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Qualitätssicherung Der Bestimmung Der Luftwechselrate in Innenräumen - Ein Methodenvergleich

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Qualitätssicherung Der Bestimmung Der Luftwechselrate in Innenräumen - Ein Methodenvergleich Umweltforschungsplan des Bundesministeriums für Umwelt, Naturschutz, Bau und Reaktorsicherheit Forschungskennzahl 3716622080 UBA-FB-00 [trägt die UBA-Bibliothek ein] Qualitätssicherung der Bestimmung der Luftwech- selrate in Innenräumen – ein Methodenvergleich von Dr. Norbert Weis, Dr. Chris Vanessa Hutter-Sumowski, Alina Meyer, Dr. Britta Neuweger Bremer Umweltinstitut GmbH, Bremen Bremer Umweltinstitut Gesellschaft für Schadstoffanalysen und Begutachtung mbH Fahrenheitstr. 1 28359 Bremen Im Auftrag des Umweltbundesamtes Abschlussdatum 10/2018 Qualitätssicherung der Bestimmung der Luftwechselrate in Innenräumen - ein Methodenvergleich Kurzbeschreibung Ziel der Studie ist es, die in VDI 4300 Blatt 7 beschriebene Bestimmungsmethode für Luftwechselraten mit Tracergasen abzusichern oder ggf. Hinweise zur Weiterentwicklung zu geben. Hierfür wird zum einen die wissenschaftliche Literatur bzgl. des aktuellen Stands der Technik sowie zur gesundheitlichen Bewertung der verwendeten Tracergase evaluiert. Zum anderen wird in kontrol- lierten Mess-Szenarien untersucht, inwieweit sich die Ergebnisse bei Einsatz verschiedener Tracerga- se und Messmethoden gemäß VDI 4300 Blatt 7 unterscheiden. Die Ursachen für eventuelle Abwei- chungen werden erörtert und die Ergebnisse so aufbereitet, dass sie bei zukünftigen Raumluftuntersu- chungen berücksichtigt werden können. Abstract The aim of this study is to validate the method for determination of air change rates using tracer gases as currently described in standard VDI 4300 sheet 7. If applicable, advice for further refinement will be given. Therefore, in a first step, the scientific literature is evaluated for the state of the art in air change rate measurements as well as for health impairments of the applied tracer gases. In a second step, air change rate measurements are performed in a well controlled environment to determine the agree- ment of results when using different tracer gases and measuring methods according to VDI 4300 sheet 7. Possible causes for disagreement are discussed and detailed to support future studies on air change rates in indoor environments. 4 Qualitätssicherung der Bestimmung der Luftwechselrate in Innenräumen - ein Methodenvergleich Danksagung An dieser Stelle möchten wir uns bei den Mitarbeitern des Bremer Umweltinstituts für die technische Unterstützung im Kammerbereich sowie die Mitarbeit an Vorbereitungen und Validierung der analyti- schen Methode bedanken. Besonders danken wir Julia Loftfield, Lars Roehrs, Tino Gimon, Kjell Chris- toph, Florian Nitschke und Ulrike Siemers. Carola Digel hat uns maßgeblich in stilistischen Fragen der englischen Textteile beraten und wir dan- ken auch ihr für ihre Unterstützung. Nicht zuletzt danken wir dem Umweltbundesamt für die Förderung des Projekts und Frau Anja Da- niels sowie Herrn Klaus-Reinhard Brenske für ihre Unterstützung und die konstruktiven Diskussionen. 5 Qualitätssicherung der Bestimmung der Luftwechselrate in Innenräumen - ein Methodenvergleich Inhaltsverzeichnis Inhaltsverzeichnis ............................................................................................................................................. 6 Abbildungsverzeichnis ...................................................................................................................................... 9 Tabellenverzeichnis ........................................................................................................................................ 12 Abkürzungsverzeichnis ................................................................................................................................... 14 Zusammenfassung .......................................................................................................................................... 17 Summary ......................................................................................................................................................... 25 1 Einleitung .............................................................................................................................................. 32 2 Literaturrecherche zum Stand der Wissenschaft ................................................................................. 32 2.1 Literaturrecherche zum Thema Bestimmungsmethoden der Luftwechselrate in Innenräumen ........................................................................................................................ 32 2.1.1 Normative Literatur .......................................................................................................... 32 2.1.2 Wissenschaftliche Literatur .............................................................................................. 34 2.1.2.1 Review-Artikel 35 2.1.2.2 Literaturdaten zu allgemeinen Voraussetzungen, Einflussfaktoren und Fehlerquellen 37 2.1.2.3 Literaturdaten zur Genauigkeit einzelner Methoden 40 2.1.2.4 In der Literatur verwendete Tracergase und Messgeräte 44 2.2 Literaturrecherche zur toxikologischen Bewertung der eingesetzten Tracergase ............... 77 2.2.1 Schwefelhexafluorid (SF6) CAS-Nr. 2551-62-4 .................................................................. 78 2.2.2 Distickstoffmonoxid (N2O) CAS-Nr. 10024-97-2 ............................................................... 79 2.2.3 Kohlendioxid (CO2) CAS-Nr. 124-38-9 .............................................................................. 80 2.2.4 Hexafluorbenzol (HFB, C6F6) CAS-Nr. 392-56-3 ................................................................ 81 2.2.5 Octafluortoluol/Perfluortoluol (OFT, C7F8) CAS-Nr. 434-64-0 .......................................... 83 2.2.6 Perfluordecalin (PFD, C10F18) CAS-Nr. 306-94-5 ............................................................... 84 2.2.7 Perfluornaphthalin (PFN, C10F8) CAS-Nr. 313-72-4 .......................................................... 85 2.2.8 Übersicht Grenz- und Richtwerte ..................................................................................... 86 3 Geräte, Materialien und Qualitätssichernde Maßnahmen .................................................................. 90 3.1 Messkammer und Realraum ................................................................................................. 90 3.2 Passive Emissionsmethode – Materialien, Durchführung, Auswertung und Qualitätssicherung ................................................................................................................ 92 3.2.1 Herstellung konstant emittierender Emissionsröhrchen für Tracergase Hexafluorbenzol, Perfluortoluol und Perfluordecalin ..................................................... 92 3.2.2 Aufbau und Validierung der Analytik für Hexafluorbenzol, Perfluortoluol, Perfluordecalin ................................................................................................................ 95 3.2.2.1 Richtigkeit 98 6 Qualitätssicherung der Bestimmung der Luftwechselrate in Innenräumen - ein Methodenvergleich 3.2.2.2 Wiederholpräzision 98 3.2.2.3 Laborpräzision 99 3.2.2.4 Selektivität/Spezifität 99 3.2.2.5 Linearität 100 3.2.2.6 Nachweis- und Bestimmungsgrenze 102 3.2.2.7 Robustheit 102 3.2.2.8 Zusammenfassung Validierung 103 3.2.3 Bestimmung Sättigungskurven der Tracergase Hexafluorbenzol, Perfluortoluol und Perfluordecalin ....................................................................................................... 103 3.2.3.1 Prüfkammer 104 3.2.3.2 Realraum 104 3.2.4 Probenahme und Berechnung der Luftwechselraten im Realraum (passive Emissionsmethode) ....................................................................................................... 105 3.3 Konzentrations-Abklingmethode –Materialien, Durchführung, Auswertung und Qualitätssicherung .............................................................................................................. 106 3.3.1 Geräte und Materialien der Konzentrations-Abklingmethode ...................................... 106 3.3.2 Zusätzliche Evaluationen zur Durchführung der Messungen im Realraum ................... 109 3.3.2.1 Prinzipielle Eignung von Innova 1312 und Testo 435 für den Methodenvergleich 110 3.3.2.2 Einfluss der parallelen Messung von SF6, CO2 und N2O mit dem Innova 1312 ohne Korrektur der Querempfindlichkeiten 110 3.3.2.3 Durchmischung im Realraum 111 3.4 Validierung der Tracergas-Messungen in Prüfkammern mit definiertem Luftwechsel (Passive Emissionsmethode und Konzentrations-Abklingmethode) .............. 113 4 Bestimmung der Luftwechselraten in einem Realraum - gleichzeitiger Einsatz mehrerer Tracergase bei verschiedenen Lüftungsstufen und Lüftungsszenarien ............................................. 116 4.1 Methodik der Messungen im Realraum ............................................................................. 116 4.2 Ergebnisse der Luftwechselratenbestimmung im Realraum .............................................. 116 4.2.1 Lüftungsstufe 0 mit abgedichtetem Lufteinlass und –auslass ....................................... 116 4.2.2 Lüftungsstufe 1 ............................................................................................................... 118 4.2.3 Lüftungsstufe 3 ............................................................................................................... 119 4.2.4 Lüftungsstufe 4 ............................................................................................................... 121 4.2.5 Lüftungsszenario: Messung nach 8 Stunden geschlossenem Fenster (Lüftungsstufe 0, Lufteinlass und
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