STOR ® Farouk El-Baz
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Ca Quarterly of Art and Culture Issue 40 Hair Us $12 Canada $12 Uk £7
c 1 4 0 5 6 6 9 8 9 8 5 3 6 5 US Issue 40 a quarterly of art and culture $12 c anada $12 ha I r u K £7 “Earthrise,” photographed by Apollo 8 on 12 December 1968. According to NASA, “this view of the rising Earth … is displayed here in its original orientation, though it is more commonly viewed with the lunar surface at the bottom of the photo.” FroM DIsc to sphere a permit for the innovative shell, which was deemed Volker M. Welter to be a fire risk, and so the event took place instead in a motel parking lot in the city of Hayward. there, a In october 1969, at the height of the irrational fears four-foot-high inflatable wall delineated a compound about the imminent detonation of the population within which those who were fasting camped. the bomb, about one hundred hippies assembled in the press and the curious lingered outside the wall, joined San Francisco Bay area to stage a “hunger show,” by the occasional participant who could no longer bear a week-long period of total fasting. the event was the hunger pangs, made worse by the temptations of a inspired by a hashish-induced vision that had come to nearby Chinese restaurant. the founder of the Whole Earth Catalog, Stewart Brand, Symbolically, the raft also offered refuge for planet when reading Paul ehrlich’s 1968 book The Population earth. A photograph in the Whole Earth Catalog from Bomb. the goal was to personally experience the bodi- January 1970 shows an inflated globe among the ly pain of those who suffer from famine and to issue a spread-out paraphernalia of the counter-cultural gather- warning about the mass starvations predicted for the ing, thus making the hunger show one of the earliest 1970s. -
DMAAC – February 1973
LUNAR TOPOGRAPHIC ORTHOPHOTOMAP (LTO) AND LUNAR ORTHOPHOTMAP (LO) SERIES (Published by DMATC) Lunar Topographic Orthophotmaps and Lunar Orthophotomaps Scale: 1:250,000 Projection: Transverse Mercator Sheet Size: 25.5”x 26.5” The Lunar Topographic Orthophotmaps and Lunar Orthophotomaps Series are the first comprehensive and continuous mapping to be accomplished from Apollo Mission 15-17 mapping photographs. This series is also the first major effort to apply recent advances in orthophotography to lunar mapping. Presently developed maps of this series were designed to support initial lunar scientific investigations primarily employing results of Apollo Mission 15-17 data. Individual maps of this series cover 4 degrees of lunar latitude and 5 degrees of lunar longitude consisting of 1/16 of the area of a 1:1,000,000 scale Lunar Astronautical Chart (LAC) (Section 4.2.1). Their apha-numeric identification (example – LTO38B1) consists of the designator LTO for topographic orthophoto editions or LO for orthophoto editions followed by the LAC number in which they fall, followed by an A, B, C or D designator defining the pertinent LAC quadrant and a 1, 2, 3, or 4 designator defining the specific sub-quadrant actually covered. The following designation (250) identifies the sheets as being at 1:250,000 scale. The LTO editions display 100-meter contours, 50-meter supplemental contours and spot elevations in a red overprint to the base, which is lithographed in black and white. LO editions are identical except that all relief information is omitted and selenographic graticule is restricted to border ticks, presenting an umencumbered view of lunar features imaged by the photographic base. -
Asymmetric Terracing of Lunar Highland Craters: Influence of Pre-Impact Topography and Structure
Proc. L~lnorPli~nel. Sci. Corrf. /Of11 (1979), p. 2597-2607 Printed in the United States of America Asymmetric terracing of lunar highland craters: Influence of pre-impact topography and structure Ann W. Gifford and Ted A. Maxwell Center for Earth and Planetary Studies, National Air and Space Museum, Smithsonian Institition, Washington, DC 20560 Abstract-The effects of variable pre-impact topography and substrate on slumping and terrace for- mation have been studied on a group of 30 craters in the lunar highlands. These craters are charac- terized by a distinct upper slump block and are all situated on the rim of a larger, older crater or a degraded rim segment. Wide, isolated terraces occur where the rim of the younger crater coincides with a rim segment of the older crater. The craters are all located in Nectarianlpre-Nectarian highland units, and range in age from Imbrian to Copernican. A proposed model for formation of slump blocks in these craters includes the existence of layers with different competence in an overturned rim of the pre-existing crater. Such layering could have resulted from overturning of more coherent layers during formation of the Nectarian and pre-Nec- tarian craters. A combination of material and topographic effects is therefore responsible for terrace formation. Similar terrain effects may be present on other planets and should be considered when interpreting crater statistics in relation to morphology. INTRODUCTION Slumping, terracing or wall failure is an important process in formation and mod- ification of lunar craters. The process of slumping has been investigated by both geometrical (Cintala et a1 ., 1977) and theoretical models (Melosh, 1977; Melosh and McKinnon, 1979); however, these studies are dependent on morphologic constraints imposed by the geologic setting of the craters. -
Appendix I Lunar and Martian Nomenclature
APPENDIX I LUNAR AND MARTIAN NOMENCLATURE LUNAR AND MARTIAN NOMENCLATURE A large number of names of craters and other features on the Moon and Mars, were accepted by the IAU General Assemblies X (Moscow, 1958), XI (Berkeley, 1961), XII (Hamburg, 1964), XIV (Brighton, 1970), and XV (Sydney, 1973). The names were suggested by the appropriate IAU Commissions (16 and 17). In particular the Lunar names accepted at the XIVth and XVth General Assemblies were recommended by the 'Working Group on Lunar Nomenclature' under the Chairmanship of Dr D. H. Menzel. The Martian names were suggested by the 'Working Group on Martian Nomenclature' under the Chairmanship of Dr G. de Vaucouleurs. At the XVth General Assembly a new 'Working Group on Planetary System Nomenclature' was formed (Chairman: Dr P. M. Millman) comprising various Task Groups, one for each particular subject. For further references see: [AU Trans. X, 259-263, 1960; XIB, 236-238, 1962; Xlffi, 203-204, 1966; xnffi, 99-105, 1968; XIVB, 63, 129, 139, 1971; Space Sci. Rev. 12, 136-186, 1971. Because at the recent General Assemblies some small changes, or corrections, were made, the complete list of Lunar and Martian Topographic Features is published here. Table 1 Lunar Craters Abbe 58S,174E Balboa 19N,83W Abbot 6N,55E Baldet 54S, 151W Abel 34S,85E Balmer 20S,70E Abul Wafa 2N,ll7E Banachiewicz 5N,80E Adams 32S,69E Banting 26N,16E Aitken 17S,173E Barbier 248, 158E AI-Biruni 18N,93E Barnard 30S,86E Alden 24S, lllE Barringer 29S,151W Aldrin I.4N,22.1E Bartels 24N,90W Alekhin 68S,131W Becquerei -
The Tsiolkovskiy Crater Landslide, the Moon: an LROC View
Icarus 337 (2020) 113464 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Icarus journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/icarus The Tsiolkovskiy crater landslide, the moon: An LROC view Joseph M. Boyce a,*, Peter Mouginis-Mark a, Mark Robinson b a Hawaii Institute for Geophysics and Planetology, University of Hawaii, Honolulu 96822, USA b School of Earth and Space Exploration, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85281, USA ARTICLE INFO ABSTRACT Keywords: Evidence suggests that the lobate flow feature that extends ~72 km outward from the western rim of Tsiol Moon surface kovskiy crater is a long runout landslide. This landslide exhibits three (possibly four) morphologically different Landslides parts, likely caused by local conditions. All of these, plus the ejecta of Tsiolkovskiy crater, and its mare fill are Impact processes approximately of the same crater model age, i.e., ~3.55 � 0.1 Ga. The enormous size of this landslide is unique Geological processes on the Moon and is a result of a combination of several geometric factors (e.g., its location relative to Fermi Terrestrial planets crater), and that Tsiolkovskiy crater was an oblique impact that produced an ejecta forbidden zone on its western side (Schultz, 1976). The landslide formed in this ejecta free zone as the rim of Tsiolkovskiy collapsed and its debris flowedacross the relatively smooth, flatfloor of Fermi crater. In this location, it could be easily identified as a landslide and not ejecta. Its mobility and coefficientof friction are similar to landslides in Valles Marineris on Mars, but less than wet or even dry terrestrial natural flows.This suggests that the Mars landslides may have been emplaced dry. -
Apollo 17 Index
Preparation, Scanning, Editing, and Conversion to Adobe Portable Document Format (PDF) by: Ronald A. Wells University of California Berkeley, CA 94720 May 2000 A P O L L O 1 7 I N D E X 7 0 m m, 3 5 m m, A N D 1 6 m m P H O T O G R A P H S M a p p i n g S c i e n c e s B r a n c h N a t i o n a l A e r o n a u t i c s a n d S p a c e A d m i n i s t r a t i o n J o h n s o n S p a c e C e n t e r H o u s t o n, T e x a s APPROVED: Michael C . McEwen Lunar Screening and Indexing Group May 1974 PREFACE Indexing of Apollo 17 photographs was performed at the Defense Mapping Agency Aerospace Center under the direction of Charles Miller, NASA Program Manager, Aerospace Charting Branch. Editing was performed by Lockheed Electronics Company, Houston Aerospace Division, Image Analysis and Cartography Section, under the direction of F. W. Solomon, Chief. iii APOLLO 17 INDEX 70 mm, 35 mm, AND 16 mm PHOTOGRAPHS TABLE OF CONTENTS Page INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................... 1 SOURCES OF INFORMATION .......................................................................................... 13 INDEX OF 16 mm FILM STRIPS ........................................................................................ 15 INDEX OF 70 mm AND 35 mm PHOTOGRAPHS Listed by NASA Photograph Number Magazine J, AS17–133–20193 to 20375......................................... -
Apollo Rocket Propulsion Development
REMEMBERING THE GIANTS APOLLO ROCKET PROPULSION DEVELOPMENT Editors: Steven C. Fisher Shamim A. Rahman John C. Stennis Space Center The NASA History Series National Aeronautics and Space Administration NASA History Division Office of External Relations Washington, DC December 2009 NASA SP-2009-4545 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Remembering the Giants: Apollo Rocket Propulsion Development / editors, Steven C. Fisher, Shamim A. Rahman. p. cm. -- (The NASA history series) Papers from a lecture series held April 25, 2006 at the John C. Stennis Space Center. Includes bibliographical references. 1. Saturn Project (U.S.)--Congresses. 2. Saturn launch vehicles--Congresses. 3. Project Apollo (U.S.)--Congresses. 4. Rocketry--Research--United States--History--20th century-- Congresses. I. Fisher, Steven C., 1949- II. Rahman, Shamim A., 1963- TL781.5.S3R46 2009 629.47’52--dc22 2009054178 Table of Contents Foreword ...............................................................................................................................7 Acknowledgments .................................................................................................................9 Welcome Remarks Richard Gilbrech ..........................................................................................................11 Steve Fisher ...................................................................................................................13 Chapter One - Robert Biggs, Rocketdyne - F-1 Saturn V First Stage Engine .......................15 -
Origin of the Anomalously Rocky Appearance of Tsiolkovskiy Crater
Icarus 273 (2016) 237–247 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Icarus journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/icarus Origin of the anomalously rocky appearance of Tsiolkovskiy crater ∗ Benjamin T. Greenhagen a, , Catherine D. Neish b, Jean-Pierre Williams c, Joshua T.S. Cahill a, Rebecca R. Ghent d,e,PaulO. Hayne f, Samuel J. Lawrence g,NoahE. Petro h, Joshua L. Bandfield i a Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory, 11100 Johns Hopkins Road, Laurel, MD 20723-6099, United States b Department of Earth Sciences, Western University Biological & Geological Sciences Building, Room 1026 1151 Richmond St. N. London, ON N6A 5B7 Canada c Department of Earth, Planetary, and Space Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles 595 Charles Young Drive East, Box 951567 Los Angeles, CA 90095-1567, United States d Department of Earth Sciences, Earth Sciences Centre 22 Russell Street Toronto, Ontario, M5S 3B1, Canada e Planetary Science Institute, 1700 East Fort Lowell, Suite 106 Tucson, AZ 85719-2395, United States f Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, 4800 Oak Grove Drive Pasadena, CA 91109 ASU, United States g School of Earth and Space Exploration, PO Box 871404 Tempe, AZ 85287-1404, United States h NASA’s Goddard Space Flight Center, 8800 Greenbelt Rd Greenbelt, MD 20771, United States i Space Science Institute, 4750 Walnut Street | Suite 205 Boulder, Colorado 80301, United States a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t Article history: Rock abundance maps derived from the Diviner Lunar Radiometer instrument on the Lunar Reconnais- Received 3 August 2015 sance Orbiter (LRO) show Tsiolkovskiy crater to have high surface rock abundance and relatively low re- Revised 6 February 2016 golith thickness. -
Topographic Characterization of Lunar Complex Craters Jessica Kalynn,1 Catherine L
GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS, VOL. 40, 38–42, doi:10.1029/2012GL053608, 2013 Topographic characterization of lunar complex craters Jessica Kalynn,1 Catherine L. Johnson,1,2 Gordon R. Osinski,3 and Olivier Barnouin4 Received 20 August 2012; revised 19 November 2012; accepted 26 November 2012; published 16 January 2013. [1] We use Lunar Orbiter Laser Altimeter topography data [Baldwin 1963, 1965; Pike, 1974, 1980, 1981]. These studies to revisit the depth (d)-diameter (D), and central peak height yielded three main results. First, depth increases with diam- B (hcp)-diameter relationships for fresh complex lunar craters. eter and is described by a power law relationship, d =AD , We assembled a data set of young craters with D ≥ 15 km where A and B are constants determined by a linear least and ensured the craters were unmodified and fresh using squares fit of log(d) versus log(D). Second, a change in the Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter Wide-Angle Camera images. d-D relationship is seen at diameters of ~15 km, roughly We used Lunar Orbiter Laser Altimeter gridded data to coincident with the morphological transition from simple to determine the rim-to-floor crater depths, as well as the height complex craters. Third, craters in the highlands are typically of the central peak above the crater floor. We established deeper than those formed in the mare at a given diameter. power-law d-D and hcp-D relationships for complex craters At larger spatial scales, Clementine [Williams and Zuber, on mare and highlands terrain. Our results indicate that 1998] and more recently, Lunar Orbiter Laser Altimeter craters on highland terrain are, on average, deeper and have (LOLA) [Baker et al., 2012] topography data indicate that higher central peaks than craters on mare terrain. -
Geologic Mapping of the King Crater Region with an Emphasis on Melt Pond Anatomy — Evidence for Subsurface Drainage on the Moon
42nd Lunar and Planetary Science Conference (2011) 2437.pdf GEOLOGIC MAPPING OF THE KING CRATER REGION WITH AN EMPHASIS ON MELT POND ANATOMY — EVIDENCE FOR SUBSURFACE DRAINAGE ON THE MOON. J. W. Ashley1, N. DiCarlo1, A. C. Enns1, B. R. Hawke2, H. Hiesinger3 , M. S. Robinson1, H. Sato1, E. J. Speyerer1, C. H. van der Bogert3, R. V. Wagner1, K. E. Young1, and the LROC Science Team. 1Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter Camera, School of Earth and Space Exploration, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287-3603 ([email protected]); 2Hawaii Institute of Geophysics and Planetology, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, HI; 3Institut für Planetologie, Westfälische Wilhelms- Universität, Münster, Germany. Introduction: King crater is a 77-km-diameter impact feature and Constellation site of interest, lo- N cated at 5.0°N and 120.5°E on the lunar farside. The crater has a complex relationship with its surrounding environment. In addition to serving as a model for structural analyses of the lunar highlands [e.g., 1], King crater and its associated large (~ 385 km2) melt pond (located within adjacent Al-Tusi crater to the north-northwest) provide opportunities for study of high volumes of once-molten, dominantly anorthositic material. The Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter Camera (LROC) Wide Angle Camera (WAC) and Narrow An- gle Camera (NAC) [2] imaged the regional King crater area and melt pond surfaces from a nominal 50 km altitude at pixel scales of 100 meters and up to 0.5 me- ters for the WAC and NAC, respectively. These images were then used to create new geologic maps for both the regional King crater area and the primary melt pond (e.g., Figure 1). -
25 Years Ago, July-August 1991 July 1 After a Distinguished 40-Year Run
25 Years Ago, July-August 1991 July 18-21 The U.S.’s Gemini 10 mission, July 1 After a distinguished 40-year run, the Avro Shackleton flown by patrol aircraft is retired by the U.K. Royal Air Force. Based command on the historic Avro Lancaster heavy bomber of World War II pilot John fame, the Shackleton is to be replaced by Boeing E-3 Sentries. Young and David Baker, Flight and Flying: A Chronology, p. 87. pilot Mi- chael Col- 50 Years Ago, July-August 1966 lins, carries July 1 Astronaut Edward White, the first American to make a out low-orbit spacewalk, is presented the General Thomas D. White Space docking of the Trophy from U.S. Air Force Secretary Harold Brown, spacecraft with the at the National Geographic Society in Washington, D.C. Gemini Agena Target Vehicle booster The award was established in 1961 and is given to an Air launched 100 minutes earlier. A sec- Force officer, or a unit, that makes the foremost contribution ond rendezvous and docking is also to the progress of U.S. aerospace. New York Times, July 12. achieved. Collins also conducts two spacewalks with the aid of a tether. July 5 The Apollo-Saturn AS-203 mission of the Saturn 1B vehicle During the second walk, he becomes is launched from the Kennedy Space Center, Florida, to gather flight the first person to meet another data on the vehicle’s second stage and Instrument Unit that are to be adapted spacecraft in orbit during a spacewalk to the Saturn 5 configuration. -
The Milestones of Civilization
The Milestones of Civilization (Assurbanipal, Alexandria and the Internet) The past is the key to the future. The purpose of this book is to briefly display the emergence and development of human culture and civilization and the dramatic changes these have undergone throughout history to those who are striving to change the world and to gratify humanity. For all the different languages and races there are on earth, there is but one common civilization that humanity has been developing for ten thousand years. And that is the process of development as formulated ten years ago by the United Nations and published every year as a report. The goal of nations is to reach that level of development. Just as we cannot discriminate between civilizations as Western and Eastern Civilization, we cannot defend the thesis of 'the clash of civilizations and the establishing of a new world order.' What is known as Western Civilization today is the ultimate state that Eastern Civilization has reached in its process of development. The Revolution of Irrigation, one of the greatest milestones of human history, started in the valleys of Yellow River in China ten thousand years ago. It then spread to the west toward the Indus in India, the Euphrates and the Tigris in Mesopotamia, and to the valleys of the River Nile in Egypt respectively. The culture of irrigation certainly continued its development in these regions. Civilization was enriched as it fed from additional sources it encountered on the way throughout its journey from the East to the West. Having completed its cycle on earth with a gradually increasing pace in ten thousand years, today it has reached the Eastern shores of Asia, where it was born.