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Jacobsen2014v.Pdf (2.984Mb) Linda Sletengen Jacobsen Girls and women`s experiences of Gender-Based Barriers in Sports in Zambia Master thesis in Sport Sciences Department of Cultural and Social Studies Norwegian School of Sport Sciences, 2014 k Acknowledgements I would like to take this opportunity to acknowledge some very important people for this thesis to become a reality. First and foremost I would like to thank my supervisor, professor Kari Fasting, at the Institute of Social Science at the Norwegian School of Sport Science. All the time and effort you have sacrificed, your constructive feedback and comments, as well as your welcoming personality have encouraged me to write up this thesis. I would also like to thank NOWSPAR for assisting me, once again, with a visa, with work facilities in Lusaka, contact details and other useful information. Kwenhua Women’s Organization and Response Network should also be acknowledged for their kind and valuable assistance. This thesis, however, would never been a reality without the 12 brave, fantastic female respondents! They all received me with open arms and gave me valuable and useful data about the barriers they experience in sport - I will forever be thankful for your participation in this research. Last, but not at least, I would like to thank my lovely family and good friends in Norway, Zambia and Botswana for helping and encouraging me when I was frustrated and over-loaded with work. You always give me the motivation to keep up with whatever I do in my life. Thank you, uncle Erik, for reviewing my thesis at the very last stage. A special thank you goes to someone special in my life. You know who you are. Thank you for being the best – always. Linda S. Jacobsen Botswana, May 2014 3 Table of Contents Acknowledgements ........................................................................ 3 Table of Contents ............................................................................ 4 1. Introduction ................................................................................. 7 1.1. Theme and brief introduction ......................................................................................... 7 1.2. Thesis structure ................................................................................................................. 8 2. Background Information ............................................................ 9 2.1. Women in Sport ................................................................................................................ 9 2.2. Sport in Zambia .............................................................................................................. 11 2.2.1. Women in Sport in Zambia ...................................................................................... 13 2.3. Is Zambia a gender-equal society? ................................................................................ 15 3. Theoretical Framework .......................................................... 18 3.1. Gender-based barriers in sport ..................................................................................... 18 3.1.1. Socio-cultural barriers ................................................................................................ 18 3.1.2. Socio-economical barriers ......................................................................................... 22 3.1.3. Safety ......................................................................................................................... 25 3.2. Research Questions ......................................................................................................... 29 3.3. Theoretical Perspectives ................................................................................................. 29 3.3.1. Gender ........................................................................................................................ 30 3.1.2. Gender Schema Theory and Gender Stereotypes in Sport ........................................ 32 3.1.3. The feminist movement ............................................................................................. 34 3.1.4. Women’s movements in Africa ................................................................................. 36 4. Methodology .............................................................................. 39 4.1. Choice of method – qualitative research design ............................................................ 39 4.2. Preparations before entering the field ........................................................................... 40 4.2.1. Project Design ............................................................................................................ 41 4.3. Data collection – entering the field ................................................................................. 42 4.3.1. Pilot interviews .......................................................................................................... 42 4.3.2. Test interviews ........................................................................................................... 43 4.3.3. Interviews ................................................................................................................... 43 4.3.4. Data gathering – one-on-one interviews ................................................................... 44 4.3.5. Additional material/data ............................................................................................ 48 4.4. Registration of data, transcription and analysis of the obtained material ................. 49 4.5. Validity .............................................................................................................................. 50 4 4.6. Reliability .......................................................................................................................... 52 4.7. Ethical considerations ...................................................................................................... 53 5. What are the socio-cultural and socio-economical barriers girls and women experience in sport? .................. 56 5.1. Women in sport in Zambia you say? ............................................................................. 56 5.2. Socio-cultural barriers in sport ...................................................................................... 58 5.2.1. “Her body looks like she is a, a man!” ...................................................................... 58 5.2.2. Girls and women’s traditional role ............................................................................ 61 5.3. Socio-economical barriers in sport ................................................................................. 67 5.3.1. Transportation ............................................................................................................ 72 5.3.2. Lack of resources for sport activities ......................................................................... 73 5.4. Summary ........................................................................................................................... 75 6. What barriers concerning safety and harassment do girls and women experience in sport? ................................ 78 6.1. Injuries ............................................................................................................................. 78 6.2. Gender harassment, sexual harassment and abuse ..................................................... 80 6.2.1. Gender Harassment .................................................................................................. 80 6.2.2. Sexual harassment, power relations and abuse in sport ........................................... 85 6.3. Summary .......................................................................................................................... 91 7. What are the gender-based barriers girls and women experience in sport in Zambia? ............................................ 92 7.1. Summary .......................................................................................................................... 92 7.2. Comments to the findings ............................................................................................... 94 References ..................................................................................... 99 Websites ...................................................................................... 106 Figures ......................................................................................... 107 Abbreviations .............................................................................. 108 Appendix 1 – Interview Guide (Pilot Interview) ........................ 110 Appendix 2 – Consent Form (Pilot Interview) .......................... 112 Appendix 3 – Interview Guide .................................................... 113 5 Appendix 4 – Consent Form ...................................................... 118 Appendix 5 – Code System ........................................................ 119 Appendix 6 – Approval from NSD ............................................. 120 6 1. Introduction 1.1. Theme and brief introduction The theme for this master thesis is gender-based barriers girls and women experience in sport in Zambia. Zambia is a landlocked country in Southern Africa with a long traditional tribal and colonial history. Independence from United Kingdom was gained as late as 24th October 1964, and 2014 therefore marks a 50 years anniversary in Zambian
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