U Places and People: Taking Aboriginal Understandings Seriously in Land and Sea Management
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YolYol\\\\uu Places and People: Taking Aboriginal Understandings Seriously in Land and Sea Management Margaret Leanne Ayre B. For. Sc. (Hons), University of Melbourne Submitted in total fulfilment of the requirements of the degree of Doctor of Philosophy 2002 Department of History and Philosophy of Science The University of Melbourne Abstract In this thesis I look at the work of managing Yol\u Aboriginal estates by the Dhimurru Land Management Aboriginal Corporation (Dhimurru) and Yol\u Aboriginal communities of NE Arnhem Land. I examine the practices of doing contemporary land and sea management at Dhimurru drawing on work I did at Dhimurru assisting in the development of a plan of management for the Yol\u place, }anydjaka (Cape Arnhem in English), and negotiating a curriculum/pedagogy for Dhimurru Yol\u Rangers. I examine the mobilisation strategies of the environmental sciences and Yol\u knowledges which together perform the ‘object of management’ in Dhimurru’s practice, ‘}anydjaka/Cape Arnhem’, as a multiplicity: a Yol\u-managed place. Showing ‘}anydjaka/Cape Arnhem’ as a multiplicity (multiple but partially connected objects) allows us to understand place as multiple materialities performed through sets of routine, but quite often very different, sets of practices. The work of managing ‘}anydjaka/Cape Arnhem’ is the work of managing multiple realities within which the object of management is continually performed as partial, messy, contingent and local. I contend that in order to take Yol\u understandings seriously in land and sea management we need to understand Dhimurru’s unique ontology as a knowledge landscape characterised by an emergent methodology I call ‘journeying-naming- tracing’. I examine episodes in the training of Yol\u Aboriginal rangers through Dhimurru, Batchelor College and the Parks and Wildlife Commission of the Northern Territory. Comparing these different episodes we can see that they are an education/training in differing methodologies of knowledge making. The rangers were being sensitised to, and disciplined in working different ‘ontological tensions’ as they were trained to ‘manage Nature/“the environment”’ and to ‘manage Yol\u places/people’. Through a critique of four episodes in ranger training, I suggest that an effective curriculum/pedagogy for trainee Yol\u rangers will make these ontological contrasts explicit and employ a methodology of ‘journeying-naming- tracing’. ii DECLARATION This is to certify that: (I) the thesis comprises only my original work towards the PhD, (ii) due acknowledgment has been made in the text to all other material used, (iii) the thesis is less than 100,000 words in length, exclusive of tables, maps, bibliographies and appendices. iii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I dedicate this thesis to the members of the Dhimurru Land Management Aboriginal Corporation. I first acknowledge my colleagues and teachers at Dhimurru for their friendship, humour, generosity and support over many years. These people are: Dja`a`i\ba Yunupi\u, Galarrwuy Yunupi\u, Nanikiya Munu\giritj, Greg Wearne, Djawa Yunupi\u, Botha Wunu\murra, Mark Stevens, Mandaka Marika, Ma\atjay Yunupi\u, Sharon Peters, W^pit Munu\gurr, Larrtjan\a Ganambarr, Kelvin Leitch, Da\ata\a Gondarra, B^wurr Munyarryun, Gaymala Yunupi\u, Gulumbu Yunupi\u, Rarriwuy Marika, Banduk Marika, ~^\ani Marika, Dhuwarrwarr Marika, Darren Larcombe, Grant Gambley, Nalkuma 2 Burarrwa\a, Rr^wu] Maymuru, Mirrit\a Yunupi\u, Gatjirrimi Yunupi\u, Dwayne Watson, Larry Yuwulkpuy and Mick Yinarri. I thank my principal supervisor Dr. Helen Verran for her faith, her inspiration and for helping me to make sense of my painful puzzles. I also thank Dr. Mandawuy Yunupi\u, Raymattja Marika-Munu\giritj and Nalwarri Ngurrwutthun for their guidance and support. I thank the Department of History and Philosophy of Science at the University of Melbourne, in particular Dr. Rosemary Robins and Professor Rod Home, and the History and Philosophy of Science Postgraduate Student Association, for providing a unique and precious intellectual home in which to do my work. I gratefully acknowledge the generous support I have received from the Faculty of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies and the Centre for Indigenous Natural and Cultural Resource Management at the Northern Territory University, the Yothu Yindi Foundation and the Garma Cultural Studies Institute, the Nambara Schools Council, and from the Dhimurru Executive Committee. Without the encouragement, love, support and teachings of family, friends and co- workers I would never have begun or completed this thesis. I thank these people for all they have given me: Paul Whytcross, Alex Russell, Kerryn Morey, Nick Wellman, Lisa Palmer, Tao Bak, Cheryl Arnott, Maryellen Hargreaves, Mirrkiyawuy Ganambarr- Stubbs, Fiona Fidler, Jane Hall, Mark Wallbridge, Allan Arnott, Bronwen Jones, Sam Tracey, Helen Balfe, Banbapuy Maymuru, Les Kneebone, Matthew Klugman, Mosese Rika, Kristian Camilleri, Rebecca Benson, Deturru Yunupi\u, Tracey Regan, Lisa Albion, iv Daniel Wagg, Alice Bosac, Ledua Gentle, Kenny Gentle, Johnny Rika, Esther Rika, Leon White, Bruce Lawson, Yalmay Yunupi\u and |alawurr Munu\gurr. I want finally to thank my family, for everything: Don, Charles, Dave and Hazel. v TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT ................................................................................... ................................................................................................ ................................................................................................ ..................................................................................... ........ IIIIII DECDECLARATIONLARATION ................................................................................... ................................................................................................ ................................................................................................ ........................................... IIIIIIIII ACKNOWLEDGMENTSACKNOWLEDGMENTS................................................................................................................................................................................................................... .............................................................................................. ..................................IVIVIVIV TABLE OF CONTENTSCONTENTS................................................................................................................................................................................................................... .............................................................................................. ..................................VIVIVIVI List of IllustrationsIllustrations................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................ ................................................................................................ ............................... ixixix Plates...........................................................................................................................................................x List of AbbreviationsAbbreviations................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................ ................................................................................................ ....................... xixixi FOREMATTERSFOREMATTERS................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................ ............................................................................... ......111 Preliminary Information ................................................................................... ................................ ................................................................................................ ............................................................................................... .................. 111 1. The Yol\u Community...................................................................................................................... 1 2. The Local Context.............................................................................................................................2 3. The Dhimurru Land Management Aboriginal Corporation ...................................................3 4. Description of Institutions Collaborating with Dhimurru .....................................................4 PROLOGUE ................................................................................... ................................................................................................ ................................................................................................ ..................................................................................... ................5555 Scene 1: A Dhimurru Committee Meeting --- May 19941994.....................................................................................................................................................................5.....