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Morfometrická Analýza Populací Medvědů Z Barové Jeskyně V Moravském Krasu Diplomová Práce

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Morfometrická Analýza Populací Medvědů Z Barové Jeskyně V Moravském Krasu Diplomová Práce PŘÍRODOVĚDECKÁ FAKULTA Morfometrická analýza populací medvědů z Barové jeskyně v Moravském krasu Diplomová práce Bc. ALEŠ PLICHTA Vedoucí práce: doc. Mgr. Martin Ivanov, Dr. Konzultant: Mgr. Jan Wagner, Ph.D. Ústav geologických věd Brno 2019 Bibliografický záznam Autor: Bc. Aleš Plichta Přírodovědecká fakulta, Masarykova univerzita Ústav geologických věd Název práce: Morfometrická analýza populací medvědů z Barové jeskyně v Moravském krasu Studijní program: Geologie Studijní obor: Geologie Vedoucí práce: doc. Mgr. Martin Ivanov, Dr. Konzultant: Mgr. Jan Wagner, Ph.D. Akademický rok: 2018/2019 Počet stran: 64 + 47 Klíčová slova: svrchní pleistocén; Moravský kras; Barová jeskyně; medvěd jeskynní; morfometrická analýza Bibliographic Entry Author: Bc. Aleš Plichta Faculty of Science, Masaryk University Department of Geological sciences Title of Thesis: Morphometrical analyses of the cave bear asemblage from the Barová Cave in the Moravian Karst Degree programme: Geologie Field of Study: Geologie Supervisor: doc. Mgr. Martin Ivanov, Dr. Consultant: Mgr. Jan Wagner, Ph.D. Academic Year: 2018/2019 Number of Pages: 64 + 47 Keywords: Late pleistocene; Moravian Karst; Barová Cave; cave bear; morphometrical analyses Abstrakt Ve střední části Moravského krasu nedaleko jeskyně Býčí skála leží Barová (Sobolova) jeskyně. Zejména mezi první a druhou propastí spočívají na starších sedimentech říčního i komínového původu mladší svrchnopleistocenní sedimenty s typickou faunou posledního glaciálu. Naprostá většina kostního materiálu patří medvědovi ze skupiny jeskynních, který jeskyni využíval jako zimoviště i místo k rození mláďat. Dentální materiál byl využit pro získání morfometrických dat pro lepší poznání medvědího společenstva v Barové jeskyni. Meřeny byly především základní délkové a šířkové parametry jednotlivých zubů a stanoveny morfologické indexy čtvrtých premolárů. Morfometrickými analýzami a srovnáním délkošířkových poměrů byla dokázána největší podobnost s populací z jeskyně Pod hradem a jeskyněmi, ve kterých byla, ať už na základě morfometrických analýz nebo analýz mtDNA, dokázána příslušnost populace medvěda k druhu Ursus ingressus. Na základě zjištěných dat lze konstatovat, že v jeskyni jsou zastoupeny jak samice, tak samci v poměru přibližně 2:1. Evolučně lze na základě P4/4 indexů zařadit populaci z Barové jeskyně k pokročilejším nížinným formám speleoidních medvědů. Téměř úplná absence P3 ukazuje taktéž na evoluční vyspělost populace z Barové jeskyně. Získané hodnoty spadají, s výjimkou p4, do variační šíře druhu U. ingressus. Na základě velké podobnosti metrických dat s lokalitami s potvrzeným druhem U. ingressus je velmi pravděpodobné, že populace, která žila v Barové jeskyni náležela rovněž k druhu U. ingressus, jak bylo doloženo i analýzami mtDNA. Abstract Barová (Sobolova) Cave lies in the central part of the Moravian Karst, close to the Byčí skála Cave. Pleistocene sediments with a typical last glacial fauna are deposited above the older alluvial and chimney sediments especially between the first and second chasm of the Barová Cave. The majority of bone material found in the cave belongs to bear from group of cave bears, that used cave as a place for hibernation as well as for breeding. The dental material has been used to get morphometric data to better understand the bear population in the Barová Cave. The basic measurements of length and width of the teeth and the morphological indexes of the fourth premolars were obtained. By using morphometrical analyses and by comparing length and width of the teeth, the biggest similarity has been found with the Pod hradem Cave and with other caves in which the population of cave bear Ursus ingressus have been found, based on either morphometrics analyses or mtDNA analyses. Based on the derived data, it can be said that there are both male and female bears in the cave, in the ratio of approximately 2:1. From the evolutionary point of view, based on P4/4 indexes, the bear population in the Barova cave can be defined as advanced lowland forms of cave bears. The almost absolute lack of P3 also hints to the evolution maturity of the Barová Cave population. The acquired values can be, with the exclusion of P4, classified as the variation range of U. ingressus. Based on the similarity of the metrical data with the localities where the occurrence of U. ingressus has been confirmed, it is very likely that the population living in the Barová cave belonged to this species as well, as this has been also proven by the mtDNA analyses. Poděkování Na tomto místě bych rád poděkoval svému vedoucímu, doc. Martinu Ivanovovi, Dr., za vedení práce. Nemalý dík patří konzultantovi z Národního muzea v Praze, Mgr. Janu Wagnerovi, PhD. za trpělivost, čas a ochotu při učení morfometrické analýzy a řešení zásadních problémů, bez kterých bych tuto práci dokončil jen stěží. Svým kolegům a přátelům z Ústavu Anthropos Moravského zemského muzea, kurátorce úseku paleontologie kvartéru, Mgr. Martině Roblíčkové, Ph.D. a preparátorce Silvii Černocké za umožnění studovat materiál ze všech výzkumů v Barové jeskyni, jejich podporu a trpělivost. Z Muzea Blanenska Mgr. Vlastislavovi Káňovi a také kolegyním z Anthroposu za možnost aktivně se podílet na současném výzkumu a zpracovávat materiál získaný jejich a později naším výzkumem. Poděkování patří také profesorovi Gernotu Rabederovi z univerzity ve Vídni za pomoc s morfologickou analýzou V neposlední řadě bych rád poděkoval všem, kteří jakýmkoliv způsobem přispěli ke vzniku a dokončení této práce. Prohlášení Prohlašuji, že jsem svoji diplomovou práci vypracoval samostatně s využitím informačních zdrojů, které jsou v práci citovány. Brno, 25. dubna 2019 Aleš Plichta Obsah 1. Úvod ......................................................................................................................................... 9 2. Vývoj medvědovitých šelem ................................................................................................... 10 3. Historie výzkumů speleoidní linie medvědů ........................................................................... 12 3.1. Historie objevu medvěda jeskynního (Ursus ex gr. spelaeus Rosenmüller, 1794) ......... 12 3.2 Vývoj názorů na systematické členění speleoidních medvědů ...................................... 12 4. Evoluční změny v dentici speleoidní linie medvědů ............................................................... 16 4.1 Stručná historie paleontologických výzkumů v některých jeskyních Moravského krasu... ........................................................................................................................................ 17 5. Historie výzkumů v Barové jeskyni ......................................................................................... 19 6. Fauna Barové jeskyně ............................................................................................................. 21 7. Geografické a geologické vymezení Moravského krasu ......................................................... 22 7.1 Geografické vymezení oblasti ............................................................................................... 22 7.2 Geologická charakteristika oblasti ........................................................................................ 23 8. Materiál a metody .................................................................................................................. 26 8.1 Výběr materiálu .................................................................................................................... 26 8.2 Použitá terminologie ............................................................................................................ 26 8.3 Morfometrická měření ......................................................................................................... 26 9. Výsledky .................................................................................................................................. 32 9.1 Špičáky .................................................................................................................................. 32 9.2 P4/4 index ............................................................................................................................. 33 9.3 Horní čelist (P4 až M2) .......................................................................................................... 35 9.4 Dolní čelist (p4 až m3) .................................................................................................... 40 10. Diskuse ................................................................................................................................ 45 10.1 Pohlaví jedinců ........................................................................................................... 45 10.2 P4/4 index ................................................................................................................... 45 10.3 Srovnání výsledků metrických meření P3 až M2 z Barové jeskyně s ostatními evropskými lokalitami .................................................................................................................................... 47 10.4 Srovnání výsledků metrických měření p4 až m3 z Barové jeskyně s ostatními evropskými lokalitami .................................................................................................................................... 51 11. Závěr ..................................................................................................................................
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