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Gender-Based Violence in Northern Ethiopia (Afar, Amhara, and Tigray

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Gender-Based Violence in Northern Ethiopia (Afar, Amhara, and Tigray TIGRAY AFAR Situational Analysis: Gender-Based Violence AMHARA in Northern Ethiopia (Afar, Amhara, and Tigray Regions) PRIORITY NEEDS Facilitate safe access for GBV service providers: GBV service providers who facilitate life-saving interventions are unable to access a large portions of Tigray due to insecurity. Expand mental health and psychosocial support: Professional mental health providers who can provide a higher level of care need to be deployed to the region. The capacity of community based mechanisms such as women’s associations needs to be strengthened to provide basic psychosocial support and referrals for survivors. Increase access to health services: Health centres with the capacity to treat survivors need to be prioritized during the distribution of life-saving drugs, and medical equipment. INGOs providing medical support and community health workers need to be trained to identify, treat and refer GBV survivors. Assess urgent GBV needs: Ethical and safe GBV assessments need to be carried out in hard-to-reach communities. Community structures need to be urgently engaged and capacity build to address GBV prevention and support response activities. Mitigate GBV risks across sectors: GBV risk mitigation measures need to be integrated throughout the food security, WASH, shelter and camp management clusters. Scale-up capacity of INGOs and local organizations to provide case management services Overview Women and girls There have been numerous reports of sexual violence including rape against women and girls, fleeing the violence have told harrowing and also men and boys in the Tigray region of Ethiopia. These incidents have been—and continue accounts of sexual to be—reported by survivors and through eye witness accounts following the start of the conflict violence perpetrated in the Tigray region in November, 2020. Women and girls fleeing the violence have told harrowing by military elements accounts of sexual violence perpetrated by military elements, including being forced to have sex in return for basic supplies.1 Women and girls in Amhara, Tigray and the Afar regions of Ethiopia have reported being sexually assaulted and raped during the conflict, while fleeing from the conflict, accessing WASH facilities and walking long distances to fetch water and firewood. No place is seemingly safe, particularly in Tigray –the epicentre of the crisis.2 1 SRSG on Sexual Violence in Conflict, Press Statement, 21 January, 2020. https://www.un.org/sexualviolenceinconflict/ press-release/united-nations-special-representative-of-the-secretary-general-on-sexual-violence-in-conflict-ms-pra- mila-patten-urges-all-parties-to-prohibit-the-use-of-sexual-violence-and-cease-hostilities-in-the/ 2 Mekelle City RHINGO Assessment; Afar Rapid Needs Assessment 2-7 December; South Tigray (Alamata, Mehoni, Mekelle, and Enderta) Rapid Needs Assessment 20-28 December; https://www.un.org/sexualviolenceinconflict/ press-release/united-nations-special-representative-of-the-secretary-general-on-sexual-violence-in-conflict-ms-pra- mila-patten-urges-all-parties-to-prohibit-the-use-of-sexual-violence-and-cease-hostilities-in-the/ Please contact Dientje van Dongen ([email protected]), GBV AoR Coordinator in Ethiopia if you have any questions about the content of this brief. Shelters for Internally Displaced Persons (IDPs) are made of substandard materials that are severely overcrowded and lack doors with locks, which further exposes households, particularly female-headed households, to GBV risks. Reports from open “collective centres” for IDPs in Amhara region highlight the lack of latrines and sanitation facilities. Aside from health issues, this creates overlapping protection concerns for women, girls, and boys. Recent inter-agency assessments of affected communities in Tigray, Afar and Amhara further revealed that access to markets and livelihood opportunities continues to be disrupted. Women …Access to markets are accumulating debt to meet their family’s most basic needs, which exposes both women and and livelihood opportunities girls to an increased risk of transactional sex and sexual exploitation and abuse, especially in Tigray continues to be where they are experiencing severe food shortages. Child marriage was prevalent prior to the disrupted. crisis. In the Amhara Region, 45.0% of women are married before the age of 14. It has the lowest median age at first marriage (15.7) followed by Afar Region (16.4) and Tigray (16.6).3 Community members in Afar are worried that child marriage will increase due to the crisis and they will lose the gains they had made to reduce this abhorent practice.4 The impact and prevalence of these human rights violations is exacerbated by limited access to critical GBV prevention and response mechanisms, particularly in communities where access has been a challenge. Coordinating a multi-layered GBV response In Ethiopia, the Child Protection (CP) Area of Responsibility and Gender-Based Violence (GBV) Area of Responsibility (CP/GBV AoRs) are jointly co-led by UNICEF (CP AoR), UNFPA (GBV AoR) and the Ministry of Women, Children, and Youth (MoWCY) to ensure there is effective and cohesive CP and GBV emergency-related data collection, planning and response. Sub- national AoRs have been (re)activated in Amhara, Tigray, and Afar Regions; they report to, and are supported by the national AoR. UNFPA has hired additional GBV national staff to support coordination across the regions, and will deploy an international GBV Specialist to Mekelle to support AoR coordination once access has increased. There are currently over 20 GBV partners (including child protection actors responding and preventing various forms of GBV and providing support to child survivors) who have plans to expand existing GBV prevention and response services or launch new programmes in affected There are currently communities. GBV partners are deploying international and national technical expertise into over 20 GBV partners (including child Tigray Region to assist with this scale up. These actors include UN, local and international protection actors NGOs and government actors (Bureau of Women, Children and Youth and Bureau of Social responding and and Labour Affairs). Many of the risks identified by women and girls are directly linked to preventing various other sectors such as shelter, WASH, and food security. Therefore, collaborating with these forms of GBV and sectors to identify and mitigate GBV risks is a high priority for the GBV AoR and its members. providing support to child survivors) who have plans to GBV response services and outstanding needs expand existing One of the primary functions of the GBV AoR at the onset of any emergency is to support the GBV prevention and response services mapping of life-saving GBV response services, and develop and strengthen GBV referral pathways or launch new so that women and children at risk of GBV and survivors of GBV can access comprehensive programmes in multi-sectoral and survivor-centered services for immediate and long-term recovery. This has affected communities. been challenging in Tigray. Humanitarian actors have limited access to affected communities due to the ongoing conflict and a lengthy “access” approval process by the Government and a previous lengthy approval process by the Government prevented fast scale up of capacity. Even before the conflict, survivors of GBV experienced challenges accessing support services due to stigma from family and the community at-large. Fear of retaliation from the perpetrator and distance, quality and cost of services also negatively impact service accessibility.5 The hospital-based One Stop Centre model (health, psychosocial support and legal service providers operating in the One Stop Center) is used throughout Ethiopia to deliver comprehensive multi-sectoral services to survivors of GBV. They are usually based in regional hospitals and operated by Government counterparts. Currently, there are verified, functioning One Stop Centers located in the following hubs:6 3 EDHS 2016 4 Mekelle City RHINGO Assessment; Afar Rapid Needs Assessment 2-7 December; South Tigray (Alamata, Mehoni, Mekelle, and Enderta) Rapid Needs Assessment 20-28 December 5 CARE, Drought Gender Analysis, 2019 6 Verified through GBV AoR sub-national co-leads and partners • Tigray - Mekelle • Amhara - Dessie and Bahir Dar • Afar - Dubti Town and Asayta Town. Women and girls from conflict-affected woredas who need referrals for GBV medical treatment would normally be referred to Mekelle but they are unable to travel to Mekelle due to movement restrictions and insecurity. The nearest functioning referral hospital with a One Stop Centre in Afar is over 500km away from these The hospital-based conflict-affected woredas. One Stop Centre model (health, Prior to the crisis, GBV survivors from across Tigray would access the One Stop Centre in psychosocial support Mekelle for support and referrals to social services and the safe shelter, but with the current and legal service providers operating insecurity and constrained access, the referral linkage to the One Stop Centre is limited. in the same location) Medical providers in Mekelle (Tigray Region) report that they are currently running low on is used throughout medical supplies, specifically those used to treat sexual assault survivors. UNFPA has these Ethiopia to deliver health commodities in stock and is working with Government, civil society and UN partners comprehensive multi- to deliver them in Mekelle and across the Tigray Region.
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