DOCSLIB.ORG

Antioxidant and Cardioprotective Activities of Phenolic Extracts from Fruits of Chilean Blackberry Aristotelia Chilensis (Elaeocarpaceae), Maqui

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Antioxidant and Cardioprotective Activities of Phenolic Extracts from Fruits of Chilean Blackberry Aristotelia Chilensis (Elaeocarpaceae), Maqui Available online at www.sciencedirect.com Food Chemistry Food Chemistry 107 (2008) 820–829 www.elsevier.com/locate/foodchem Antioxidant and cardioprotective activities of phenolic extracts from fruits of Chilean blackberry Aristotelia chilensis (Elaeocarpaceae), Maqui Carlos L. Ce´spedes a,*, Mohammed El-Hafidi b, Natalia Pavon b, Julio Alarcon a a Departamento de Ciencias Ba´sicas, Facultad de Ciencias, Av. Andre´s Bello s/n, Casilla 447, Universidad del Bı´o-Bı´o, Chilla´n, Chile b Departmento de Bioquı´mica, Instituto Nacional de Cardiologia ‘‘Ignacio Cha´vez’’, Juan Badiano 1, Seccio´n XVI, Tlalpan 14080, Mexico D.F., Mexico Received 15 January 2007; received in revised form 29 August 2007; accepted 30 August 2007 Abstract The methanol extract from mature fruits of Aristotelia chilensis (Mol) Stuntz (Elaeocarpaceae) showed antioxidant activities and car- dioprotective effects on acute ischemia/reperfusion performed in rat heart in vivo. This extract protected animals from heart damage by the incidence of reperfusion dysrythmias, and the no-recovery of sinus rhythm. On the other hand, the MeOH extract of the fruit was able to prevent these harmful events in the animal’s heart by diminishing lipid oxidation and reducing the concentration of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS), a lipid peroxidation index. In addition, MeOH extract of A. chilensis was evaluated for DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) radical scavenging, crocin radical scavenging, oxygen radical absorption capacity (ORAC), ferric reduc- ing antioxidant power (FRAP), an estimation of lipid peroxidation in liposomes through the inhibition of formation of TBARS. MeOH extract was found to have IC50 of 1.62 ppm against DPPH and 2.51 ppm against TBARS, compared with the juice, whose IC50 was 12.1 ppm and 9.58 ppm against DPPH and TBARS formation, respectively. Antioxidant activities of MeOH extract were strongly cor- related with total polyphenol content. Consistent with this finding, MeOH had the greatest ORAC and FRAP values as percentage of activity. These results show that these fruits could be useful as antioxidant, cardioprotective and nutraceutical sources. Ó 2007 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. Keywords: Tannins; Lignans; Flavonoids; Polyphenols; Antioxidant activity; Cardioprotective agent; Aristotelia chilensis; Elaeocarpaceae 1. Introduction many plants, which may be used to reduce cellular oxida- tive damage, not only in foods, but also in the human body Antioxidants are substances that delay the oxidation (Prior et al., 2003). This may provide protection against process, inhibiting the polymerization chain initiated by chronic diseases, including cancer and neurodegenerative free radicals and other subsequent oxidizing reactions diseases, inflammation and cardiovascular disease (Prior (Halliwell & Aruoma, 1991). This concept is fundamental & Gu, 2005). Adverse conditions within the environment, to food chemistry, where synthetic antioxidants such as such as smog and UV radiation, in addition to diets rich butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) have long been used to in saturated fatty acids and carbohydrates, increase oxida- preserve the good quality of food by protecting it against tive damage in the body. Given this constant exposure to oxidation-related deterioration. A growing body of litera- oxidants, antioxidants may be necessary to counteract ture points to the importance of natural antioxidants from chronic oxidative effects, thereby improving the quality of life (Roberts, Gordon, & Walker, 2003). The use of traditional medicine is widespread and plants * Corresponding author. Tel.: +56 42 253256; fax: +56 42 203046. still present a large source of novel active biological com- E-mail address: [email protected] (C.L. Ce´spedes). pounds with different activities, including anti-inflamma- 0308-8146/$ - see front matter Ó 2007 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. doi:10.1016/j.foodchem.2007.08.092 C.L. Ce´spedes et al. / Food Chemistry 107 (2008) 820–829 821 tory, anti-cancer, anti-viral, anti-bacterial and cardiopro- cellular oxidative stress induced by hydrogen peroxide in tective activities. Antioxidants may play a role in these human endothelial cell culture (Miranda-Rottmann et al., health promoting activities (Yan, Murphy, Hammond, 2002). There is a recent study that reports the partial com- Vinson, & Nieto, 2002). Cardiovascular disease is one of position of anthocyanidin constituents of the juice (Escrib- the main causes of mortality of people in the developed ano-Bailo´n, Alcalde-Eo´n, Mun˜oz, Rives-Gonzalo, & countries of the world. Coronary artery ischemia–reperfu- Santos-Buelga, 2006). sion (I/R) injury which is known to occur on restoration Thus, in the present investigation, we investigated the of coronary flow after a period of myocardial ischemia antioxidant activity of the MeOH extract from fruits of and includes myocardial cell injury and necrosis (Dhalla, A. chilensis, and its relationship to the presence of phenolic Elmoselhi, Hata, & Makino, 2000). Reperfusion of ische- compounds as well as the cardioprotective effects of 10 mg/ mic myocardium leads to severe damage which is indicated kg body weight of MeOH extract on the I/R-induced car- by release of free radicals, intracellular calcium overloading diac infarct size in an in vivo rat model. Furthermore, we and loss of membrane phospholipids integrity (Maxwell & also determined the thiobarbituric acid reactive substances Lip, 1997). (TBARS) levels, which is widely used as a marker of oxida- The numerous beneficial effects attributed to phenolic tive stress. It is also important to mention that this fruit is products (Hertog et al., 1995; Stoner & Mukhtar, 1995) profusely consumed as dried or fresh ingredient in diverse have given rise to a new interest in finding botanical species marmalades, beverages and juices in Chile and Argentina. with high phenolic content and relevant biological activity. Berries constitute a rich dietary source of phenolic antiox- 2. Materials and methods idants with bioactive properties (Pool-Zobel, Bub, Schro¨- der, & Rechkemmer, 1999; Smith, Marley, Seigler, 2.1. Biological material Singletary, & Meline, 2000). Chilean blackberry Aristotelia chilensis (Mol) Stuntz (Elaeocarpaceae), an edible black- Fruits of A. chilensis (Mol) Stuntz (Elaeocarpaceae) coloured fruit, which ripens from December to March, is were collected from fields near the University Campus of highly consumed during these months in Central and South Universidad Del Bio-Bio, Chilla´n City, Chile, in March, Chile and Western Argentina. Juice and EtOH extracts of 2003. The samples of plants and fruits were botanically fruits of A. chilensis have been used in folk medicine to identified by Professor Dr. Roberto Rodriguez (Departa- treat many ailments, particularly digestive and cardiac dis- mento de Bota´nica, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y orders, inflammation and migraine (Silva, Bittner, Ces- Oceanogra´ficas, Universidad de Concepcio´n, Concepcio´n, pedes, & Jakupovic, 1997). The plant grows in dense Chile) and Voucher specimens were deposited at the Her- populations called ‘‘macales” and is endemic in Chile barium (CONC) of Departamento de Bota´nica, Facultad together with other two members of this family (Crinoden- de Ciencias Naturales y Oceanograficas, Universidad de dron patagua Mol and Crinodendron hookerianum Gay) Concepcio´n, Concepcio´n, Chile. Voucher: R. Rodrı´guez (Va´zquez & Simberloff, 2002). and C. Marticorena. The collected fruits were air-dried We have previously reported the alkaloid composition and prepared for extraction. of the leaves of A. chilensis (Ce´spedes, Jakupovic, Silva, & Tsichritzis, 1993; Ce´spedes, Jakupovic, Silva, & Watson, 2.2. Sample preparation 1990). Continuing with our general screening program of Chilean flora with biological activities (Ce´spedes et al., The fruits were divided and their main morphological 2006), an examination of the MeOH extract of fruits of parts were separated (seed and pulp), dried and then A. chilensis (Elaeocarpaceae) has been initiated. The leaves milled. The seeds were separated from the pulp, and two of this plant have gained popularity as an ethno-medicine samples of the pulp were extracted, once with methanol for many years, used particularly as an anti-inflammatory containing 0.1% HCl, and a second time with pure water agent, kidneys pains, stomach ulcers, diverse digestive ail- 100%, thus obtaining two extracts (A (MeOH) and E ments (tumors and ulcers), fever and cicatrization injuries (water)). Then, the MeOH extract was partitioned with (Bhakuni et al., 1976). acetone and ethyl acetate (see Scheme 1). There are no previous reports relating the antioxidant Based on popular use as base for marmalade and bever- properties of the plant to any bioactivity or chemical com- ages, the MeOH extract from the pulp was studied. position, such as a complete study of the phenolic content Because most of the activity was associated with the meth- of the juice and MeOH extract of the fruits or complete anol extract (data not shown), only this extract was further phytochemical studies of the fruits of this plant. evaluated. The methanol extract (A) was dried and redis- Up-to-date some studies report that the juice (an aque- solved in methanol/water (6:4, v/v), then partitioned into ous extract) of A. chilensis has a good antioxidant activity acetone (B) and ethyl acetate (C), leaving a residue (D), against FRAP analysis but no reduction of endogenous as shown in Scheme 1. The acetone partition (B) showed oxidative DNA damage in human colon cells (Pool-Zobel a good antioxidant activity and was further fractionated et al., 1999). It also has an effective capacity to inhibit into four sub-fractions (1–4). Elution was carried out with the copper-induced LDL oxidation in vitro and the intra- hexane: 100% hexane (1); hexane/ethyl acetate, (1:1, v/v) 822 C.L. Ce´spedes et al. / Food Chemistry 107 (2008) 820–829 Fruits of A. chilensis (pulp) Dried Methanol Extract 200.0 g (A) MeOH/H2O (6 : 4) Ethyl acetate Acetone Partition MeOH/H2O Residue Partition 120.0 g (B) 44.5 g (D) 35.0 g (C) 36.0 g for Fractionation 1 2 3 4 15 mg 50 mg 282 mg 486 mg Scheme 1. Method of obtaining extracts, partitions and fractions.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • The Vegetation of Robinson Crusoe Island (Isla Masatierra), Juan
    The Vegetation ofRobinson Crusoe Island (Isla Masatierra), Juan Fernandez Archipelago, Chile1 Josef Greimler,2,3 Patricio Lopez 5., 4 Tod F. Stuessy, 2and Thomas Dirnbiick5 Abstract: Robinson Crusoe Island of the Juan Fernandez Archipelago, as is the case with many oceanic islands, has experienced strong human disturbances through exploitation ofresources and introduction of alien biota. To understand these impacts and for purposes of diversity and resource management, an accu­ rate assessment of the composition and structure of plant communities was made. We analyzed the vegetation with 106 releves (vegetation records) and subsequent Twinspan ordination and produced a detailed colored map at 1: 30,000. The resultant map units are (1) endemic upper montane forest, (2) endemic lower montane forest, (3) Ugni molinae shrubland, (4) Rubus ulmifolius­ Aristotelia chilensis shrubland, (5) fern assemblages, (6) Libertia chilensis assem­ blage, (7) Acaena argentea assemblage, (8) native grassland, (9) weed assemblages, (10) tall ruderals, and (11) cultivated Eucalyptus, Cupressus, and Pinus. Mosaic patterns consisting of several communities are recognized as mixed units: (12) combined upper and lower montane endemic forest with aliens, (13) scattered native vegetation among rocks at higher elevations, (14) scattered grassland and weeds among rocks at lower elevations, and (15) grassland with Acaena argentea. Two categories are included that are not vegetation units: (16) rocks and eroded areas, and (17) settlement and airfield. Endemic forests at lower elevations and in drier zones of the island are under strong pressure from three woody species, Aristotelia chilensis, Rubus ulmifolius, and Ugni molinae. The latter invades native forests by ascending dry slopes and ridges.
    [Show full text]
  • Invasive Plant Species Thresholds in the Forests of Robinson Crusoe Island, Chile
    Plant Ecology & Diversity ISSN: 1755-0874 (Print) 1755-1668 (Online) Journal homepage: https://www.tandfonline.com/loi/tped20 Invasive plant species thresholds in the forests of Robinson Crusoe Island, Chile Rodrigo Vargas-Gaete, Christian Salas-Eljatib, Stefanie M. Gärtner, Osvaldo J. Vidal, Jan R. Bannister & Aníbal Pauchard To cite this article: Rodrigo Vargas-Gaete, Christian Salas-Eljatib, Stefanie M. Gärtner, Osvaldo J. Vidal, Jan R. Bannister & Aníbal Pauchard (2018) Invasive plant species thresholds in the forests of Robinson Crusoe Island, Chile, Plant Ecology & Diversity, 11:2, 205-215, DOI: 10.1080/17550874.2018.1444109 To link to this article: https://doi.org/10.1080/17550874.2018.1444109 Accepted author version posted online: 08 Mar 2018. Published online: 09 Mar 2018. Submit your article to this journal Article views: 96 View Crossmark data Full Terms & Conditions of access and use can be found at https://www.tandfonline.com/action/journalInformation?journalCode=tped20 PLANT ECOLOGY & DIVERSITY 2018, VOL. 11, NO. 2, 205–215 https://doi.org/10.1080/17550874.2018.1444109 Invasive plant species thresholds in the forests of Robinson Crusoe Island, Chile Rodrigo Vargas-Gaete a, Christian Salas-Eljatiba, Stefanie M. Gärtnerb, Osvaldo J. Vidalc, Jan R. Bannisterd and Aníbal Paucharde,f aDepartamento de Ciencias Forestales, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco, Chile; bBlack Forest National Park, Seebach, Germany; cInstituto de la Patagonia, Universidad de Magallanes, Punta Arenas, Chile; dInstituto Forestal, Valdivia, Chile; eFacultad de Ciencias Forestales, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile; fInstituto de Ecologia y Biodiversidad, Santiago, Chile ABSTRACT ARTICLE HISTORY Background: Invasion by exotic plants worldwide can lead to the loss of native species, (Received 17 February 2017; particularly on islands with a high proportion of endemic plants, such as Robinson Crusoe Accepted 20 February 2018) Island (RCI).
    [Show full text]
  • Aristotelia Chilensis
    Vergara et al. Nutrition Journal (2015) 14:27 DOI 10.1186/s12937-015-0008-1 SHORT REPORT Open Access The intake of maqui (Aristotelia chilensis) berry extract normalizes H2O2 and IL-6 concentrations in exhaled breath condensate from healthy smokers - an explorative study Daniela Vergara, Daniela Ávila, Elizabeth Escobar, Catalina Carrasco-Pozo, Andrés Sánchez and Martin Gotteland* Abstract Background: Respiratory diseases are associated with pulmonary oxidative stress and inflammatory processes. Though studies in animal models suggest that dietary polyphenols improve lung injury, no intervention studies were carried out in humans. The aim of this study was to determine whether the intake of an anthocyanin-rich maqui extract improved H2O2 and IL-6 concentrations in exhaled breath condensates (EBCs) from asymptomatic smokers. Findings: 15 asymptomatic smokers with mild cigarette smoking (3 pack-year [2.4 - 7.7]) (mean [CI95%]) were recruited in this exploratory longitudinal study. They ingested 2 g of maqui extract (polyphenol content = 5.18 ± 2.00 g GAE/100 g; FRAP value = 27.1 ± 2.0 mmol Fe++/100 g), twice daily for two weeks. EBCs were collected before and after treatment and the changes in H2O2 and IL-6 concentrations were determined by fluorimetry and Elisa, respectively. The EBC contents of H2O2 and IL-6 H2O2 before and after treatment in smokers were also compared with those determined in single EBC samples from 8 healthy non-smokers subjects. At baseline, the H2O2 concentrations were higher and those of IL-6 lower in the smokers than in the non-smokers. Maqui extract significantly decreased H2O2 (p < 0.0002) and increased IL-6 (p < 0.004) in the EBC from smokers.
    [Show full text]
  • Interactions Among Introduced Ungulates, Plants, and Pollinators: a Field Study in the Temperate Forest of the Southern Andes
    University of Tennessee, Knoxville TRACE: Tennessee Research and Creative Exchange Doctoral Dissertations Graduate School 5-2002 Interactions among Introduced Ungulates, Plants, and Pollinators: A Field Study in the Temperate Forest of the Southern Andes Diego P. Vazquez University of Tennessee - Knoxville Follow this and additional works at: https://trace.tennessee.edu/utk_graddiss Part of the Ecology and Evolutionary Biology Commons Recommended Citation Vazquez, Diego P., "Interactions among Introduced Ungulates, Plants, and Pollinators: A Field Study in the Temperate Forest of the Southern Andes. " PhD diss., University of Tennessee, 2002. https://trace.tennessee.edu/utk_graddiss/2169 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at TRACE: Tennessee Research and Creative Exchange. It has been accepted for inclusion in Doctoral Dissertations by an authorized administrator of TRACE: Tennessee Research and Creative Exchange. For more information, please contact [email protected]. To the Graduate Council: I am submitting herewith a dissertation written by Diego P. Vazquez entitled "Interactions among Introduced Ungulates, Plants, and Pollinators: A Field Study in the Temperate Forest of the Southern Andes." I have examined the final electronic copy of this dissertation for form and content and recommend that it be accepted in partial fulfillment of the equirr ements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy, with a major in Ecology and Evolutionary Biology. Daniel Simberloff, Major Professor We have read this dissertation and recommend its acceptance: David Buehler, Louis Gross, Jake Welzin Accepted for the Council: Carolyn R. Hodges Vice Provost and Dean of the Graduate School (Original signatures are on file with official studentecor r ds.) To the Graduate Council: I am submitting herewith a dissertation written by Diego P.
    [Show full text]
  • Elicitation of Phenylpropanoids in Maqui (Aristotelia Chilensis [Mol.] Stuntz) Plants Micropropagated in Photomixotrophic Temporary Immersion Bioreactors (Tibs)
    Elicitation of Phenylpropanoids in Maqui (Aristotelia chilensis [Mol.] Stuntz) Plants Micropropagated in Photomixotrophic Temporary Immersion Bioreactors (TIBs). Giulia E Trentini University of Modena and Reggio Emilia: Universita degli Studi di Modena e Reggio Emilia Makarena Rojas Catholic University of the Maule: Universidad Catolica del Maule Daniela Gajardo Catholic University of the Maule: Universidad Catolica del Maule Débora Alburquenque Catholic University of the Maule: Universidad Catolica del Maule Evelyn Villagra Catholic University of the Maule: Universidad Catolica del Maule Aleydis Gómez Catholic University of the Maule: Universidad Catolica del Maule Laura Arru University of Modena and Reggio Emilia: Universita degli Studi di Modena e Reggio Emilia Ariel D Arencibia ( [email protected] ) Universidad Catolica del Maule https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7631-1329 Research Article Keywords: Temporary immersion bioreactors, photomixotrophic cultures, phenylpropanoids, ABA, Aristotelia chilensis Posted Date: March 2nd, 2021 DOI: https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-255813/v1 License: This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. Read Full License Page 1/24 Abstract A biotechnological system for the production of plants biomass and phenylpropanoids of maqui was developed in photomixotrophic TIBs. The in vitro maqui multiplication was evaluated using combinations of TDZ and BAP in TIBs 1L capacity. Treatment of MS basal supplemented with TDZ 1 mg/l shows the best results for the variables fresh weight and multiplication rate. Photomixotrophic conditions were standardized in media with 3%, 2%, 1%, 0% sucrose at a light intensity of 100 µM m− 2s− 1. The treatments reduced in sucrose (1% and 2%) and air supplemented with 0.4 MPa CO2 do not differ signicantly in biomass production (fresh weight per cluster of plants) compared to the control treatment with sucrose 3% and standard air.
    [Show full text]
  • Maqui [Aristotelia Chilensis (Mol.) Stuntz]-The Amazing Chilean Tree: a Review
    See discussions, stats, and author profiles for this publication at: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/236935127 Maqui [Aristotelia chilensis (Mol.) Stuntz]-the Amazing Chilean Tree: A Review Article in Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology · August 2011 CITATIONS READS 11 1,837 4 authors, including: E. Misle Estrella Garrido Universidad Católica delMaule 33 PUBLICATIONS 162 CITATIONS 17 PUBLICATIONS 128 CITATIONS SEE PROFILE SEE PROFILE All content following this page was uploaded by E. Misle on 01 June 2014. The user has requested enhancement of the downloaded file. Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology B 1 (2011) 473-482 Earlier title: Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology, ISSN 1939-1250 Maqui [Aristotelia chilensis (Mol.) Stuntz]-the Amazing Chilean Tree: A Review E. Misle, E. Garrido, H. Contardo and W. González Department of Agrarian Sciences and Forestry, Catholic University of Maule, Los Niches km 6. 3341695, Curicó, Chile Received: December 7, 2010 / Published: August 20, 2011. Abstract: A. chilensis (Elaeocarpaceae) is commonly known as maqui, a species widely distributed in Chile. The plant participates in the structure of the Chilean temperate rainforest, currently being found mainly as fragmented forest. Maqui has been listed as the plant with the highest content of phenols when compared with other berries. Multiplication by both, seeds and vegetative has been obtained, opening the possibility to cultivate the plant. Leaves of maqui have been traditionally used in the native herbal medicine to treat diverse ailments. Studies indicate the presence of indolic alkaloids, flavonoids, cyaniding glucosides, delfidine, malvidine, petunidine, cumarines and triterpenes. Recent studies support therapeutic properties of maqui leaves, concluding that extracts obtained with polar solvents showed stabilizing capacity of free radicals and antioxidant capacity of plasma in humans.
    [Show full text]
  • POLYPHENOL CONTENT and ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITY of MAQUI (Aristotelia Chilensis [MOLINA] STUNTZ) DURING FRUIT DEVELOPMENT and MATURATION in CENTRAL CHILE
    SCIENTIFIC NOTE POLYPHENOL CONTENT AND ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITY OF MAQUI (Aristotelia chilensis [MOLINA] STUNTZ) DURING FRUIT DEVELOPMENT AND MATURATION IN CENTRAL CHILE Carolina Fredes1*, Gloria Montenegro1, Juan Pablo Zoffoli1, Miguel Gómez1, and Paz Robert2 Maqui (Aristotelia chilensis [Molina] Stuntz, Elaeocarpaceae) is a Chilean native species which produces small berries that are mainly collected from the wild. The health benefits of maqui fruit are attributed to their high polyphenol content as well as their wide variety of anthocyanins and flavonols. One of the main factors that affect the polyphenol content in fruit is the maturity stage at harvest. The objective of this study was to determine total phenol and total anthocyanin content and antioxidant activity (by ferric reducing ability of plasma [FRAP] assay) of maqui fruits harvested at different fruit maturity stages from two wild populations located in Central Chile. Each maturity stage was determined by days from fruit set, berry size, and soluble solids. Total phenol content declined while total anthocyanin content increased from the green to light red stage. Nevertheless, both total phenol and anthocyanin content increased from the light red to dark purple stage. The highest anthocyanin content and antioxidant activity was found in the late maturity stage (dark purple). The results show that ripening in maqui fruit can be expected with 1100 growing degree-days (91 d after fruit set) in Central Chile. At this moment of harvest, fruits with 18-19 °Brix have the highest anthocyanin content and antioxidant activity (FRAP). This study constitutes the first advances in the understanding of maqui fruit ripening and corresponding antioxidant activity.
    [Show full text]
  • Session E: Ex Situ and in Situ Genetic Recourses – Protection and Use by Colleting Practice – Cultivation of New Species
    6th International Symposium Breeding Research on Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, BREEDMAP 6, Quedlinburg, Germany, June 19-23, 2016 Session E: Ex situ and in situ genetic recourses – protection and use by colleting practice – cultivation of new species EPL 1: Domestication and sustainable production of wild crafted plants with special reference to the Chilean Maqui berry (Aristotelia chilensis) Hermine Vogel1, Benita González1, Giordano Catenacci1, Ursula Doll2 1 Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias, Universidad de Talca, Avenida Lircay S/N, Talca, Chile, e-mail: [email protected] (corresponding author) 2 Facultad de Ciencias Forestales, Universidad de Talca, Avenida Lircay S/N, Talca, Chile DOI 10.5073/jka.2016.453.016 Abstract The principle threats for sustainable production of wild collected medicinal plants are related to ecological factors, such as endemism, and botanical factors critical for survival, such as the collec- tion of roots or barks or slow growing species. The sustainable way to produce raw material on a large scale would be species specific management of the wild resources that guarantees conserva- tion of biodiversity, or bringing the species under cultivation. A checklist proposed by WHO, UICN and WWF (1993) indicates that domestication of any medicinal plant concerns plant selection and breeding, studies about propagation, cultivation techniques, plant protection, time of harvest, among others. The different domestication steps are illustrated for the Chilean maqui (Aristotelia chilensis), a wild tree whose fruits are demanded in increasing volumes by the international market because of its high antioxidant capacity. High yielding plants with good fruit quality have been selected from wild populations and accessions have been cultivated under different environ- mental conditions to select the most suitable genotypes for the establishment of commercial orchards.
    [Show full text]
  • Bird Conservation International Molecular Characterisation of Haemoparasites in Forest Birds from Robinson Crusoe Island: Is
    Bird Conservation International http://journals.cambridge.org/BCI Additional services for Bird Conservation International: Email alerts: Click here Subscriptions: Click here Commercial reprints: Click here Terms of use : Click here Molecular characterisation of haemoparasites in forest birds from Robinson Crusoe Island: Is the Austral Thrush a potential threat to endemic birds? JAVIER MARTÍNEZ, RODRIGO A. VÁSQUEZ, CRISTOBAL VENEGAS and SANTIAGO MERINO Bird Conservation International / Volume 25 / Issue 02 / June 2015, pp 139 - 152 DOI: 10.1017/S0959270914000227, Published online: 19 August 2014 Link to this article: http://journals.cambridge.org/abstract_S0959270914000227 How to cite this article: JAVIER MARTÍNEZ, RODRIGO A. VÁSQUEZ, CRISTOBAL VENEGAS and SANTIAGO MERINO (2015). Molecular characterisation of haemoparasites in forest birds from Robinson Crusoe Island: Is the Austral Thrush a potential threat to endemic birds?. Bird Conservation International, 25, pp 139-152 doi:10.1017/S0959270914000227 Request Permissions : Click here Downloaded from http://journals.cambridge.org/BCI, IP address: 212.128.9.27 on 22 May 2015 Bird Conservation International (2015) 25 :139 –152 . © BirdLife International, 2014 doi:10.1017/S0959270914000227 Molecular characterisation of haemoparasites in forest birds from Robinson Crusoe Island: Is the Austral Thrush a potential threat to endemic birds? JAVIER MARTÍNEZ , RODRIGO A. VÁSQUEZ , CRISTOBAL VENEGAS and SANTIAGO MERINO Summary The Juan Fernández Firecrown Sephanoides fernandensis and Juan Fernández Tit-Tyrant Anairetes fernandezianus are two endemic forest birds inhabiting Robinson Crusoe Island and are classified as ‘Critically Endangered’ and ‘Near Threatened’ respectively by IUCN. Previous research concluded that the two main factors involved in the decline of these birds were habitat degradation and the introduction of predator / competitor species.
    [Show full text]
  • Conservation, Restoration, and Development of the Juan Fernandez Islands, Chile"
    Revista Chilena de Historia Natural 74:899-910, 2001 DOCUMENT Project "Conservation, Restoration, and Development of the Juan Fernandez islands, Chile" Proyecto conservaci6n, restauraci6n y desarrollo de las islas Juan Fernandez, Chile JAIME G. CUEVAS 1 & GART VAN LEERSUM 1Corresponding author: Corporaci6n Nacional Forestal, Parque Nacional Archipielago de Juan Fernandez, Vicente Gonzalez 130, Isla Robinson Crusoe, Chile ABSTRACT From a scientific point of view, the Juan Fernandez islands contain one of the most interesting floras of the planet. Although protected as a National Park and a World Biosphere Reserve, 400 years of human interference have left deep traces in the native plant communities. Repeated burning, overexploitation of species, and the introduction of animal and plant plagues have taken 75 % of the endemic vascular flora to the verge of extinction. In 1997, Chile's national forest service (Corporaci6n Nacional Forestal, CONAF) started an ambitious project, whose objective is the recovery of this highly complex ecosystem with a socio-ecological focus. Juan Fernandez makes an interesting case, as the local people (600 persons) practically live within the park, therefore impeding the exclusion of the people from any 2 conservation program. Secondly, the relatively small size of the archipelago (100 km ) permits the observation of the effects of whatever modification in the ecosystem on small scales in time and space. Thirdly, the native and introduced biota are interrelated in such a way that human-caused changes in one species population may provoke unexpected results amongst other, non-target species. The project mainly deals with the eradication or control of some animal and plant plagues, the active conservation and restoration of the flora and the inclusion of the local people in conservation planning.
    [Show full text]
  • Within-Population Genetic Diversity of Climbing Plants and Trees in a Temperate Forest in Central Chile
    Gayana Bot. 70(1),70(1): 201336-43, 2013 ISSN 0016-5301 Within-population genetic diversity of climbing plants and trees in a temperate forest in central Chile Diversidad genética intra-poblacional de plantas trepadoras y árboles en un bosque templado en Chile central CRISTIAN TORRES-DÍAZ1, EDUARDO RUIZ2, CRISTIAN SALGADO-LUARTE3, MARCO A. MOLINA-MONTENEGRO4 & ERNESTO GIANOLI3* 1Laboratorio de Genómica & Biodiversidad, Departamento de Ciencias Básicas, Universidad del Bío-Bío, Casilla 447, Chillán Chile. 2Departamento de Botánica, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Oceanográficas, Universidad de Concepción, Casilla 160-C Concepción, Chile. 3Departamento de Biología, Universidad de La Serena, Casilla 554 La Serena, Chile. 4Centro de Estudios Avanzados en Zonas Áridas (CEAZA), Facultad de Ciencias del Mar, Universidad Católica del Norte, Larrondo 1281, Coquimbo, Chile. [email protected] ABSTRACT The climbing habit is a key innovation in angiosperm evolution: climbing plant taxa have greater species richness than their non-climbing sister groups. It is considered that highly diversified clades should show increased among-population genetic differentiation. Less clear is the expected pattern regarding within-population genetic diversity in speciose lineages. We tested the hypothesis of greater within-population genetic diversity in climbing plants compared to trees in a temperate forest in central Chile. The assumption underlying this hypothesis is that higher among-population differentiation in climbers compared to trees should reflect higher genetic diversity as well. AFLP markers from 167 individual plants from 14 species (seven climbers and seven trees) were used to estimate the following indices of within-population genetic diversity: mean unbiased expected heterozygosity (HE), percentage of polymorphic loci (PPL), Shannon information index (I), and the effective number of alleles (NE).
    [Show full text]
  • POLYPHENOL CONTENT and ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITY of MAQUI (Aristotelia Chilensis [MOLINA] STUNTZ) DURING FRUIT DEVELOPMENT and MATURATION in CENTRAL CHILE
    SCIENTIFIC NOTE POLYPHENOL CONTENT AND ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITY OF MAQUI (Aristotelia chilensis [MOLINA] STUNTZ) DURING FRUIT DEVELOPMENT AND MATURATION IN CENTRAL CHILE Carolina Fredes1*, Gloria Montenegro1, Juan Pablo Zoffoli1, Miguel Gómez1, and Paz Robert2 Maqui (Aristotelia chilensis [Molina] Stuntz, Elaeocarpaceae) is a Chilean native species which produces small berries that are mainly collected from the wild. The health benefits of maqui fruit are attributed to their high polyphenol content as well as their wide variety of anthocyanins and flavonols. One of the main factors that affect the polyphenol content in fruit is the maturity stage at harvest. The objective of this study was to determine total phenol and total anthocyanin content and antioxidant activity (by ferric reducing ability of plasma [FRAP] assay) of maqui fruits harvested at different fruit maturity stages from two wild populations located in Central Chile. Each maturity stage was determined by days from fruit set, berry size, and soluble solids. Total phenol content declined while total anthocyanin content increased from the green to light red stage. Nevertheless, both total phenol and anthocyanin content increased from the light red to dark purple stage. The highest anthocyanin content and antioxidant activity was found in the late maturity stage (dark purple). The results show that ripening in maqui fruit can be expected with 1100 growing degree-days (91 d after fruit set) in Central Chile. At this moment of harvest, fruits with 18-19 °Brix have the highest anthocyanin content and antioxidant activity (FRAP). This study constitutes the first advances in the understanding of maqui fruit ripening and corresponding antioxidant activity.
    [Show full text]