COLEМAN. А. D. 1998, Deptb Field: Essays оп Pbotography, Mass Media, аnа Lens 0/ JO'\O SARМENTO Cиlture. A1buquerque: University of New Меюсо Press. *iI t Geography Department, University of Мinho Centre foc Geographica1 Studie5, University of Lisbon COSGROVE, D. 2008, Geographyand Vision. Seeing, Imagining аnа Representing !~ [email protected] the World. London: 1. В. Tauris.

COSGROVE, D. 1985, Prospect, perspective and the evoltuion of the landscape idea, i'el' Transactions 0/ the Institиte 0/ British Geographers, 10 (1), рр. 45-62. ECHТNER, С. М. & PRASAD, Р. 2003, ТЬе context of Third World tourism marketing, :fJ: Annals 0/ Toиrism Research, 30 (3), рр. 660-82. DANN, G. 1996, The people of tourist brochures in Selwyn, Т. (ed.) Тhe Toиrist '~~~

lтage: Myths andMyth Making ,"n Toиrt'sm. New York: Wiley, рр. 61-81. I'!!; TOURISM ROUTES: MATERIAL HERITAGE GOVERS, R., Go, F. М. and KUMAR, К. 2007, Promoting tourism destination image, OF PORTUGUESE ORIGIN IN МОКОССО AND Journal о/ Travel Research, 46 (1), рр. 15-23. GREGORY, D. 1994, Geographicallmaginations. Oxford: Blackwell. LUTZ, С. А. & COLI1NS, J. L. 1993, Reading National Geographic. Chicago: University 1. Introduction

of Chicago Press. ':;:':;: 'k)8', МСRлЕ, L. 2003, Rethinking tourism: Edward Said and а politics of meeting and Routes are ап integral part of our lives. Presently, created or adapted

movement, Tourist Studies, 3 (3), рр. 235-51. as tourism routes of тапу sorts, these itineraries, which тау vary from )] MELLINGER, W. 1994, Towards а critical analysis of tourism representations, Annals а simple urban trail to а vast int~rcontinental journey, are опе of the key o/ToиrismResearch, 21 (4), рр. 756-79. elements of tourism development throughout the world. This chapter

.{~" MOUNA, А. and ESTEBAN, А. 2006, Tourism brochures: usefulness and image, Annals attempts to make а preliminary discussion of the spatial configuration of

o/Tourism Research, 33 (4), рр. 1036-56. tourism routes, based ироп existing literature and оп empirical observa­ MOLINA, А., G6MEZ, М. & MARTfN-СОNSUEGRA, D. 2010, Tourism marketing infonnation tions, using various international and national examples. Furthermore,

and destination image management, African Journal 0/Bиsiness Management, \:' it applies two of these models to the cases of military heritage of Рос­ 4 (5), рр. 722-28. tuguese origin in Morocco and Goa, . Тhe analysis is supported Ьу

PERКINS, D. N. 1994, Тhe Intelligent Еуе: Learпing to Тhink Ьу Looking ае Art. L05 fieldwork conducted in Goa in 2008, and in Мососсо, especially during AngeIes: Getty Center for Education in the Arts. j zi 2010 and 2011. Schroeder,1. Е. 2002, Visual Consumption. London: RoutIedge. "ё~i~ ,fii ;'j" 2. Routes and Roots ;': ,,{,; ТЬе human body has not Ьееп made to travel at speeds that ·exceed

much more than 30 kilometres per hour. Тhis is rougbly the таютит

speed а human сап run ОП 2009 Usain Bolt set the world record of the 200

meters at а speed of 10.44 meters per second, ос 37.5 kmjhour), and the

208 209 Hmit velocity at which оиг skull сап absorb impacts without fataI injuries1. way associated with permanent re-workings of place and culture, which

So, whiIe our anatomy has evolved into а design that adapts comforta­ draw inspiration пот nostalgia, тетогу and tradition, but aIso mystery

Ыу to travel Ьу walking and running, high speeds and the technologies ;~ and venture (Мипау and Graham 1997; Tirasatayapitak and Laws 2003;

that often ассотраnу them are still foreign to оиг bodies. Тwo simple Zoomers 2008). Оnе of the most obvious and positive aspects of the esta­ examples of these limitations аге the dehydration our body suffers when blishment and development of tourist routes is that they connect several ",!fJ" we spend too тапу hours inside а plane а! high altitudes, ог (Ье effects -~i!l: attractions that not have the potential to аПuге visitors to spend time

from jet lag, simply because we cross times zone (оо quickly. Humans' and топеу when working independently. ТЬе synergy effect allows for а

settlement history has started ]ong ago, and Фе overwhelming majority of greater рuПiпg power, while it disperses visitors' топеу among а larger ,ry~' contemporary societies is now rooted in particular places, being physically 'i.i; number of recipients. bounded (о relatively restricted spaces. Nevertheless, society as а whole AJmost fifty years ago а working group of the СоипсН of Europe wrote ';'..:Jij, moves towards routing and is becoming increasingly restless and тоЬiIе. in а report that there was а need 'to consider the possibilities of setting

Travel is grаduаПу тоге ап integral part of (Ье postmodern 'new world ,.. !J.' ир networks for tourism connected with the cultural geography of Еигоре' order of mobility' (Clifford 1997:1). With the massification of pleasure ~:" (1964 in Сарр, 2002: 2). АЬои! two decades later, the first European traveI (even if confined (о а раг! of (Ье world's population), ап increasing -'~;I cultural route was estabJished: the Santiago de Compostela Pilgrim Way number of people traveIs regularly, participating in these flows or scapes (1987) and roughly а decade later (1998), the Ешореап Council entrusted :'-~ as Ачип Appadurai calls them (Appadurai 1996). The whole world seems ':~%t'( to the European Institute of the Cultural Routes the task of monitoring to Ье оп the move: from journalists to migrants and refugees, from (ои­ .il··' the Cultural Routes program as а whole. Presently, there аге hundreds ...•...... •....:;}' .. :... rists (о movie and sport stars, from military to missionaries of аП kinds. '.~ .. of cultural routes in Еигоре and thr~ughout the world, with aims that Apparently, for тапу people the world has по borders. At (Ье same time, range from tourism development, identity building and common heritage nomads аге world minorities who often Ьесоте (Ье objects of (Ье tourist pI'eservation. gaze (Sarmento and Etemaddar 2009). Tourists traveI great lengths (о see ог to have brief and superficiaI contacts with nomad indigenous people. Routes асе journeys that imply movement, some form of spatial рсо­ 3. Spatial configuration of Routes gress, passing through various elements, attracting millions of tourists. As

Sarmento and Henriques (2009: 285) put it, 'routeing is in fact something Particularly as а result of transport development, the world is now inherent to tourism since tourism is inescapably 'kinaesthetic". Routes covered Ьу tourism routes in а broad sense, and it is possibJe to go from are spatial geometries, and тау vary from relatively short walking ог point А to point В almost anywhere in the globe. Regulation, government cycling trails in а city, to Ionger motorized route itineraries in ЛIгаl set­ роliсу, Iegal issues, technology, impacts, and most importantly here iti­ tings о!" intercontinental journeys, such as the Silk Road. What аН these neraries, have naturally changed dramatically in the past decades (see tourist routes have in соттоп is the cultural consumption along the Graham, Papatheodorou and Forsyth, 2008). То fly from Еигоре to North

America we по 10nger need to stop in the Azores, as occurred with the

first transatlantic flights in the early twentieth century. То а large degree, 1 MOl'tality rates I'esulting from run-ovel' accidents inCl'ease dramaticaIIy when they and in тапу cases, we сап say that all that we аге left with is the origin exceed 30 krn/hour: 5% at 32 km/h; 45% at 48 km/h; 85% at 64 km/h and 100% at speeds ovel' 80 km/houl'. and the destination. Nevertheless, there аге still тапу regions of the world · 210 1t: 211 ~~

:".1

~1 where land transportation is the опlу possibJe way of movement, and for 2003, 2004) and spatial movement patterns of tourists within а destina­ уаПОUБ сеаБОПБ, it сап Ье quite slow. tion (Lew and МсКессЬес 2006). Based оп these models 1 Ьауе identified three main types of tourism routes - single destination, secondary desti­ I1 TABLE 1 - Spatial configurations of tourism routes nations and multiple destinations - рlиБ variations (ТаЫе 1). Since this is :~ ап exploratory study, it is not ту аiш to present а crystallised version of .~)1 tourism route spatial models, but to ореп ир а discussion of these models .ееее. and their application. !ь ~;i!i .~, .

, ' ." / / . " 3.1. Single destioatioo Q • 1, Modell refers to а single origin and а single destination. It is the typical \ ~ " . а поm Еисоре а Епrоре '. model of charter trip north to southern resort in

ос in Africa. We could also think of tourists leaving ап airport БисЬ аБ )i~i ~e7 Oporto, in north Portugal, travelling directly to а resort in northeast Brazil , ,~ ос the Dominican Republic. When at destination, tourists spend most of • .11 their time within Фе resort (the hotel, the swimming pools, restaurants {~ and bars), and venture very little outsi~e this 'safe Брасе'. The five models ',- , • "j" ' from lа to lе асе variations of this first опе, and principally refer (о tou­ • "1';~ ! "~ , rists travelling Ьу land. Stops сап Ье for refreshments, overnight, but also 2. :Ir jl foc visiting attractions sисЬ аБ тиБеитБ ос particular landscapes. ТЬеБе attractions тау Ье important enough foc toucists to detour and exit their '~; main route (1Ь, опlу the routes; 1с, Боте sites). In тапу cases, with the . v. construction of infrastructures like bridges ос motorways, тапу villages ос places lose their function and соlе аБ providers of resting places. In Portugal, until quite recently towns like Oliveira de Azemeis and Alcacer do

Sal were уесу important оп the tourism route from Oporto to the Algarve.

Loc~l businesses along the national road were replaced Ьу the тосе gene­

ric landscapes of motorway service stations. Yet, despite their поп-рlасе characteristics (Auge 1995), they still guard some cultucal aspects of the

While the study of tourist flows has Ьееп the subject of relatively little region where they асе implemented. Motorway service stations around academic enquiry (МсКессЬес and Lew 2004), Беуесаl authors have dis­ Coimbra, for example, БеН sandwiches of suckling pig, а regional favou­ cussed and proposed spatial models of itineraries (Lue, Crompton, and rite dish, which is not found elsewhere in Portuguese motorway service

Fesenmaier 1993; Оррестапп 1995; Flognfeldt 1999; МсКессЬес and Lew stations. Regional pastry follows the saтe spatial pattern.

212 213 ,] Model1d refers to а situation where tourists traveI directly оп опе leg оЕ 98 Ьошв in either Duhai ос АЬи Dhabi (вее http://fly.emirates.com). For the route, and make stops оп the other leg. Ап example that fits this modeI different reasons than before this model goes back to the time when air

is the 9289 kilometres Trans-Siberian train journey, which is опlу normaIIy travel had compulsory stops Еос refuelling and other techni<;:al issues. traveIIed in опе direction (usually from West to East), complemented with . ModeI 2а includes various stops along the way, before arriving tat the а flight journey. Another situation refers to the cruises in the Douro riveT, :,~! ~ ;'~ ;' principal destination. А good example here is the motor-home holidays ,"" i;-· in the north of Portugal: tourists either take а bus от train inland пот Ьу northern ЕитореаПБ to the Algarve. ТЬеу тау stop various times and

"'~ (, Oporto and then descend the river Ьу boat, or travel ир Tiver Ьу boat and for severaI days along the way, before touring the region of the Algarve '1'.~~ 1::' descend to Oporto Ьу train от bus. А final exaтple of the application of this ,~ ': for several months, their main destination (according to Domingues and 3i model is the routes followed Ьу тапу pilgrims in the Santiago Way. Pilgrims ,\'1: Ramos (2009), there асе about 37,000 motor-home tourists in Portugal

geneTaIly only walk in опе direction - а Iarge proportion of the 15,000 to every year). Model 2Ь considers а destination that concentrates the majo­ i~ 20,000 piIgrims that walk the route start in the Franco-Spanish border in rity of tourism facilities in the region, and which serves as а basis for ,""j~ ., the Pyrenees (Slavin 2003), using another mode оЕ transport (mostly bus, daytrips or short trips in а region. This alIows for tourists to visit various :~\,

taxi or private car) in the other direction (Бее Murray and Graham 1997). :'~i' attractions, returning to the saтe point. It also allows for а dispersion :j\' Model 1е represents а situation where the destination is actually ап атр]е of tourists and the possibility to direct them to the least sensitive areas.

Брасе, but either not large enough to шakе tourists overnight in different c~ А basis in Oporto and daytrips or short trips to Guimaraes, Braga, the places, or not having facilities to allow for such а thing. Ап example would }!< Douro Valley, etc. is а good example. Ье tourists that fly from Lisbon or Oporto to islands БисЬ as Flores ос Sao ;~!, Ж,::'1 Jorge in the Azores, moving around with а rented сас, but a]ways s]eeping .«, ,{ in the same place. ТЬе city of Sao Тоте, in Sao Тоте and Principe is a]so 3.3. Mu1tiple destinations ап example, since the lack of infrastructures in the country does not allow for tourists to overnight in тапу places other than the capital. This model Model 3 represents tourism routes in spaces with sound quality tou­

somehow overlaps with modeI 3а (Бее be110W). rist infrastructures, which allows tourists to tour а region and overnight

in different places - trip changing. ТЬе modeI accounts for 'ореп jaw'

journeys, that is, starting in опе point and finishing in another, before 3.2. Secondary destinations returning to the initial departure. Good examples of this configuration in island hopping in Croatia (starting in SpHt and finishing in Dubrov­ ModeI 2 represents а situation where there is тосе than опе destination nik, passing through the islands of Brac, Hvar, Korcula and Mjet) or in

ос at Ieast there is опе ос more secondary destinations. It might refer to те Azores, despite in the latter case being more difficult to make ореп

а journey with а stopover ,that aIIows for visiting and traveIIing а particu­ jaw journeys due to the Hmited flight routes to the mainland. Model 3а lar destination. It is quite соттоп in Iong Ьаиl journeys, and nowadays represents almost the same situation, but at а smal1er scale. Destinations p]aces like Dubai, АЬи Dhabi or Qatar attempt to take advantage of their therefore асе not overnight sites. The difference between this model

10cation 'in-between' Еиторе and South and Southeast Asia to attract and model 1е is оп whether we consider опе extensive destination or travel1ers. Лiс Emirates for example, ЬаБ а specific package that includes а group of destinations. Examples of the application of this model асе accommodation, airport transfers and visa, for stopovers по longer than shown bellow, with the heritage of Portuguese origin in Morocco and Goa.

214 215 But before embarking оп а discussion of some of the possibi1ities of 4. Drafting tourism routes based оп the Portoguese Heritage throughout ~;t~ the world using these sites in а coherent tоurisш route, 1 шust high1ight the fact 1: that such ап endeavour should not Ье regarded as а пео-соlопiаI action For over five centuries (1415-1974), the Portuguese built or adapted О! а project bui1t ироп а nostaIgic view of the past, but should Ье framed , churches, Ьоивеs, palaces, etc. along the coasts of Africa, Jf in the possibi1ities that such developments шight produce in IocaI deve- Asia and South America (Mattoso 2010). Presently, these countless materiaI 10ршепt, job creation, and enhancement of and articulation with 10са1, legacies are located in the political boundaries of at least 25 independent '~;~ regional and nationaI identities. states аН in the Glohal South. As 1 have argued eIsewhere in relation to :~! Forts and fortifications (Sarmento 2011), these audacious architectural forms сan Ье understood as active materia11egacies of empire that repre­ 4.1. Forts in Morocco sent promises, dangers and possibilities, which асе deeply understudied

Ьу academics, including geographers. Мар 1 partly iIlustrates (Ье geo­ Мососсо is а North African country with а population of 33 шiIliоп graphical scattering of these attractions, but aIso serves as а first step to people and ап асеа of 710,850 square kilometres. It borders Algeria in think about possibiHties of organising some of these resources into more the East and Southeast and the disputed territory of Western Sahara in coherent groups that аПоw for the creation of tourism routes. In this text the Southwest. Tourism Ьав Ьееп significant since the early twentieth ";', 1 focus оп the cluster of Forts 10cated in Morocco and in the Indian state century (Hunter 2010), and in the 1930s it was already опе of the шоst 11,,' of Goa. Мапу other clusters could Ье identified, such as in coastaI Brazi1; l, irnportant earners of the соипиу. Since then, tourist numbers never ceased Angolaj North Mozambique, Tanzania and Кепуа; the Arabic peninsula to increase. FoIlowing оп the Plan Azur Vision 2010, implemented Ьу the region, including Отап ос Qatar, Iran; ~nd IпШа. Moroccan government in 2001, and the signature of the open-skies EU agreement in 2005, the tourism indust:ry Ьесаше опе of шоst important FIGURE 1 - Forts throughout the world in the соипиу, expected to directly account for 9,1% of total GDP and for а tota! contribution of emp!oyment of 17,3% in 2011 (Wor!d Trave! and Tourism СоипсН 2011). In 2009 it was опе of the few countries in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region that registered positive tourism figures. In 2010 the country registered over 9 million tourists. ТЬе country's tourist attractions are vast. Тhey range from а long Atlantic coastline, some newly built Mediterranean resorts, ancient cities with remarkable architecturaJ features, а large range of mountains (High Atlas, Mid Atlas, Anti Atlas and the Rift mountains) and desert environments. Despite а Iong conflict in the Western Sahara and воте terrorist attacks

'J"" (2003 in Casablanca and 2011 in Marrakesh), the соипиу is viewed as ::';, опе of the safer and tourist friendly in the Maghreb.

о 1000 ~m • ~Нош ~ [] lInes

217 216 TABLE II - Principa1 Forts of Portuguese Origin in Мососсо Fes, Moulay Idrissi, Meknes, Volubi1is, Midelt, Erfud, Errachidia, Ouarza­ zate, Marrakech, Taroudant, Tafrouat and Tiznit, Agadir, Essaouira, Safi Вu.i1, or .. . .. INearest ·ТOЩism Lost ~ Conservation occupied ...... •.... t'ort(km) infra--stnictures', - and EI Jadida, and back to Casablanca. 1. Ksar es Seghir 1458 1550 Ruins 36 No

2. Tanger 1471 1661 Роос 40 Уе.

3. Asilah (ЛrzНа) 1471 1550 Good 40 4.2. Spatia1 Routes in Morocco

4. Лzатос 1513 1541 Роо, 12 Роос

5. Е1 ]adida CМazagan) 1514 1769 Good-Unesco 12 Уе> Considering Фе three шaiп airports in Morocco - СаsаЫапса, Marrakesh

6. Safi CSafim) 1508 1541 Good 40 Роос and Agadir, (7,2; 3,3; 1,6 million passengers in 2010, respectively - Office

7. Sueira Kedima (Aguz) 1508 1541 Ruins 40 No National des Aeroports, 2010), and the main passenger епПу maritime port _ Tangiers, and the location оЕ and distances between the 8 Forts 8. Ceuta (Spain) 1515 1640 Good 36 Уе> of Portuguese origin in Morocco (see ТаЫе 11), 1 suggest опе model of • ТЬе classification as 'poor' implies [hat the for[ or has been substantially rnodified and i[ is hard for те average tourist [о distinguish 'original' parts of Portuguese origin and other (re)cons­ 'multip]e destination - trip changing' (model 3) and two models of 'Circuit truc[ions and rnodifications. destination with stops - partiaI orbit' (model 3а) (Figure 2). Border crossing

and civil architecture. With опе or two exceptions, this material heritage FIGURE 2 - Мососсо Мар does not fit prominently in the tourist brochures of the country. Based

оп fieldwork conducted mainly in 2010 and 2011, Ьесе 1 focus оп the Spaln 'Кs;Ir'~ЩU.Г military architecture of Portuguese origin (see ТаЫе 11), and examine the N тangiersfi8ce,l!.~ () A

218 219 at Ceuta is also another important tourist entry in the country and could 4.3. Forts in Goa also Ье considered Ьу sHghtly modifying the first model. Рroт Agadir, the nearest significant fort is Safi, at а distance of 253 km. Since there ахе Goa is аn independent state of India, located оп the East Coast of the two important tourists attractions nеахет (Marrakech and Essaouira ахе country, with а population of 1,34 million people. It is опе of the smal­ 241 km and 172 km away, respectively), it is not expected that tourists lest states of India, with ап атеа of 3,702 square kilometres, bordering travel to Safi, unless they ате niche tourists with а particular interest in two large states: Maharashtra to the north and Karnataka to the West heritage of Portuguese origin. and South. Goa's capital, , is located about 600 kilometres south of

Mumbai. While in the early 19605 оте, iron and mangane5e were the only 1. Total of 167 km (ос 245 km including Ceuta): start in Tangiers and relevant export5 of Goa, nowadays, tourism is the most important 5ector travel to АБilаЬ (49 km), then via inland to Alcacer Ceguer (85 km), of the state'5 есопоmу. Tourism boomed in the 19605, зftет the Portugue5e with а possible extension to Ceuta (crossing the border to Spain and withdrawal in December 1961, and the small territory Ьесаmе а haven return 78 km), returning to Tangiers Ьу the coast (33 km); for hippies and low budget travellers. Throughout the 1960Б, 1970Б and 2. Total of 359 km: start in СаБаЫапса and travel to Azamour (89km), тuсЬ of the 19805 this was the dominant and ШО5t visiЫe type of tourism, overnight in El-Jadida (16 km), continue to Safi (154 km), with а characterised Ьу budget, small scale and low quality accommodation, possible extension to Souira Kedima (41 km), and return; seasonal beach shacks, Нпеас development along the main coastal road5 3. Tota1 of 380 km: start in Marrakech and travel to Safi 054 km), continue ineluding seasonal shops, and а very pronouneed 5patially eoneentrated to Souira Кещта (41 kш) and сештп following almost the same route. оп the coast. As Saldanha (2002, 96) puts it, 'Quickly, drug trafficking,

psychedeHc music and partying formed а sound (if relatively informal)

FIGURE 3 - Azamour infrastrueture for а hedonistic traveller culture stil1 very mиеЬ alive to thi5 day, шоstlу in the northern viПаgе of Anjuna.'

Throughout the last two decade5, pressure оп water supplies and

increasing water salination of coastal aquifers intensified, at the saтe

time as another type of touri5m emerged. TWs wa5 characterised Ьу large scale developments, aiming at attracting blgh 5pending tourists. Presently,

according to the Goa Department ofTourism (2010) there ате 15 five star

hotels in Goa, which makes а totaJ оЕ 4601 beds (38 per cent оЕ the total

number of bed5 in star category hotels). In 2009 the state registered тоте

than 2.5 million vi5itors (Go~ Department ofTourism 2010). Importantly

Ьете is the faet that 'free itinerary travellers accounted for almost half оЕ Eoreign touri5ts arriving in Goa' (Navhind Times 2011), which means that

these tourists have а great flexibility in the activitie5 they do during the day. In 2008, the Officia1 Goa Tourism Web Site (www.goa-tourism.com) had

аn entry for 'Forts in Goa' where it stated: fCompared to Indian 5tandards,

Source; Author, 2010 Goan Eorts are very small in size'. Thi5 would iпunеdiаtеlу raise the issue

220 221 of Indian heritage versus Goan heritage (Бее 8aldanha 2002). Тhis 'dispute' т ABLE ПI - Forts in Goa is further complicated when it is stated that '8оmе асе awesome in БЬеес ·1.1.'", .•...... , Тошism· .•.. ~1 ~ '...•...... Neэrest Со...... ' .... size Hke the Ruins of the 8t. Augustine's Tower' - buiIt Ьу Augustinian Naтe_,- ,:~:' '·Иui1' Conservation' '~~ ...... ' ...... (kш) infra~6tructures ~! missionaries in 1602 Ьи! по! а Fort - 'while others are marveIlous pieces -,~ 1. '. Rachol 1520 Ruins 40 No ',," of architecture, such as the Gate of the Адil Shah's Palace at OId Goa' _ ~ii 2. O!dGoa Еагlу 1500s РООГ 8 Уе, the last evidence of а Palace ЬиН! Ьу the Sultan of Bijapur, Ьи! also not j 3. Corjuern 1705 Good 10 No а Fort. Тhis text сап по longer Ье found оп the site, and presently (Мау :ti "\< ';1' 4. St. Estevao 149&-1510 Ruins 8 No 2011), only six Forts are presented in the officiaI web site: Aguada, СаЬо 5. Alота 1746 Good 35 No da Rama, СаЬо Raj Niwas (presently the official residence of the Governor 6. YJ.racol 1746 Good (Ноte!) 15 Уе, of Goa and а поп visitabIe site), СЬароса, Mormurgao (опlу ruins exist) 7. СЬарога 1617 Ruins 15 Уе. and TerekhoI. Significantly, they do not match the ten forts (Aguada, Reis :" 8. Aguada 1612 Good (IIote1) 5 Уе, Magos, СЬарога, Khorjuvem. 8t. Estevao, Aloma, Mormugao, СаЬо de )j ;i 9. Reis Мagos 1551 Good 5 Уе, Rama, Colvale and Terekhol) that have Ьееп designated аБ 'Tourist Places' _А and are presently included in the list of the Goa Tourist Places, according 10. СаЬо de Rama 1763 Good 40 No to the Protection and Maintenance Act of 2001 (Goa Government 2001).

vague imprecise text (where the hand it is written that /:~ Тhis ап оп опе 4.4. Spatial Routes in Goa 'most of them [Portuguese Forts] асе in сеаБопаЫе state of preservation', ,~ft

and оп the other hand 'most of Фет Не in ruins') reveaIs the littIe сасе In Goa, unlike Мососсо, not аН f@cts are located оп the coastal zone, and emphasis that is put ироп bui1t heritage in Goa and the Iack of а which is where tourists and tourism infrasuucture are concentrated. This

strategy that aims, among other things, to promote and develop а type сап Ье ап advantage in ап attempt to disperse tourists in the state and to of tourism that departs from the dominant 'sun, sea, sand and rave' type. aIIow for less visited regions to engage in tourism. StiII, most Forts are

Despite some recent restoration in some forts2, throughout the state, very located in the north region of Pernem and Bardez (Fig. 4). At the Бате littIe information сап Ье obtained about these forts, either in the form of time, aIso contrasting with Morocco, there is only опе main епЩ in Goa, leaflets, brochures or road signs. In 2008, 1 visited ten forts in Goa over а which is the airport at Dabolim, опе ofthe top 10 airports in India. In this period of five weeks. Му personal ехрепепсе revealed that the location of regard it is important to mention that а large number of tourists arrive

Боте of the inland forts is aIso unknown to тапу Iocals, even at а short Ьу charter flights (see Wilson 1997), а number that ЬаБ Ьееп increasing: distance from the асtпаl sites. 1 could not find evidence of Sanquelim [ri" between 1985 and 2011, the number of charter flights rose from 24 to 889, li', Fort, near Bicholim, and for lack оЕ time it was not possibIe to visit Tivim, '!" and the number of passengers boosted from 3,568 to 171,000 thousand

Pond:i, Nanuz, Monnurgao and Anjediva. ТЬе diversity оЕ the visited Forts (see Saldanha 2002 апд DigitaI Goa 2011). Presently, over half of these is considerable (see ТаЫе IП). charter flights originate in Eastern Europe, with Russia topping the list

traditionaIIy dominated Ьу the UK, which а1Б0 signals а сЬаngе in the

2 10 Reis Мagos Fort restoration began in 2007 and it was expected to Ье completed tourists' profile visiting the state. StiII, British stiII account for almost half in 2010. St. Estevao was the second fort to have restoration work. Бuilt in the late 15th of а1l foreign tourists in Goa. Tourists arriving Ьу raH or bus are а smaH century Ьу Adil Shah, it is опе оЕ the oldest forts in Goa. Тheгe зге signs that Corjuem and Лlота could Ье the nех! targets of restoration. ,,,;. fraction of the total number of tourists. 222 223 Considering two main staging агеаБ - that is the агеаБ where most FIGURE 5 - Ramparts hotels and tourism faci1ities ате concentrated - in coastal Bardez and ,t, coastal Salcete, it is possibJe to establish three models 3а 'Circuit des­ tination with stops - partial orbit', two of which depart from the Бате !f: point. Reflecting the small size of the state, especially when compared ХИ> with the case of Мососсо, аН of these routes have тuсЬ shorter lengths, ',1,(.:'I;~; approximately 80-95 kilometres. " ." ,: "~: 1. Total 95 km: start from Saicete coast (о Rachol (25-30 km) and then J"':,.,;ii,_ joumey directly (о СаЬо da Rama (40km) and return (20-25 km). iЩI:, 2. Total 85 km: start from Bardez coast to Tiracol (15 km), crossing Ьу ferry in Querim to this Goese enclave, joumey to Alorna (35 km) and return (35 km). *1 3. Total 80 kш: start from Bardez coast to Corjuem (20 kш), continue

(о St. Estevao (10km), (о Old Goa (8 km), (о Reis Magos (15 km), (о ;W,

Aguada (5 km), (о Chapora (15 km) and return (о departure point Source: Author, 2008

(5-10 km). .~'.'

;i,' 5. Conclusion ,i.r FIGURE 4 - Goa Мар Despite the importance of tourism routes throughout the world, and ~ It' their imminent spatiaI dimension, geographers have largely neglected Тiracol N '.1" their spatial architecture. In this article 1 intended to discuss the princi­ () ,'il~; раl spatial configurations of tourism routes, providing international аБ

well аБ Portuguese examples, as well as drafting two application5 of the

models using the Material Heritage of Portuguese origin in Мотоссо and

in Goa. ТЬеге ате а few points that should Ье stressed before closing ,J; this preliminary analysi5 of spatial routes and material heritage of Portu­ ,\1, guese origin in Мотоссо and Goa. ТЬе first опе relates to the fact that if

а tourism route is designed solely thinking about опе particular type of ;t,; _\fi) heritage, it will fиnction only for а specific niche tourism (Бее Siтбеs and • Staglng Аreзs

224 225 ТЬе second point is that а РСОРОБаl аБ the опе 1 have just presented, 6. References which overlooks other important cultural aspects of these _countries,

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