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COLEМAN. А. D. 1998, Deptb Field: Essays оп Pbotography, Mass Media, аnа Lens 0/ JO'\O SARМENTO Cиlture. A1buquerque: University of New Меюсо Press. *iI t Geography Department, University of Мinho Centre foc Geographica1 Studie5, University of Lisbon COSGROVE, D. 2008, Geographyand Vision. Seeing, Imagining аnа Representing !~ [email protected] the World. London: 1. В. Tauris. COSGROVE, D. 1985, Prospect, perspective and the evoltuion of the landscape idea, i'el' Transactions 0/ the Institиte 0/ British Geographers, 10 (1), рр. 45-62. ECHТNER, С. М. & PRASAD, Р. 2003, ТЬе context of Third World tourism marketing, :fJ: Annals 0/ Toиrism Research, 30 (3), рр. 660-82. DANN, G. 1996, The people of tourist brochures in Selwyn, Т. (ed.) Тhe Toиrist '~~~ lтage: Myths andMyth Making ,"n Toиrt'sm. New York: Wiley, рр. 61-81. I'!!; TOURISM ROUTES: MATERIAL HERITAGE GOVERS, R., Go, F. М. and KUMAR, К. 2007, Promoting tourism destination image, OF PORTUGUESE ORIGIN IN МОКОССО AND GOA Journal о/ Travel Research, 46 (1), рр. 15-23. GREGORY, D. 1994, Geographicallmaginations. Oxford: Blackwell. LUTZ, С. А. & COLI1NS, J. L. 1993, Reading National Geographic. Chicago: University 1. Introduction of Chicago Press. ':;:':;: 'k)8', МСRлЕ, L. 2003, Rethinking tourism: Edward Said and а politics of meeting and Routes are ап integral part of our lives. Presently, created or adapted movement, Tourist Studies, 3 (3), рр. 235-51. as tourism routes of тапу sorts, these itineraries, which тау vary from )] MELLINGER, W. 1994, Towards а critical analysis of tourism representations, Annals а simple urban trail to а vast int~rcontinental journey, are опе of the key o/ToиrismResearch, 21 (4), рр. 756-79. elements of tourism development throughout the world. This chapter .{~" MOUNA, А. and ESTEBAN, А. 2006, Tourism brochures: usefulness and image, Annals attempts to make а preliminary discussion of the spatial configuration of o/Tourism Research, 33 (4), рр. 1036-56. tourism routes, based ироп existing literature and оп empirical observa MOLINA, А., G6MEZ, М. & MARTfN-СОNSUEGRA, D. 2010, Tourism marketing infonnation tions, using various international and national examples. Furthermore, and destination image management, African Journal 0/Bиsiness Management, \:' it applies two of these models to the cases of military heritage of Рос 4 (5), рр. 722-28. tuguese origin in Morocco and Goa, India. Тhe analysis is supported Ьу PERКINS, D. N. 1994, Тhe Intelligent Еуе: Learпing to Тhink Ьу Looking ае Art. L05 fieldwork conducted in Goa in 2008, and in Мососсо, especially during AngeIes: Getty Center for Education in the Arts. j zi 2010 and 2011. Schroeder,1. Е. 2002, Visual Consumption. London: RoutIedge. "ё~i~ ,fii ;'j" 2. Routes and Roots ;': ,,{,; ТЬе human body has not Ьееп made to travel at speeds that ·exceed much more than 30 kilometres per hour. Тhis is rougbly the таютит speed а human сап run ОП 2009 Usain Bolt set the world record of the 200 meters at а speed of 10.44 meters per second, ос 37.5 kmjhour), and the 208 209 Hmit velocity at which оиг skull сап absorb impacts without fataI injuries1. way associated with permanent re-workings of place and culture, which So, whiIe our anatomy has evolved into а design that adapts comforta draw inspiration пот nostalgia, тетогу and tradition, but aIso mystery Ыу to travel Ьу walking and running, high speeds and the technologies ;~ and venture (Мипау and Graham 1997; Tirasatayapitak and Laws 2003; that often ассотраnу them are still foreign to оиг bodies. Тwo simple Zoomers 2008). Оnе of the most obvious and positive aspects of the esta examples of these limitations аге the dehydration our body suffers when blishment and development of tourist routes is that they connect several ",!fJ" we spend too тапу hours inside а plane а! high altitudes, ог (Ье effects -~i!l: attractions that not have the potential to аПuге visitors to spend time from jet lag, simply because we cross times zone (оо quickly. Humans' and топеу when working independently. ТЬе synergy effect allows for а settlement history has started ]ong ago, and Фе overwhelming majority of greater рuПiпg power, while it disperses visitors' топеу among а larger ,ry~' contemporary societies is now rooted in particular places, being physically 'i.i; number of recipients. bounded (о relatively restricted spaces. Nevertheless, society as а whole AJmost fifty years ago а working group of the СоипсН of Europe wrote ';'..:Jij, moves towards routing and is becoming increasingly restless and тоЬiIе. in а report that there was а need 'to consider the possibilities of setting Travel is grаduаПу тоге ап integral part of (Ье postmodern 'new world ,.. !J.' ир networks for tourism connected with the cultural geography of Еигоре' order of mobility' (Clifford 1997:1). With the massification of pleasure ~:" (1964 in Сарр, 2002: 2). АЬои! two decades later, the first European traveI (even if confined (о а раг! of (Ье world's population), ап increasing -'~;I cultural route was estabJished: the Santiago de Compostela Pilgrim Way number of people traveIs regularly, participating in these flows or scapes (1987) and roughly а decade later (1998), the Ешореап Council entrusted :'-~ as Ачип Appadurai calls them (Appadurai 1996). The whole world seems ':~%t'( to the European Institute of the Cultural Routes the task of monitoring to Ье оп the move: from journalists to migrants and refugees, from (ои .il··' the Cultural Routes program as а whole. Presently, there аге hundreds ...•......•....:;}' .. :... rists (о movie and sport stars, from military to missionaries of аП kinds. '.~ .. of cultural routes in Еигоре and thr~ughout the world, with aims that Apparently, for тапу people the world has по borders. At (Ье same time, range from tourism development, identity building and common heritage nomads аге world minorities who often Ьесоте (Ье objects of (Ье tourist pI'eservation. gaze (Sarmento and Etemaddar 2009). Tourists traveI great lengths (о see ог to have brief and superficiaI contacts with nomad indigenous people. Routes асе journeys that imply movement, some form of spatial рсо 3. Spatial configuration of Routes gress, passing through various elements, attracting millions of tourists. As Sarmento and Henriques (2009: 285) put it, 'routeing is in fact something Particularly as а result of transport development, the world is now inherent to tourism since tourism is inescapably 'kinaesthetic". Routes covered Ьу tourism routes in а broad sense, and it is possibJe to go from are spatial geometries, and тау vary from relatively short walking ог point А to point В almost anywhere in the globe. Regulation, government cycling trails in а city, to Ionger motorized route itineraries in ЛIгаl set роliсу, Iegal issues, technology, impacts, and most importantly here iti tings о!" intercontinental journeys, such as the Silk Road. What аН these neraries, have naturally changed dramatically in the past decades (see tourist routes have in соттоп is the cultural consumption along the Graham, Papatheodorou and Forsyth, 2008). То fly from Еигоре to North America we по 10nger need to stop in the Azores, as occurred with the first transatlantic flights in the early twentieth century. То а large degree, 1 MOl'tality rates I'esulting from run-ovel' accidents inCl'ease dramaticaIIy when they and in тапу cases, we сап say that all that we аге left with is the origin exceed 30 krn/hour: 5% at 32 km/h; 45% at 48 km/h; 85% at 64 km/h and 100% at speeds ovel' 80 km/houl'. and the destination. Nevertheless, there аге still тапу regions of the world · 210 1t: 211 ~~ :".1 ~1 where land transportation is the опlу possibJe way of movement, and for 2003, 2004) and spatial movement patterns of tourists within а destina уаПОUБ сеаБОПБ, it сап Ье quite slow. tion (Lew and МсКессЬес 2006). Based оп these models 1 Ьауе identified three main types of tourism routes - single destination, secondary desti I1 TABLE 1 - Spatial configurations of tourism routes nations and multiple destinations - рlиБ variations (ТаЫе 1). Since this is :~ ап exploratory study, it is not ту аiш to present а crystallised version of .~)1 tourism route spatial models, but to ореп ир а discussion of these models .ееее. and their application. !ь ~;i!i .~, . , ' ." / / . " 3.1. Single destioatioo Q • 1, Modell refers to а single origin and а single destination. It is the typical \ ~ " . а поm Еисоре а Епrоре '. model of charter trip north to southern resort in ос in Africa. We could also think of tourists leaving ап airport БисЬ аБ )i~i ~e7 Oporto, in north Portugal, travelling directly to а resort in northeast Brazil , ,~ ос the Dominican Republic. When at destination, tourists spend most of • .11 their time within Фе resort (the hotel, the swimming pools, restaurants {~ and bars), and venture very little outsi~e this 'safe Брасе'. The five models ',- , • "j" ' from lа to lе асе variations of this first опе, and principally refer (о tou • "1';~ ! "~ , rists travelling Ьу land. Stops сап Ье for refreshments, overnight, but also 2. :Ir jl foc visiting attractions sисЬ аБ тиБеитБ ос particular landscapes. ТЬеБе attractions тау Ье important enough foc toucists to detour and exit their '~; main route (1Ь, опlу the routes; 1с, Боте sites). In тапу cases, with the . v. construction of infrastructures like bridges ос motorways, тапу villages ос places lose their function and соlе аБ providers of resting places. In Portugal, until quite recently towns like Oliveira de Azemeis and Alcacer do Sal were уесу important оп the tourism route from Oporto to the Algarve. Loc~l businesses along the national road were replaced Ьу the тосе gene ric landscapes of motorway service stations. Yet, despite their поп-рlасе characteristics (Auge 1995), they still guard some cultucal aspects of the While the study of tourist flows has Ьееп the subject of relatively little region where they асе implemented.