Mateo in the Municipality of Norzagaray. The meeting should engage the stakeholders and discuss monitoring activities, implementation of the EMP that may require community collaboration, grievance redress mechanism as described in this IEE. Suitable communication method should be used.

7.3 Additional Public Consultation and Information Campaign

To keep the directly impacted barangays aware of the progress of the project and necessary contribution, additional public consultations should be carried out after the detailed engineering design documents have been submitted by the D&B Contractor and approved by MWSS. Stakeholders must be invited and encouraged to participate in community discussions. The OSP‐ AWTIP, D&B Contractor and Concessionaires will be easily accessible to contact by the public on matters concerning project progress, adverse impacts, mitigation measures, environmental monitoring and grievances. The PMO, in coordination with the concerned Barangays of San Mateo and Bigte, will be responsible for organizing public consultations. Specifically, the conduct of the following: a) At least one month prior to the start of construction mobilization, a joint social and environmental information campaign by the OSP‐AWTIP on the project’s social and environmental impacts with emphasis on health and safety concerns should be carried out to communities in Brgy. San Mateo and Brgy. Bigte; b) During construction, informal interviews by the OSP‐AWTIP to monitor environmental concerns of the same communities to be able to address them; and c) During operation, in the first two years, periodic random interviews by the Concessionaires to continue to monitor the communities’ environmental concerns. During entire project implementation, the final IEE and its EMP, as well as the GoP‐approved EIS will be made available in the PMO and MWSS for the reading of the interested parties. Copies may be made available upon formal request.

7.4 Grievance Redress Mechanisms

Grievances raised on environmental impacts are critical to the health, wellness and safety of affected persons (APs). Hence, the proposed mechanism intends to be easily accessible and promptly responsive to APs’ environmental complaints. The proposed formal grievance redress mechanism (GRM) for the Project is presented below in Figure 27: Grievance Redress Mechanism Diagram. It shows an integrated social and environmental mechanism. For environmental complaint, an AP may also opt for an informal approach to have his/her grievance addressed. The subsequent sub‐section describes the approach for environmental complaint.

7.4.1 Informal Approach

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Informally, APs can lodge complaints directly to the D&B Contractor during construction or CPF (Common Purpose Facility) during operation. The D&B Contractor/CPF shall document and assess the complaint immediately. If assessment validates the complaint as within the scope of the GRM/eligible, the D&B Contractor/CPF shall act on the complaint within three days from receipt of complaint. If assessment invalidates the complaint (i.e., reveals the complaint as ineligible or not associated with the Project’s environmental performance), the D&B Contractor/CPF shall direct the AP to the Grievance Committee for confirmation, triggering the formal approach. The Contractor/CPF shall report the following to the OSP‐AWTIP within 2 days from receipt of complaint: (i) complaint received, eligible or ineligible, duly referenced; and (ii) actions to be taken/ taken including timeline. The OSP‐AWTIP shall obtain a written confirmation of satisfaction from the AP, 7 days from completion of resolution by Contractor/CPF.

7.4.2 Formal Approach

If complaint lodged informally is eligible but is not acted on within three days from receipt of complaint, or if AP is not satisfied with the resolution undertaken by the Contractor/CPF, he/she can access the formal approach. A Project Grievance Committee (GC) will be set up to consist of the Barangay Council (or IP Chieftain and Council for IP complaints), Contractor, CPF and MWSS as follows:

Step 1 Lodging a Complaint (Day 1)  AP lodges complaint with the OSP‐AWTIP or the Barangay.

Step 2 Documentation and Registration of Complaint (Day 1)  OSP‐AWTIP or Barangay registers lodged complaint and makes sure these are duly referenced and provides AP with a copy of referenced complaint.  The Barangay forwards a copy of the referenced complaint to the OSP‐AWTIP.

Step 3 Screening (Day 1)  OSP‐AWTIP or Barangay screens if complaints relates to Tunnel 4.  AP is informed if the grievance relates or does not relate to Tunnel 4.  The Tunnel 4 Grievance Committee (GC) is also informed of the screening result.  If screening ruling is not acceptable to the AP, he/she may re‐lodge his/her complaint with the Grievance Committee, which will properly document the complaint.

Step 4 Complaint Investigation (Day 1‐3)  The GC conducts investigation of the complaint to determine if actions are required or not.  The AP is informed of the findings/ruling.  If actions are required, AP is informed of the expected action timelines as set out in the established mechanism. Agreement on actions and measures and time involved are made with the AP. Agreement is properly documented and filed. OSP‐AWTIP, Barangay Council (or IP Chieftain and Council), Contractor/CPF and AP are furnished copies.  If actions are not required and GC ruling is not acceptable to the AP, AP may file the case with the Municipal Local Government Unit.

Step 5 Implementing the Agreed Action  For minor action required: (Day 4‐5) The Contractor/CPF implements agreed on action within 2 days.

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TA 8196-PHI: Angat Water Transmission Improvement Project Initial Environmental Examination – Output 2

If AP is not satisfied with the completed action or if action is not started within 2 days from GC ruling, AP may file case with the Municipal LGU.  For major action required: (Day4/5‐Day 8/9) The Contractor/CPF provides agreed interim measure and starts work on the final action within 5 days from the GC ruling. If AP is not satisfied with the completed action or if action is not started within 5 days from GC ruling, AP may file case with the Municipal LGU.

Step 6 Acceptance of Resolution (1 week after completion of action)  If, according to the AP, the impact has been resolved satisfactorily, OSP‐AWTIP will obtain a written confirmation of satisfaction from the AP. This confirmation will signify closure of grievance and will form part of the grievance documentation. The GC, Barangay Council (or IP Chieftain and Council), Contractor/CPF and AP are furnished copies.

Step 6 Monitoring and Evaluation (for 1 week after completion of action)  The OSP‐AWTIP shall monitor the effectiveness of the resolution for at least a week after completion of action.  Monitoring and evaluation shall be properly documented and included in the Environmental Monitoring Report (EMR).

The mechanism prescribes that the OSP‐AWTIP shall inform the ADB of: complaints evaluated as major issues; and any appeal raised by dissatisfied AP. The AP wishing to make a claim must first make an appeal to his respective barangay or to the IP leaders for the case of the Dumagats. The claim must be made in writing and should include brief details including factual background; issues; and AP’s position on the issue/s raised. The barangay must review the case within the context of existing policy, regulations, procedures and valid entitlement of the AP as provided in relevant implementing plans. The barangay council should respond within five days of receipt of the complaint. Should the grievance case cannot be resolved, the AP can file complain to the municipal level.

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TA 8196-PHI: Angat Water Transmission Improvement Project Initial Environmental Examination – Output 2 Figure 27: Grievance Redress Mechanism Diagram

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Initial Environmental Examination – Output 2

8 Findings

The main impacts will occur during construction and these can mostly be mitigated within acceptable levels. The construction work area (CWA‐Ipo) of about 1ha area called “Consultant/Workers Area” in Ipo dam site would entail vegetation clearing prior to construction. This would sacrifice some 67 trees/ha in the area, although most are low diameter and non‐timber, non‐commercial species. The same is true for Bigte tunnel outlet construction site where there will also be clearing and where several mature rain trees will be affected. This can be mitigated by replacing the species that will be cut with the same species and plant the same in the open portions of the property. Also, a planned clearing of vegetation and keeping the vegetation clearing to a minimum will need to be done. The loss of vegetation is considered to be a low adverse impact, given the small area affected, the absence of rare and endangered species. There are two river systems draining a seemingly separate watershed areas that are the immediate impact areas of the project: the tunnel inlet construction may potentially impact on the Angat river system, and the tunnel outlet construction will impact the Bigte‐Sta. Maria River system. During construction, there will be potential for temporary, short‐term, reductions in water quality due to the construction activities. The main pollutants are likely to be elevated levels of suspended solids in channel works and site drainage, and oils and grease from leakage from machinery and accidental spillages. These can be controlled to a large extent through good site practice, to minimize in‐channel works, control soil erosion and runoff, and avoid accidental spillages. It should also be noted that high turbidity is normal during the wet season. High coliform content of the water in Ipo dam/Angat river waters and the Bigte‐Sta. Maria channel may be due to human and animal (domesticated) waste being thrown to the river waters. Immediate contact with these waters may produce medical/health concerns with the people. Turbidity and siltation of these water systems are prevalent, especially during the wet season. Aquatic ecological studies indicate that the biodiversity of aquatic species in Angat river and Bigte creek is low and had not identified rare species. Limited construction works may impact on the plankton and benthos in localized areas during the construction period, but the aquatic system would be expected to recover to current ecological status following construction. Noise, vibration and poor water quality may disturb fish, which could find refuge elsewhere in the reservoir upstream. The construction works may have a low, temporary, and highly localized effect on aquatic ecology. It would be desirable, but not essential, to look at the dry season scenario of the macro‐benthic communities in the various sites. The water quality in Ipo dam/Angat river waters and the Bigte‐Sta. Maria channel showed exceedances of bacteriological standards, which may be due to human and animal (domesticated) waste discharged to the rivers. Direct contact with these waters may produce medical/health issues for the people. Care must be taken in the siting of construction camps and the collection and handling of wastewaters that the surface waters are not contaminated further as a consequence of the construction works. The presence of mercury in the fish samples also may lead to health hazards the local population who consume the locally caught fish. The project is not expected to change the situation. There may be temporary disturbance to wildlife during the construction phase. The contiguous Angat watershed will serve as the wildlife refuge while construction is ongoing and overall the impact of construction on wildlife is considered to be negligible and no mitigation has been proposed. The initial survey conducted during the wet season provides an indication of species present in the area and can be used as baseline for the subsequent monitoring, especially in the construction area and adjacent

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areas of Isla Puting Bato in Angat Watershed Area. Defective housing units were observed in the AFP housing project in Brgy. San Mateo. It is unlikely that construction of the tunnel would generate sufficient vibration to damage the property, given the depth of the tunnel. Defects cannot be associated with tunnel construction. The traffic management along Ipo road is poor. There are only few road signs. No speed limits are enforced considering that the road is winding. Several houses were observed to encroach upon the road ROW. These factors contribute to reported road accidents along Ipo Road. Large volume of spoil will be generated and the spoil is considered a good construction material. There are temporary spoil disposal site identified in the feasibility study and in this IEE Report. The excavated materials are characterized to be very good construction materials that can be used during tunnel construction, backfill of barangay roads and material to concrete mix products. Operational impacts are minimal. It is anticipated that the transport network will be affected during the operation due to slight increase some vehicles travelling to Ipo dam site for maintenance. Potential impact may also include decrease in the natural water flow of Angat river especially during dry season since Tunnel 4 is expected to augment water supply of AQs to their full capacities. MWSS doesn’t have experience in environmental supervision and implementation of environmental measures. Watershed unit is in place but it is not institutionalized and does not function as environmental unit of MWSS.

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9 Conclusions and Recommendations

The Project will improve and expand the raw water transmission system, increasing the reliability and security of raw water transmission and ensuring sustainable water supply services to Metro Manila. The IEE concludes that most of the environmental impacts associated with Tunnel 4 are expected to arise during construction. Potential impacts will be localized and site‐specific. Most of the identified impacts are low and temporary and if assessed carefully, it can be mitigated to an acceptable level without difficulty through good site, engineering and construction practices. No significant adverse impacts have been identified during operation phase. The few impacts of high magnitude (without mitigation) during construction will not be distinct. Tunnel 4 will be the fourth tunnel to be constructed in the MWSS ROW. These impacts will not be sufficient to threaten the surrounding resources. During operation, low to moderate impacts will come from maintenance and repair. The wildlife and river ecology surveys were done during the wet season. There is a need to assess the same parameters during the dry season, which is considered the baseflow period to provide a more robust baseline data. The EMP should be updated whenever necessary.

More detailed infrastructure survey should be carried out and existing conditions of the infrastructure should be noted. At the preliminary stage of Tunnel 4 project, it was observed that there were poorly constructed housing units of the AFP subdivision. Such defects occurred prior to the tunnel construction and cannot be associated as an impact of the tunnel construction activity.

During the detailed design phase, further consultation is required to address the concerns raised during previous consultations to ensure that all public concerns are updated and publicly acknowledged and incorporated into detailed designs and updated EMP. Also, during the detailed design, environmental due diligence should be conducted on the key associated facilities, namely: Ipo dam, Basin 3 and Aqueduct 5. The EMP presented here should be updated during the detail design phase to: a. Update the legislation and administrative arrangements, b. Incorporate the results of further terrestrial and aquatic surveys, and land use surveys, c. Update the impacts and mitigation presented herein, d. Expand upon the mitigation and monitoring plans, and e. Develop capacity building needs. In the event of design deviation, such as shift of alignment resulting in tunnel being located outside the MWSS ROW, change in inlet structure location and/or change in the method of construction, the MWSS through its PMO should immediately: (1) seek the advice of EMB Central Office if such design deviation warrants an ECC amendment; and (2) inform ADB should EMB advise for ECC amendment and finally, (2) seek ADBʹs clearance/concurrence for an IEE revision and/or EMP updating. The successful Contractor shall be required to prepare and implement a Construction Environmental Management Plan based on SPS compliant EMP. The following specific sub‐management plans should form part of the C‐EMP: chance finds recovery and removal; and include with the excavation subplan placement of temporary berms and plastic sheeting between excavations and adjacent land, surface waters, and property to prevent erosion, sedimentation, or contamination from excavation work, noise control plan, dust control plan; and workers and staff health and safety plan.

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Based on the above conclusion and recommendation, no further detailed EIA needs to be undertaken to comply with ADB SPS. Under GOP policy an EIS is required. The EIS will be based on this IEE.

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