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100 Sikkim Himalayan Orchids

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100 Sikkim Himalayan Orchids V,"M 100 Sikkim Himalayan Orchids Mohan Pradhan fF]M V, rv \ .* 'i ^ V. 'ti.x '//>■' *~ K'. c *'">'< >u * \ ^« m *V t n. t mh-^ Contents 5 Preface Acknowledgement 7 Introduction 8 History 9-16 Sikkim Tourism 17 Climatic zones 18-21 Cultivation • 23 Picture Index 24-223 Enumeration 224-227 SvTiopsis of Species 228-230 Glossary 231 Bibliography 232 Index Introduction Orchids are plants belonging to the world's most In most orchids the stamen and stigma unite into a highly evolved family, Orchidaceae, which is estimat structure called the central column or gj'mostemium ed to have approximately 25,000 species. which is situated as the innermost segment. Orchidaceae represents around 10% of the total Within the stamen, all the pollen grains cohere in flora of the Sikkim Himalayas. The total number of 2-12 mealy or waxy masses called pollinia. These are species has been found to be 510 in 127 genera. housed within a protective structure called the anther cap. In the .slipper orchids, two anthers are fertile and (i) Structure located behind a shield like structure called the sta- There is tremendous diversity in the shape, colour and size oforchid flowers, yet they are the same in their minode. basic form. Below die anther cap is a membranous tissue called the rostellum and below it is a cavity called the stigma. The stigma leads into the stigmatic tube and further DORSAL SEPAL continues into the ovarv.The ovarv is below the floral organs and inferior in nature.The ovary contains small ANTHER PETAL ovules which are inserted upon three placentas.These STIGMA COLUMN ovules develop into seeds after fertilization.The seeds LATERAL SEPAL are released when mature by the opening ofthree later LAHELLUM al valves of the fruit.The seeds then being dispersed by the \\ ind. Esmeralda cathcanii VEGETATIVE STRUCTURE The floral structure comprises of an outer seg Orchids can also be catego ment consisting of tliree sepals and an inner segment rized by their growth habit. of three petals. Some times the uppermost sepal is They are either Monpodial or Sympodial. Monopodial modified into a hood-like structure called the dorsal sepal, while the lateral sepals may be fused to form orchids grow upwards the .synsepalum (e.g. PaphiopeJilum). from a terminal growing point. New growth be Of the three petals, one of them varies greatly in gins as an extension of the shapes, colour and structure. This modified petal is growth of previous years. called the lip or labellum. DenJrohium aphyllum Sympodial DORSAI SEPAL Sympodial oixhids pro 4". duce their new growdis from the base of prei i ous gi'owths. The season COLUMN growth being arrested b\ PETAL a terminal flower spike. SYNSEPAII IM ABE! I MM Paplionantbe feres PaphioJclium [atrnconum Monopodial Botanical History The advent of botanical exploration within the Bowes-Lyon, nephew of H.M. Queen Elizabeth, Sikkim Himalayas began with Sir Joseph Dalton the Mother, tsravelled in Sikkim. In 1953 Ghose Hooker's journey between 1848-50. Till then the pubhshed 'Beautiful Indian Orchids' describing 150 Kingdom of Sikkim had remained closed to all foreign species and 27 generas. He was based in Darjeehng \i.sitors. His travel opened the doors to the vast flo and was instrumental in collecting and distribut ral wealth of this region. Within the brief span of his ing seeds and plants of orchids and alpine plants, till travel in Sikkim Sir J.D. Hooker collected extensively his demise in 1983. and published the finding in "Flora of British India", Vol. V & VI in 1885 and Icones Plantarum in 1890.In Between 1929-32 a German Expedition led by 1895 he brought out an illustrated account of Indian Paul Bauer and the expedition led by Prof. Dyhren- Orchids. This publication contained description and lurth were all active around the Zemu and Lhonak illu.stration of 100 species. area. Largely inspired by Hooker's work, G. King & R. In the late 1950 and early 60's Dr. H. Hara from Pantling subsequently brought out a much contem Japan undertook several extensive botanical expedi plated classic 'The Orchids of the Sikkim Himalayas' tions resulting in the publication of The Flora ofEastern in 1898. This comprehensive illustrative work cov Himalayas, Orchidaceae. ered 91 generas and 448 species. Sir Basil Gould during his tenure as the political ■ In 1898 Dought Freshfield travelled around Mt. officer sent herbarium & plant material regularlv to Khangchendzonga from Lachen, Zemu glacier then the RBG, Kew. crossing over into the Lhonak Valley and then North The publication of Indian Orchid Guide to Identi over the jonsong La, before circling north of the fication and Culture was undertaken by U.C. Prad- mountain mass and down into East Nepal. He was the han in 1976 and 79 respectively. This comprehensive first person after Hooker to make any plant collection guide covers 810 species and 1 30 generas. in Sikkim Several botanical expeditions were imdertaken During the past centur)', there have been several during the past three decades, namely in 1979 by expiditions namely the Younghusband Expitidion in Derek Fox in W. Sikkim, 1982 by Mr and Mrs. E. G. 1903-04. Col. Prain (later Director at RBG, Kew) Millian up the Rathong chu. was part of the expedition and collected plants. The Alpine Garden Society, U.K. expedition in W.W. Smith & G.H. Cave in 1909 undertook 1983 and the Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh expe extensive botanical expedition in North-West Sikkim. dition in 1997. Theythentravelleduptotheheadofthe Lhonak Valleyto the Jonsong La and \isited Chorten Nyimala before The history of Sikkim Himalayan Orchids would • returning. be incomplete if we did not mention the role played in their conservation by late Rai Saheb Bhim Bahadur In 1926 Paul Bruhl puhli.shed 'A guide to the Orchid.s. of Sikkim where 461 species and 92 gen Pradhan, who during his tenure as the Forest Man ager to Government of Sikkim between 1916-1956 eras were dis-cribed. Elerharium material were col was chiefly responsible for implementing laws giving lected in 1936 by F. Spencer Chapman and Col. R. Cooke during their climing expedition of Fluted protection to Sikkim flora and fauna. Peak,.Sphinx and Pyramid Peak. Of late, .several (2rchid groups and NGO's have been actively engaged in the con.servation of Sikkim During the latter half of the 20th Centurv, .Simon Orchids. Sikkim GETTING THERE By Air: The nearest airport is at Bagdogra in and Government operated buses are readily available West Bengal.The services have several flights linking from SNT Office, Hill Cart Rd. andTenzing Norgay to Guwahati (Assam), Kolkata (W. Bengal) and New Station at Siliguri. Delhi daily. Entry permits for Sikkim: Helicopter Service: There is also a helicopter All foreign tourists are required to get a IS-day per service connecting Bagdogra to Gangtok which mit known as the Inner Line Permit(ILP) before they takes about 30 min. STDC also organises mountain can travel in Sikkim. flights. The permits are issued at the Indian mission in By Rail: New Jalpaiguri(NJP) is the nearest railhead your home country or at the places mentioned be at a distance of 124 km from Gangtok.The railhead is low. You are required to provide two passport sized well connected to the rest of the country with daily photographs and copies of your passport and the In trains to Delhi and other major towns and cities. dian visa. By Road: The journey of around 124 km takes You can also get an ILP at Rangpo, the entry point approx. 4-5 hrs. Private cars and taxis can be bired into the state.The tourist office at the Rangpo tourist on a full use or share basis from Bagdogra airport, centre will issue a two-day permit which can then be NJP rail station or Siliguri town. Many private run extended for 1 5 days at Gangtok. Vertical Section of the Sikkim Himalayas I ^ 8000 7000 6000 SOOO £ O 4000 '""i 3000 .P s f 2000 JUOMAN Pft CHINA THANGU The 15-day permit can again be extended thrice for a ESAMDONG > period of 15 days at any of the addresses: YUMTHANG I ■ Foreigner's Regional Registration office. Chennai, Kolkata, Mumbai and New Delhi. £HUNG ■ Immigration officer at the Airports NEPAL V Chennai, Kolkata, Mumbai and New Delhi. ■ Resident Commissioner •KZONGRI MANGAN Government of.Sikkim SIKKIM New Sikkim House (INDIA) 14, Pansheel Marg ♦YUK^OM Chanakyapuri GANGTO New Delhi. SlNGTA I Asst. Resident Commissioner, Government DENTAM NGPO of Sikkim NAMCHI BHUTAN 4/1 Middleton .Street LABHA Kolkata KALIMPONG West Bengal. TEESTA Chief Secretary/Home Secretary WEST BENGAL \ (INDIA) Government of Sikkim KURSEONG Tashiling, Secretariat Gangtok, Sikkim. Director General of Pofice TREKl Government of Sikkim. Yuksom (1,770m) - Bakhim (2,742m) -Tsokha Deputy Director (Tourist) (3,000m) - Phedong -Dzongri (3,962m) - Government of Sikkim Thangsing - Chemathang -Gochela (4,940m) SNT Colony (West Sikkim). Hill Cart Road Siliguri, West Bengal. Duration: 7 days. Difficulty: Moderate-difficult. ILP allows foreign tourists, individuals as well as groups to visit major tourist destinations of Sik Ideal time: 2nd week April - 3rd week May for kim, including Gangtok, Rumtek, Pemayangtse and Phodong. For foreign as well as domestic tourists, travel to areas beyond requires a Protected Area Permit (PAP). Tourist can only go to the Protected Areas under the aegis of a Travel Agent Approved by the Government of Sikkim. To travel in areas other than those covered by the Il.P and PAP, Special permits have to be obtaine from the Ministry of Home Affairs, North Block, New Delhi, Rhododendron arborcum Rhododendron. Junipers, and Rhododendron lepidotum, anthopogon etc. 1 St week July- Dzongri is situated at an altitude of 3,800m and Mid August for is exceedingly rich in alpine flora and do good to stay Alpine Flora.
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