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The Sterile Insect Technique for Control of the Oriental Fruit Fly, Bactrocera Dorsalis (Hendel), in Mango Orchards in Ratchaburi Province, Thailand

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The Sterile Insect Technique for Control of the Oriental Fruit Fly, Bactrocera Dorsalis (Hendel), in Mango Orchards in Ratchaburi Province, Thailand Proceedings of 6th International Fruit Fly Symposium 6–10 May 2002, Stellenbosch, South Africa pp. 223–232 The sterile insect technique for control of the oriental fruit fly, Bactrocera dorsalis (Hendel), in mango orchards in Ratchaburi Province, Thailand M. Sutantawong1, W. Orankanok2, W.R. Enkerlin3*, V. Wornoayporn4 & C. Caceres4 1Office of Atomic Energy for Peace, Thailand 2Institute of Irradiation for Agricultural Development, Department of Agricultural Extension, Thailand 3Insect Pest Control Section, Joint FAO/IAEA Division in Food and Agriculture, Wagramer Strasse 5, P.O. Box 100, A-1400 Vienna, Austria 4Entomology Unit, FAO/IAEA Agriculture and Biotechnology Laboratory, Seibersdorf, Austria Fruit flies are the main constraint to improving production and trade of fruits and vegetables in Thailand. Therefore, since 1987, the Department of Agricultural Extension (DOAE) in cooperation with the Office of Atomic Energy for Peace has run a pilot project for control of the oriental fruit fly (OFF),Bactrocera dorsalis (Hendel),by integrating the sterile insect technique (SIT) with other moni- toring and control methods in the mango-production areas in the Paktor District in the Ratchaburi province. The project includes mass-rearing and sterilization of OFF at the mass-rearing and steril- ization facility of the Irradiation for Agricultural Development Institute, DOAE, located in the Pathumthani Province and field releases of sterile flies complemented by bait sprays and a monitor- ing network of methyl eugenol baited traps. The International Atomic Energy Agency has pro- vided technical assistance since 1991 through a Technical Cooperation Project. The assistance has resulted in improved rearing and field operation activities. In the years 1999 and 2000, weekly ground shipments of 5–10 million sterile pupae were transported from the production facility in Pathumthani to Paktor District for ground release in 1120 ha of small commercial mango orchards. Quality control tests of the released sterile flies were routinely conducted. A trapping network of 25 methyl eugenol traps (2.2 traps/km2) was serviced weekly to monitor the distribution and abun- dance of the sterile flies released. Periodic fruit sampling was carried out to assess the impact of the control measures by determining the percentage fruit infestation. Infestation levels have been reduced from over 50% before the application of the integrated SIT,to an average of less than 4% in the past seven years (1994–2000) with a significant reduction to 1.3% in 2000. The mango growers in the area of the project have been exporting over 50% of their mango production to countries that do not require a fly-free certificate such as Canada, Hong Kong, Malaysia, Singapore, etc.,but discriminate against pesticide residues and fruit quality.Small volumes of mango have also been exported to Japan but only after attaining compliance with a post-harvest treatment and a Federal Phytosanitary Certificate.The economic benefits of SIT for the participating mango growers have been substantial.Farmers claim that mango has become a profitable business since the use of SIT for control of the key pest (i.e.OFF) and that mango growers in the neighbouring areas are eager to join the SIT project.An economic analysis projected over 14 years indicates a benefit to cost ratio of 7.5 to 1 and a net benefit of US$7.5 million for the mango growers of Paktor. This project has reached a stage where it could be scaled up to a national level with proper support from the govern- ment and mango industry. Despite the fact that this project is one of few examples of the rou- tine use of SIT for effective suppression of fruit flies,substantial improvements are needed in order to cost-effectively apply the SIT at a larger scale. The basic requirements for scaling up include: 1) strengthening of the management structure, 2) implementation of SIT on an area-wide basis for effective pest control and to allow economies of scale,3) scaling up the sterile fly rearing capacity to 300 million flies per week, 4) incorporating new and better technologies such as the aerial release of chilled adults, more environmentally friendly insecticide products for population suppression and use of female trapping systems, and 5) improving monitoring systems through the application of GPS/GIS for sterile fly release and operation of trapping networks. INTRODUCTION yield reduction and market restrictions. Insecti- The oriental fruit fly (OFF), Bactrocera dorsalis cide applications to control fruit flies are done on (Hendel), is a major pest of fruits in Thailand a calendar basis and are widespread. Concerns causing annual losses to the fruit industry esti- about environmental pollution, undesirable mated in millions of dollars as a result of significant chemical residues and the preservation of bio- *To whom correspondence should be addressed. diversity, demand new insecticide-independent E-mail: [email protected] strategies and technologies for combating fruit 224 Proceedings of the 6th International Fruit Fly Symposium flies. The sterile insect technique (SIT) is one such MATERIALS AND METHODS environmentally friendly technology. This technique has been highly successful in pest management Release area programmes in various parts of the world for The release area is situated in Paktor District, control and eradication of harmful insect pests, Ratchaburi Province, southwestern Thailand. It is a such as fruit flies, tsetse flies, screwworms and lowland area surrounded by areas under cultiva- certain caterpillars (IAEA 1999). The Department tion of field crops. Releases were made over of Agricultural Extension (DOAE) in cooperation 1120 ha of mango and other fruit crops. Subtropi- with the Office of Atomic Energy for Peace (OAEP) cal climatic conditions allow for a high diversity has the mango-production areas of Ratcha- and continuity of fruit hosts,making isolation virtu- buri Province since 1987. This pilot project in ally impossible. Ratchaburi has been assisted with technical cooperation from the International Atomic Energy Mass-rearing Agency (IAEA) of the United Nations since 1991. The mass-rearing and sterilization facility of the The SIT technology, including field activities and Agricultural Development Institute (IAD), DOAE, mass-rearing, sterilization and release of flies has located in Pathumthani Province has recently been been transferred through IAEA expert missions, upgraded to a production capacity of 30 million fellowships and scientific visits. In 1987 the govern- sterile OFF pupae per week. Current production is ment of Thailand decided to adapt some facilities 10 million per week. Adult flies are housed in sixty of the Centre for Irradiation of the DOAE into an rectangular cages constructed of an aluminum OFF mass-rearing and sterilization facility. Since sheet or plywood and covered with an insect that date the facility has been producing an screen (Vargas 1984), each cage containing average of 10 million sterile flies per week for the approximately 56 000 adults. The temperature of project. The IAEA Board of Governors recently ap- the adult rearing room is maintained at 26 ± 2°C proved an extension of the SIT Pilot Project for and relative humidity at 65–70%. The adult flies three more years (2001–2003). The technology are fed an artificial diet consisting of a 4/1 volumet- transfer has not been an easy task; however, after ric mixture of granulated sugar and ICN® yeast years of effort, it has paid good dividends to a hydrolysate (ICN Pharmaceutical, Cleveland, Ohio). small number of mango growers in the District of Water is supplied to the cages by a PVC tube with a Paktor, in the Ratchaburi Province. filter paper. Females start to produce eggs 10 days According to the information provided by the after emergence. Adults of the breeding colony DOAE and confirmed by one of the farmer associa- are kept for 28 days producing eggs, then the tions in Paktor District,the OFF damage decreased cages are replaced with newly emerged mass- from over 80% in 1987, before the implementa- reared adults. Female flies lay eggs during the day tion of the SIT project,to 30,26,21,18,17 and 9% in into perforated bottles, which are removed from the following six years (i.e. 1988 to 1993), respec- the cages for egg collection (Tanaka,1965; Steiner tively (Changjaroen et al.1996;Sri-arunothai 1998). & Mitchell 1966; Tanaka et al. 1970; Vargas 1989). From 1994 to 2001 the damage has been reduced The eggs collected are directly seeded into a wheat further to an average of less than 4%. bran-based diet (Tanaka et al. 1969). The composi- The economic benefits of SIT for the mango tion of the larval diet is presented in Table 1 and is growers of Paktor has been substantial. Farmers expressed in percentage of the total weight. The claim that mango has become a profitable business larval diet is prepared using a 250-l capacity since the use of SIT for control of the key pest (i.e. industrial mixer. Approximately 93 000 eggs are OFF) and that other mango growers are eager to seeded on the fibreglass tray (Model Fiber Glass®) join the SIT project. containing 6 l diet per tray. The trays are placed in The paper describes the project activities during a trolley and transferred to the initiation room with the 1999 and 2000 season and presents an a temperature of 27 ± 2°C and 90% RH. On the economic analysis of SIT use for suppression sixth day, after the transfer into the initiation purposes in the pilot area. This assessment is room, the diet trays are transferred to a lower unique in the sense that the economic returns of temperature room at 22 ± 2°C and held there the SIT project in Paktor, which started in 1988, are until the larvae are fully developed. The mature estimated and compared against the economic larvae pop out of the diet and fall into a metal returns of conventional control options and an tray filled with sawdust.
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