Draft EIA-River Bed Mining Pandori (36.00 Ha) District Kathua File No DEIA/JNK/2016/01 1
LIST OF ANNEXURE S.NO ANNEXURE 1 LETTER OF INTENT 2 MINING PLAN APPROVAL LETTER 3 10 Km BUFFER MAP
LIST OF FIGURES FIG.NO. PARTICULAR 1.1 THE FLOW CHART DEPICTING THESE STAGES TO OBTAIN THE PRIOR ENVIRONMENTAL CLEARANCE FOR THE PROJECT 1.2 PROJECT LOCATION AND LAYOUT 2.1 PROJECT LOCATION & TRANSPORTATION ROUTE MAP 2.2 WATER BALANCE CHART 3.1 TOPOGRAPHY MAP OF THE STUDY AREA. 3.2 DRAINAGE MAP OF THE STUDY AREA 3.3 SEISMIC MAP OF INDIA 3.4 LAND USE PATTERN OF THE STUDY AREA (10 KM BUFFER MAP) 3.5 LOCATION MAP OF SOIL SAMPLING 3.6 WATER SAMPLES (GROUND & SURFACE) LOCATION MAP 3.7 THE PROMINENT WIND DIRECTION DURING THIS PERIOD WAS FROM N TO SE. THE AVERAGE WIND SPEED RECORDED DURING THE STUDY PERIOD WAS 9.4 M/S. 3.8 LOCATION MAP OF AMBIENT AIR QUALITY MONITORING STATIONS 3.9 LOCATION MAP OF AMBIENT NOISE MONITORING 3.10 ISOPLETHS SHOWING PREDICTED INCREMENTAL GLC’S 7.1 ROADS AND HIGHWAYS IN THE STUDY AREA 7.2 SUB-DISTRICT WISE DISTRIBUTION OF HABITATIONS IN THE STUDY AREA.
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LIST OF TABLES TABLE NO. PARTICULAR 2.1 DETAILS OF REGIONAL GEOLOGY 3.1 RESULT OF SOIL ANALYSIS 3.2 RESULT OF GROUND WATER MONITORING 3.3 STATISTICAL SUMMARY OF CONCENTRATION LEVELS OF CRITERIA POLLUTANTS 3.4 RESULT OF NOISE QUALITY MONITORING 3.5 MODE OF DATA COLLECTION & PARAMETERS CONSIDERED DURING THE BIOLOGICAL SURVEY 3.6 TREES IN THE STUDY AREA 3.7 MAMMALS IN STUDY AREA 3.8 LIST OF PHYTO PLANKTONS 7.1 EXISTING TRAFFIC SCENARIO & LOS 7.2 MODIFIED TRAFFIC SCENARIO & LOS 7.3 DISTRICT AND SUB-DISTRICT WISE DISTRIBUTION OF HABITATIONS IN THE STUDY AREA 7.4 BROAD LAND-USE PATTERN IN THE STUDY AREA 7.5 MEANS OF IRRIGATION ADOPTED IN THE STUDY AREA AND THEIR SHARE IN TOTAL IRRIGATED LAND 7.6 ZONE WISE AND STAGE WISE DISTRIBUTION OF VILLAGES SELECTED FOR FIELD SURVEY 7.7 DEMOGRAPHIC PARTICULARS OF THE STUDY AREA 7.8 AMENITIES AVAILABLE IN THE STUDY AREA 7.9 CATEGORY WISE DISTRIBUTION OF MANPOWER TO BE DEPLOYED DURING THE OPERATION OF THE MINE 7.10 SOCIAL & ECONOMIC IMPACTS OF RIVER BED MATERIAL MINING PROJECT 7.11 YEAR WISE ALLOCATION OF FUNDS FOR THE ABOVE SOCIAL ACTIVITIES 11.1 TOTAL GROUND LEVEL GLC OF PM10 IN µG/M3
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CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 1. BACKGROUND Rivers are the most important life supporting system of nature. For centuries, humans have been enjoying the natural benefits provided by rivers without understanding much on how the river ecosystem functions and maintains its vitality. Man has changed the nature of many of the world's rivers by controlling their floods, construction large impoundments, over exploitation of living and non living resources and using rivers for disposal of wastes. Among these, unscientific and indiscriminate extraction of river bed material from riverbed is the rampant activities which are threatening the very existence of the river ecosystem. In order to mitigate the impact of river bed mining on the environment, a scientific assessment is a pre-requisite for framing sustainable development strategies. Indeed, in a developing country like India, the supply of river bed material as a raw material for infrastructure development has a paramount importance. Therefore, the implementation of scientific mining principles through EIA & EMP plays a vital role in sustainable economic growth of our country. Benefits of Sustainable River Bed Mining § Prevents the river bed from becoming shallow due to the deposition of sediments. § Scientific mining prevents the excessive erosion, which can damage flora, agriculture land and settlements situated in close proximity. § It maintains the water retention capacity and help to avoid flood like situations. § It generates useful economic resource for construction and generates employment in local areas. • Funds available from Corporate Social Responsibility and Environmental Management Plan to improve infrastructure and environmental quality.
1.1 PURPOSE OF EIA REPORT Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) is a decision making tool, in the hands of the Authorities which brings forth the factual position about a project that enables them in arriving at an appropriate conclusion for the proposed projects, to retain them if environmentally sound, and reject if found having deleterious overall impact. EIA identifies the extent of the environmental, social and economic impacts of a project prior to decision making. EIA systematically examines both beneficial and adverse impacts of the proposed project over and above the prevailing conditions of environmental parameters and ensure that these impacts are taken into account during the project designing stage itself and the values of the combined impacts are never allowed to exceed and remain within the statutory norms. This process has been envisioned and set in motion by the Ministry of Environment, Forests and Climate Change (MoEF&CC) for sustainable development and the final decision is arrived at only when those who matter are made known of the salient features of the project being envisaged close to them and their opinion has been sought in a widely
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advertised Public Hearing Event under the chairmanship of the district authorities so that public could also express their opinion freely. This Draft Environmental Impact Assessment report is being prepared to comply with the Terms of Reference (TOR) received from MoEF & CC under EIA notification, 2006 dated 14-9-2006, as amended on 1st Dec 2009 & 4th April 2011, 13th December 2012, 13th March 2013, 9th September 2013 of MoEF & CC, Govt. of India, for seeking environmental clearance for river bed mining in the applied mining lease area measuring 36.0 hectares falling under Category “A” due to the presence of interstate boundary of Jammu Kashmir and Punjab adjoining with the lease area at 0.16 km, North from the project site. The mining lease area lies at village: Pandori, Tehsil & District: Kathua, Jammu & Kashmir.
1.2 ENVIRONMENT CLEARANCE OR EIA PROCESS FOR THIS PROJECT Mining Lease for river bed material is proposed to be granted as provided in Jammu & Kashmir Minor Mineral Concession Rule - 1962 (State Rules) and amendments. This mine lease will be granted for a period of 20 years which shall commence from the date of grant of Environment Clearance from MoEF & CC, which is mandated by the EIA notification of 2006 and subsequent amended notifications issued by MOEF&CC. As per the Gazette Notification dated 14th Sep, 2006 and its subsequent amendments, the project is classified as Category – A Project. The Environmental Clearance process for the proposed project will comprise of three stages. These stages in sequential order are:- ü Screening ü Scoping ü Public Consultation or PublicHearing ü Appraisal The flow chart depicting these stages to obtain the prior Environmental Clearance for the project is as given below in Figure1.1.
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IDENTIFICATION OF PROJECTPROPONENT
Name Shri Dhyan Singh S/O shri Harpal Singh Address R/O Villlage-Bhallesar,Tehsil RS Pura,Jammu & Kashmir.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OFPROJECT ProjectName Pandori River Bed Mining Location of theProject Village: Pandori, Tehsil & District Kathua, Jammu & Kashmir Name ofRiver Ujh River Mine LeaseArea 36.0 Ha.
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Details of Villages S.No. Village Areas Khasra No. present in LeaseArea ( Ha) 1 Pandori 36.0 440 Latitude &Longitude Village Area Latitude Longitude
Pandori 36.0 ha 32o20’ 16.82” to 75° 33’ 13.41” to 32 o 19’ 39.75” 75° 33’ 25.07” E ToposheetNumber 43P07 Type of Land Government Land ProjectCost 75 Lakhs Man Power & No. 14 Skilled & Trained Manpower for 275Days/Year. of Workingdays Water Demand &Source 16 KLD,to be procured from nearby Villages through tankers. Lowest & 299.50 -302 AMSL Highest GeologicalElevation Reserves 33,77,249 Tones Mineable Reserves 31,66,171 Tones Targeted Production 5,91,018.75 TPA Validity of Lease The period of contract for mining will be for 20 years. Type of Mining Opencast semi mechanized (river bed) SeismicZone Seismic ZoneIV End use ofProduct As a Raw Material for Construction purpose. NearestTown Kathua (11.4 km NE) Nearest R.S/Airport Budhi Railway Station, 11.7 km towards North-East direction Jammu Airport (64.6 km NW)
Nearest Highway NH – 1A (10.82 km towards North Direction) NH-15 (19.37 Km towards South East Direction). State, National Interstate boundary of Jammu & Kashmir and Punjab about 0.16 km. Nearestboundaries Water Bodies Ujh River Historical Monuments None within the study Area. (in 10 Km Buffer) Status of Protected/ Ujh reserve Forest at 7.1 Km in NW present in the Study area. Other Areas (in 10 NearestKmBuffer) Sub District Hospital-About 4.9 km(approx.) in SE Direction Dispensary
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Local geology of thearea The region is occupied by high mountain ranges, valleys, gorges and canyons The applied area is a river bed of Ujh river, a tributary of Ravi river. The southern and south-western limit of the area forms of the gentle terrain called as Outer Plains which merges with the Punjab State with elevations ranging from. 280 to 500m AMSL whereas the northern and north-eastern parts are hilly and mountainous having elevations roughly between 500 and 3000m AMSL with intermountain valleys called as Dun belt. Ravi river forms the district/State border with Himachal and Punjab State towards east. The flood plains and Older Alluvium cover of Recent to Pleistocene age formed by the Ravi River in the river bed and either banks- Punjab and in the Kathua parts of J&K comprises of heterogeneous nature of the sediments- boulder conglomerates, quartzitic boulders, pebbles, gravels, cobbles, silt and fine to coarse sand.
REGULATORYCOMPLIANCES Data for environmental parameters will be generated for Ambient Air, water, soil and noise quality for one month representing season. Data will be complied to make six monthly reports, which will be submitted along with other conditions laid into the EC letter. Annual report will be submitted into the regional office of MoEF & CC and local State Pollution Control Board. POST – ENVIRONMENTAL CLEARANCEMONITORING The project proponent will submit half yearly compliance report in respect of stipulated prior Environmental Clearance terms and conditions on 1st June and 1st Dec. of each calendar year. The latest compliance report will be displayed on the website of the concerned regulatory authority. Environment statement will be prepared based on one year data comprises of six monthly reports. Further environmental conditions will be complied and reports will be submitted at the State Pollution Control Board and Regional Office of MoEF&CC.
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ToR COMPLIANCE POINT WISE COMPLIANCE OF TOR ISSUED BY MOEF&CC S. TOR Points Implementation / Plan / Status covered in EIA report. No 1. Year-wise production details This is a fresh Mining Lease area awarded by Dept. of Geology & since 1994 should be given, Mines, Govt. of Jammu & Kashmir. The grant of lease for Minor clearly stating the highest Minerals requires Mining Plan and Environment Clearance in production achieved in any one favor of Sh. Dhyan Singh S/o Shri Harpal Singh vide letter year prior to 1994. It may also be MCC/DGM/MML/AF-1/14/1630 dated 21/02/2015 Attached categorically informed whether as Annexure I. there had been any increase in Production will be commenced only after obtaining production after the EIA Environmental Clearances from MoEF &CC, New Delhi and CTE Notification, 1994 came into force from State pollution Control Board, Jammu & Kashmir. w.r.t the highest production Production will be commenced only after obtaining achieved prior to 1994. Environmental Clearances. 2. A copy of the document in The Mining Plan has been issued to Sh. Dhyan Singh S/o Shri support of the fact that the Harpal Singh by Directorate of Mines & Geology, Srinagar, Proponent is the rightful lessee of Govt.of Jammu & Kashmir vide letter DGM/F-435/AoMP/754- the mine should be given. 757 dated 15/05/2015 for mining on 36.0 Ha. EC is required to furnish before lease deed is executed. Mining Plan Approval letter is enclosed as Annexure II. Forest NOC for the project has been issued for the project by the office of The Divisional Forest Officer, Kathua Forest Division Vide Letter No KFD/NOC/2014-15/5502 dated 04/03/2015 is enclosed as Annexure III. ToR was granted from MoEF & CC vide letter no J- 11015/168/2015-IA.II (M) dt 11.06.2015. (Annexure No – IV). 3. All documents including approved All documents including approved mining plan and EIA report mine plan, EIA report and Public are compatible with one another in terms of the mine lease hearing should be compatible area. Public Hearing will be in line with other document with one another in terms of the production levels, waste generation and management. mine lease area, production TOR and Mine Plan Comparison levels, waste generation and its Particulars Draft EIA TOR Mining Plan management and mining Report Technology etc. and should be in Lessee M/s Sh. M/s Sh. M/s Sh. Dhyan the name of lessee. Dhyan Dhyan Singh Singh Singh Area 36.00 Ha. 36.00 Ha. 36.00 Ha. Production 591018.75 591018.7 591018.75 TPA TPA 5 TPA Water 16 KLD 16 KLD 16 KLD Demand Method of Semi Semi Semi mining mechaniz mechanized mechanized ed
4. All corner coordinates of the mine All corners of the coordinates of ML area are superimposed on lease area, superimposed on a topo sheet of survey of India (Toposheet No. 43P07). Prepared by ENVIRTA SUSTAINABLE SOLUTIONS INDIA PVT. LTD. PURPOSE OF EIA REPORT |
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High Resolution Imagery/topo- The topographic sheet, geomorphology and geology of the area sheet, topographic sheet, are discussed in Chapter 3 of EIA/EMP Report. Land use are geomorphology and geology of prepared with use a RS–GIS technique and is incorporated in the area should be provided. Such Chapter-3. as imagery of the proposed area should clearly show the land use and other ecological features of the study area (core and buffer zone). 5. Information should be provided The land use & land cover map of the area are superimposed on in Survey of India Toposheet in toposheet (No 43 P07) of survey of India in 1:50,000 scale and 1:50,000 scale indicating geological map of the area, geomorphology of land forms of the geological map of the area, area, existing minerals and mining history of the area, geomorphology of land forms of important water bodies, streams and rivers and soil the area, existing minerals and characteristics has been furnished in Chapter 3 of EIA/EMP mining history of the area, Report. important water bodies, streams and rivers and soil characteristics. 6 Details about the land proposed The mining lease area of 36.0 Ha was allotted to Shri Dhyan for mining activities should be Singh S/o Sh. Harpal Singh by the Dept. of Geology & Mines, given with information as to Srinagar, Govt. of Jammu & Kashmir. Copy of approval of Mining whether mining conforms to the Plan is attached as Annexure II. land use policy of the State; land Letter of Intent from Dept. of Geology & Mines, Srinagar, Govt. diversion for mining should have of Jammu & Kashmir will be issued to the lease after grant of approval from State land use environment Clearance of the Lease area from MoEF & CC. board or the concerned authority. 7 It should be clearly stated The company has formulated the environmental policy, whether the proponent company approved by its board of Directors/Owner; the same will have a well laid down function in hierarchical manner in coordination with an Enviro- Environment policy approved by Legal Consultancy. its Board of directors? If so, it may The policy is attached as Annexure V wherein the continuous be spelt out in the EIA report with improvement, corrective measure programs and environmental description of the prescribed commissioning programs are clearly spelt out. operating process/procedures to bring into focus any infringement/deviation/violation of the environmental or forest norms/conditions? The hierarchical system or administrative order of the company to deal with the environmental issues and for ensuring compliance with the EC conditions may also be given. The system of reporting of non- compliances/ violations of environmental norms to the
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board of Directors of the company and/or shareholders or stakeholders at large may also be detailed in the EIA report. 8 Issues relating to mine safety, Mining i.e. removal / collection of river bed material will be including subsidence study in carried out by open cast semi - mechanized and no case of underground mining and underground mining will be done. So no subsidence study is slope study in case of open cast required. No drilling and blasting will be carried out. The mine mining, blasting study etc. should safety is discussed in Chapter 7 of EIA report. The mine safety be detailed. The proposed in brief is discussed as follows: safeguard measures in each case • Mining will be done as per the provisions of Jammu should also be provided. & Kashmir Minor Mineral Concession Rules, 1962. • The provisions mentioned in the Draft SUSTAINABLE SAND MINING MANAGEMENT GUIDELINE, September 2015 issuedby MoEF& CC will be adhered to. • Mining will be done as per approved mining plan & progressive mine closure plan. • All safety measures will be adopted at the time of operational phase of the project. • It will be implemented to prevent restrict access to excavation area by unauthorized person as per Mines Act 1952; MMR, 1961. • Removal/ collection of river bed material will be up to 3 meter depth. • Protective equipments as safe guard measures like dust musk, goggles, ear plug/ muffs, head phones and other equipment will be provided to workers working at high pollution potential areas. 9. The study area will comprise of Study area of 10 km zone around the applied mine lease 10 km zone around the mine lease boundary are considered. Attached as Key plan of the study from lease periphery and the data area as Annexure-VI contained in the EIA such as • No mining waste will be generated in the proposed river waste generation etc. should be bed mining project. for the life of the mine / lease • There is no generation of OB/ waste material in case of period. river bed mining. • This overburden will be used for reclamation of land simultaneously. • Working in the next hectare area will be started only after reclamation of the mined out of first area. • Lease period is 20 years. 10. Land use of the study area The land use of the study area which shows forest area, delineating forest area, agriculture land, water bodies, human settlement etc. has been agricultural land, grazing land, given at Chapter III of EIA/EMP report. wildlife sanctuary and national Land use plan of the study area is divided into agriculture land, park, migratory routes of fauna, forest, settlement and river side is given as follows:- water bodies, human settlements Sr. Description Estimated Percentage to
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& other ecological features should No of Land Area ( Ha) total area be indicated. 1 Khad 869.83 2.53 Land use plan of the mine lease 2 Nala 755.67 2.20 area should be prepared to 3 River 2014.15 5.87 encompass preoperational, operational and post operational 4 Forest 5739.18 16.74 phases and submitted. Impact, if 5 Scrub Land 337.87 0.98 any, of change of land use should 6 Settlement 458.62 1.33 be given. 7 Agriculture 24104.29 70.32 Total 34279.61 100 There is no National Park, Wildlife Sanctuary, Migratory routes of fauna and National Monument within 10km periphery of the lease area and as per secondary data available. There is no habitation with in lease area. Following is the Land use pattern of the mine lease area at present along with the end of 5 years. Present land At the end of 5 Particulars use years Quarry 0.015 33.51 Infrastructure 0.00 0.00 Dumps 0.00 0.00 Buffer Zone of 0.00 2.49 7.5m Undisturbed 35.985 0.00 Land Total 36.0 36.0 Change of Land use:-The applied river bed lease area consists of 36.0 ha on Ujh river. There will not be any permanent change in land use in the core zone, as mining activity involves collection of river bed material. Plantation will be done around the applied lease area. 11. Details of the land for any Details of the land for overburden/dumps are as follows: overburden dumps outside the mine lease, such as extent of land • There is no generation of OB/ waste material in case of area, distance from mine lease, its river bed mining. land use, R&R issues, if any, • There is no human settlement/property on lease area. should be given. Hence R & R is not applicable on this project. 12. A Certificate from the Competent The land of the Mining lease area is Government land on the Authority in the State Forest river bed of Ujh and this area is free from any reservation of Department should be provided, Forest Department, Jammu & Kashmir Government. confirming the involvement of forest land, if any, in the project The proponent has taken an area of 36.0 Ha as per vide letter area. In the event of any contrary MCC/DGM/MML/AF-1/14/1630 dated 21/02/2015 from claim by the Project Proponent Department of Mines & Geology, Jammu & Kashmir. regarding the status of forests, the site may be inspected by the State The mining department has taken prior clarification from the Forest Department along with the Forest department before putting it into the allotment. Hence Prepared by ENVIRTA SUSTAINABLE SOLUTIONS INDIA PVT. LTD. PURPOSE OF EIA REPORT |
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Regional Office of the Ministry to this area is free from the forest. ascertain the status of forests, based on which, the Certificate in Forest NOC for the project has been issued for the project by this regard as mentioned above the office of The Divisional Forest Officer, Kathua Forest be issued. In all such cases, it Division Vide Letter No KFD/NOC/2014-15/5502 dated would be desirable for 04/03/2015. representative of the State Forest Department to assist the Expert Appraisal Committees. 13. Status of forestry clearance for As the applied lease area is Government Land on the river bed the broken up area and virgin of Ujh River. Forest NOC for the project has been issued for the forestland involved in the Project project by the office of The Divisional Forest Officer, Kathua including deposition of net Forest Division Vide Letter No KFD/NOC/2014-15/5502 dated present value (NPV) and 04/03/2015 Annexure III. compensatory a forestation (CA) should be indicated. A copy of the forestry clearance should also be furnished. 14. Implementation status of Scheduled Tribes and other Traditional Forest Dwellers are not recognition of forest rights under present in the area. Hence, Recognition of Forest Rights Act, the Scheduled Tribes and other 2006 are not applicable in the area. Traditional Forest Dwellers (Recognition of Forest Rights) Act, 2006 should be indicated. 15. The vegetation in the RF / PF Ujh Reserve Forest Present in north west part of the lease area. areas in the study area, with The list of species are discussed in chapter-3 of EIA/EMP necessary details, Should be report. given. 16. A study shall be got done to Anticipated The flora & fauna in the core zone are so ascertain the impact of the Mining impact on common that they could be found in all project on Wildlife of the study flora & fauna similar areas. So, no reduction in species area and details furnished. Impact diversity & no specific mitigation measures of the project on the wildlife in are proposed. the surrounding and any other Habitat loss or The proposed mining activity will not protected area and accordingly fragmentation change the existing land use of the area as it detailed measures required, is river bed which would be replenished by should be worked out with cost natural means. Thus no habitat loss or implications and submitted. fragmentation is envisaged. Additional There are no rare, endangered, endemic risk to rare or species in the core as well as buffer area. So endangered no damage is going to be done on such life or endemic or forms, which require protection by the threatened proposed project. species.
17. Location of National parks, National parks, Sanctuaries, Biosphere Reserves, Wildlife Sanctuaries, Biosphere Reserves, corridors, Tiger/Elephant reserves (existing as well as
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Wildlife corridors, Ramsar site proposed) are not present within 10 km of the applied mine Tiger/Elephant reserves (existing lease area. as well as proposed), if any, within 10 km of the mine lease should be clearly indicated, supported by a location map duly authenticated by Chief Wildlife Warden. Necessary clearance, as may be applicable to such projects due to proximity of the ecologically sensitive areas as mentioned above, should be obtained from the Standing Committee of National Board of Wildlife and copy furnished. 18. A detailed biological study for the A detailed Biological study of the study area (core zone & buffer study area [core zone & buffer zone in 10 km radius of the periphery of the mine lease) has zone (10 km radius of the been carried out by Ecology & Biodiversity Functional Area periphery of the mine lease)] shall Expert during the monitoring season (March 2015 - May. be carried out. Details of flora & 2015). fauna, endangered, endemic and Details of flora and fauna of core & buffer zone are given in Ret Species duly authenticated, Chapter III. separately for core and buffer • During study, one Schedule I species; i.e. Indian Peafowl zone should be furnished based was found in the study area. on such primary field survey, • A Conservation plan for the same has been prepared clearly indicating the schedule of with detailed mitigative measures & budgetary the fauna present. In case of any provisions attached as Annexure VII. scheduled-I fauna found in the study area, the necessary plan along with budgetary provision for their conversion should be prepared in consultation with State Forest and Wildlife Deptt. and details furnished. Necessary allocation of funds for implementing the same should be made as part of the project cost. 19. Proximity to Areas declared as The project site is neither falling under Aravali range nor it is ‘Critically Polluted’ or the Project located or in proximity to area declared as Critically Polluted. areas likely to come under the ‘Aravali Range’, (attracting court restrictions for mining operations), should also be indicated and where so required, clearance certifications from the prescribed Authorities, such as the SPCB or State Mining Dept.
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Should be secured and furnished to the effect that the proposed mining activities could be considered. 20. Similarly, for coastal Projects, Not Applicable, since the project site does not comes under ACRZ map duly authenticated by coastal area. one of the authorized agencies demarcating LTL,HTL,CRZ area, location of the mine lease w.r.t CRZ, coastal features such as mangraves, If any, should be furnished.(Note: The Mining Projects falling under CRZ would also need to obtain approval of the concerned Coastal Zone Management Authority). 21. R&R Plan/compensation details The Mining lease is on the River Ujh bed. There is no population for the Project Affected People or property or both involved at the site. No R&R plan is (PAP) should be furnished. While required. preparing the R&R Plan, the About 14 people will be employed in mining project. The details relevant State/National of socio-economic study are described in Chapter VII of EIA – Rehabilitation & Resettlement EMP Report. Policy should be kept in view. In Detail Regarding Survey attached as Annexure VIII respect of SCs /STs and other weaker sections of the society in the study area, a need based sample survey, family-wise, should be undertaken to assess their requirements, and action programs prepared and submitted accordingly, integrating the sectoral programs of line departments of the State Government. It may be clearly brought out whether the village located in the mine lease area will be shifted or not. The issues relating to shifting of Village including their R&R and socio economic aspects should be discussed in the report. 22. One season (non-monsoon) One season (non-monsoon) primary baseline data of ambient primary baseline data on ambient air quality (PM10, PM2.5, SO2 and NOx), water quality, noise level, air quality (PM10, SO2 and NOx), soil and flora and fauna are collected during pre monsoon water quality, noise level, soil and season (March to May, 2015) and the AAQ and other data are flora and fauna shall be collected compiled in the Chapter 3 of EIA and EMP report. and the AAQ and other data so The mineralogical composition of PM10 particularly for free
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complied presented date-wise in silica is given in chapter 3. The site specific meteorological data the EIA and EMP report. Site is collected and given below: specific meteorological data Site specific meteorological data should also be collected. The Months Wind Temperature oC) Relative location of the monitoring -2015 Speed Humidity (%) stations should be such as to (m/s) Highest Lowes Highest Lowes represent whole of the study area t t and justified keeping in view the re-dominant downwind direction March 1.6 25 10 70.2 62.3 and location of sensitive April 1.7 33 16 66.9 55.9 receptors. There should be at May 1.5 40 21 58.2 52.7 least one monitoring station Result of Free Silica in PM10 within 500 m of the mine lease in the pre-dominant downwind direction. The mineralogical composition of PM10 particularly for free silica should be given. Station Names Code Free Silica in PM10 (µg/m3) Min Max. Core zone AQ-1 0.85 2.41 Upwind direction AQ-2 0.98 2.46 ( KorPunnu-village) Down wind direction AQ-3 0.81 2.45 (Bhakri-village) Bamyal Road AQ-4 0.65 2.42 (Aimasaidan-village) Commercial AQ-5 0.88 2.44 (Parol- village) Humman Settlement AQ-6 0.84 2.45 (Manwal-village) Sensitive Area AQ-7 0.85 2.41 (Khojke Chak-village) Chak Sahotriyan- AQ-8 0.88 2.44 village
23. Air quality modeling should be Air Quality Dispersion Model: carried out for prediction of ISCST3 version 3: Dispersion model, based on steady state impact of the project on the air Gaussian plume dispersion, was used for the prediction of quality of the area. It should also ground level concentrations. take into account the impact of Meteorological data generated at site during study period movement of vehicles for has been used for onsite input met data. transportation of mineral. The Input parameter: details of the model used and the Meteorological data of wind speed & direction, temperature, input parameters used for atmospheric stability and mixing height during study period modeling should be provided. The has been used as input of the model. Air quality contours may be Transportation:
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shown on the location map clearly Proposed Capacity of mine/annum – 591018.75 TPA indicating the location of site, Proposed production capacity – 2149TPD based at 275 days location of sensitive receptors, if Transportation of river bed material from river bed face to any, and habitation. The wind consumers will be by Trucks through National Highway 1A and roses showing pre-dominant wind existing connecting metallic Bamyal- Nagri road which is 0.91 direction may also be indicated on Km in NE Direction. the map. Total around 86 Trucks will be envisaged per day on the basis of 25 tonnes capacity of truck. Air quality modelling is prepared for prediction of impact of the project. 3 Locati Ground Level Concentrations of PM10 in µg/m on Background Predicte Total CPCB (Max.) d Expected Standard AQ1 60.56 20.3 80.86 100 AQ2 60.84 16.8 77.64 100 AQ3 60.55 13.6 74.15 100 AQ4 60.34 9.3 69.64 100 AQ5 60.54 3.2 63.74 100 AQ6 61.45 1.9 63.35 100 AQ7 60.32 1.6 61.92 100 AQ8 61.32 0.9 62.22 100 The wind rose diagram showing that the predominant direction. The details are given in Chapter 4 of EIA / EMP Report. 24 The water requirement for the Total water requirement is 16.0 KLD. The availability of water project, its availability and source from dug well situated nearby villages through water tankers. should be furnished. A detailed Water will be obtained through tanker supply from nearby water balance should also be villages. provided. Fresh water Purpose Requirement (KLD) requirement for the project Domestic 3.0 should be indicated. Dust Suppression 3.0 Plantation 10.0 Total 16.0
25 Necessary clearance from the Total water requirement is 16 KLD for dust suppression, Competent Authority for drawl domestic and green belt development, which will be made of requisite quantity of water available from dug well situated in nearby village through for the project should be water tankers. Permission taken from Panchayat for the same. provided. The NOC from Gram Panchayatwill be attached in Final EIA/EMP Report. 26 Description of water conservation Water will be taken from existing water sources from hired measures proposed to be adopted Tankers so no new bore well will be dug up so necessary in the Project should be given. clearance from Competent Authority are not required. Details of rainwater harvesting Water conservation measures proposed to be adopted are as proposed in the Project, if any, given below:- should be provided. • Optimum utilization avoiding unnecessary wastage of
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water will be done. • Awareness programs will be taken up to educate public for conservation of water. • Mobile toilets with modular septic tank having efficient water utilization capacity (low facets water requirement for flushing) will be used. • Atomized water sprinklers will be used to minimize the air borne dust emissions on haul roads. • Post-monsoon and Pre-monsoon groundwater level will be monitored regularly. This is river bed mining project. So no rain water harvesting structure is proposed in the lease area. However, the Proponent will create rain water harvesting structure on a public building (under CSR planning) such as Panchayat Bhawan, School or any other alike place after due permission from the concerned authority.
27 Impact of the project on the water Surface Water quality, both surface and No permanent infrastructure will be developed which may groundwater should be assesses obstruct the river flow, the proposed River Bed Mineral Mining and necessary safeguard will not be done in rainy days hence there will not be any measures, if any required, should adverse impact on the surface water. be provided. Ground Water The ground water quality will not be changed because mining activity will not intersect the ground water table as it is restricted to 3 m or 1m above ground water level, whichever will be lowest.
Impact of the project on the water quality & its mitigation measures has been incorporated in Chapter-4 of EIA/EMPreport. 28 Based on actual monitored data, it may clearly be shown whether • River Bed: The maximum working depth of mining will working will intersect be 3 m bgl in river bed where the groundwater table is groundwater. Necessary data and at an average depth of 6-30 m bgl. documentation in this regard may • Mining activities will not intersect the ground water be provided. In case the case table. Permission is not required from CGWA. working will intersect • Water will be sourced from the hired tankers; hence groundwater table, a detailed permission from CGWA is not applicable. Analysis report Hydro Geological Study should be of the Ground & Surface water is discussed in Chapter 3 undertaken and report furnished. of EIA Report. The Report inter-alia, shall include details of the aquifers present and impact of mining activities on these aquifers. Necessary permission from Central Ground Water Authority
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for working below ground water and for pumping of ground water should also be obtained and copy furnished. 29 Details of any stream, seasonal or Ujh River itself part of applied lease area. No proposal for otherwise, passing through the modification/ diversion of any stream or otherwise, because lease area and modification / working is proposed in the blocks which remains dry except diversion proposed, if any, and the monsoon season mine operation will be closed. the impact of the same on the It is opencast mining of river bed material located on the river hydrology should be brought out. bed and mining is permitted only up to depth of 3 meter; hence there will be no stream diversion/modifications. The drainage pattern of the study area is given in Chapter 3, of EIA- EMPReport. 30 Information on site elevation, Site elevation – 299.50-302 m AMSL working depth, groundwater River Bed: Maximum Working Depth : 3m bgl table etc. should be provided both Ground water Table: in AMSL and bgl. A schematic Pre- Monsoon= 6-30 m bgl diagram should also be provided Post Monsoon= 6-28.5 m bgl for the same. Information about site elevation, working depth has been incorporated in Chapter 2 of EIA Report. 31. A time bound Progressive It is proposed to develop greenbelt as social forestry program Greenbelt Development Plan shall in the approach villages at public places like school, PHC’s, be prepared in a tabular form Panchayat Bhawan with due permission from Panchayat and in (indicating the linear and consultation with Forest Department. Priority will be given to quantitative coverage, plant school and PHC’s. species and time frame) and A suitable combination of trees that can grow fast and also have submitted, keeping in mind, the good leaf cover shall be adopted to develop the greenbelt. It is same will have to be executed up proposed to plant native species along with some fruit bearing front on commencement of the and herbal trees during the plan period at the rate of 500 project. trees/ha. Year Saplings Survival Species Place of to be (@ 80%) Plantation planted I 1200 960 Khair, babul, Along the II 1200 960 Deodar, roads, in III 1200 960 Shisham, schools and IV 1200 960 Buri, Simbal, public V 1200 960 Gulmohar , building apples, and other Total 6000 4800 melons, and social Laukats etc forestry program.
32. Impact on local transport The transportation of river bed material will be done by infrastructure due to the project vehicles through National Highways 1A and exsisting should be indicated. Projected connecting metalled roads. increase in truck traffic as result The level of service (LoS) value for the proposed mine is found of the project in the present road ‘Very Good’ for NH-1A & Bamyal and Nagri road which will
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network (including those outside remain same after the commencement of mining project. the project area) should be Hence, no adverse impacts on local infrastructure are worked out, indicating whether it envisaged. Traffic density from the proposed mining activity is capable of handling the has been incorporated in Chapter 3 of Draft EIA/EMP report. incremental load. Arrangement Existing Traffic Scenario & LOS for improving the infrastructure, Road V (Volume C Existing LOS if contemplated (including action in (Capacity V/C to be taken by other agencies such PCU/hr) in Ratio as State Government) should be PCU/hr) covered. NH-1[A] 1648 4000 0.412 B Bamyal & 1124 3500 0.321 B Nagri Road Modified Traffic Scenario & LOS Road Increased V C Modif LOS PCU’S- ied State/Nation V/C al Highway Ratio NH-1[A] 1648+50 1698 4000 0.42 B Bamyal & 1124+50 1146 3500 0.33 B Nagri Road
33. Details of the onsite shelter and Ø Onsite shelter and facilities will be provided to the Mine facilities to be provided to the workers as per the Approved Mining Plan & in mine workers should be included accordance with the Mines Rules. in the EIA report. Ø Following are the infrastructural facilities which will be provided to the workers: 1. Rest Shelter, drinking water facilities, washrooms separately for male & female workers, sanitary facility, first aid facilities, etc. Personal protective equipment such as ear muffs, gloves etc. will be provided to the workers to ensure their safety. 34. Conceptual post mining land use Uniform extraction of river bed surface to ensure that there is and Reclamation and Restoration no irregular water accumulation in pits. Excavation to be done of mined out areas (with plans within the prescribed limit. Natural replenishment of river with and with adequate number of sedimentation will take place during the monsoon season. sections) should be given in the Thus, reclamation and restoration activity will not be carried EIA report. out for River bed area. Present land At the end of 5 Particulars use years Quarry 0.015 33.51 Infrastructure 0.00 0.00 Dumps 0.00 0.00 Buffer Zone of 0.00 2.49 7.5m Undisturbed 35.985 0.00 Land
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Total 436.0 36.0
35. Occupational Health impacts of Details about, Occupational Health impacts , personnal the Project should be anticipated protective measures, pre-placement medical examination and and the proposed preventive periodical medical examination schedules, management plan measures spelt out in detail. has been furnished in Chapter-4 of EIA report. Details of pre-placement medical Anticipated Proposed mitigation measures examination and periodical occupational medical examination schedules Health and Safety should be incorporated in the Impacts EMP. The project specific Lung disease and Ø Dust mask will be provided to the occupational health mitigation respiratory workers. measures with required facilities disorder due to Ø Precautions will be adopted to proposed in the mining area May dust exposure prevent dust generation at site be detailed. and dispersing in the environment. Ø Air emission control system such as water sprinkling, green belt development. Ø Free Silica analysis of mineral will bedone. Ø Budget of pollution control i.e dust suppression by water sprinkling is proposed inEMP. Noise Ø Ear muff will be provided Maintenance of vehicles. Ø PUC certified vehicles used for transportation. Accident atsite Ø PPEs will be provided to the workers likely hand gloves, safety shoes etc Ø Proper signage will be used at mining site as well as the transportation route. Others Ø Awareness program/training program will be organized for workers for occupational safety.
36. Public health implications of the In this proposed project, impact on the health of public has Project and related activities for been assessed and the remedial measures have been proposed the population in the impact zone by the applicant. At the primary basis provision of first aid has should be systematically been adopted. evaluated and the proposed Adverse health impact will be due to air pollution, noise remedial measures should be pollution etc. detailed along with budgetary All control measures for air emissions, noise control will be allocations. taken to strictly comply with norms. Periodical free health camps will be taken up in the villages. Measures: - • Trucks/dumpers will be covered by tarpaulin covers to Prepared by ENVIRTA SUSTAINABLE SOLUTIONS INDIA PVT. LTD. PURPOSE OF EIA REPORT |
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control dust dispersion. • Catalyze combustion fitted with vehicles and silencers to air pollution. • All transportation vehicles carry a valid PUC Certificates to noise pollution. Funds generated under the Corporate Social Responsibility will be used for the causes of poor people of the society. Separate fund will be earmarked for one time cost and recurring cost to manage the infrastructure development for poor people in the nearby villages. About 0.30 Lacs will be spent for free health checkups and medicine facility for the public, it is included in the CSR budget. 37 Measures of socio economic • No adverse impact is anticipated on any socio economic significance and influence to the environment. There is no habitation within the applied lease local community proposed to be area. Therefore neither villages nor any part of village or any provided by project Applicant hamlet will be disturbed during the workingperiod. should be indicated. As far as • The villages and their inhabitants in the buffer zone will not possible, quantitative dimension be disturbed from their settlements due to the may be given with time frame for miningoperations. implementation. • Preliminary survey was conducted to assess local need assessment; In this regard interactions were made for Pandori project ( 36.0 Ha and following measures are suggested: Particula Activity Rs in Lacs rs per annum Capital Cost Educatio Financial assistance to 0.95 n schools for construction and maintenance of toilets separately for males and females. Supply of books and stationary to needy and poor students. Health Health camps for local 0.30 community Training Vocational Training for self 0.25 employment Miscellan Distribution of blankets and 0.20 eous woollen clothes to BPL households Total 1.70
38 Detailed environmental To mitigate the environmental impacts i.e. water sprinkling will management plan to mitigate the be adapted to control dust emissions, plantation on approach environmental impact which, road & nearby vicinity of water bank, haul roads kept leveled should inter-alia include the wide and compacted etc. safeguard measure will be adopted.
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impacts of change of land use, loss Detailed environmental management plan to mitigate pollution of agricultural and grazing land, if levels are incorporated in report. Details are given in 10 EIA- any, occupational health impacts EMP Report. besides other impacts pacific to Particulars Details the proposed project. Air Loading Water sprinkling will be done Quality before loading by making it moist. Managem Transportatio ent n • Water sprinkling during transportation over approach roads will be done for suppression of dust. • Regular maintenance of machinery will be carried out. • Overloading will be prevented. • Trucks/Dumpers will be covered by tarpaulin covers. Plantation Plantation will be carried out at the approach road, along the road of river bank and vicinity area in village roads. Monitoring Periodic air quality monitoring will be done and adequate measures will betaken Noise Transportatio 1. Source of noise will be during Managem n operation of transportation ent vehicles, for this proper maintenance will be done at regular intervals. 2. Oiling & greasing at regular interval will be done. 3. Adequate silencers will be provided in all the diesel engines of vehicles. 4. Minimum use of horns and speed limit of 10 km/hr. in the village area.
5. Its will be ensured that all transportation vehicles carry a valid PUC Certificates. Green Plantation Plantation will be carried out at area the approach road, river bank and vicinity area to control Dust, Air & Noise Pollution and improve aesthetic environment.
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Water Surface water Waste water will not be Quality quality mgt. generated during removal/ managem collection of river bed material. ent Mining will be conducted on dry area. Ground 1. Ground water will not be water intersected during mining quality activities. management 2. Excavation will be carried out upto a maximum depth of 3 meter from the surface of river bed material deposit. Waste water 1. Waste water will not be management generated during removal/ collection of river bed material. 2. Washrooms will be made available near working blocks.
3. Septic tanks and soak pits will be provided for the disposal of domestic/ washrooms effluents. Solid Waste Management 4. No waste is generated in the mining activities as the project involves collection of river bed material. River bank protection & management • Collection will be done during day light only. • No stockpiling of collected river bed material will be done. Mining will be conducted on demand. • Mining will be done for 3 meter thickness at a time in the direction of river, to avoid the providing effect & maintaining the uniform surface. • Markers showing water level will be marked on the site.
39 Public hearing points raised and Details of Public Hearing will be compiled in Final EIA/EMP commitment of the project Report. Applicant on the same along with time bound action plan to implement the same should be provided and also incorporated in the final EIA/EMP report of the project. Prepared by ENVIRTA SUSTAINABLE SOLUTIONS INDIA PVT. LTD. PURPOSE OF EIA REPORT |
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40 Details of litigation pending There is no litigation against the project. against the project, if any, with direction /order passed by any Court of Law against the project should be given. 41 The cost of the project (capital Capital cost of project – 75 Lakh cost and recurring cost) as well as Environmental committee will be setup under the company the cost towards implementation environmental policy headed by the senior officer not below of EMP should clearly be spelt out. the rank of General Manager. The committee will be constituted with member from the management, Panchayat, environment dept., house -keeping and waste management. Details of works specified is given as follows: Sr. Particulars Amount Recurrin No. (Lakh) g cost(Lakh ) 1 Pollution monitoring – Air, 1.50 0.50 Water, Noise 2 Pollution monitoring – Water 0.20 0.10 sprinkling 3 Wire fencing at plantation 0.30 - sites 4 Plantation including 0.50 0.20 maintenance 5 Haul road and other roads 0.50 - repair and maintenance 6 Pre-monsoon and post 1.00 0.30 monsoon survey for sedimentation in the river bed Total 4.00 1.1
42 A Disaster Management Plan shall Details are incorporated in Chapter7 of EIA Report. be prepared and included in the EIA/EMP report. 43 Benefits of the project if the 1. River Bed Mining project will have significant benefits in project is implemented should be infrastructure development. spelt out. The benefits of the 2. It will generate employment for the local people in the project shall clearly indicate villages which are in majority in form of unskilled or semi environmental, social, economic, skilled. employment potential etc. 3. Funds allocated under CSR will help the poor for vocational training and skilled development. They will help to fit for other industry and self employment. 4. The EMP will improve environment quality around the project for better environment in future. River bed Material is co-constituent of cementing material will have major role in infrastructure development.
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CHAPTER 2 PROJECT DESCRIPTION 2.0 TYPE OF PROJECT This project is proposed for the excavation of river bed material from the bed of river Ujh. It is an opencast semi mechanized mining project to excavate river bed material in its existing form for direct usage as a construction material for infrastructure development. Mining operators, in conjunction with cognizant resource agencies, must work to ensure that river bed mining is conducted in a responsible manner. Excessive in-stream river bed material mining causes the degradation of rivers. In-stream mining lowers the stream bottom, which may lead to bank erosion. Depletion of river bed material in the streambed and along coastal areas causes the deepening of rivers and estuaries, and the enlargement of river mouths and coastal inlets. Excessive in stream river bed mining is a threat to bridges, river banks and nearby structures. River bed mining also affects the adjoining groundwater system and the uses that local people make of the river. In stream river bed mining results in the destruction of aquatic and riparian habitat through large changes in the channel morphology. Impacts include bed degradation, bed coarsening, lowered water tables near the streambed, and channel instability. These physical impacts cause degradation of riparian and aquatic biota and may lead to the undermining of bridges and other structures. Continued extraction may also cause the entire streambed to degrade to the depth of excavation. Scientific approach is required to minimize the impact and make use of river bed material in infrastructure development. 2.1 NEED FOR THE PROJECT Budget 2015 echoes the need to foster the infrastructure ecosystem and outlines the policies and reforms which are expected to revive the growth of infrastructure. As a result, demand of river bed material has increased mainly in infrastructure activities like roads, highways, buildings & townships. With the rapid pace of development, the gap between demand & supply of river bed material as construction material must be minimized to control the pricing mechanism. The price correction in the material rates will definitely provide growth impetus to our citizens and as well as to our economy (both directly and indirectly), if it is available legally. Therefore, utilization of river bed material through scientific mining methodologies (sustainable mining) at the stretch of Ujh basin in Jammu & Kashmir must be allowed to support growth in near by area. Scientific mining of river bed material will help to increase the catchment area of river bed that will reduce the flood impact on river and in periphery on human settlement. River bed material is backbone construction material. River bed mining boosts infrastructure development in construction of roads and buildings 2.2 PROJECT SITE The proposed project is on the stretch of river Ujh at village Pandori, Taluk & District Kathua in Jammu and Kashmir. The above project location map indicates that proposed site is well connected with rail, road and air network. NH -1A is passing towards North Direction of the project at 10.82 km which originate from Uri in J&K to Jalandhar (Punjab) and further connects NH-15 and NH-20. Nearest airport is Jammu Airport located at 64.6 km towards North-West direction and Budhi Railway Station is the nearest railway station located at the distance of 11.7 km towards North-East direction. The location map of project site and surrounding are given below.
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Project Location map
Fig. 2.1 Site Location Map and Facilities in periphery.
2.3 PROJECT HIGHLIGHT Salient features of the proposed project are given as follows:
Table Salient Features of Project Parameters Details Mining Lease Area 36.0 Ha. Revenue village names for this Village - Pandori,Tehsil & ,District Kathua in J & K , J&K Mine Lease Connected/ Nearby Highways for NH -1A, (10.82 km in North) Transportation of river bed material Historical Monuments None Status of Protected/ Other Areas Ujh Reserve Forest at 7.1 Km in NW in the Study Area. Nearest Medical Facilities Sub District Hospital at 4.9 Km Nearest Educational Facilities GMS Sherpur School at 8.2 Km Nearest Police Station Kathua Police Station at 12.3 Km Nearest Power Supply Kathua City Power Grid
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The location map of project site and surrounding are given below.
Regional Geology Details of Regional Geology Regional Geology of the area is enriched of river, hills and plain land stretch. The area applied is a flood plain of Ujh River. The River flowing through north-western India and north-eastern Pakistan. It originates in the Himalayas at an elevation of 4300 m amsl in the Chamba District of Himachal Pradesh. It turns southwest at the boundary of Jammu and Kashmir then the river flows to the Pakistani border through Punjab State along it more than 80 km before entering Pakistan’s Punjab Province. The Sewa River, in upper reaches of Basohli Tehsil, District Kathua in Jammu and Kashmir is one of the major tributary of Ravi. The Ravi River is a joint stream formed by the glacier fed Badal and Tant Gari rises from Bara Bangal a branch of the Dholadhar ranges of Himalayas. The course of the river in the lower reaches of Kathua and Punjabis in the maturity stage. The flood plains and Older Alluvium cover of Recent to Pleistocene age formed by the Ravi River in the river bed and either banks- Punjab and in the Kathua parts of J&K comprises of heterogeneous nature of the sediments- boulder conglomerates, quartzitic boulders, pebbles, gravels, cobbles, silt and fine to coarse sand. The Mangar Khad is one of the perennial tributary which joins the Ravi River in the north-eastern part of the lease area. Litho logy formation and formation of group and super group are given below:
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Table 2.2: Litho logy formation and formation of group and super group
Group Super Formation Litho logy Age group Younger and Fine to coarse grained sand, Recent to Upper Older silt and clay Fine to medium Pleistocene Alluvium grained micaceous sand, silt and clay. Coarse sand (cobble, boulder) Upper Conglomerate intercalated Pliocene-Middle Siwalik with sand, silt and clay Pleistocene dominantly coarse-grained Middle sandstone and pink grey Siwalik mudstone Medium to coarse- Upper Miocene grained sandstones and Lower subordinate grey brown Siwalik mudstone Red Mudstone and Upper Miocene fine medium-grained grey green sandstone ------Main Boundary Thrust------Murree Sandstone, clay stone, shale Early Miocene Group and siltstone ------Murree Thrust------Banjal / Quartzite ,phylites, limestone Proterozoic Siara and carbonaceous phylites Group ------Panjal Thrust------Salkhala Sewa Para Gneisses Proterozoic Group Local Geology The litho units encountered in the riverbed and surrounding areas are the river born sediments brought and deposited in the flood plains by River Ujh. The elevation of the site is 299.50 AMSL to 302 AMSL in the river bed the sediments are river borne and has deposited in the riverbed as well in the flood plains. The flood plains and Older Alluvium cover of Recent to Pleistocene age formed by the Ravi River in the river bed and either banks- Punjab and in the Kathua parts of J&K comprises of heterogeneous nature of the sediments- boulder conglomerates, quartzitic boulders, pebbles, gravels, cobbles ,silt and fine to coarse sand.
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Table 2.3:Geological and Mineable Reserves
S.No Category Reserve (Tonnes) 1 Total Geological Reserve 3377249 2 Mineable Reserve 3166171 4 Targeted Production 591018.75 2.4 PROJECT – ACTIVITIES This project is proposed for the excavation of river bed material partly from the bed of river Ujh. It is an opencast semi mechanized (river bed) mining project to excavate mineral in its existing form for direct usage as a construction material. River bed material excavation will be carried out up to a depth of 3.0 m or 1.0 m above the ground water table or whichever is less by using light weight excavators. Mining will be carried out in 3 Blocks and Year wise proposed production details as per approved Mining Plan are given below:-
Name Area (Ha.) Pandori River Bed Mining 36.0 Ha. Total Area 36.0 Ha.
Table 2.4 MINING AREA ((SOURCE: MINE PLAN)) Year RBM (Tones) Production (Tones) I 633234.2 591018.75 II 633234.2 591018.75 III 633234.2 591018.75 IV 633234.2 591018.75 V 633234.2 591018.75 Source : Approved Mining Plan
2.5 MINING METHODOLOGY As per Jammu & Kashmir Minor Mineral Concession Rules, 1962 extraction of river bed material in bench mode will be limited to 3.0 m depth, width will be approx. 20 m and bench will advance parallel to the bank of the river. Extraction activities will start in the block from the upstream to downstream side. This will not obstruct the movement of water, if any, during monsoon period in the river course. Roads in the lease area for the movement of loaded tippers/ trucks will not have slopes more than 1 in 20. Roads will be properly maintained and water sprinkling will be used for dust suppression. Lease area will have its own approach road, which already exist and is well connected to main highways. Light weight excavators will be used for loading of mineral in tippers/trucks. The mineable area is divided in three blocks i.e. Block A, Block B and Block C. The Mining of these blocks is suggested on rotation basis in such a way that pit of previous year mining will act as depository for the summer season. Proved Category of reserve is considered for mining. Benches of 1.0 to 1.5 M height have been drawn from ultimate pit limit of proved reserves estimated. Area of individual bench is being multiplied by strike influence which gave the volume of the bench. Specific gravity the river bed material is taken as 2.50 which is further multiplied by the volume of the bench.
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2.6 CONCEPTUAL MINING PLAN The digging depth will be restricted to 3.0 m only or 1.0 m above the ground water table. This will be further get replenished during the rainy season. The reserves of proved River Bed Material estimated on surface geological plan are to the tune of 3377247 tones. The deposit in the river bed will never exhaust. The material will be regularly replenished during floods by the action of river water. The following steps will be taken care in mining: • Pit limit at the end of lease period • Dimensions of the pits are expected to be as Maximum length of 790 m, Breath 285 m and Depth 1.5 m • Sites of disposal of waste rock and top soil at the end of lease period • No top soil or waste will be generated in the mining as such no disposal of waste is needed. The existing and in next five years of mining degradation of land will be as below:- Land use pattern and Status after 5 years Particulars Present land use in Ha At the end of 5 years Area in Ha Quarry 0.015 33.51 Infrastructure 0.00 0.00 Dumps 0.00 0.00 Buffer Zone of 7.5m 0.00 2.49 Undisturbed Land 35.985 0.00 Total 36.00 36.00
2.7 PROPOSED INFRASTRUCTURE Infrastructure including Water Supply and Man Power for the project is discussed as below:
Table 2.6: Proposed Infrastructures Proposed Basic Amenities will be Rest room shelter/Tents, first-aid facility, PP-temporary provided to workers at the mine site structure office and Portable Bio-toilets, etc during operational phase. Power requirement Only day time Mining operations will be carried out, hence No Electricity is required. Nearest source of Water supply & Daily water demand is assumed as 16.0 KLD and it will be Demand procured through tankers by near villages as per demand. Manpower Requirement Total employment in the Mining activities will be around 14 People and local villagers will be preferred for skilled and non-skilled jobs after training.
2.8 WATER DEMAND 16 KLD Water will be sourced from nearby Panchayat through water tankers for the proposed project. 10 KLD of water will be used for plantation of 3 ha land at the rate of 500 plants/ha, 3 KLD will be consumed for dust suppression and 3 KLD for domestic use.
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Water Balance Chart
Total Water Requirement
(16 KLD)
Dust Suppression Domestic Plantation
(3 KLD) (3 KLD) (10 KLD)
2.9 MAN POWER Poor section of the society will be given priority in employment at proposed project. 14 (nos.) of people will be benefitted for direct employment and hundreds will get business opportunity in the project.
S. No. Category Numbers 1 Mining Officer 1 2 Office Assistant/Dispatch Supervisor 1 3 Environment Supervisor 1 4 Office Boy 1 5 Skilled 2 6 Piece rated Worker 8 Total 14
CONCLUSION: The proposed sand mining project on the river Ujh is located at the village Pandori in the District Kathua of Jammu & Kashmir. It is well connected with rail, road and airport. NH -1A is passing towards North Direction of the project at 10.82 km which originate from Uri in J&K to Jalandhar (Punjab) and further connects NH-15 and NH-20. Budhi is the closed railway station and Jammu Airport is the nearest airport. The mining lease area is 36.00 ha. There is no power requirement in the project as mining will be carried out in day hours only. 16 KLD water will be utilized for drinking, irrigation (plantation) and dust suppression. In the semi-mechanized method of mining machine and man power are applied for mining, People are benefitted through employment and business. The proposed project has positive impact on socioeconomic conditions of the area. 14 persons from the poor section of society will get employment in the project and few hundred will be indirectly benefitted in business opportunity. 10 KLD of water will be utilized for plantation of 3 ha of land along the roads.
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CHAPTER 3 DESCRIPTION OF ENVIRONMENT 3 INTRODUCTION EIA process requires the primary baseline data collection to know the information on the biophysical, social and economic backgrounds of Mine Lease Area. The criteria of the baseline data collection was based on the impact zone on both the sides of the river bank which was expected to be around the 2-3 km from both the sides. The monitoring stations were considered based on their sensitivity by considering the close proximity with the sensitive areas zones like reserve forests. Bio-diversity part, national sanctuary and expected high pollutant concentration zones like Naka etc. The baseline data have been collected as per CPCB guidelines and approved methodology in the month of March, April and May 2015 by NABL approved laboratory, M/s Noida Testing Laboratory. 3.1 SOURCES OF ENVIRONMENTAL DATA The baseline information on micro-meteorology, ambient air quality, water quality, noise levels, soil quality and floristic descriptions have largely been drawn from the data generated by NABL accredited laboratory, M/s Noida Testing Laboratory. However, Secondary Data was sourced from Census Handbook, Revenue Records, publications of Statistical Department, Reports on soil survey and the records of Land use Organization, District Industries Centre, Forest Department, Central Ground Water Board, etc. Baseline study The study area of the Environment Impact Assessment comprises of core and buffer zones. The field survey for the collection of the baseline data commenced in March 2015 and continued till May, 2015 representing Pre-monsoon season. The data collected was pertaining to air, water, noise, soil, geology, flora, fauna, land-use, forests and other environmental parameters. A socio-economic study was also conducted in the study area covering large habitations. Field surveys were also conducted in the study area for the purpose of augmenting the remote sensing data. For this purpose data on various attributes such as land features, rivers, forests and vegetation types were recorded from the ground land cover facility (GLCF). Baseline Data had been collected & analyzed in relation to proposed project are as follows:- • Physiography Analysis • Topography & Land use Environment • Water Environment • Air Environment • Noise Environment • Biological Environment • Socio-Economic Environment (Socio Economic Report in Chapter -6)
3.2 COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS OF BASELINE DATA Physiography This section includes the study of natural features like topography, drainage, climate and hydrology etc. Jammu and Kashmir is home to several valleys. Kashmir , Tawi , Chenab , Punch , Sind and Lidder. The Himalayas divide the Kashmir valley from Ladakh while the Pir Panjal range which encloses the valley from the west and the south separates it from the Great Plains of northern India along the northeastern flank of the Valley runs the main range of the Himalayas. This densely settled and valley beautifies the whole region.
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Topography The area lies in the flood plain of Ujh River. Ujh river is another major tributary of the Ravi River. It originates from Kailash mountains at an elevation of 4,300 metres (14,100 ft) close to the Bhaderwah Mountains in Jammu district, after flowing 100 kilometres (62 mi), it joins Ravi at Nainkot in Pakistan. The Ravi is perennial Trans Boundary River flowing through north-western India and north-eastern Pakistan. It originates in the Himalayas at an elevation of 4300 m amsl in the Chamba District of Himachal Pradesh. It turns southwest at the boundary of Jammu and Kashmir then the river flows to the Pakistani border through Punjab State along it more than 80 km before entering Punjab Province. The Sewa River, in upper reaches of Basohli Tehsil, District Kathua in Jammu and Kashmir is one of the major tributary of Ravi. The Ravi River is a joint stream formed by the glacier fed Badal and Tant Gari rises from Bara Bangal a branch of the Dholadhar ranges of Himalayas. The course of the river in the lower reaches of Kathua and Punjab is in the maturity stage. The flood plains and Older Alluvium cover of Recent to Pleistocene age formed by the Ravi River in the river bed and either banks- Punjab and in the Kathua parts of J&K comprises of heterogeneous nature of the sediments- boulder conglomerates, quartzitic boulders, pebbles, gravels, cobbles silt and fine to coarse sand. The Mangar Khad is one of the perennial tributary which joins the Ujh River in the north-western part of the lease area.
Topography Map of the Study Area. Drainage Pattern The main Ravi River flows through the base of Dalhousie hill, past the Chamba town. It is at an elevation of 856 metres (2,807 ft). It flows into the south-west, near Dalhousie, and then cuts a gorge in the Dhauladhar Range before entering the Punjab plain near Madhopur and Pathankot. It then flows along the Indo–Pak border for 80 kilometres (50 mi) before entering Pakistan and joining the Chenab River. The total length of the river is about 725 kilometres (450 mi). Ujh River is another major tributary of the Ravi. It originates from the Kailash
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mountains at an elevation of 4,300 metres (14,100 ft) close to the Bhaderwah Mountains in Jammu district. After flowing for 100 kilometres (62 mi), it joins Ravi at Nainkot in Pakistan. As the Ravi flows past Lahore in Pakistan (26 kilometres (16 mi) below Amritsar in India) it is called "The river of Lahore" since that city is on its eastern bank. After passing through Lahore the river takes a turn at Kamlia and then debouches into the Chenab River, south of the town of Ahmadpur Sial. On its western bank is the town of Shahdara Bagh with the tomb of Jahangir and the Tomb of Noor Jahan.
Drainage map of the study area
The entire district is profusely drained by numerous ephemeral and small perennial streams, which originate from northern mountainous region and are flowing in southwestern direction. The perennial River Ravi that is a sub basin to Indus river along with its tributaries viz Ujh, Tarnah and Bein drains. Ravi river forms the district/State border with Himachal and Punjab State towards east. The major rivers draining the district are Ravi, Ujh and Sewa. Apart from the major drainage system there are number of seasonal streams (khads) traversing the whole district. They carry huge loads of boulders, pebbles, sand and silt during monsoon. They also generate flash floods immediately after rains causing extensive damage downstream.
The proposed project does not impact natural drainage pattern of the area. There are natural drainages in the area. They are not affected by the proposed project and mining activities.
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Major River and Nala in 10 km of Buffer Area S.No. Rivers/Nala in 10 km of Buffer Distance (km) Direction area 1 Ujh River Proposed site - 2 Masto Nadi 7.7 SE 3 Tarnah Nadi 5.6 SW 4 Shap Nala 7.3 NW 5 Basera Nala 5.8 NW 6 Syar Khad 6.9 NE 7 Shingawan Nadi 6.1 SE
Floods: Floods take place quite frequently in Kashmir. An enormous amount of water flows into the valley and the only outlet for the water from the valley is the narrow gorge at Baramulla. Floods generally occur in the summer when heavy rain is followed by a bright sun, which melts the snows. If an embankment is breached or topped, a district which is dry a few hours back becomes a lake. The Jhelum is mainly responsible for floods in Kashmir valley. In general, it flows gently between its banks, but in times of flood, it overflows its natural banks. Floods occur occasionally in the Jammu Province. It causes by heavy and continuous rains. Huge losses of property are accounted on account of floods. Seismicity of Area: The project site falls under seismic zone IV which is a high damage risk zone (MSK VIII). The IS code assigns zone factor of 0.24 for zone IV as shown in the seismic zonal map of India. Prepared by ENVIRTA SUSTAINABLE SOLUTIONS INDIA PVT. LTD. COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS OF BASELINE DATA |
Draft EIA-River Bed Mining Pandori (36.00 Ha) District Kathua File No DEIA/JNK/2016/01 36
Project Site
Seismic Map of India
Earthquakes: The state of Jammu & Kashmir is the western most extension of the Himalayan mountain range in India. Here it comprises of the Pir Panjal, Zaskar, Karakoram and Ladakh ranges. The Main Boundary Thrust (MBT) underlies the Pir Panjal Range and is known as the Panjal Thrust in the region. The Zaskar ranges which are part of the Great Himalayan range are underlain by the Zaskar Thrust. The Kashmir Valley lies between the Pir Panjal and the Zaskar thrusts, making it very vulnerable to earthquakes. Other northern parts of Jammu & Kashmir are heavily faulted. Along the Zaskar and the Ladakh ranges run a NW-SE trending strike-slip fault, the longest in the Jammu & Kashmir area. Apart from the routine small tremors moderate to large earthquakes hit nearly all parts of the state. Other major damages are caused by earthquake as the J & K lies on seismic zone IV in the seismic zone map of India.
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Land Environment Object of this study is to provide a baseline status of the study area covering 10 Km radius around the proposed lease area so that temporal changes due to the mining activities on the surroundings can be assessed. The land-use is divided into agriculture land, settlement, river / khad and forest area as shown in the map. The area is fertile and dominated by the proportion of agriculture land. Land Use/Land Cover Area: Classification scheme adopted for the preparation of land use/land cover maps on 1:50,000 scales. Land use / Land cover classification standardized by
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Land Use Pattern of the Study Area (10 km Buffer Map)
Land Use Pattern of the Study Area (10 km Buffer Map) Sr. No Description of Land Estimated Area (Ha) Percentage to total area 1 Khad 869.83 2.54 2 Nala 755.67 2.20 3 River 2014.15 5.87 4 Forest 5739.18 16.75 5 Scrub Land 337.87 0.98 6 Settlement 458.62 1.34 7 Agriculture 24104.29 70.32 Total 34279.61 100
Ujh reserve forest present in the area at 7.1 Km in North West Direction in Study area. There is no National Park, wildlife sanctuary, migratory routes of fauna and National Monument within 10 km periphery of the lease area and as per secondary data available. There is no habitation within lease area.
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3.3 SOIL ENVIRONMENT Soil of the proposed site is influenced by the physiographic features of the area. There is dominance of sub-mountain soil and mountain soil as J & K is home of hills and mountains. Sand is dominated in the soil texture in all the locations. It is observed that sub-mountain soil is dominated in soil map of the area. Sub-mountain and mountain soils are the types of soil. Alluvial soils are found, which are loamy with little clay content and small quantity of lime with high magnesium content. There are three parallel belts widely apart from Forest and Hill soils, one stretching from Poonch to Kathua in Jammu province second North West of Jhelum valley in Kashmir province and the third belt stretching from south eastern part of Ladakh range. The soils are generally mixed with pebbles. In southern part of Udhampur and Doda district, brown soil under Deciduous Forest are found. Color of the soil is dark- brown and varies from dry loams to silt loams with gravels in a small percentage. In middle Ladakh range two isolated patches (one in Ladakh and another in Doda district) of Podzolised soil occur over a long stretch.
The soil features of the proposed site are characterized by Soil Map of India as given below:
In Poonch, Udhampur and Anantnag district sub-mountain soils are mainly found. In the valley this soil is cultivated intensively and rice is the main crop.
Objective of soil monitoring The objectives of the soil sampling are:- • To determine the baseline soil characteristics of the study area; • To determine the impact of existing as well as proposed activity on soil characteristics and • To determine the impact on soil with view to agriculture.
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Soil Monitoring Locations Soil monitoring is conducted at six locations (6 in nos.) once in season representing core and buffer area of the project. The Distance and direction of the monitoring locations are given as follows: Soil samples are collected from the various locations in the study area for the post-monsoon season given as follows:
Figure 3.7: Soil Monitoring Stations
S.No. Monitoring code Sampling Locations Distance & Direction 1 SQ-1 Pandori 0.4 Km, NE 2 SQ-2 Kor Punnu 1.1 km, NW 3 SQ-3 Bolotar 1.8 km,SW 4 SQ-4 Samrala 0.9 km, South 5 SQ-5 Saidpur 2.7 km,East 6 SQ-6 Parol 3.3 km,NE The soil sampling locations (6 in nos.) are superimposed on the topo-sheet map and shown below. Samples were collected from the site and buffer area representing site, human settlement, sensitive and commercial areas.
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Results and Soil Monitoring Monitoring is carried in pre-monsoon season at the frequency of once in a season at six locations in May for physical, chemical and biological properties of the soil at these locations. Electrical conductivity (443 to 479 mS/cm) is observed in the analysis report. Sands are dominating in the soil texture at all locations. The analysis results of the soil are given below:
Soil analysis results
S. No. Parameter Unit SQ1 SQ2 SQ3 SQ4 SQ5 SQ6
1. pH(1:5 suspension) - 7.68 8.10 8.21 7.58 7.34 7.68
2. Electrical µS/cm 479 458 458 443 443 479 Conductivity at 25OC (1:5suspension.) 3. Calcium (as Ca) mg/kg 456.26 437.35 471.3 486.21 485.49 456.2 1 6 4. Magnesium(as Mg) mg/kg 115.11 108.23 119.2 120.46 120.11 115.1 2 1 5. Sodium (as Na) mg/kg 255.23 224.26 248.1 240.15 225.24 255.2 4 3 6. Potassium (as K) mg/kg 92.12 93.24 99.11 92.24 92.15 92.12
7. Water holding % by 43.14 40.36 42.25 38.34 45.56 43.14 Capacity mass 8. Porosity % by 38.21 33.52 34.22 36.21 35.41 38.21 mass 9. Sand % by 57.12 57.24 52.34 56.34 54.34 57.12 mass 10. Clay % by 31.35 31.36 34.45 30.24 33.11 31.35 mass 11. Silt % by 11.53 11.40 13.21 13.42 12.55 11.53 mass 12. Cation Exchange Meq/10 12.14 11.12 12.46 12.19 13.10 12.14 Capacity 0gm 13. Sodium - 1.33 1.26 1.12 2.45 1.35 1.33 ASbsorpation Ratio 14. Nitrogen % by 0.11 0.08 0.08 0.11 0.09 0.11 mass 15. Phosphorus mg/kg 12.34 11.12 11.65 09.24 12.34 12.34 16. Zinc mg/kg 10.21 11.26 09.13 12.05 11.21 10.21 17. Bulk Density gm /cc 1.73 1.79 1.34 1.14 1.56 1.73
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Draft EIA-River Bed Mining Pandori (36.00 Ha) District Kathua File No DEIA/JNK/2016/01 42
Summary Monitoring was carried in pre-monsoon season at the frequency of once in a season at six locations in pre monsoon season for physical, chemical and biological properties of the soil at these locations. High electrical conductivity (443 to 479 mS/cm) was observed in the analysis report. River bed material are dominating in the soil texture at all locations. The presence of Nitrogen content varies from 0.08 to 0.11 %. The analysis results show that soil is basic in nature as pH value ranges from 7.34 to 8.21 showing the saline property of soil with low nitrogen value (0.11 or less) in soil composition. The concentration of Nitrogen, Phosphorus & Potassium has been found to be low in the soil samples. pH and EC measurements can vary greatly and are affected by several environmental factors including, climate, local biota (plants and animals), bedrock and surficial geology, as well as human impacts on the land. 3.4 WATER ENVIRONMENT Source of water for the proposed project is River Ujh and the irrigation canals. The perennial River Ravi that is a sub basin to Indus river along with its tributaries viz Ujh, Tarnah and Bein drains the district. Ravi river forms the district/State border with Himachal and Punjab State towards east. The major rivers draining the district are Ravi, Ujh and Sewa.. The ground water properties vary with locations. The depth of the water table is the lowest (2 m) in the Hiranagar area. It increases at the other locations. Ground water movement is restricted to inter-mountain valleys
Objective of Water Monitoring Water samples were collected from Ground water (6 in nos.) and Surface water (2 in nos.) to study the water quality of the study area in pre-monsoon season. The purpose of the study is to assess the water quality characteristics. The objective of analysis of water quality is given as follows:
Ground Water Objective of Ground water is discussed as follows: • To evaluate the impacts on people, agriculture productivity, habitat conditions, recreational resources and aesthetics of the vicinity) and environment. • To evaluate the physical, chemical and biological properties of water quality in the study area.
Surface Water Quality This is river bed material mining project on river bed. The project itself is a part of surface water body. The applied lease falls in Ujh River Bed . Objective of surface water analysis is discussed as follows: • To analyze physical,chemical and biological properties and to assess impact of project on surface water quality (if any). • To assess the water quality characteristics; • To evaluate the impacts on agriculture productivity, habitat conditions, recreational resources and aesthetics of the vicinity; • To predict the likely impacts on water quality due to the mining and other related activities.
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Draft EIA-River Bed Mining Pandori (36.00 Ha) District Kathua File No DEIA/JNK/2016/01 43
Water Monitoring Locations Water monitoring was conducted at six locations (6 in nos. for Ground water and 2 nos. for Surface water) in pre-monsoon season representing core and buffer area of the project. The Distance and direction of the monitoring locations are given as follows:
Ground water S.No. Monitoring code Sampling Locations Distance & Direction 1 GW-1 Pandori 0.4 km, NE 2 GW -2 Kor Punnu 1.1 km, NW 3 GW -3 Bolotar 1.8 km, SW 4 GW -4 Samrala 0.9 km, South 5 GW -5 Saidpur 2.7 km, East 6 GW -6 Parol 3.3 km, NE Surface water S.No. Monitoring code Sampling Locations Distance & Direction 1 SW-1 Upstream of River Ujh 1.4 km, NE 2 SW -2 Downstream of River Ujh 2.5 km, SW
The water (Ground &surface) monitoring locations are superimposed on the topo-sheet map and shown below. Samples are collected from the site and buffer area representing site, human settlement, sensitive area and commercial area of the Ground water and analyzed for physical, chemical and biological parameters. The locations of Ground water sampling locations are shown on map superimposed on the topo-sheet for Pre-monsoon season. Sampling locations of Ground and Surface water are shown on the map given below: Water samples (Ground & Surface) location map
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Analysis and Results of Water samples Water samples were taken from six (6 nos.) locations for the ground water representing the core and buffer area and two locations for the surface water in up & downstream of river analyzed for physical, chemical and biological properties. There are other nalas and small streams which are tributaries of River Ujh in the study area.
S. Parameter GW1 GW2 GW3 Unit Requirement Permissible No. (Acceptable Limit in Limit) absence of alternate source 1 pH (at 25 0C) 7.57 7.41 7.48 6.5 - 8.5 - 2 <1.0 <1.0 <1.0 Hazen 5 15 Colour Unit 3 Turbidity <1.0 <1.0 <1.0 NTU 1 5 4 Odour Agreeable Agreeable Agreeable Agreeable Agreeable Agreeable 5 Taste Agreeable Agreeable Agreeable Agreeable 6 Total 180.40 172.82 176.97 mg/l 200 600 Hardness as CaCO3
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7 Calcium as Ca 49.45 40.69 41.04 mg/l 75 200 8 Alkalinity as 164.73 156.11 158.26 mg/l 200 600 CaCO3 9 Chloride as Cl 53.12 44.08 46.32 mg/l 250 1000 10 Cyanide as BDL BDL BDL mg/l 0.05 No CN Relaxation 11 Magnesium 13.24 16.24 18.06 mg/l 30 100 as Mg 12 Total 320 294 306 mg/l 500 2000 Dissolved Solids 13 Sulphate as 19.86 20.02 21.24 mg/l 200 400 SO4 14 Fluoride as F <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 mg/l 1.0 1.5 15 Nitrate as 8 8 8 mg/l 45 No NO3 Relaxation 16 <0.5 <0.5 <0.5 mg/l 0.3 No Iron as Fe Relaxation 17 Aluminium as BDL BDL BDL mg/l 0.03 0.2 Al 18 Boron BDL BDL BDL mg/l 0.5 1.0 19 Anionic BDL BDL BDL mg/l 0.2 1.0 surface Detergents(as MBAS) 20 Zinc as Zn <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 mg/l 5.0 15 21 Copper as Cu BDL BDL BDL mg/l 0.05 1.5 22 Manganese as BDL BDL BDL mg/l 0.1 0.3 Mn 23 Cadmium as BDL BDL BDL mg/l 0.003 No Cd Relaxation 24 BDL BDL BDL mg/l 0.01 No Lead as Pb Relaxation 25 Selenium as BDL BDL BDL mg/l 0.01 No Se Relaxation 26 Arsenic as As BDL BDL BDL mg/l 0.01 0.05 27 Mercury as BDL BDL BDL mg/l 0.001 No Hg Relaxation 28 Total Absent Absent Absent Absent/100ml Coliform 29 E. Coli Absent Absent Absent Absent/100ml
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S. No. Parameter GW4 GW5 GW6 Unit Requireme Permissibl nt e Limit in (Acceptable absence of Limit) alternate source 1 pH (at 25 7.60 7.59 7.45 6.5-8.5 - 0C) 2 Colour <1.0 <1.0 <1.0 Hazen Unit 5 15 3 Turbidity <1.0 <1.0 <1.0 NTU 1 5 4 Agreeab Agreeabl Agreeable Agreeable Agreeable Agreeable Odour le e 5 Agreeab Agreeabl Agreeable Agreeable Taste le e 6 Total 176.82 185.90 187.60 mg/l 200 600 Hardness as CaCO3 7 Calcium as 43.54 49.26 47.26 mg/l 75 200 Ca 8 Alkalinity 159.35 170.20 168.20 mg/l 200 600 as CaCO3 9 Chloride as 50.88 55.86 53.86 mg/l 250 1000 Cl 10 Cyanide as BDL BDL BDL mg/l 0.05 No CN Relaxation 11 Magnesium 16.45 15.75 13.75 mg/l 30 100 as Mg 12 Total 305 330 328 mg/l 500 2000 Dissolved Solids 13 Sulphate as 18.27 19.87 17.87 mg/l 200 400 SO4 14 Fluoride as <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 mg/l 1.0 1.5 F 15 Nitrate as 9 9 9 mg/l 45 No NO3 Relaxation 16 <0.5 <0.5 <0.5 mg/l 0.3 No Iron as Fe Relaxation 17 Aluminium BDL BDL BDL mg/l 0.03 0.2 as Al 18 Boron BDL BDL BDL mg/l 0.5 1.0 19 Anionic BDL BDL BDL mg/l 0.2 1.0 surface Detergents( as MBAS) 20 Zinc as Zn <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 mg/l 15 21 Copper as BDL BDL BDL mg/l 0.05 1.5
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Cu 22 Manganese mg/l 0.1 0.3 as Mn 23 Cadmium BDL BDL BDL mg/l 0.003 No as Cd Relaxation 24 BDL BDL BDL mg/l 0.01 No Lead as Pb Relaxation 25 Selenium BDL BDL BDL mg/l 0.01 No as Se Relaxation 26 Arsenic as BDL BDL BDL mg/l 0.01 0.05 As 27 Mercury as BDL BDL BDL mg/l 0.001 No Hg Relaxation 28 Total Absent Absent Absent Absent/100ml Coliform 29 E. Coli Absent Absent Absent Absent/100ml Result of Surface Water Monitoring
S. No. Parameter SW1 SW2 Units 1 pH 7.41 7.82 - 2 Temperature 25.1 25.1 0C 3 Turbidity 8.10 13.48 NTU 4 Conductivity @250C 958.0 1134.0 µS/cm 5 Sulphate (SO4) 110.0 162.0 mg/l 6 Nitrate (NO3) 20.0 27.0 mg/l 7 Total Hardness(as 304.0 396.0 mg/l CaCO3) 8 Chloride(as Cl) 358.0 424.0 mg/l 9 Fluoride (as F) 0.98 1.19 mg/l 10 COD (as O2) 11.0 12.0 mg/l 11 Iron (as Fe) 1.03 1.18 mg/l 12 Dissolve Oxygen 3.6 3.3 mg/l 13 Total Dissolved Solid 712.0 868.0 mg/l 14 BOD (3 days at 270C) 3.82 4.1 mg/l 15 Calcium (as Ca) 109.0 203.0 mg/l 16 Magnesium (as Mg) 56.85 98.0 mg/l 17 Arsenic (as As) BDL BDL mg/l 18 Lead (as Pb) BDL BDL mg/l
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19 Copper (as Cu) 0.25 0.31 mg/l 20 Zinc (as Zn) 1.06 1.00 mg/l 21 Manganese (as Mn) 1.05 1.01 mg/l 22 Total Chromium (as BDL BDL mg/l Cr) 23 Sodium (as Na) 182.0 213.0 mg/l 24 Potassium (as K) 0.30 0.37 mg/l 25 Total Alkalinity (as 324.0 401.0 mg/l CaCO3) 26 Total Solid 7.00 7.06 mg/l 27 Phosphate (as P) 6.14 7.20 mg/l
28 Nitrite (as NO2) BDL BDL mg/l 29 Total Suspended 30.41 40.06 mg/l Solid 30 Faecal Coliform 1.50×103 no./100 1.66×103 no./100 - ml ml 31 Total Coliform 1.63×103 no./100 1.85×103 no./100 MPN/100ML ml ml
Discussion of Result The analysis results indicate that pH of the groundwater to be in range of 7.41 – 7.60. The TDS are found to be in the range of 294 – 330 mg/l. Total Hardness is in range of 172.82 – 187.60 mg/l. The analysis results indicate that pH of the surface water to be in range of 7.41 – 7.82. The TDS is found to be in the range of 712 – 868 mg/l. Total Hardness is in range of 304 – 396 mg/l. Other parameters like chlorides and sulphate are observed to be well within the prescribed limits but calcium and Magnesium are found high but within the limit in the surrounding areas. The physico – chemical analysis for some of the parameters has exceeded the standards as per IS: 10500. The necessary treatment is required to minimize the impact as mentioned in EMP and cost to be borne by the Project Proponent. 3.5 AIR ENVIRONMENT The prime objective of the baseline Ambient Air Monitoring is to evaluate baseline of Ambient Air Quality in the core & buffer areas of the proposed project. The Ambient Air Monitoring locations are selected considering the topography, project layout and meteorology of the area. This will be useful for assessing the conformity to standards of the ambient air quality during the operation of the mine. The baseline status of the Ambient Air Quality is assessed based on the following considerations:- • Meteorological conditions • Topography • Background of Ambient Air Quality
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Micro-Meteorological Data Meteorology is the key to understand the air quality. The essential relationship between meteorological condition and atmospheric dispersion involves the wind speed and direction in the broadsense. Other factors such as variation in temperature, humidity, cloud amount, atmospheric stability classes etc. also plays a direct role in dispersion and dilution of pollutants. Wind fluctuations over a wide range of time, accomplish dispersion and strongly influence other processes associated with them. This section makes a comparative analysis of the meteorological data of the study area collected by the project team in 2015. An auto weather monitoring stations was installed at Pandori village during the study period to record various meteorological parameters on hourly basis to understand the wind speed & direction, temperature variation, cloud amount, rainfall and relative humidity.Wind speed was measured at 8.30 and 17.30 hours of IST during March, April and May months of pre- monsoon season.
The monthly mean meteorological data recorded are given as follows:- Months- Wind Speed Temperature (oC) Relative Humidity (%) 2015 (m/s) Highest Lowest Highest Lowest March 10 70.2 62.3 1.6 25 April 16 66.9 55.9 1.7 33 May 21 58.2 52.7 1.5 40
Micro-meteorology Site specific micro-meteorological data is collected at the site for March. April & May in Pre- Monsoon season. Results are given below.
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Figure 3.10: Micro-meteorology in Pre-monsoon
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Wind Rose Diagram Wind rose is the diagrammatic representation of wind speed and frequency in a specified direction with its arms representing sixteen directions. Each arm gives a clear frequency distribution of wind speed in a particular direction for a given period of time.
The prominent wind direction during this period was from N and from SE. This is followed by southwest direction of wind. The average wind speed recorded during the study period was 8 km/h. Calm condition is 23.7 %.
Ambient Air Quality Monitoring Stations Ambient air quality monitoring (AAQM) stations (8 in nos.) were selected on the basis of topography and meteorology of the area which are as follows:- • One (1 no.) AAQM location in the upwind direction of wind within 500 m as supported by wind-rose of the season. • Two AAQM stations on the downwind directions (one within 500 m and other within one to 2 km) • One AAQM station represents the sensitive areas within the vicinity. • Two AAQM stations represents the haul road connecting the mining area to connecting roads where potential supply of materials. • One AAQM stations represents commercial area in the buffer zone of the project. • One AAQM stations represents sensitive area (Hospital, school, archeological sites etc.)
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Locations of Ambient Air Quality Monitoring Stations. The distance and directon of the Ambient Air Quality monitorng statios are shown below.
S.No. Monitori Sampling Type of Location Distance & ng code Locations Direction 1 AQ-1 Proposed site Core zone - 2 AQ -2 Bhakra Village Upwind 1.1 km, NNW 3 AQ -3 Korpunnu village Down wind 500m, S 4 AQ -4 Aimasaidan Bamyal Road – for material 1.8 km, SE village transportation 5 AQ -5 Parol village Commercial area 3.3 km, NE 6 AQ -6 Manwal village Human settlement (in Down Wind) 3.6 km, S 7 AQ -7 Khojke chak Sensitive area 3.3 km, SW village 8 AQ-8 Chak Sahotriyan Downwind of 2nd dominant wind 3.8km, NW direction The ambient air monitoring has been carried out with a frequency of two days in a week at eight locations covering one complete season.
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Environmental parameters and Frequency Parameters Sampling Frequency
PM10 24 hourly sample twice a week PM2.5 24 hourly sample twice a week SO2 8 hourly for 24 hrs sample twice a week NOx 8 hourly for 24 hrs sample twice a week Carbon Monoxide Hourly for 24 hrs sample twice a week
Ambient Air Quality Monitoring results
Ambient Air monitoring was conducted at eight locations for PM2.5, PM10, SO2 and NO2 during pre- monsoon season as per method specified by CPCB. The results of analysis for the environmental parameters are shown below. The results of Silica freely available are analyzed at the eight AAQM stations. It was observed that the presence of silica is in range of 0.65 to 2.46 (µg/m3) and max. value (2.46 µg/m3) is observed at Bhakra Village upwind direction. Results of monitoring are given in Table below.
Result of Free Silica in PM10 Station Names Code Free Silica in PM10 (µg/m3) Min Max Proposed site AQ1 0.85 2.41 Bhakra Village AQ2 0.98 2.46 Korpunnu village AQ3 0.81 2.45 Aimasaidan village AQ4 0.65 2.42 Parol village AQ5 0.88 2.44 Manwal village AQ6 0.84 2.45 Khojke chak village AQ7 0.85 2.41 Chak Sahotriyan village AQ8 0.88 2.44
Ambient Air Quality was monitored at eight locations for PM2.5, PM10, SO2 and NO2 during pre- monsoon season as per method specified by CPCB. The values of these parameters are in the range of 20.12 to 29.52; 46.64 to 63.64; 4.05 to 9.97 and 8.15 to 19.22 (µg/m3) respectively. Results are discussed in the Table above:
Summary of Concentration Ground Levels (µg/m3)
S. No. Criteria Locations & Station Names Min Max Mean CPCB Pollutant Standard 1 PM2.5 AQ1 Proposed site 25.12 30.15 28.42 60 AQ2 Bhakra Village 24.87 30.54 27.69 AQ3 Korpunnu village 24.15 30.15 27.18 AQ4 Aimasaidan village 25.12 35.45 28.78 AQ5 Parol village 25.12 30.31 27.67 AQ6 Manwal village 25.23 30.55 27.76 AQ7 Khojke chak village 25.12 31.16 28.06 AQ8 Chak Sahotriyan 25.31 31.25 28.26 2 PM10 AQ1 Proposed site 54.26 60.56 57.94 100 Prepared by ENVIRTA SUSTAINABLE SOLUTIONS INDIA PVT. LTD. AIR ENVIRONMENT |
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AQ2 Bhakra Village 52.66 60.84 57.35 AQ3 Korpunnu village 55.21 60.55 57.67 AQ4 Aimasaidan village 54.14 60.34 58.29 AQ5 Parol village 54.25 60.54 57.87 AQ6 Manwal village 55.35 61.45 58.72 AQ7 Khojke chak village 52.56 60.32 57.54 AQ8 Chak Sahotriyan 54.33 61.32 58.31 3 SO2 AQ1 Proposed site 5.5 7.1 6.34 80 AQ2 Bhakra Village 5.36 7.16 6.13 AQ3 Korpunnu village 5.21 7.11 6.09 AQ4 Aimasaidan village 5.1 7.21 6.1 AQ5 Parol village 5.45 7.16 6.20 AQ6 Manwal village 5.27 7.16 6.14 AQ7 Khojke chak village 5.21 6.81 5.97 AQ8 Chak Sahotriyan 5.15 6.97 6.0 4 NO2 AQ1 Proposed site 10.24 13.22 11.80 80 AQ2 Bhakra Village 10.12 13.84 11.96 AQ3 Korpunnu village 10.35 13.85 12.00 AQ4 Aimasaidan village 10.03 13.49 11.63 AQ5 Parol village 10.11 13.64 11.84 AQ6 Manwal village 10.12 13.59 11.79 AQ7 Khojke chak village 10.15 13.58 12.03 AQ8 Chak Sahotriyan 10.12 13.65 11.80 Discussion of Results 3 The Ambient Air Quality Monitoring results reveal that the minimum GLC of PM2.5 is 24.15 µg/m at AQ2, Korpunnu village and maximum value is 35.45µg/m3 at AQ4, Aimasaidan village. The results of 3 PM10 reveal that the minimum GLC is 52.56 µg/m recorded at AQ7, Khojke chak village while maximum GLC is 61.45 µg/m3 found at AQ6, Manwal village. These values of PM10 and PM2.5 are within CPCB standards 60 and 100 µg/m3 respectively. 3 The gaseous pollutants SO2 and NOx are within the prescribed CPCB limit of 80 µg/m for residential and rural areas at all the stations. The minimum & maximum concentrations of SO2 are found 5.1 µg/m3 at AQ4, Aimasaidan village and 7.21 µg/m3 at AQ4, Aimasaidan village. The minimum and 3 3 maximum concentrations of NOx are 10.03 µg/m at AQ4, Aimasaidan village and 13.85 µg/m at AQ3, Korpunnu village respectively. 3 3 The free silica content in PM10 is found in range of 0.65 µg/m to 2.46 µg/m as discussed in above table. 3.6 NOISE ENVIRONMENT Objective of noise monitoring in the study area is to monitor ambient noise level and to assess the impact of the noise level on the ambient noise in core and buffer areas The impact of noise on the surrounding community depends on: Characteristics of noise sources are instantaneous, intermittent or continuous in nature. It is well known that steady noise is not as annoying as one feels compared to continuously varying noise. High noise levels at night in residential areas are not acceptable.
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Noise level is monitored in day & night and results are compared with respect to CPCB standards applicable to that area. CPCB categories the area into i) industrial ii) commercial iii) residential and iv) silence zone and separate noise level standard in day and night for each area. The environmental impact of noise can have several effects varying from Noise Induced Hearing Loss (NIHL) to annoyance on loudness of Noise levels.
Monitoring locations Ambient Noise Monitoring was conducted at eight locations (8 in nos.) in core and buffer areas. The locations were representative of proposed site, human settlements, commercial, industrial and sensitive areas monitored at one hour interval for the 24-hours in pre-monsoon season.
S.N Monitori Sampling Locations Area Type o. ng code (Distance & Direction) 1 NQ-1 Proposed site Core area 2 NQ -2 Bhakra Village(1.1 km, NNW) Human settlement 3 NQ -3 Korpunnu village (500 m, S) Human settlement in down wind 4 NQ -4 Aimasaidan village(1.8 km, SE) Bamyal Road 5 NQ -5 Parol village (3.3 km, NE) Commercial 6 NQ -6 Manwal village (3.6 km, S) Habitation in down wind 7 NQ -7 Khojke chak village(3.3 km, SW) Sensitive area (hospital, temple etc.) 8 NQ-8 Chak Sahotriyan(3.8km, NW) Settlement The Ambient Noise Stations superimposed on the topo-sheet locations and shown in Noise Level Monitoring Locations Map. Noise monitoring location (No.- 5) represents noise levels for residential, commercial and mixed zone and forest /hospital/ sensitive areas representing silent zone in the study area.
Methodology Nose monitoring is conducted at 1-hour interval for twenty four hours in Day (0600 – 1000) and Night (1000 – 0600) separately for all sampling locations as per method recommended by CPCB/MoEF. The results are compared with standards applicable for the areas as given below. Area Code Area Limit in dB(A) Day Night A Industrial 75 70 B Commercial 65 55 C Residential 55 45 D Silence 50 40 Note:- 1. Day time shall mean from 6.00 a.m. to 10.00 p.m. 2. Night time shall mean from 10.00 p.m. to 6.00 a.m. 3. Silence zone is an area comprising not less than 100 metres around hospitals, educational institutions, courts, religious places or any other area which is declared as such by the competent authority
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Ambient Noise Monitoring Results The statistical analysis is done for measured noise level at eight locations. The parameters are analyzed for Leq (day) and Leq (night). The statistical analysis results are given in below:-
S. No. Project Site Station code Leq Value monitored, in dB(A) DAY* NIGHT* 1 Proposed site NQ1 59.3 43.8 2 Bhakri Village NQ2 50.7 40.8 3 Korpunnu village NQ3 51.2 40.2 4 Aimasaidan village NQ4 49.7 40.1 5 Parol village NQ5 48.7 39.8 6 Manwal village NQ6 48.9 39.3 7 Khojke chak village NQ7 44.8 34.7 8 Chak Sahotriyan NQ8 45.7 38.5 Discussion of Result The values of noise observed in some of the areas are primarily owing to vehicular traffic and other anthropogenic activities. Noise monitoring results reveal that the maximum & minimum noise level at day time are recorded in the range of 44.8 dB(A) at Khojke chak village to 59.3 dB(A) at Project site (core area) and 34.7 dB(A) at Khojke chak village to 43.8 dB(A) at Project site (core area) respectively in night. These values are within the Ambient Noise Standards as discussed above.
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3.7 BIOLOGICAL ENVIRONMENT Introduction The biodiversity we see today is the fruit of billions of years of evolution, shaped by natural processes. The vast array of interactions among the various components of biodiversity makes the planet habitable for all species, including humans. There is a growing recognition that, biological diversity is a global asset of tremendous value to present and future generations. At the same time, the threat to species and ecosystems has never been as great as it is today. Species extinction caused by human activities continues at an alarming rate. Protecting biodiversity is in our self-interest. The biological study was under taken by Ecology & Biodiversity Expert, as a part of the EIA study report to understand the present status of ecosystem prevailing in the study area, to compare it with past condition with the help of available data, to predict changes in the biological environment as a result of present activities and to suggested measures for maintaining its health. The state of J & K has been regarded as heaven on earth, and is also called the biomass of state of India. The biodiversity of the rich area of J & K happens to be one of the 26 hotspots in India with high endemicity. The whole Himalayan belt is one hotspot mega ventre having 8 critical areas which includes two regions from the state viz Ladakh and Kashmir. The environments, social and economic value of plants are very well known. On the other hand, the faunal component of biodiversity of the state is rich with interesting and unique forms both in the forest zone and above forest line. The variety of animal forms ranges from higher groups like vertebrates, including mammals, birds, reptiles, amphibians and lower groups like invertebrates including insects and even unicellular micro organisms. A survey was conducted to study the flora around 10 km radius. Some of the information was gathered from the local habitants. All the collected data were classified to interpret the impact of pollution on the flora and fauna of that region. Survey of the mild plants as well as cultivated crop plants was made and all the available information was recorded. The primary data collected was compared with the Secondary data collected from Forest Department, Jammu & Kashmir and Forest Division in District Kathua.
Physical Environment of the Study Area The district is surrounded by Punjab in the South-East, Himachal Pradesh in North-East, Doda and Udhampur in North and North-West, Jammu in the West and Pakistan in the South-West with an area of 2651 Sq Kms, population of 6.15 Lacs, 5 Assembly Constituencies & 5 Tehsils; Bani, Basohli, Kathua, Billawar and Hiranagar. It is also divided into 8 blocks: Bani, Barnoti, Basholi, Billawar, Duggan, Hiranagar, Kathua and Lohai Malhar & has approximately 512 villages.
Objectives and Purpose of Study: The basic objectives of the study are to evaluate the status of the flora and fauna of the core area and the buffer areas with specific reference to the rare or endangered or endemic or threatened (REET) species. The study is also designed to evaluate the adverse impacts of the proposed activity, if any and to suggest remedial / mitigation measures in accordance with the objectives as desired by the IAIA and the Ministry of Environment , Forests & Climate Change (MoEF&CC), Government of India (GoI).
Forest Cover in Kathua District The District has two Forest Divisions Viz. Kathua & Billawar and one Wildlife division viz. Jammu East Kathu Wildlife division. There are five forest types occurring in the State Viz. Subtropical Dry Evergreen, Himalayan Moist Temperate, Himalayan Dry Temperate, Subtropical Pine and Sub-alpine and alpine Forests.
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Kathua Forest Division This division has an area of 467.27 Sq. Kms. The Main tree species are Bamboo, Chir, Khair and other broad leaved species. According to survey, the Kathua Forests are rich with 178 plant species, 10 species of wild animals, 71 bird species and a large No. of speices of snakes and lizards. Division is divided into 3 territorial ranges Viz. Kathua, Samba and Jasrota. There is one Soil Conservation Range. Alongwith this division there is one Social Forestory Division and two Centrally sponsored Forestry Projects Viz. Thein DAM-I and Thein Dam-II operating in the district. Recently, Forest Protection Force has been installed in the district headed by Deputy Director, Forest Protection Force assisted by One Asstt. Director, 6 Inspectors and 70 Guards.
Billawar Forest Division This division has an area of 642.47 Sq. Kms. The Main tree species are Deodar, Chir, Oak, Kail, Khair and other broad leaved species. Division is divided into 4 territorial ranges Viz. Billawar, Bani, Basohli and Ramkote. There is One Soil Conservation Range.
Wild Life Division Kathua District has 1 Wildlife Sanctuary at Jasrota with an area of 10.04 Sq. Kms. The Sanctuary has Wild Animals like Leopard, Deer, wild boar and snakes. 13 aquatic birds are reported to occur in Ujh Baraage near Jasrota. Wild Life Sanctuary is looked after by Wildlife Warden, Kathua. Jasrota Wildlife Sanctuary lies on the Bank of River Ujh near Jasrota Village. The Sanctuary derives its name from the Historic Jasrota Fort. Earlier it was declared as Game Reserve under he provision of Old Game Act of 1942 by Late Maharaja of Jammu and Kashmir.
Survey Methodology Detailed survey was conducted to evaluate floral and faunal composition of the study area. Primary data on floral and faunal composition was recorded during site visit and secondary data was collected from the Forest department and published relevant literature.
Field study period: The ecological survey has been conducted for one season. The details are given below:
Core zone: At the project site.
Buffer zone: Around the project site in 10 km radius. Inventory of flora and fauna has been prepared on the basis of collected data. The mode of data and parameters considered during field investigations is given below:
Methodology for Terrestrial Ecology:The primary objective of survey was to describe the floral and faunal communities within the study area. The sampling plots for floral inventory were selected randomly in the suitable habitats (Anderson, 1867; Jain and Rao, 1983). The methodology adopted for faunal survey involve random survey, opportunistic observations, diurnal bird observation, active search for reptiles, faunal habitat assessment, active search for scats and foot prints, animal call, and review of previous studies. The aim was to set baselines in order to monitor and identify trends after the commissioning of the mining activity. Emphasis has been placed on presence of endemic species, threatened species if any present in the study area.
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Methodology for Inland water sampling :The samples for qualitative and quantitative analysis of planktons were collected from the sub surface layer at knee depth. Water samples were filtered through plankton net of 20μ mesh size (APHA, 1971). The filtered samples were concentrated by using the centrifuge. By using Lackey’s drops method and light microscope (Lackey, 1938), the quantitative analysis was carried out for phytoplankton and zooplankton. The standard flora and other literature were followed for the qualitative evaluation of Plankton (Welch, 1948; Vollenweider, 1969; Edmondson, 1974).
Table 3.16: Mode of data collection & parameters considered during the survey Aspect Data Mode Of Data Collection Parameters Monitored Terrestrial Primary By field survey Floral and Faunal Ecology data diversity collection Secondary From authentic sources like Floral and Faunal diversity data Forests/Wild Life department of Jammu and study of vegetation, collection Kashmir , available forest published literatures like –Biodiversity type, importance etc. and Environment Management and available publishes papers of scholars Aquatic Primary By field survey Floral and Faunal diversity Ecology data collection Secondary From authentic sources like Floral and Faunal diversity data Forests/Wild Life department of Jammu and study of vegetation, collection Kashmir , available forest published literatures like –Biodiversity type, importance etc. and Environment Management and available publishes papers of scholars.
Floral Diversity of the Study Area The climatic, edaphic and biotic variations with their complex interrelationship and composition of species, which are adapted to these variations, have resulted in different vegetation cover, characteristic of each region (Ohasi, 1975). The tree species, herbs, shrubs, climbers and major crops, were documented during this base line study
Trees: The dominant trees in the study area are Albizia lebbeck, Benth., Bauhinia variegata, Linn., Celtis tetrandra, Roxb., Salix alba, L. Total 27 species of trees belong to 27 families are enumerated from the study area.
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Table 3.17:Trees in the study area S.No. Botanical Name Family Vernacular 1 Albizia lebbeck, Benth. Mimosaceae Siris 2 Albizia chinensis, (Osbeck) Merr. Mimosaceae Sanura, Ola, 3 Acacia nilotica, L. Mimosaceae; Kikar 4 Acacia catechu, Willd. Mimosaceae Khair 5 Bauhinia variegata, Linn. Caesalpinniaceae Krael 6 Bauhinia vahlii, Wight and Arn. Caesalpiniaceae Blungad 7 Butea monosperma, (Lam.) Kuntze. Papilionaceae Palah 8 Celtis tetrandra, Roxb. Urticaceae Kharak 9 .Cordia dichotoma, Forst. Boraginaceae Lasura 10 Dendrocalamus strictus, Nees. - Poaceae Chuanthi 11 .Dalbergia sissoo, Roxb. Papilionaceae Tahli 12 Erythrina subrosa, Roxb. - Papilionaceae .Thubb 13 .Ehertia laevis, Boraginaceae Chamrod 14 Ficus hispida, Linn Moraceae Lana 15 Grewia serrulata, DC. Tiliaceae Dhamani 16 .Leucaena leucocephala, (Lam.) de Mimosaceae Laseeni Wit. 17 Moringa oleifera, Lamk. Moringaceae; Suhanjana 18 Mitragyna parviflora, Korth. Rubiaceae Sangla 19 Pistacia chinensis Anacardiaceae Kakarsinghi; 20 Pyrus pashia, Ham. - Rosaceae Kainth 21 Quercus semecarpifolia, Smith. - Fagaceae Khrew 22 Quercus dilatata, Lindl. Fagaceae Maru 23 Salix alba, L. Salicaceae Badhaa 24 Sapindus mukorossi, Gaertn Sapindaceae Ritha 25 Terminalia bellirica, Roxb Combretaceae Bahera 26 Zizyphus mauritiana, Lamk. Rhamnaceae Ber 27 .Zizyphus nummularia, W. et A., Prodr Rhamnaceae Fuadi
Shrubs: Total 14 shrub species belong to 14 families are enumerated from the study area. The shrubs observed in the study area are given in the table.
Table 3.18: Major Shurbs in Study area S.No. Botanical Name Family Vernacular Common Name 1 Achyranthus aspera Linn. Amaranth aceae Puthkanda Prickly chaff Flower 2 Barleria cristata Linn. Acanthaceae Kali Barenker Philippine violet 3 Berberis lyceum Royle Berberida ceae Kaverlli Barberry 4 Calotropis proceraR.Br. Asclepid aceae Desi akk. Sodom apple 5 Camabis sativa Linn. Cannabaceae Bhang Marijuana 6 Carrisa opaca Stapf. Apocyanaceae Garna - 7 Clematis buchananiana DC. Ranunculaceae Berkella - 8 Colebrookea appositifolia Lamiaceae Chitti Suali Duss Indian Squirrel Prepared by ENVIRTA SUSTAINABLE SOLUTIONS INDIA PVT. LTD. BIOLOGICAL ENVIRONMENT |
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Smith Tail 9 Cotoneaster microphyllous Rosaceae Rej.Brithal Littleleaf Wall ex. Lindl. cotoneaster 10 Dodonaea viscose Jacq. Santha Hopbush Sapindaceae 11 Flacourtia indica Merr. Salicaceae Kakkoya Indian Plum 12 Lantana camara Var.aculeate Verbenaceae Panjfulli Jarri Spanish Flag Mold. 13 Prinsepia utilis Royale. Rosaceae Bhikal Bekkra Himalayan Cherry 14 Wooffordia fruticosa Lythraceae Dhai Fire flame bush Linn.)Kurz Source: http://www.openaccessscience.com Table 3.19: Medicinal Plants in the Study Area S.No Botanical Name Local Famili Plant Medicinal Uses Name es Part 1 Acacia catechu Khair Mimosa Stem Source of kattha, which is (Linn.) Wild. ceae astringent, digestive and useful in ailments of throat, mouth, gums, cough and diarrhoea. 2 Acacia nilotica Kikar Mimosa Pods, 1. Pods are effective in (Linn.) Del. ceae bark, urinogenital disorders. flowers, 2. Gum is used along with gum, Calotropis procera latex to cure leaves asthma, stop bleeding and and roots. urinary & vaginal discharges. 3. It is also useful in diabetes, cure skin diseases and bleeding piles. 4. Flowers are used as tonic in diarrhoea and dysentery. 3 Achyranthes aspera Parkand Amara Leaves 1. The roasted seed powder Linn. a nthacea and Seeds mixed with honey is given e during cough & throat irritations. 2. Leaf juice is given to cure diarrhea. 4 Adhatoda vasica Brenkar Acanth Flower Flower ash with honey is given Nees. aceae and to cure whooping cough. Leaves 5 Aegle marmelos Corr. Bel, Bill Rutace Leaf, Fruit 1. The unripe or half-ripe fruits ae and Root. improve appetite and digestion. 2. The antibiotic activity of the leaf, fruit and root has been confirmed. 3. The tribal take an infusion of
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root bark in fever. 6 Asparagus racemosus Sanspod Liliacea Roots The fresh juice of roots along Wild. e with equal amount of Til oil is applied on the head to remove pain and improvement of milk in lactating mothers. 7 Bauhinia variegata Kaembl Berberi Root bark, 1. Root bark, roots and lower Linn. u daceae Roots and stems are boiled in water, Lower strained and evaporated till a stems semi-solid mass is obtained; this is called Rasaut, soluble in water. 2. Rasaut mixed with butter and alum is applied externally on eye lids to cure ophthalmia and other eye diseases. 8. Bombax ceiba Linn. Simbal Bomba Root, 1.Roots are used in the caceae Bark and treatment of diarrhoea. Young 2.Bark is mucilaginous, which is fruits used for healing wounds and to stop bleeding. 3.Young fruits are useful in ulceration of bladder and kidney. 9 Butea monosperma Pala, Fabace Gum, 1. The gum is valuable for (Lamak.) Tubert. Palash ae Seeds and treatment of diarrhoea. root bark 2. Seeds are useful against ringworms, roundworms and tapeworms. 10 Cannabis sativa Linn. Bhang Cannab Leaves 1.The main use of hemp is for inaceae easing pain and inducing sleep. 2.The tincture helps parturition and all painful urinary infections. 11 Cedrus deodara Loud. Deodar Pinacea Stem Decoction of the wood is used in e the treatment of urinary disorder, piles, kidney stones and diabetes. 12 Cordia dichotoma G. Lusade Boragin Fruits The fruits are used against Forst aceae cholera, dropsy and dysentery 13 Curcuma aromatica Ban Zingibe Rhizome The rhizome powder is very Salisb. haldi raceae effective to stop bleeding from the wounds. 14 Dalbergia sissoo Talli Fabace Leaves The fresh juice of leaves mixed Roxb. Ex DC. ae with honey dropped into the eyes for the improvement of eyesight
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15 Datura metel Linn. Datura Solanac Leaf, The juice of the fruits is useful eae twigs and to check dandruff and falling of fruits the hair. 16 Emblica officinalis Amla Euphor Fruit The fruits are very effective Gaertn. biaceae against jaundice. Dried fruits are good blood purifier. It is also used in vomiting and habitual constipation 17 Ficus benghalensis Bado Morace Latex Its latex is used to expel out the Linn. ae thorns which are broken down inside the body. Lantana camara Panjfulli Verben Leaves The leaves are used as an Linn. jadi aceae antiseptic for wounds and externally for scabies. 18 Mallotus Kamla Euphor Powder of The powder of the fruits is philippinensis Muell.- biaceae the seeds highly beneficial for expelling Arg out intestinal worms. 19 Mimosa pudica Linn. Chui- Fabace Leaves Paste of leaves arrests bleeding mui ae and fasten the wound healing process. 20 Oroxylum indicum Tantu Begnon Stem 1.Leaf decoction is given in (Linn.) Vent. iaceae bark, Leaf stomachache. and Fruit 2.Mature fruits are used in treating cough, piles and cardiac disorders 21 Pinus roxburghii Sar. Chir Pinacea Resin The oleo-resin is useful dressing e for ulcers. 22 Punica granatum L. Daduni Punicac Bark, 1. The fruit is very useful eae Roots, against the cough and jaundice. Seeds and 2. Leaves, seeds, roots and bark Leaves are effective in anthelmintic activity. 23 Terminalia chebula Harad Combre Fruit 1. The powder of the fruit is Roxb. taceae used as dentifrice for the strength of gums. 2.The fruit is very effective against cough. 24 Terminalia bellirica Bahera Combre Fruits 1. The fruits are useful in Roxb. taceae digestion and diarrhoea. 2. It is also useful in piles and leprosy,dropsy and fever. 25 Toona hexandra Tooni Meliace Leaves Leaves are tonic, useful in (Wall Ex. Roxb.) ae chronic dysentery. 26 Vitex negundo Linn. Bana Verben Flowers 1.The extract of the leaves is aceae and used to expel out worms in Leaves children. Prepared by ENVIRTA SUSTAINABLE SOLUTIONS INDIA PVT. LTD. BIOLOGICAL ENVIRONMENT |
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2.Fresh flowers extract cures diarrhoea 27 Woodfordia fruticosa Dhai Lythrac Flowers 1.The flowers are useful against Kurz eae and burning sensation, skin Leaves diseases, diarrhoea, fever, headache, ulcers and wounds. 2.The leaves juice is effective against gall bladder problems. 28 Zanthoxylum alatum Tirmiru Rutace Stem The bark is used against Roxb. ae toothache and stomachache.
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Agriculture/Crop Pattern: Agriculture land use includes two distant concepts: first is the functional use of land to meet human needs (e.g. agricultural, recreational, and residential) and second is the form of ground cover (e.g. crops, trees, houses). Agriculture regions may be categorized on the basis of land use. District Kathua is also having three crop in combination with rice, wheat and barley as major crops. This part of Jammu division for a part of great plains of India and have good climatic condition, irrigation facilities accompanied by rich alluvial soil. Agriculturally this is rich belt of the province. Jammu districts ranks first in production of wheat i.e. 48.67% area followed by rice, maize, bajara and pulses which occupies area of 28.87%, 9.9% , 5.91% and4.06% of total cropped area of the district respectively .In Udampur district maize is first ranking crop followed by wheat with 47.37% and 33.26% of the total area in hectare respectively .In districts of Rajouri, Poonch and Doda wheat is the first ranking crop with total of 46.41%,54.92% and 61.81% area under production of maize crop respectively. The reason being climatic conditions and irregular terrain. While district Kathua rank first in production of wheat followed by rice i.e. 41.96% and 30.30% of area. Reason of rice cultivation being sub tropical type of climatic conditions anp plain topography Kathua district is classified into three agro-climatic zones namely: Sub-Tropical (Up to 800m) which includes Plain areas with water logging conditions, Intermediate lower (800 to 1500m) which include Sloppy lands with problem of soil erosion and Intermediate higher (Above 1500 m) which include High hills with gully erosion.
Table 3.20: Variety of Crops Recommend for 'Kathua' District CROP NAME Paddy (Dhan) Gobhi Sarson Wheat (Gehon) Oat Maize (Makka) Sudan Grass Pearl Millet (Bajra/Bulrush Millet/Spiked Millet) Onion Sorghum (Jowar/Great Millet) Cabbage Black Gram (Urd Bean) Cauliflower Bengal Gram (Gram/Chick Pea/Kabuli/Chana) Knol-Khol Green Gram (Moong Bean/ Moong) Bitter Gourd Lentil (Masur) Bottle Gourd Peas (Field Peas/ Garden Peas/Matar) Cucumber Groundnut (Pea Nut/Mung Phalli) Indian Squash (Tinda/Round Melon) Indian Rapeseed And Mustard (Yellow Sarson) Brinjal Raya (Indian Mustard) Chillies Sesame (Gingelly/Til) Bhendi Sunflower (Suryamukhi) Tomato Berseem (Egyptian Clover) Fenugreek Rajmash Bean Spinach Pea (Vegetable) Radish Coriander Turnip (Saljam) (Source: http://www.gdckathua.com/pdffolder/currentjournal/AgricultrelandusSingh.pdf)
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Table 3.21: Sacred plants of District Kathua Botanical Name English Hindi Vernacular Family
Ficus religiosa, L.; Peepal Tree Pipal; Bar-Brahma; Moraceae;
Mangifera indica, Linn.; Mango Aam Amb Anacardiaceae.
Butea monosperma, Kuntz.; Dhak Plash Plah Papilionaceae;
Ocimum sanctum, L.; Holy Basil Tulsi Tulsi Lamiaceae
Musa paradisiaca, Linn.; Banana Kela Kela Musaceae
Aegle marmelos, Corr.; Bengal Quince Bel Bil-patri; Rutaceae
Calotropis procera, R. Br.; Swallow wart Safed ak Ak-datura Asclepiadaceae
Cyanodon dactylon, (L.) Pers.; Bermuda grass Dub Khabbal Poaceae
Sesamum indicum, Linn. Sesame Til Sanskrit Vila, Pedaliceae
Hordeum vulgare, Linn.; Barley Sanskrit Jau Poaceae Yava
Dendrocalamus strictus, Nees. Bamboo Baans Chuanthi Poaceae
-- Vitex negundo, L.; -- Bana Verbenaceae
Datura stramonium, Linn.; Thorn Apple Dhatura Datura Solanaceae
Saccharum officinarum, Linn.; Sugarcane Ganna rusala Poaceae
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C.B. Clarke;
Pyrus pashia, Ham.; Elephant apple -- Kainth Rosaceae
Punica granatum, Linn.; Pomegranate Anar- Daduni Punicaceae dana
Faunal Biodiversity of Study Area The fauna of Jammu and Kashmir is diverse due to its unique location and climatic condition. About 16% of the Indian mammals, birds, reptiles, amphibians and butterflies are presented in the state. Birds contribute much to the chordate diversity following by mammals, reptiles, fishes and amphibians. The state is home to about 75 species of mammals, besides several sub-species, belonging to 54 genera, 21 families and 8 orders. Carnivores represent 32% of the total mammalian fauna in the state. Of the 19 species of the ungulates reported from the state, 13 have been listed as globally threatened. The avian diversity of the state varies seasonally and available data suggests the existence of as many as 358 species of birds belonging to 179 genera, 51 families under 16 orders. The state is home to 14 species of amphibians belonging to 6 genera, 5 families and 1 order, and 68 species of reptiles belonging to 43 genera, 12 families and 2 orders. The available data suggests that 44 species of fishes belonging to 14 genera under 5 families occur in the state. The available data also reveals that as many as 225 species of insects, besides several sub-species, belonging to 136 genera, 35 families and 4 orders occur in the state
Birds: Some of them even breed in the state.
Table 3.24: List of Birds species S.No Family Scientific Name Resident/Migrant Status 1 Podicipedidae Little Grebe Rst 2 Ardeidae Indian Pond Heron Rst 3 Accipitridae Pariah Kite Rst Black winged Kite Rst Indian Shikra Rst Indian White Backed Vulture Rst Himalayan Griffon Vulture Rst 4 Charadriidae Red wattled lapwing Rst Black Winged Stilt Rst 5 Scolopacidae Common Sandpiper WM 6 Galliformes Grey Partridge Rst Jungle Bush Quail Rst Indian Peafowl Rst 7 Columbiforms Little Brown Dove Rst Red Turtle Dove Rst 8 Psittaciformes Large Indian Parakeet Rst
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Rose Ringed Prakeet Rst 9 Strigidae Great Horned Owl Rst 10 Coraciidae Blue Jay Rst 11 Alcedinidae Small Blue Kingfisher Rst Pied Kingfisher Rst 12 Meropidae Indian small green beer eater Rst 13 Capitonidae Large Green Barbet Rst Blue throated Barbet Rst 14 Picidae Lesser Golden Backed Woodpecker Rst 15 Lanidae Rufous-backed shrike Rst 16 Oriolidae Indian Golden Oriole SM 17 Dicruridae Black Drongo Rst 18 Strurnidae Bank Myna Rst Indian Myna Rst Starling WM 19 Corvidae House Crow Rst Himalayan Jungle Crow Rst,AM Western spotter forktail Rst Blue Throat WM 20 Motacillidae India White Wagtail WM Indian Pied Wagtail WM 21 Zosteropidae Indian White Eye Rst 22 Passeridae Indian House Sparrow Rst Himalayan Cinnamon Tree Sparrow Rst 23 Fringillidae Himalayan Rock Bunting Rst,AM 24 Alaudidae Crested Lark Rst 25 Certhidae Himalayan Tree Creeper Rst,AM 26 Bucerotidae Common Grey Hornbill Rst 27 Phasianidae Pavo cristatus Rst Source: Biodiversity and environment Management
Buterflies : Butterflies oberserved in the study area during study period. List of Buterflies are given Below: Table 3.25: List of Buterflies in the Study Area Scientific Name Family Common Name Anaphaeis aurota Fabricius The Pioneer White or African Caper White butterfly Aporia leucodice Eversmann The Himalayan Blackvein butterfly. Catopsilia pomana Fabricius Lemon Emigrant butterfly Ceporia nerissa Fabricius The Common Gull butterfly Colias electo fieldi Ménétriés The Dark Clouded yellow butterfly Colias phiolodice Godart The Common or Clouded Sulphur butterfly Eurema hecabe Linnaeus The Large Grass Yellow or Common Grass Yellow butterfly Pontia daplidice Linnaeus The Bath White butterfly Gonepteryx ramni Linnaeus The Common Brimstone butterfly
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Ixias Marianne Cramer The White orange tip butterfly Ixias pyrene Linnaeus The Yellow Orange Tip butterfly. Pieris brassicae Linnaeus The Large Cabbage White butterfly Pieris canidia Sparrman The Indian Cabbage White butterfly
African Caper White butterfly Lemon Emigrant butterfly Common Grass Yellow butterfly
The Bath White butterfly The Common Brimstone butterfly The White orange tip butterfly
Source: http://www.ijims.com/uploads/f57d6782f9f1d6ba5ca84.pdf
Table 3.26: Fauna Found in Study Area S.No Name Global IUCN Status Indian Wildlife protection Act 1 Rhesus Monkey LR-lc II 2 Asiatic Jackal LR-lc II 3 Indian Fox LR-nt II 5 Small Indian Civet LR-nt II 6 Common Grey Mongoose LR-lc IV 7 Spotted Deer LR-lc III 8 Barking Deer LR-lc III 9 Wild Boar LR-lc III 10 Rufous-Tailed Hare LR-lc IV 11 Grey Musk Shrew LR-lc V 12 Five Stripped Squirrel LR-lc IV 13 Indian Crested Porcupine LR-lc IV 14 House Mouse LR-lc V 15 House Rat LR-lc V 16 Indian Mole Rat LR-lc V LR-lc: Lower Risk-least concern LR-nt: Lower risk-near threatened VU: Vulnerable (Note:Conservation status of mammals according to IUCN categorization and Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972 amended up to 2002.)
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Least Concern S.No Species Name Common Name 1 Arctogalidia trivirgata Small-toother palm civit 2 Axix axis Chital,cheetal,Chital stag,Spotted deer, Axis deer 3 Caracal caracal Caracal, Persian Cat 4 Crocidura fuliginosa Southeast Asian Shrew 5 Delphinus delphis Saddke-backed dolphin 6 Lagenodelphis hosei Fraser’s dolphin 7 Lepus migricollis Indian Here,Blck Naped Hare 8 Lepus oiostolus Woolly Hare 9 Ochotona curzoniae Plateau pika, Black-lipped Pika 10 Ochotona mactrotis Large-eared pika 11 Ochotona thibetana Moupin Pika,Tibetan Hamster 12 Paguma larvata Gem-faced civet,Masked Palm civet, Himalayan Paln Civet 13 Paradoxurus Common palm civet,Toddy cat hermaphroditus 14 Paradoxurus jerdoni Brown palm civet
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CHAPTER 4 IMPACTS AND MITIGATION MEASURES 4.0 INTRODUCTION Human activity affects environment. Environmental parameters (such as Ambient Air Quality, Water quality, Soil, Noise level, Flora and Fauna and Socio-economic status) get affected. It has direct relation with health and hygiene of people. Impact on environment may be adverse or beneficial depends on activities it brings on environment changes in physical, chemical and biological status of air, water, land including biota and in socio-cultural life styles. Regular monitoring is required to know current status of environmental parameters. Mitigation measures are required and suggested once values are exceeding the stipulated limit. The potential impacts are identified in the activities and impact on environmental parameters is noted and mitigation measures are explored and implemented. On the basis of the impact analysis, the mitigating action and future monitoring requirement are focused in the Environmental Management Plan for counting or minimizing adverse impacts. The following parameters are of significance in the Environmental Impact Assessment study for the proposed project and are being discussed in this section. • Land Environment • Water Environment • Air Environment • Noise Environment • Biological Environment • Socio-Economic Environment 4.1 LAND ENVIRONMENT On the River bed, the river mining does not carry any overburden/ waste. Waste generated from the one block will be used to refill the previous. There is no waste left to manage at the end of mining activity. Further, there is un-mined area left between the two blocks to avoid runoff and soil erosion of main land into the block, which is strengthen by development of plantation / green area between the two blocks. It is assumed that land will be reclaimed its original land-use after landfill.
Table 4.1: Proposed Impact and Mitigation Measures Impact Prediction Mitigation Measures Obstruction in river flow / Mining of minerals will be started from dip side towards rise course. at the centre and also laterally in 1.0m slice.
Erosion of channel bed and Unwanted material or spillage (if any) will not be stacked by banks. the side of the excavation voids created. Excavation will be carried out in a manner so that water flow / course will not be obstructed. Increase in channel slope. Mining is to be done leaving safety barrier or offset on both Change in channel morphology. sides and maximum barrier should be on concave side of river preferably the flow channel (excavation void created) should be kept straight so as to help avoid erosion as side cutting or collapsing.
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Impact on stream’s physical characteristics, such as channel • The mine working will remain confined to river bed only geometry, bed elevation in and in no case mining will disturb any surface area outside stream roughness of the bed, the river bed which may affect topography or drainage. flow velocity, discharge • The mining from river bed will not have impact on natural capacity, sediment drainage of surrounding areas as the excavated river bed transportation capacity material from river bed is filled with first heavy flow in river etc.Impact on ecological during monsoon season. Mining activities will be stopped equilibrium of river-ine regime. during monsoon. Further mining activities for the second block will be started after completion of the first block as per schedule of the mining plan. • First block will be reclaimed and back filled as per standards of mine refilling.
4.2 WATER ENVIRONMENT Impact Prediction Mitigation Measures Flow pattern might be changed due to river bed mining. • No diversion is proposed. There will not be any adverse impact Mining activities depth will be on flow pattern, surface hydrology and ground water regime. increased, which may result in • Mining activities will be restricted to 3.0m depth, which will not increase of flow velocity. cause much change in flow pattern of the river. • An offset of 20m will be left from both sides of river, which will minimize the chances of bank failure. Change in surface water quality and ground water quality. • There will be no change in surface water quality as river is seasonal. • Ground water quality will not be affected due to mining activities as it is restricted to 3.0m depth and the water level is 6-30 m bgl below the surface of river bed. • A safety zone of 45m around the wells will be created and itwill be left un-mined. • The mining will not be allowed below the water table. • Regular monitoring of water samples will be done as precautionary measures. Impact on ground water Mining will be done as per approved Mine Plan and applicable recharge potential as the Rules & Regulation, so that there is no damage on ground water thickness of the natural filter recharge potential due to river bed mining. materials (sediments) is reduce causing less infiltration. Waste water discharge. Portable Bio-tiolets will be used; hence no sewage / liquid effluent will be generated and contamination is also not expected due to percolation.
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4.3 AIR ENVIRONMENT Mining activities at the proposed site will have adverse impact on Ambient Air Quality. Movement of trucks & dumpers and mining machines, piling, loading and unloading of materials, operation of DG sets are the potential parameters responsible for Air Pollution. Base line value represents Air Quality of the area when there are no project activities. Impact of project activities on Ambient Air Quality are predicted with emission factor of particulate matter and meteorology as input of the model through the Air Quality Dispersion Model discussed in the next section.
Air Quality Impact Prediction (AQIP) The major sources of air pollution from the mine are dust generation due to loading & transportation of mineral and wind erosion of exposed material. In this present study, United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA – 42 series) approved mathematical equations, have been used to predict emission rates for different operations in mining including the mineral transportation. Air dispersion model is the mathematical simulation of air pollutants disperse in atmosphere.
Mathematical model used in modeling for River Bed Mining The ISCST3 short-term dispersion model The Industrial Source Complex (ISC) Short Term model provides options to model emissions from a wide range of sources that might be present at a typical industrial source complex. The basis of the model is the straight-line, steady-state Gaussian plume equation, which is used with some modifications to model simple point source emissions from stacks, emissions from stacks that experience the effects of aerodynamic downwash due to nearby buildings, isolated vents, multiple vents, storage piles, conveyor belts, and the like. Emission sources are categorized into four basic types of sources, i.e., point sources, volume sources, area sources, and open pit sources. The volume source option and the area source option may also be used to simulate line sources. At the present scenario, area source model are used to predict Ground Level Concentration of GLC during piling, loading and unloading. The impact of mining activities on the haul road is also worked out and presented in the report. Haul road is divided into small area sources and predicted GLC is given in the report. The ISC Short Term model accepts hourly meteorological data records to define the conditions for plume rise, transport, diffusion, and deposition. The model estimates the concentration or deposition value for each source and receptor combination for each hour of input meteorology, and calculates user-selected short-term averages. Point source emissions The ISCT3 Short Term model uses a steady-state Gaussian plume equation to predict GLC of pollutants released into the atmosphere due to mining activities on the Ambient, such as stacks and isolated vents. DG sets used at the site for power backup in case of power failure which is a source of Air Pollution due to burning of fuel. This section describes the Gaussian area source model, including the basic Gaussian equation, and the formulas used for determining dispersion parameters. Details of Emissions The sources of pollutants were identified. Mineral excavation was identified as area source emission, loading and unloading of minerals as point source and transportation routes were identified as line source. Pollutants / Model Options Considered for Computations The model simulations deal with major Pollution Particulate Matter (PM2.5,PM10) and Gaseous emissions viz. SO2 & NO2.
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Meteorological Data Data recorded by continuous weather monitoring station on wind speed, direction, and temperature at one hour interval for the monitoring period was used as meteorological input to the dispersion model. The data obtained was verified and established from the other authenticated sources like IMD/other Govt. organization. Data for stability classes and mixing height were taken from the secondary sources for this period and used in this model. Presentation of result In the present case model simulations have been carried using the hourly triple joint frequency data. Short – term simulations were carried to estimate concentration at the receptors to obtain an optimum description of variations in concentrations over the site in 10-km radius covering 16 directions. The incremental concentration is estimated for the monitoring period. For each time scale, i.e. for 24 hr. the model computes the highest concentration observed during the period over all the measurement points. Dust emission rate from the applied mining area, based on the following empirical formula. a) Dust emission due to excavation: Annual Production [0.75{18.6(s)1.5 / (M)1.4} Dust emission (kg/hr) = ------Wd x Wh x 1000×3(controlled emission) DE = Dust emission in kg/hr. Pa = Annual Production Wd = No. of days of operation in a year Wh = Effective working hrs. in a day s = Silt Content(11.83%) M = Moisture Content(15%) Dust Emission X 1000 Emission Factor = ------(g/s/m2) 3600 × 10000 = 0.0000318 (g/s/m2) Mine Dimensions The mine dimensions are as follows: Applied lease Area = 36.0 hectare Meteorological Data On site hourly meteorological data for summer months (Mar 2015 to May 2015) in respect of wind speed, wind direction, temperature and cloud amount are utilized in this study. The data was put in model format. The mixing heights have been extracted from CPCB publications. Modeling Procedure Methodology: Prediction of Ground Level Concentrations (GLCs) due to mining have been made by Industrial Source Complex, Short Term (ISCST3) as per CPCB guidelines. ISCST3 is US-EPA approved model to predict the Ground Level Concentration of pollutants. The model uses rural dispersion and regulatory defaults options as per guidelines on air quality models (PROBES/70/1997-1998). The model assumes receptors on undulating and hilly terrain areas. This model is capable of handling area, and volume sources simultaneously.
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Wind Speed Profile The wind power law is used to adjust the observed wind speed, uref, from a reference measurement height, zref, to the stack or release height, hs. Us is the wind speed at the stack height using power law p equation(v2 = v1(z2/z1) ) where p is the wind profile exponent. The value of p depends upon atmospheric stability. Values of p may be provided by the user as a function of stability category and wind speed class. ISCST3 model is based on Gaussian plume equation is used to predict Max. Ground Level Concentration of pollutants and impact on socio-economic environment. Ground Level Concentration (χ), from a point source at any receptor under unlimited mixing is given by (USEPA ISCST3, 1987). Qg1g2 χ = where, (2 πσyσzu) 2 2 g1 = exp(-y /2σy ) g2 = exp[-(z-H)2/2σz2] + exp[-(z+H)2/2σz2] In unstable or neutral conditions if σz > 1.6 L (limited mixing) the distribution below the mixing height is uniform with height provided that both the effective height H, and the receptor height z are below the mixing height Qg1 χ = In unstable case(σyLu or 2π neutral ) conditions when σz < 1.6 L Qg1 χ = Where, (2 πσyσzu) Q = source strength Z = receptor height above the ground u = wind speed L = mixing height and σy &σz = dispersion parameters g3 = Σexp[-(z-H+2NL)2/2σz2] + exp[-(z+H+2NL)2/2σz2] Evaluation with N the number of reflections, varying from –4 to +4 is usually sufficient Stability Classification Hourly stability is determined by wind direction fluctuation method as suggested by Slade (1965)and recommended by CPCB (PROBES/70/1997-1998). σθ = Wdr/6 σθ, is standard deviation of wind direction fluctuation, Wdr is the overall wind direction fluctuation or width of the wind direction in degrees. The table for stability classes is given as under.
Table 4.3: Atmospheric Stability Classes and Deflections Stability Class σθ(degree) A > 22.5 B 22.4 – 17.5 C 17.4 – 12.5 D 12.4 – 7.5 E 7.4 – 3.5 F < 3.5
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Dispersion Parameters Dispersion parameters σy and σz for open country conditions (Briggs, 1974) are used as the project is locatedon a flat terrain in a rural area. Atmospheric dispersion coefficients vary with downwind distance (x) from emission sources for different atmospheric stability conditions. (CPCB – PROBES/70/1997-98).
Rural Conditions Stability Class σy σz A 0.22x(1+0.0001x)-.5 0.20x B 0.16x(1+0.0001x)-.5 0.12x C 0.11x(1+0.0001x)-.5 0.08x(1+0.0002x).5 D 0.08x(1+0.0001x)-.5 0.06(1+0.0015x).5 E 0.06x(1+0.0001x)-.5 0.03x(1+0.0003x)-1 F 0.04x(1+0.0001x)-.5 0.16x(1+0.0003x)-1
Ambient Air Quality Standards Ambient air quality standards promulgated by Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) for all type of land uses for the relevant air quality parameters are as follows:
Concentration (µg/m3)
PM10 PM2.5 SO2 NOx 100 60 80 80
Table 4.4: Total expected ground level concentrations 3 Location Ground Level Concentrations of PM10 in µg/m Background Predicted Total CPCB Standard (Max.) Expected AQ1 60.56 20.3 80.86 100 AQ2 60.84 16.8 77.64 100 AQ3 60.55 13.6 74.15 100 AQ4 60.34 9.3 69.64 100 AQ5 60.54 3.2 63.74 100 AQ6 61.45 1.9 63.35 100 AQ7 60.32 1.6 61.92 100 AQ8 61.32 0.9 62.22 100 It is seen from the above table, the GLC’s obtained at various locations for the study period are well within the CPCB standards (dated 18th November, 2009). From the above it could be clearly seen that due effective implementation of various control measures as discussed in the proposed mine plan, there will not be any significant impact on the ambient air quality in the region.
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Figure: Isopleths showing predicted incremental GLC’s
Results and Conclusions The ground level concentrations are computed for 24-hr average. The maximum ground level concentrations of PM10, PM2.5, NOx and CO from the different mining activities for study period The incremental GLC was superimposed on the baseline to find the cumulative value of GLC at the various locations. The max. total GLC was 72.92 µg/m3 (baseline – 58.23 µg/m3 and incremental – 14.69µg/m3) which is well within the stipulated limit of CPCB 100 µg/m3 as shown in the above table.
Mitigation Measures • Water sprinkling will be done on the haul roads twice in a day. • The dust generated during the process will be minimized by water spray at the working faces before and after the activity. • Plantation will be carried out on approach roads. • Planning transportation routes of mined material so as to reach the nearest paved roads by shortest route. (minimize transportation over unpaved road); • Dust mask provided to the workers engaged at dust generation points like excavations loading and unloading points. • Speed limit will be enforced to reduce airborne fugitive dust from vehicular traffic. • Deploying PUC certified vehicles to reduce their noise emission. • Haul road shall be covered with gravels • Spillage from the trucks will be prevented by covering tarpaulin over the trucks.
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4.4 NOISE ENVIRONMENT Noise is among the major source of pollution generated due to mining activities, movement of instruments, trucks dumpers and DG sets. The potential impact of noise pollution and mitigation measures are discussed below:
Table 4.4: Impact & Mitigation Measures Impact Prediction Mitigation Measures • Noise Impact due to mining • The noise levels from all these sources are periodical and activities. restricted to particular operation. • Noise impact due to • The noise measurement data indicated that present noise vehicular movement. levels in the study area is within the permissible limits of • Auditory impact National Ambient Noise Quality Standards. • Periodical monitoring of noise will be done. • No other equipments accept the transportation vehicles and excavator for loading will be allowed. • Noise generated be these equipments will be intermittent and does not cause much adverse impact. • Proper maintenance of all equipments / machines will be carried out which help in reducing noise during operations. • Plantation will be taken up along the approach roads and vicinity of river bank. The plantation minimizes propagation of noise and also arrests dust. • Ear muffs will be provided while working on mining equipments. • Regular health check-ups will be conducted for hearing loss and for any such health implications
4.5 BIOLOGICAL ENVIRONMENT The proposed project will do mining activities. It requires infrastructure, temporary road and drainage to conduct mining in the proposed area. These developments will affect socio-economic environment of the area and have potential impact on environment. The potential impact and mitigation measures are discussed below:
Table 4.5: Potential Impact and Management in Biological Environment Issues Potential Primary Impact Management Temporary • Do not cut trees that are larger in diameter • road Short-term disturbance in than local regulations permit, or in the habitats of wildlife absence of regulations, greater than 90 cm. populations from noise • Minimize clearing of vegetation. Leave in (impacts usually local and place smaller vegetation, topsoil, root stock, short-term) seeds and endangered or protected species and species used by local communities for commercial or subsistence use.
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Infrastructure • ‘’Minimize the footprint’’, use existing • Erosion and changes in infrastructure to the extent possible to avoid surface hydrology. or reduce clearing. • Vegetation cleared, • In clearing vegetation, use hand-cutting disturbing local habitats. techniques to the extent possible, thereby avoiding the use of heavy machinery. Drainage • Take topography, natural drainage and site • Erosion and changes in runoff patterns into account. Ensure adequate surface hydrology, causing drainage away from streams, river and other short and possible long term waterways. changes in local habitats. Erosion • Take topography, natural drainage and also • Impedes ability of habitats to (topsoil loss) site runoff patterns into accounts. revegetate, causing possible • Ensure adequate drainage. long term damage to affected • Stabilize all slopes, revegetating with native area. species to reduce/avoid erosion. • Siltation of waterways, with • Break-up compacted surfaces and replace negative impacts on topsoil, brash, seed source, leaf litter, etc. surrounding environments. Traffic • Keep traffic to the absolute minimum • Short-term disturbance of requirements. habitats from traffic; short- • Impose and enforce speed limits and provide term disturbance of wildlife driving guidelines for vehicle operators. populations from noise. • Treat (water) road surfaces to manage dust. • Compaction of soils and • Allow only authorized employee access to changes in surface site(s) transportation. hydrology. • Killing of local wildlife. Detailed report of Biological study is discussed in Chapter 3of EIA report.
4.6 SOCIO-ECONOMIC ENVIRONMENT River bed material mining activity has impact on socio-economic environment. It has impact on habitation, employment generation, health and culture. Economy of the area is widely affected as project will provide employment opportunity in various activities. River bed material is used locally for the infrastructure development which has long term effect to generate other developments.
Table 4.6: Potential Impact and Management in Socio-economic Environment Aspects Impacts Mitigation Measures Habitation • The nearest habitation is beyond 4.9 • No loss of habitation. km. • All necessary measures are being taken, so that there is no disturbance to the normal life of persons.
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Employment • Local people will be employed. • Direct employment to 14 Generation • Training will be provided to non persons. workers and unskilled workers. • Improved income • Awareness program to motivate people expenditure. for savings and investment. • Improved micro investments – savings patterns. Health • Regular health camps will be organized • No health related problems Implications for the local people. were reported during the • Adequate number of medical facilities primary survey. are situated in the area the nearest • No significant health being Sub District Hospital-About 4.9 implications to the workers km(approx.) in NE Direction. due to mining activities. Health impacts – • Expectations in fair pay, employee care, • on mental, The proposed project will social responsibility commitments etc. physical, and not adversely impact the will be timely met. Grievance redressal mental, physical and social social well mechanism is made to handle being. well being. It will improve complaints from the study area. the well being of the people and the area. Loss / gain of • Immigration in search of employment • self esteem A rise in the self esteem will be controlled. due to increase rate of economic growth in the region. Higher degree of self satisfaction and contentment. Loss/ gain of • The proposed project will promote • culture and Proposed project will be neither selective, nor relative, but religion interaction of people with universal respect through contribution various culture and region in various festivities, equal observance during mining activities. and protection among employees and societies at large in all CSR activities. CSR Benefits The proposed • The mine will give boost to local • project is a river The mine will promote population. Monetary gains, education, girl child education, bed material health, sanitation, water conservation, mine will women empowerment, plantation and improvement in general provide scholarship to environment will lead to positive encourage the student infrastructural & growth. other facilities. and give donation to built toilet for sanitation, General health camps for nearby villagers. • Vocational training to
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persons for income generation. Awareness program for villagers & Assistance to self help groups
EMP improves Environmental Quality
The proposed • Separate funds allocation of 4.0 lakh • project will Pollution monitoring – Air, annual and recurring cost of 1.1 lakh improve Water, Noise, will improve Environmental Quality. Environmental • Pollution monitoring – Quality of the Water sprinkling area. • Wire fencing at plantation sites • Plantation including maintenance • Haul road and other roads repair and maintenance • Pre-monsoon and post monsoon survey for sedimentation in the river bed Detailed report of Socio-Economic is discussed in chapter 7 of the Report.
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CHAPTER 5 ANALYSIS OF ALTERNATIVES (SITE & TECHNOLOGY) 5.0 INTRODUCTION Demand of river bed material has increased in infrastructure sector like with the rapid pace of development, the gap between demand & supply of river bed material as a main component of construction material must be minimized to control the pricing mechanism and to support the development in infrastructure. The price correction in the river bed material rates will definitely provide growth impetus to our citizens and as well as to our economy (both directly and indirectly), if it is available legally. Therefore, utilization of minerals through scientific mining methodologies (sustainable mining) at the stretch of Ujh river bed at the village Pandori , Tehsil and District Kathua in the state of Jammu & Kashmir will support growth in nearby areas and J & K State at large.
5.1 SITE The propose site for mine lease was allotted to Shri Dhyan Singh by the Dept. of mines and Geology, Govt. of Jammu & Kashmir at the village Pandori Minor Mineral (36 ha) in the District Kathuna, Jammu & Kashmir. This is site specific project. Alternate site is not possible as proposed site was allotted by the Dept. of Mines & Geology, Govt. of Jammu & Kashmir to the said allottee Shri Dhyan Singh on the basis of highest royalty for Minor Mineral Mine (36 ha) to the State Govt. The site details are discussed in Chapter 3 of EIA report and other appropriate sections.
5.2 TECHNOLOGY The proposed technology was approved by the Director General, Mines and Geology, Govt. of Jammu & Kashmir. Technology will not change during mining activities. This project is proposed for the excavation of sand from the bed of river Ujh. It is an opencast semi mechanized mining project to excavate river bed material in its existing form for direct usage as a construction material. River bed material excavation will be carried out in River bed up to a depth of 3.0 m or 1.0 m above the ground water table or whichever is less by using light weight excavators. Year wise proposed production details as per approved Mining Plan are given below:-
S. No. Block Name Area (Ha.) Pandori River Bed Block 36.0 Ha. Total area of Block 36.0 Ha
Table 5.1 – Yearly Production Capacity Year ROM (Tones) Saleable (Tones) I 633234.2 591018.75 II 633234.2 591018.75 III 633234.2 591018.75 IV 633234.2 591018.75 V 633234.2 591018.75 Total 3166171 2955093.75 Source: Approved Mining Plan
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5.2.1 MINING METHODOLOGY As per Jammu & Kashmir Minor Mineral Concession Rule - 1962 (State Rules) and amendments extraction of river bed material in bench mode will be limited to 3.0 m depth, width will be approx. 20 m and bench will advance parallel to the bank of the river. Extraction activities will start in the blocks from the upstream to downstream side. This will not obstruct the movement of water, if any, during monsoon period in the river course. Roads in the lease area for the movement of loaded tippers/ trucks will not have slopes more than 1 in 20. Roads will be properly maintained and water sprinkling will be done for dust suppression. Every block will have its own approach road, which already exist and is well connected to main highways. Light weight excavators will be used for loading of mineral intippers/trucks.
5.3 CONCEPTUAL MINING PLAN The digging depth will be restricted to 3.0 m only or 1.0 m above the ground water table. This will be further get replenished during the rainy season. The reserves of proved River Bed Material estimated on surface geological plan are to the tune of 3377249 tones. The deposit in the river bed will never exhaust. The material will be regularly replenished during floods by the action of river water. The following steps will be taken care in mining: • Pit limit at the end of lease period • Sites of disposal of waste rock and top soil at the end of lease period • No top soil or waste will be generated in the mining as such no disposal of waste is needed. The existing and in next five years of mining degradation of land will be as below:-
Table 5.2 Land-use Pattern Land-use at the end of 5 Particulars Present land use years Quarry 0.015 33.51 Infrastructure 0.00 0.00 Dumps 0.00 0.00 Buffer Zone of 0.00 2.49 7.5m Undisturbed Land 35.985 0.00 Total 36.00 36.0 Proposed infrastructure, water supply, manpower and basic amenities
Table 5.3: Facilities and Details Facilities Details Proposed Basic Amenities will be Rest room shelter/Tents, first-aid facility, PP-temporary provided to workers at the mine site structure office and Portable Bio-toilets, etc during operational phase. Power requirement Only day time Mining operations will be carried out, hence No Electricity is required. Nearest source of Water supply & Daily water demand is assumed as 16 KLD and it will be Demand procured through tankers by near villages as per demand. 10 KLD water will be used for plantation of 2.37 ha/year of land at the rate of 500 trees / ha with 1.5 l of water per
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trees. 3 KLD of water will be used for dust suppression and 3 KLD water will be used for domestic use for 14 (no.) of man power. Manpower Requirement Total employment in the Mining activities will be around 14. People and local villagers will be preferred for skilled and non-skilled jobs after training. Poor section of society will be benefitted from the project.
CONCLUSION Analysis of alternate site /technology is not possible as proposed site was allotted by the Director General, Mines and Geology, Govt. of Jammu & Kashmir. Mining plan is approved by the competent authority. Change in site and technology are not applicable for the proposed project.
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CHAPTER 6 ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING PROGRAMME
6. INTRODUCTION Regular monitoring of environmental parameters is of immense importance to assess the status of environment during project operation. The knowledge of baseline conditions comes through monitoring of environmental parameters; the monitoring program will serve as an indicator for environmental conditions due to operation of the project. Monitoring is an important tool for the management, environmentalist and policy maker to make changes in pollution control equipments, environmental policy to save environment. It is decision making tool for the state of environment carried out through periodic monitoring. Further, impact assessment study is carried over short period of time and the data cannot bring out all variations induced by the natural or human activities. Therefore, regular monitoring program of the environmental parameters is essential to take into account the changes in the environmental quality over the period of time to comply environmental conditions necessary to save environment.
6.1 ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND REPORTING PROCEDURE Monitoring will conform to commitments and compliances. This may take the form of direct measurement and recording of quantitative information, such as amount and concentrations of discharges. The objectives of the monitoring are:- • Very effectiveness of planning decisions; • Measure effectiveness of operational procedures; • Conform statutory and corporate compliance; and • Identify unexpected changes.
6.2 ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING CELL A centralized Environmental Monitoring Cell will be established for monitoring of important and crucial environmental parameters which are of immense importance to assess the status of environment during mine operation. With the knowledge of initial parameters, deviations in environmental conditions due to operation of the mine will be assessed and mitigation steps will be taken to safeguard the environment. The routine monitoring program will be implemented under the project monitoring as per CPCB & MoEF & CC guidelines. Officer not below the rank of General Manager will be responsible of Environmental Management Cell and execution of environmental monitoring program.
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Figure : Hierarchical Structure of Environmental Cell
The core responsibilities of the Environmental Monitoring Cell will be:- • The organization and interpretation of the environmental monitoring data to establish a record of change associated with the implementation of a project or the operation of an organization. • The process of verification that all or selected parameters measured by Environmental Monitoring Program are in compliance with regulatory requirements, internal policies and standards, and established environmental quality performance limits. • Assessment of the effective environmental management system, practices and procedures. • The environmental monitoring and audit work will be carried out by qualified personnel. • A summary of non-compliance of the environmental quality performance limits. • To implement and monitor the control and protective measures based on the EMP. • To coordinate the environment related activities to the top management within as well as with outside concerned agencies. • To provide of health check up of workers and the people living in nearby villages. • To develop greenbelt in the nearby villages, schools, Govt. offices and transportation routes.
6.3 ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING SCHEDULE Environmental monitoring schedules will be prepared covering various phases of project advancement, such as Mining and regular operational phase. Environmental Monitoring Program will be conducted once in season except monsoon.
Table 6.1 Environmental Parameter and Frequency S.No. Potential Parameters for Frequency of Monitoring Location Impact Monitoring 1 Air PM10, PM2.5, SO2, As per CPCB / MoEF & Two locations in the Emission NOX& CO CCrequirement i.e. 24 core mining area and hourlymonitoring for one month four in buffer area. in each season except monsoon season.
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2 Noise Spot Noise level Periodic / As per CPCB norms i.e. Two locations in the recording Leq quarterly core mining area and (day), Leq four in buffer area. (night),Leq (dn) 3 Water As per drinking Once in a season except monsoon. Two locations in the Quality waterstandards core mining area and four in buffer area. 4 Soil Analyzed as CPCB Once in a season except monsoon. Two locations in core Quality method and two in the buffer area. 4 Health Total health Initial Medical Examination (IME) All employees parameters and Periodic Medical Examination – Once in a five year as per Mines Rules, 1955.
6.4 MONITORING SCHEDULE During operational phase, dust and particulate matter will be the main pollutant which arises from different mining activities.The major attributes based on regular monitoring, environmental setting and nature of project activities are listed below: • Source emission and ambient air quality; • Ground water levels and ground water quality; • Water and waste water quality; • Soil quality - Once in season; • Noise levels (equipment and machinery noise levels, occupational exposures and • Ambient noise levels) • Ecological preservation and a forestation
6.5 MONITORING PARAMETERS Ambient air quality monitoring Workspace Monitoring The concentration of air born pollutants in the workspace / work zone environment will be monitored periodically. If concentrations higher than threshold limit values will be observed, the source of fugitive emissions will be identified and necessary measures will be taken as detailed in EMP.
Ambient Air Quality Monitoring The ground level concentrations of PM10, PM2.5, SO2, NOx and CO in the ambient air will be monitored at regular intervals except monsoon.Monitoring locations will be decided on the meteorology of the area, topography potential of receptors in the core and buffer area locations. Any abnormal rise will be investigated to identify the causes. Greenbelt will be developed for minimizing dust propagation. Monitoring of water quality Monitoring of Ground Water Objective of Ground Water Monitoring are as follows: • To observe the change in water table of the area; • To assess Ground Water Quality in operation phase of project;
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• To suggest mitigation if required to improve ground water quality; • To study Ground water table to help environmental planners, developers and management. The monitoring of groundwater is the most important tool to find out the depletion in level of water table. Water table will be monitored at regular interval to checkthe behavior pattern of the water table. It is suggested to collect water samples andanalyze. Records of analysis will be maintained.
Monitoring of Surface Water Samples will be collected from well-mixed section of the river (main stream) and will be analyzed. There are two locations to collect the samples from the surface water. The objective is to collect the water samples in up-stream and down -stream of the river and analyzed for physical, chemical and biological parameters to study the seasonal variation of water quality except monsoon.
Monitoring noise levels Potential receptors of Noise levels in the core and buffer areas are identified based on the present noise levels and proposed increment. Noise levels in the work zone environment shall be monitored. The frequency will be once in three months (one season) in the work zone. Noise monitoring will be conducted in three seasons except monsoon with monitoring frequency once in a season carried on hourly basis for 24-h representing site, human settlements, close to high ways, commercial and residential areas and for the industrial area (if any). Similarly, ambient noise levels near habitations will also be monitored once in three months. Audiometric tests will be conducted periodically for the employees working close to the high noise sources.
Reporting schedules of the reporting data It is proposed that voluntary reporting of environmental performance with reference to the EMP will be undertaken. The Environmental Monitoring Cell will co-ordinate all monitoring programs at site and data thus generated will be regularly furnished to the State regulatory agencies/ State Pollution Control Board at the frequency of six month. The Environmental audit reports will be prepared for the entire year of operations and will be regularly submitted to regulatory authorities.
Conclusion Post Environmental monitoring is an essential step in the EIA process to validate the model results with monitored data and establish relation between them. It helps environmental planners, policy makers, scientists and technologists to make amendment in them to save environment through mitigation measures and apply of clean technology. Mitigation may be in form of technology up- gradation, design modification or modification in environmental policy. Environment works on cause -and -effect relationship. Clean mining activity will be required for sustainable growth. The Environmental Monitoring Cell will co-ordinate all monitoring program, environmental awareness program and its importance in proposed project at site. Data generated will be furnished as per statutory requirements laid down in CTE/CTO and the environmental conditions. The frequency of monitoring will be one month in each season except monsoon. Half yearly report will be submitted on June and January of each year to the Regional Office of MoEF&CC, Jammu and Kashmir. The Environmental audit reports will be prepared for the entire year of operations and will be regularly submitted to regulatory authorities. Objective of entire process will be to improve environment and reduce the impact of project / project activities on environment.
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CHAPTER 7 ADDITIONAL STUDIES
7.0 RISK ANALYSIS AND DISASTER MANAGEMENT PLAN Risk goes in parallel with development. Risk is associated type of development activities. It is sector specific and each sector has its specific risk and mitigation. Identification of risk and its potential of hazards is the part of study which will be on-site and off –site. Risk analysis and disaster management is discussed in this section. The possible risks in the case of river bed mining project are bank erosion, floods, accidents due to transportation etc. Mining and allied activities are associated with several potential hazards to both the employees and public at large. A worker in a mine should be able to work under adequately safe and healthy condition. This is possible only when there is adequate safety in mines. Safety of the mine and the employees is taken care of by the Mining Rules & Regulations.
7.1 RISK ANALYSIS Risk analysis is the systematic study of uncertainties and risks encountered in various areas in the proposed project. Risk analysis identifies the risks involved in mining operations and related activities. In this Chapter of EIA report, the types of risk involved, risk potential and impact on environment, lives and property will be discussed. The potential of impacts in the proposed project is to understand how and when it arises, and estimates the impact (financial or otherwise) of adverse outcomes. It also defines and analyzes the dangers to individuals, businesses and Government posed by potential natural and human-caused adverse events.
7.2 RISK AND HAZARDS IN RIVER BED MATERIALMINING River bed material mining is done by open cast semi-mechanized method. Mining is done only within the Ujh River Bed stretch located near revenue village Pandori of Tehsil & District-Kathua, Jammu & Kashmir. The lease area is 36.0 ha. There is no land degradation due to mining activities as mining is done only on river bed surface. There will be no Over Burden (OB) or waste generation as the river bed material is exposed in the river bed. There will be neither any stacking of soil nor creation of OB dumps. The solid waste management in the River Bed Mining project is ruled out. However, there are various factors, which can create unsafe working conditions/ hazards in mining of river bed material (minor minerals) from river bed. The following types of hazards are identified during the river bed mining operations:- • Accident during river bed material /mineral loading, transportation and dumping • Accident due to vehicular movement • Inundation/ Flooding • Quick Sand Condition Mitigation measures Measures to prevent accidents during loading The following activities will be done to minimize the risk are:- • At the time of loading no person will be there within the swing radius of the excavator. • The dumpers/ trucks will stand near the loading equipment and fully braked when the muck is filled in it.
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• The truck would be brought to a lower level so that the loading operation suits to the ergonomic condition of the workers. • The workers will be provided with gloves and safety shoes during loading. • Opening of the side covers (pattas) should be done carefully and with warning to prevent injury to the loaders. • Mining activities in daylight only.
Measures to prevent accidents during vehicular movement & transportation The following activities will be done to minimize the risk are:- • The truck will be covered with tarpaulin and maintained to prevent any spillage. • To avoid danger while reversing the trackless vehicles especially at the embankment and tipping points, all areas for reversing of Lorries should be made man free as far as possible. • The vehicles must be maintained in good conditions and checked thoroughly at leastonce in a week. • All transportation within the main working will be carried out directly under the supervision and control of the management. • Overloading should not be permitted and the maximum permissible speed limit should be ensured. • The truck drivers should have proper driving license. • A statutory provision of the fences, constant education, training etc. will go a long way in reducing the incidents of such accidents
Measures to prevent incidents during Inundation/ Flooding The following activities will be done to minimize the risk are:- • During monsoon months and heavy rains the mining operations are ceased. • There should be mechanism/ warning system of heavy rains and discharges from the • Up-stream of water. • Inundation of flooding is expected and beneficial for these mines as during this time only the mineral reserve gets replenished
Precautionary Measure for Sudden Release of Water from Upstream Dam The following activities will be done to minimize the risk are:- • The mining should be done only during the dry season and under strict supervision. • Mining activities should be avoided during monsoon season. • No go zones should be clearly marked and made aware to the mine workers. • Deep water areas must be identified. • Measures to prevent sudden increase in water level The following activities will be done to minimize the risk are:- • The mining activities will be restricted to 3m depth from river bed surface. • Mining activities will be avoided during monsoon season. • Mining will be done as per the approved Mining Plan and it will be ensured toavoid the pounding effect.
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7.3 DISASTER MANAGEMENT PLAN This should deal with action plan for high risk accidents like Landslides, Earthquakes, subsidence, Avalanches & Snow Blizzards, Drought, Wind Strom, Cloudburst, flood, inundation, fire, seismic activities, tailing dam failures etc. and emergency plan proposed for quick evacuation, ameliorative measures to be taken etc. The capability of lessee to meet such eventualities and the assistance to be required from the local authorities should be described. The shallow depth of activities in river bed mining will not involve any high risk accident due to side falls/collapse. The complete mining operation will be carried out under the Management and control of experienced and qualified Mines Manager having Certificate of Competency to manage the mines granted by DGMS. • All the provisions of Mines Act 1952, MMR 1961 and Mines Rules 1955 and other laws applicable to mine will strictly be complied with. • During heavy rainfall the mining activities will be closed. • All persons in supervisory capacity will be provided with proper communication facilities. • Proper coordination with Irrigation Department will be maintained so that at the time of releasing water, if any, from the dam suitable warning/information is given in advance. • Disaster Warning System” as developed will be strictly implemented.
Occupational health hazards Dry- pit mining by open cast method involves dust generation by excavation, loading and transportation of mineral. At site, during excavation and loading activity, dust is main pollutant which affects the health of workers in mining activities whereas environmental and climatic conditions also generate the health problems. Addressing the occupational health hazard means gaining an understanding of the source (its location and magnitude or concentration), identifying an exposure pathway (e.g. a means to get it in contact with someone), and determination of likely a receptor (someone receiving the stuff that is migrating). Occupational hazard due to river bed mining mainly comes under the physical hazards.Possible physical hazards are as below mention:-
Physical hazards due to mining operations Following health related hazards were indentified due to riverbed river bed mining operationsto the workers:-
Light: - The workers may be exposed to the risk of poor illumination or excessive brightness. The effects are eye strain, headache, eye pain and lachrymation, congestion around the cornea and eye fatigue.
Heat and Humidity: - The most common physical hazard is heat. The direct effects of heat exposure are burns, heat exhaustion, heat stroke and heat cramps; the indirect effects are decreased efficiency, increased fatigue and enhanced accident rates. Heat and humidity are encountered in hot and humid condition when temperatures and air temperatures increase in summer time up to 40o C or above in the river bed mining area.
Eye Irritation: - During the high windy days in summer the sand could be the problems for eyes like itching and watering of eyes.
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Respiratory Problems: - Large amounts of dust in air can be a health hazard, exacerbating respiratory disorders such as asthma and irritating the lungs and bronchial passages.
Noise Induced Hearing Loss: - Machinery is the main source of noise pollution at the mine site. Management of health hazards
Table 7.1: Management of Health Hazards Particulars Control Measures Heat & Light • The mine site will have adequate drinking water supply so that workers do not get dehydration. • Lightweight and loose fitting clothes having light colors will be preferred to wear. • Rigorous exercise and more physical activities will be avoided in hot weather. Noise • Noise exposure measurements will be taken to determine the need for noise control strategies. • The personal protective equipment will be provided for each mine workers. • Supervisor will be instructed for reporting any problems with hearing protectors or noise control equipment. • At noisy working activity, exposure time will be minimized. • Machineries will be labeled with noise levels. Respiratory • PPE like face mask etc. will be provided during mining activity. • Periodic medical examinations will be provided for all workers. • Awareness program will be organized for workers. River Bed Area vis-à-vis Sedimentation
7.4 REPLENISHMENT STUDY Sedimentation- In the geological sciences is a process of deposition of a solid material from a state of suspension or solution in a fluid (usually air or water). Broadly defined it also includes deposits from glacial ice and those materials collected under the impetus of gravity alone as in talus deposits, or accumulations of rock debris at the base of cliffs. The term is commonly used as a synonym for sedimentary petrology and sediment logy.Sedimentation is generally considered by geologists in terms of the textures, structures, and fossil content of the deposits lay down in different geographic and geomorphic environments. The factors which affects the “Computation of Sediment”:
Geomorphology & Drainage Pattern: The following geomorphic units plays important role: • Structural Plain • Structural Hill • Structural Ridge • Denudation Ridge & Valley • Plain & Plateau of Gangetic plain • Highly Dissected pediment • Un-dissected pediment • Distribution of Basin Area River wise (Area in Sq. Km or Sq. Miles)
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• Drainage System/Pattern of the area (Drainage Density = Km/Sq. Km of UjhRiver Rainfall & Climate: Year wise Rainfall data for previous 10 years of Ravi Basin/River As per Dandy & Bolton study “Sediment Yield” can be related to
i) Catchment Area and ii) Mean Annual Run-off River bed mineral is an essential minor mineral used extensively across the country as a useful construction constituent and variety of other uses in sports, agriculture, glass making (a form of sand with high silica content) etc. It is common acknowledge that minerals are non-renewable but this form of mineral naturally gets replenished from time to time in a given river system and is very much interrelated to the hydrological cycle in a river basin. Riverine environmental systems are unique in them and provide environmental services, natural resources to meet variety of needs of urban and rural communities. The Rivers originating from the Himalayas bring lots of aggregate materials whereas as they move downstream, only finer elements / minerals like sand are found in abundance. Ujh is tributary of Ravi River. The Ravi River originates in the Himalayas in the Multhan tehsil of Kangra district of Himachal Pradesh, India. It follows a north-westerly course and is a perennial river. It is the smallest of the five Punjab rivers that rises from glacier fields at an elevation of 14,000 feet (4,300 m), on the southern side of the Mid Himalayas. It flows through Barabhangal, Bara Bansu and Chamba districts. It flows in rapids in its initial reaches with boulders seen scattered in the bed of the river. The Ravi River in this reach flows in a Gorge with a river bed slope of 183 feet per mile (34.7 m/km) and is mostly fed by snow melt, as this region lies in a rain shadow. Two of its major tributaries, the Budhil and Nai or Dhona join 64 kilometres (40 mi) downstream from its source
Dandy & Bolton formula for calculation of Sediment Yield: Dandy-Bolton formula is often used to check whether the sedimentation yield exceeds the replenishment rate but the whole question is whether there is adequate monitoring of the river basin, the answer is no as hydrological stations are sparsely spread. The formula uses catchment area and mean annual runoff as key determinants to give a yield value. It does not differentiate in basin wide smaller streams and their characteristics. CWC distinguishes river basins as classified and non- classified, as per the latest hydrological data for unclassified River basins; there are 122 GDSW (Gauge, Discharge, Sediment & Water Quality) sites in 12 such basins, the number was 147 in 2005. This brings in context the whole issue of scientific mining, thereby indicating that the monitoring of sediment yield in rivers / streams within the river basins is essential to arrive at extraction rates and express and conduct environmental studies based on these basin wide characteristics which should become part of the ‘Terms of Reference’.
Sediment Yield versus Drainage Area Dandy and Bolton studied sedimentation data from about 1500 reservoirs, ponds, and sediment detention basins. In developing their formulas, they used data from about 800 of these reservoirs with drainage areas greater than or equal to 1 mi2. The smaller watersheds-those of drainage area less than 1 mi2-were excluded because of their large variability of sediments yield, reflecting the diverse effects of soils, local terrain, vegetation, land use, and agricultural practices. For drainage areas between 1 and 32133 mi2, Dandy and Bolton found that the annual sediment yield per unit area was inversely related to the 0.16 power of the drainage area: In which S= sediment yield in tons per square mile per year; SR = Reference sediment yield
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Corresponding to a 1-mi2 drainage area, equal to 1645 tons per year; A = drainage area in square miles; and AR = reference drainage area (1 mi2)
Sediments Yield versus Mean Annual Runoff Dandy and Bolton studied sedimentation data from 505 reservoirs having mean annual runoff data. Annual sediment yield per unit area was shown to increase sharply as mean annual runoff Q in- creased from 0 to 2 in. Thereafter, for mean annual runoff from 2 to 50 in. annual sediment yield per unit area decreased exponentially. This led to the following equations. Dandy and Bolton combined into a set of equations to express sedimentyield in terms of drainage area and mean annual runoff. For SR = 1645 tons/mi2/y, QR = 2 in., and AR = 1 mi2, reduces to the followings: For Q <2 in.: S = 1280 Q0.46 (1.43 – 0.26 log A) For Q >2 in.: S = 1965e-0.055Q (1.43 – 0.26 log A) Based on average values of grouped data; therefore, they should be used with caution. In Certain cases, local factors such as soils, geology, topography, land use, and vegetation may have greater influence on sediment yield than either mean annual runoff or drainage area. Nevertheless, these equations provide a first approximation to be regional assessment of sediment yield for watershed planning purposes.
Calculation of Sediment Yield for River Bed Mine Mining lease area under riverbed: 36.0 ha Drainage basin area of river Ravi in Jammu & Kashmir: 142.334 square miles Normal Annual Rainfall of Kathua district: 65.82 inch
Table 7.2: Calculation & Replenishment Capacity Calculation & Replenishment Capacity S. No Factors Probable Replenishment 1 River Ravi 2 Catchment Area 142.334 mi2/ 368.644 km2 3 Gradient of the River Ujh River-1:3.52 4 Average Annual Runoff 65.82 inch *Sediment yield Formula 4,15,40,89 M T / For Q < 2 in: S = 1280 Q0.46 [1.43-0.26 log (A)] Annum. For Q > 2 in: S = 1965 e -0.055Q [1.43-0.26 log (A)] Here: Q (in) = Mean Annual run off = 65.82 inch A (mi2) = Catchment Area= 142.334 mi2
With above formula the value of S = 583.71 Million Tons /squaremile/annum Therefore the Total Sediment Yield for drainage basin of 142.334 square mile will be = 142.334 x 583.71= 0.83082 Lac MT per annum. Dandy & Boltan formula also says that actual sediments yield from individual drainage basins may vary 10-fold or even 100
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fold from computed yields. Since itinerary of river Ravi indicates that its basin comprises of sedimentary rocks with good average rainfall therefore there are fair chances of yield of sediments to be 50 fold of computed results, given the previous experiences of the river bed mining in the area, hence Actual Sediment Yield will be : 83081.7 x 50 = 4,15,40,89 M T / Annum. 7.5 TRAFFIC STUDY Traffic study measurements were performed at two locations at National Highway-1(A) and metalled road (Bamyal & Nagri Road) which connects NH- 1A to assess impact on local transport infrastructure due to this mining project. Traffic study measurements were performed at two locations of these stations is marked on the map below. The monitoring was performed in March to May 2015. The Typical Haul Road which is Connected to village linked road for Transportation of river bed material connected to the National Highway (NH-1A)
Roads and Highways in the Study Area
Traffic data collected continuously for 24 hours by visual observation and counting of vehicles under three categories, viz., heavy motor vehicles, light motor vehicles and two/three wheelers. As traffic densities on the roads are high, two skilled persons were deployed simultaneously at each station during each shift- one person on each of the two directions for counting the traffic. At the end of each hour, fresh counting and recording was undertaken. Total numbers of vehicles per hour under the three categories were determined.
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No. of Vehicles per Day S.no. Vehicles Number of vehicles Passenger Total number of vehicle distributio distribution/day car unit (PCU)/hour n NH- Bamyal & (PCU) NH-1[A] Bamyal & 1[A] Nagri Road Nagri Road 1. Cars 19400 16085 1.0 19400 16085 2. Buses 2550 1300 3.0 7650 3900 3. Two 2300 1720 0.5 1150 860 wheelers 4. Three 1565 950 1.50 2347 1425 wheelers 5. Trucks 3000 1570 3.0 9000 4710 Total 21625 39547/24=16 26980/24=11 28815 48 PCU/hr 24 PCU/hr
Table: Existing Traffic Scenario & LOS Road V (Volume in C (Capacity Existing V/C LOS PCU/hr) in PCU/hr) Ratio NH-1[A] 1648 4000 0.4 B Bamyal & 1124 3500 0.3 B Nagri Road Note: The existing level may be “very good” for both NH-1[A] & Nagri Road.
V/C LOS Performance 0.0-0.2 A Excellent 0.2-0.4 B Very Good 0.4-0.6 C Good/ Average/ Fair 0.6-0.8 D Poor 0.8-1.0 E Very Poor Note: Capacity as per IRC: 64-1990
During Mine Operation Total Capacity of mine : 591018.75 TPA No. of working days : 275 Extraction & Transportation of mineral : 2149.15 T/day Working hours per day : 8 hour Truck Capacity : 25 Tonnes Frequency of trucks deployed/day : 86 Frequency of trucks deployed/hr : 11 It is assumed that total no. of traffic (11 nos.) per hour on the Bamyal & Nagri Road will be approaching on NH-1(A) for sale of river bed minerals at main sale market Dist.Town Kathua and Pathankot.
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Table : Modified Traffic Scenario & LOS ROAD INCREASED PCU’S- STATE/NATIONAL V C MODIFIED V/C RATIO LOS HIGHWAY NH-1[A] 1648+50 1698 4000 0.42 B Bamyal & 1124+50 1146 3500 0.33 B Nagri Road
Table : Modified Traffic Scenario & LOS –Worst case ROAD INCREASED PCU’S- STATE/NATIONAL V C MODIFIED V/C RATIO LOS HIGHWAY NH-1[A] 1648+50(from proposed project) 1756 4000 0.44 B + 30 (from Maichak 49.68 Ha) + 28 (from Maichak 46.37 Ha) Bamyal & 1124+50 (from proposed project) 1232 3500 0.35 B Nagri Road + 30 (from Maichak 49.68 Ha) + 28 (from Maichak 46.37 Ha) Note - All mines (Mai Chak – 46.37 ha, Mai Chak-49.68 ha & Pandori – 36.0 Ha) operated simultaneously.
Conclusion 172 (nos.) dumpers/day (both sides in calculation) will be required for transport of mineral from mine. 11(nos.) of trucks per hour will be transporting minerals on the connecting roads from the site to NH 1A as there is no other road for evacuation of minerals from site. The LOS value will remain unchanged due to traffic load caused by the proposed project. So the additional load on the carrying capacity of the concern roads is not likely to have any significant adverse affect on the linked road and on the NH-1A.
7.6 SOCIO-ECONOMIC IMPACT ASSESSMENT INTRODUCTION Socio-Economic Impact Assessment (SEIA) refers to systematic analysis of various social and economic characteristics of human being living in a given geographical area. The geographical area is often called Study Area or Impact Area. SEIA is carried out simultaneously with Environment Impact Assessment (EIA). The prime objective of SEIA is to identify and evaluate potential socio-economic and cultural impacts of an upcoming development project on the lives and conditions of people, their families and their communities. If the potential impacts are significant and adverse, SEIA assist the developers and other stakeholders to reduce, remove or prevent these impacts from happening. The present study seeks to determine the severity of the socio-economic and cultural impacts due to upcoming sand mining project near village Pandori in sub-district and district Kathua, Jammu & Kashmir. The other objectives of the SEIA are as follows: • To identify and assess socio-economic activities, which are significantly influenced by mining activities. • To examine the perceptions of local communities’ how mining activities can impact the socio-economic life of the people • To suggest interventions that can assist in mitigating the negative impacts of mining
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RIVER BED MATERIAL MINING PROJECT, NEAR VILLAGE PANDORI, DISTRICT KATHUA, JAMMU & KASHMIR The upcoming river bed material mining project is located near village Pandori, in Sub-district and district Kathua, Jammu & Kashmir. The total mining lease area is 36.00 Hectares. Shri Dhyan Singh, S/O Shri Harpal Singh, a resident of Village Bhallesar, Tehsil R.S Pura, District Jammu, Jammu & Kashmir has approached the Directorate of Mines & Geology, Govt. of Jammu & Kashmir for the allotment of the above piece of land on lease basis. As per EIA Notification dated 14th September, 2006 of the then Ministry of Environment & Forests (Since renamed as ‘Ministry of Environment, Forests and Climate Change) it is a Category “A” Project as the international boundary of India and Pakistan and the inter- state boundary of Punjab and Jammu & Kashmir passes through the study area. The lease area possesses a recoverable reserve of 211078 Tons of river bed materials consisting of sand, gravel and boulders, which are saleable. According to Mine Plan the yearly production of the above materials has been estimated at 591018.75 MT. It is hoped that the lease holder will not face any difficulty in achieving his yearly production target since sand and other river bed materials gets re-deposited during the rainy season. It is reported that sand found in the above quarry is of good quality and can be used un-hesitantly in the construction of roads, building, bridges and other infrastructures in the state of Jammu & Kashmir and in the adjoining states of Punjab and Himachal Pradesh. The sand can also be utilized for manufacturing sheet glasses, paints, abrasives, bricks etc. The cost of the project has been estimated at Rs 75 lakhs.
SCOPE OF THE PROPOSED STUDY 1) To collect baseline data of the study area 2) To comprehend socio-economic status of people living in the study area 3) To assess likely impact of the project on social and economic life of the people in the study area 4) To measure the impact of the project on Quality of life of the people living in the study area 5) To ensure sustainability of positive impacts 6) To recommend mitigation measures on adverse impacts.
STUDY AREA The study area, also known as Impact Area has been defined as sum total of core and buffer area with a radius of ten kilometres from the periphery of the project site. The study area includes all the land marks both natural and manmade falling therein. The study area of the proposed sand mining project is spread over in two states namely Jammu & Kashmir and Punjab. A part of the study area also falls in Pakistan, which is outside the scope of the present study. The districts included in the Indian part of the study area are Kathua in Jammu & Kashmir and Gurdaspur in Punjab. There are 142 habited villages and one Urban area in the study area. The study area also includes three un-inhabited villages namely Nihal pora, Saniyari and Bahadurpur. The only town located in the study area is Parole, which is governed by a Muncipal Council. The town is located in Kathua district of Jammu & Kashmir. The Sub-district wise distribution of habitations in the study area is provided in Table and Figure below:
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Table: District and Sub-district wise distribution of Habitations in the Study area
Sr. State District Sub- Number of Habitations % to total No. district Villages Town Total number of Habite Un- s Habitations in d inhabited the study area 1 Jammu Kathua Kathua 44 1 1 46 31.5 & Hiranagar 64 1 - 65 Kashmi r 44.5 Bani 1 - - 1 0.7
Billawar 1 - - 1 0.7
Total for Jammu & Kashmir 110 2 1 113 77.4 2 Punja Gurdaspu Gurdaspu 3 1 - 4 2.7 b r r Pathanko 29 - - 29 19.9 t Total for Punjab 32 1 - 33 22.6 Grand total 142 3 1 146 100
Sub-district wise distribution of Habitations in the study area
Pathankot 29
Gurdaspur 4
Billawar 1 district - Bani 1
Sub Series1 Hiranagar 65
Kathua 46
0 20 40 60 80
Number of Habitations Figure : Sub-district wise distribution of Habitations in the study area
It may be seen from the above table and figure that out of 146 habitations 113 are located in Kathua district of Jammu and Kashmir and the remaining 33 in Gurdaspur district of Punjab. The Sub-district wise distribution of habitations shows that 44.5 percent of habitations are located in sub-district Hiranagar and 31.5 percent in sub district Kathua. The Mine lease area is located on the right bank of river Ujh. It is a government land devoid of any vegetation. Broad land use pattern of the study area is presented in Table and Figure below.
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Table 2: Broad Land-use Pattern in the Study Area Sr. Description of Land Estimated Percentage to total No Area ( geographical area of the Ha) study area (1) (2) (3) (4) 1 Forest Land Area 1035.00 3.7 2 Area under non-agricultural uses 4207.59 15.2 3 Barren & Un-cultivable Land Area 235.00 0.8 5 Land Under Miscellaneous Tree Crops 6.00 0.02 etc. 6 Culturable Waste Land Area 638.60 2.3 7 Current Fallow Area 204.24 0.7 8 Total Agricultural Area 21375.17 77.2 9(a) Area Irrigated 17123.17 61.8(80.1) 9(b) Area Unirrigated 4252.00 15.3(19.9) Total 27701.60 100
Note: The figures given in bracket indicate percentage to total Agricultural area It may be seen in the above table and Figure that there is no Reserve and/or Protected Forest lying in the mine lease area. However, the Ujh Reserved Forest is spread over in the north and north western part of the study area. Six villages having patches of forests land are Chhajiyal, Fatehpur, Kisanpur, Muthi khrud, Sehswan and Spiral pain in, District Kathua, Jammu & Kashmir. The share of forest land in the study area is only 3.7 percent. About 77.2 percent of the study area consists of agricultural land and area under non-agricultural uses is 22.8 percent. The lease area forms 0.8 percent of ‘Area under non-agricultural uses’ and 15.3 percent of ‘Barren & Un-cultivable Land Area’. Broad Land-use Pattern of the Study Area is presented in Table 2. In the study area about four-fifth of agriculture is carried on in irrigated land and the remaining one-fifth is carried on in unirrigated land. The major crops grown in the study area are Wheat, Paddy, Maize, Bajra, khamba, onion, kinnow, Cotton and oilseeds. The Table below presents various means of irrigation adopted in the study area and their share in total area irrigated.
Table: Means of irrigation adopted in the study area and their share in total irrigated land Sr. Means of Irrigation Estimated Area Irrigated Percentage to the No. (in Hectares) total area irrigated 1 Canals Area 14450.15 84.4 2 Wells/Tube Wells Area 2650.02 15.5 3 Other Source (specify) Area 16.00 0.1 Total Area Irrigated 17116.17 100
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Figure : Sources of irrigation in Study Area (%).
It may be seen from the above Table and Figure that in the study area Canal (84.4percent) is the main means of irrigation. This is followed by Wells/Tube Wells (15.5percent). The study area is dotted with rice mills, agricultural tools and implements like Ramba Khurpa, datri darat, blankets and woollen goods etc.
HYPOTHESIS “River Bed Mining has significant socio-economic impacts on livelihoods of local communities”.
APPROACH Research approach plays an important role to decide suitable methodology. It helps to develop research design and increase the effectiveness of research study. In the present study inductive approach has been adopted, which is also known as ‘bottom top approach’ or ‘climbing the hill approach’. Under this approach data is first collected from primary and secondary sources. After scrutiny tables are generated in pre-designed formats. Subsequently, draft report is prepared after detail analysis of data. The final report is prepared after incorporating the comments and suggestions of the client.
METHODOLOGY For Socio-Economic Impact Assessment of proposed sand mining project at Pandori village in district Kathua, Jammu & Kashmir ENVIRTA Sustainable Solutions Private Limited undertook a systematic analysis of various Socio-Economic characteristics, both in terms of quality and quantity. Accordingly, both qualitative and quantitative data was collected through primary and secondary sources. For collection of primary data a Sample Survey was carried out in the study area. For collection of secondary data ENVIRTA Sustainable Solutions approached the Census Authority in the state for published data, reports of BPL surveys conducted in the states of Jammu & Kashmir and Punjab, visited state and district portal and referred to administrative records of the state and district administration. The qualitative data deals with description; they can be observed but not measured. Hence, codes were extensively used during collection of qualitative data. They were decoded after data processing to facilitate data analysis and report writing.
7.1.2 Sample Design Two stage stratified sample design were adopted both in rural and urban areas. In the rural areas the first stage units were census villages and the ultimate stage units were households. In the urban areas the first stage units were Municipal Wards in a city/town and the ultimate stage units were households. Prepared by ENVIRTA SUSTAINABLE SOLUTIONS INDIA PVT. LTD. SOCIO-ECONOMIC IMPACT ASSESSMENT |
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7.1.3 SAMPLING UNIT The ultimate stage sampling unit was house hold.
7.1.4 SAMPLE SIZE While deciding the sample size the following factors were taken into account Confidence Level (95 %, Table value: 1.96) Degree of precision (Δ): 0.5 Variation in population / Standard Deviation (σ) At each level of sampling the following formula was adopted to arrive at the sample size n =√ {(1.96 *σ) / Δ} Where n denotes sample size, 1.96 is the table value of confidence limit, σ = standard deviation and Δ = degree of precision Baseline data Baseline data refers to basic information collected before a project/scheme is implemented. It is used later to provide a comparison for assessing impact of the project. Any attempt to collect base line data while undertaking actual impact assessment study is faced with recall error. The baseline data was collected from secondary sources. It consists of demographic particulars and amenities. The data presented in the table below pertains to study area as a whole. The Statement indicating village level population, sex ratio, literacy rate, workers participation rate and dependency rate in the study area is attached at the end of this report at Annex 6.
Table : Demographic Particulars of the Study Area Percentage to S.N. Description Number Respective totals Gender wise Total Population of the Study Area 114691 100 Male 60524 52.8 1 Female 54167 47.2 Sex Ratio (No. of females per 1000 males) 894 Overall density of population (per sq. km) 397.7 Sector wise Total Population of the Study Area 114691 100 Rural 107010 93.3 2 Urban 7681 6.7 Density of population in rural areas (population per 386.3 sq. km) Density of population in urban areas (population 673.8 per sq. km) Gender wise total population in Rural Areas 107010 100 Male 56487 52.8 3 Female 50523 47.2 Sex Ratio in rural area (No. of females per 1000 894 males) Gender wise total population in Urban Areas 7681 100 4 Male 4037 52.6
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Percentage to S.N. Description Number Respective totals Female 3644 47.4 Sex Ratio in urban area (No. of females per 1000 903 males) Gender wise Total Population (0-6 age group) 14245 100 Male 7995 56.1 5 Female 6250 43.9 Sex Ratio of 0-6 age group population (No. of 782 females per 1000 males) Gender wise population (0-6 age group) in Rural 100 13370 Areas Male 7552 56.5 6 Female 5818 43.5 Sex Ratio of 0-6 age group population in rural area 770 (No. of females per 1000 males) Gender wise population (0-6 years) in Urban 875 100 Areas Male 443 50.6 7 Female 432 49.4 Sex Ratio of 0-6 age group population in urban area 975 (No. of females per 1000 males) Sector wise number of Households and 23099 Household size Rural 21577 Urban 1522 8 Average Household size in the Study Area 5 Average Household size in Rural Area 5 Average Household size in Urban Area 5 Highest Household size in Study Area 10 Lowest Household size in Study Area 2 Gender wise Combined Population of General 100 62926 and OBC Community in the Study Area Male 33251 52.8 9 Female 29675 47.2 Sex Ratio (No. of females per 1000 males) 892 Gender wise Combined Population of General 58349 100 and OBC Community in the Rural Areas 10 Male 30854 52.9 Female 27495 47.1
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Percentage to S.N. Description Number Respective totals Sex Ratio (No. of females per 1000 males) 891 Gender wise Combined Population of General 4577 100 Category and OBC Community in the Urban Area Male 2397 52.4 11 Female 2180 47.6 Sex Ratio (No. of females per 1000 males) 909 Gender wise total population of Schedule Caste 100 46965 in the Study Area 12 Male 24833 52.9 Female 22132 47.1 Sex Ratio (No. of females per 1000 males) 891 Gender wise Schedule Caste Population in Rural 100 43862 Areas Male 23194 52.9 13 Female 20668 47.1 Sex Ratio of Schedule Caste population in Rural 891 Areas (No. of females per 1000 males) Gender wise Schedule Caste Population in 3103 100 Urban Areas Male 1639 52.8 14 Female 1464 47.2 Sex Ratio of Schedule Caste population in Urban 893 Areas (No. of females per 1000 males) Gender wise total Population of Schedule Tribe 4800 100 Community Male 2440 50.8 15 Female 2360 49.2 Sex Ratio of schedule Tribe population in Study 967 Area (No. Of females per 1000 males) Gender wise Schedule Tribe Population in Rural 4799 100 Areas Male 2439 50.8 16 Female 2360 49.2 Sex Ratio of Schedule Caste population in Rural 967 Areas (No. Of females per 1000 males)
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Percentage to S.N. Description Number Respective totals Gender wise Schedule Tribe Population in 1 100 Urban Areas Male 1 100 17 Female 0 0 Sex Ratio of Schedule Tribe population in Urban 0 Areas (No. Of females per 1000 males) Gender wise number of Literates in the Study 76610 100 Area Male 43450 56.7 Female 33160 43.3 18 Overall Literacy Rate in the Study Area 76.2 Male 82.7 Female 69.2 Gender gap in literacy rate 13.5 Gender wise number of Literates in the Rural 71269 100 Areas Male 40448 56.8 Female 30821 43.2 19 Overall Literacy Rate in Rural Areas 76.1 Male 82.7 Female 68.9 Gender gap in literacy rate in rural areas 13.8 Gender wise umber of Literates in the Urban 5341 100 Areas Male 3002 56.2 Female 2339 43.8 20 Overall Literacy Rate in Urban Areas 78.5 Male 83.5 Female 72.8 Gender gap in literacy rate in Urban Areas 10.7 Total Workers in the Study Area 33570 100 21 Male 29863 89.0 Female 3707 11.0 Overall Work Participation rate 29.3 Work participation rate of males 49.3 22 Work participation rate of females 6.9 Gender Gap in work participation rate 42.4
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Percentage to S.N. Description Number Respective totals Overall Dependency Rate of Non-workers 241.6 23 Dependency Rate of Male Non-workers 91.3 Dependency Rate of Female Non-workers 150.3 Gender wise distribution of Total Workers in 31369 100 the Rural Areas 24 Male 27867 88.8 Female 3502 11.2 Work Participation rate in rural areas 29.3
Work Participation rate of males in rural areas 49.3 25 Work Participation rate of females in rural areas 6.9 Overall Gender Gap in work participation rate in the 42.4 Rural Areas Overall Dependency Rate of Non-workers over 241.1 workers in the Rural Areas 26 Dependency Rate of Male Non-workers 91.2
Dependency Rate of Female Non-workers 149.9 Gender wise distribution of Workers in the 2201 100 Urban Areas 27 Male 1996 90.7 Female 205 9.3 Work Participation Rate in Urban Area 28.7
Work Participation Rate of males 49.4 28 Work Participation Rate of females 5.6 Overall Gender Gap in work participation rate in the 43.8 urban Area Overall Dependency Rate of Non-workers over 249 workers in the urban Areas 29 Dependency Rate of Male Non-workers 92.7
Dependency Rate of Female Non-workers 156.3 Total Main Workers in the Study Area 25045 100 30 Male 23035 92.0
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Percentage to S.N. Description Number Respective totals Female 2010 8.0 Overall Work Participation rate of Main 21.8 Workers in the study area Work Participation rate of males 38.0 31 Work Participation rate of females 3.7 Overall Gender Gap in work participation rate of 34.3 main workers Gender wise distribution of Main Workers in the 23143 100 Rural Areas 32 Male 21292 92 Female 1851 8 Overall work participation rate of main workers 21.6 in Rural Areas Work participation rate of males 37.7 33 Work participation rate of females 3.7 Gender Gap in work participation rate of Main 34.0 workers in rural areas Gender wise distribution of Main Workers in the 100 1902 Urban Areas Male 1743 91.6 Female 159 8.4 Overall work participation rate of Main workers 24.8 in Urban Area 34 Work participation rate of males 43.2
Work participation rate of females 4.4 Gender Gap in work participation rate of Main 38.8 workers in Urban areas Total Marginal Workers in the Study Area 8525 100 35 Male 6828 80.1 Female 1697 19.9 Overall work participation rate of Marginal 7.4 workers in the study Area 36 Work participation rate of males 11.3
Work participation rate of females 3.1
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Percentage to S.N. Description Number Respective totals Overall gender gap in work participation rate of 8.2 Marginal workers Gender wise distribution of Marginal Workers 8226 100 in the Rural Areas 37 Male 6575 79.9 Female 1651 20.1 Overall work participation rate in Rural Areas 7.7
Work participation rate of males 11.6 38 Work participation rate of females 3.3 Gender Gap in work participation rate of Marginal 8.3 workers in Rural Areas Gender wise distribution of Marginal Workers 299 100 in Urban Areas 39 Male 253 84.6 Female 46 15.4 Overall work participation rate of Marginal 3.9 workers in Urban Areas Work participation rate of males 6.3 40 Work participation rate of females 1.3 Gender Gap in work participation rate of Marginal 5.0 workers in Urban area Total Household Industrial Workers in the 100 1171 Study Area 41 Male 893 76.3 Female 278 23.7 Overall work participation rate of Household 1.0 Industrial workers in Rural Areas Work participation rate of males 1.5 42 Work participation rate of females 0.5 Gender Gap in work participation rate of Household 1.0 Industrial Workers Gender wise distribution of Household 1153 100 Industrial Workers in Rural Areas 43 Male 877 76.1 Female 276 23.9 Overall work participation rate of Household 43 1.1 Industrial Workers in Rural Areas
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Percentage to S.N. Description Number Respective totals Work participation rate of males 1.5 Work participation rate of females 0.5 Gender Gap in work participation rate of Household 1.0 Industrial Workers in Rural Areas Gender wise distribution of Household 18 100 Industrial Workers in Urban Areas Male 16 88.9 Female 2 11.1 44 Overall work participation rate in Urban Areas 0.2 Work participation rate of males 0.4 Work participation rate of females 0.1 Gender Gap in work participation rate of Household 0.3 Industrial Workers in Urban Area 100 Total Agricultural Workers in the Study Area 15335 45 Male 13817 90.1 Female 1518 9.9 Overall work participation rate of Agricultural 13.4 workers in the study area Work participation rate of males 22.8 46 Work participation rate of females 2.8 Gender Gap in work participation rate of 20.0 Agricultural Workers in the Study Area Gender wise distribution of Agricultural 100 14750 Workers in Rural Areas 47 Male 13252 89.8 Female 1498 10.2 Overall work participation rate of Agricultural 13.8 workers in Rural Areas Work participation rate of males 23.5 48 Work participation rate of females 3.0 Gender Gap in work participation rate of 20.5 Agricultural Workers in Rural Areas Gender wise distribution of Agricultural 100 585 Workers in Urban Areas 49 Male 565 96.6 Female 20 3.4 Overall work participation rate in Urban Area 7.6 50 Work participation rate of males 14.0 Work participation rate of females 0.5
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Percentage to S.N. Description Number Respective totals Gender Gap in work participation rate of 13.5 Agricultural Workers in Urban Areas Total Cultivators in the Study Area 8510 100 51 Male 7542 88.6 Female 968 11.4 Overall work participation rate of Cultivators in 7.4 the study area Work participation rate of males 12.5 51 Work participation rate of females 1.8 Gender Gap in work participation rate of Cultivators 10.7 in the Study Area Gender wise distribution of Cultivators in Rural 8386 100 Areas 52 Male 7424 88.5 Female 962 11.5 Overall work participation rate of cultivators in 7.8 Rural Areas Work participation rate of males 13.1 53 Work participation rate of females 1.9 Gender Gap in work participation rate of Cultivators 11.2 in the Rural Areas Gender wise distribution of Cultivators in Urban 100 124 Areas 54 Male 118 95.1 Female 6 4.9 Overall work participation rate of cultivators in 1.6 Urban Areas Work participation rate of males 2.9 55 Work participation rate of females 0.2 Gender Gap in work participation rate of Cultivators 2.7 in the Urban Area Total Agricultural Labour in the Study Area 6825 100 56 Male 6275 91.9 Female 550 8.1 Overall work participation rate of Agricultural 5.9 labour in the study Area 57 Work participation rate of males 10.4 Work participation rate of females 1.0
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Percentage to S.N. Description Number Respective totals Gender Gap in work participation rate of Cultivators 9.4 in the Study Area Gender wise distribution of Agricultural Labour 6364 100 in Rural Areas 58 Male 5828 91.6 Female 536 8.4 Overall work participation rate of Agricultural 5.9 Labours in the rural area Work participation rate of males 10.3 59 Work participation rate of females 1.1 Gender Gap in work participation rate of 9.2 agricultural labours in the study area Gender wise distribution of Agricultural Labour 461 100 in Urban Areas 60 Male 447 97.0 Female 14 3.0 Overall work participation rate of Agricultural 6.0 Labours in the urban area 61 Work participation rate of males 11.1 Work participation rate of females 0.4 Gender gap in work participation ratio 10.7 Total ‘Other Workers’ in the Study Area 17064 100 62 Male 15153 88.8 Female 1911 11.2 Overall work participation rate of Other workers in 14.9 the study area 63 Work participation rate of males 25.0 Work participation rate of females 3.5 Gender gap in work participation rate 21.5 Gender wise distribution of Other Workers in 15466 100 Rural Areas 64 Male 13738 88.8 Female 1728 11.2 Overall work participation rate of Other 14.5 workers in the rural area 65 Work participation rate of males 24.3 Work participation rate of females 3.4 Gender gap in work participation rate 20.9 Gender wise distribution of Other Workers in 66 1598 100 Urban Areas
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Percentage to S.N. Description Number Respective totals Male 1415 88.5 Female 183 11.5 Overall work participation rate of Other workers in 20.8 the Urban area 67 Work participation rate of males 35.1 Work participation rate of females 5.0 Gender gap in work participation rate 30.1 Source: Census 2011
NB: The rates and ratios provided in the above table have been compiled on the basis of Census 2011 demographic data.
7.7 CURRENT SOCIO-ECONOMIC STATUS Population Composition According to 2011 Population Census the study area has a total population of 114691. Of this 52.8 percent are male and the remaining 47.2 percent are female. About 93.3 percent of total population lives in villages and the remaining 6.7 percent in urban area. Further 12.4 percent of the total population belongs to 0-6 age group. About 56.1 percent of them are male and the remaining 43.9 percent are female.
Sex Ratio The overall sex ratio in the study area has been worked out to 894 females per 1000 males, which is less than the national average of 940 females per 1000 males. The highest sex ratio recorded in the rural areas is 1500, which have been observed in village chak Rangi, district Kathua Jammu & Kashmir. Similarly, the lowest sex ratio in the rural areas is 500 females per 1000 males, which have been observed in village Chatha, in district, Kathua, Jammu & Kashmir. The sex ratio of Children belonging to 0-6 age group has been worked out to 782 females per 1000 males, which is much lower than the national average of 927 and state average of Jammu & Kashmir 941 females per 1000 males.
Density of Population The overall density of population in the study area has been worked out to 397.7 persons per sq. Kilometre. The sector wise density of population of the study area has been worked out to 386.3 persons per sq. Kilometre in the rural areas and 673.8 persons per sq. Kilometre in the urban areas.
Households There are 23099 households in the study area and the average household size is five. The highest household size in the study area is 10, which has been recorded in village Chak Poorab and the lowest is two in village Ramgarh.
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Social Structure In the study area the total number of persons belonging to Scheduled Caste community is 46965, which is 40.9 percent of the total population. The gender wise distribution of schedule caste population is male 52.9 percent and female 46.1 percent registering a sex ratio of 891 females per one thousand males. The sector wise distribution of Scheduled Caste population reveals that 93.4 percent of them are living in the rural areas and the remaining 6.6 percent in the urban areas. Further analysis of data reveals that in the study area, the total number of persons belonging to Scheduled Tribe community is 4800, which is 4.2 percent of the total population. This is far below the total number of persons belonging to Scheduled caste community residing in the study area. The gender wise distribution of schedule tribe population in the study area is male 50.8 percent and female 49.2 percent, recording a sex ratio of 967 females per one thousand males.
Literacy Status & Literacy rate All persons aged seven years and above, who can both read and write with understanding in any language are considered as literate. Of the total number of literate persons 56.7 percent are male and the remaining 43.3 percent are female. In the rural areas the total number of literate persons is 71269, out of which 56.8 percent are male and 43.2 percent are female. The total number of literate persons in the urban area of study area is 5341, which comprises of 56.2 percent of male and 43.8 percent of female. The overall literacy rate in the study area has been worked out to 76.2 percent. The gender wise distribution of literacy rate reveals that 82.7 percent of the literate persons are male and 69.2percent are female. This creates a gender gap of 13.5 percent.
Workers A worker has been defined as a person who participates in a productive activity with or without compensation, wages or profit and such participation may be physical and/or mental in nature. A worker may be a main worker or a marginal worker. The main workers are those workers who had worked for the major part of the total working period. In case the total working period is 365 days the worker must have worked for more than 183 days. The marginal workers, on the other hand are those workers who had worked for less than six months during the last 365 days. The total number of workers in the study area has been worked out to 33570, which is 29.3 percent of the total population. Of the total number of workers 89.0percent are male and the remaining 11.0 percent are female. The overall work participation rate is 29.3 percent. While the work participation rate of male is 49.3 percent, it is only 6.9 percent in the case of females. This creates a gender gap of 42.4 percent, which is significantly high. The main workers constitute 74.6 percent of the total work force, while marginal workers constitute only 25.4 percent of the same. Further analysis of data reveals male dominancy in both Main (92.0 percent) and Marginal (80.1 percent) in total workers.
Dependency rate of workers in the study area Based on total number of workers gainfully employed and non-workers either in search of a job or very old & retired or physically handicapped or students continuing their studies or people who have no intention to work, the overall dependency rate has been worked out to 241.6 percent. While the dependency rate for male is 91.3 percent, it is 150.3 percent in the case of female. This indicates that unemployment situation in the study area is a matter of concern. Sector wise, the dependency rate in rural area is 241.1 percent in comparison to 249.0 percent in urban areas.
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AMENITIES Based on information collected from secondary sources various amenities available in the study area are provided in the table below.
Table- Amenities available in the study area Sr Description Number of habitations where the Number of .No. facility is available institutions/facilit ies available in the habitations Villages Towns Villages Town s (A) INSTITUTIONAL EDUCATIONAL FACILITIES 1 Pre - Primary School - 1(a) Only Govt Pre – Primary School 2 - 1 - 1(b) Only Private Pre – Primary 93 - 164 - School 1(c) Both Government and Private 1 5 pre primary school 1(d) No pre primary school 46 - - - Total no. of pre primary schools 142 170 2 Primary School 2(a) Only Govt Primary School 82 - 95 - 2(b) Only Private Primary School 3 - 43 - 2(c) Both Government and Private 32 1 82 3 Primary school 2(d) No Primary school 25 - - - Total no. of primary schools 142 1 220 3
3 Middle School
3(a) Only Govt Middle School 12 - 12 - 3(b) Only Private Middle School 10 - 10 - 3(c) Both government and private 6 1 15 4 middle school 3(d) No middle School 114 - - - Total no. of middle schools 142 1 37 4 4 Secondary School 4(a) Only Govt Secondary School 8 - 8 - 4(b) Only Private Secondary School 9 - 9 - 4(c) Both Government and private 6 1 14 4 secondary schools 4(d) No Secondary school 119 - - - Total no. of Secondary schools 142 1 31 4
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5 Senior Secondary Schools
5(a) Only Government Senior 6 - 6 - Secondary School 5(b) Only Private Senior Secondary 6 - 6 School 5(c) Both government and private 1 1 2 2 senior secondary School 5(d) No Senior Secondary School 129 - - - Total No. Of Senior Secondary 142 1 14 2 Schools (B) HIGHER EDUCATION INSTITUTIONS AND COLLEGES 1. Govt Vocational Training 1 1 2 3 Schools (includes shorthand, typewriting, MS Office and Desk Top Publishing ) 2. Private Vocational Training - 1 - 9 Schools (includes shorthand, typewriting, MSOffice and Desktop Publishing ) Total no. Of Educational 1 2 Institutions 2 12 (C) HEALTH FACILITIES 1 Community Health Centres 3 - 3 - 2 Primary Health Centre 15 - 15 - 3 Primary Health Sub Centre 14 - 14 - 4 Maternity And Child Welfare 5 - 5 - Centre 5 Allopathic Hospital 1 1 1 1 6 Hospital On Alternative 1 - 1 - Medicines 7 Dispensary Numbers 10 - 10 - 8 Veterinary Hospital 15 1 15 1 9 Mobile Health Clinic 3 - 3 - 10 Non-Government Medical 102 1 227 9 Facilities Only For Out Patient 11 Non-Government Medical 2 - 8 - Facilities In And Out Patient 12 Non–Government Charitable 1 - 1 - Medical Facilities Total Number of Health Institutions - - 303 11
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(D)Medical Staff 1 Community Health Centre 3 - 3 - Doctors Numbers 2 Community Health Centre Para 3 - 3 - Medical Staff Total Strength 3 Primary Health Centre Doctors 15 - 19 - Total Strength 4 Primary Health Centre Para 15 - 37 - Medical Staff Total Strength 5 Primary Health Sub Centre 14 - 21 - Doctors 6 Primary Health Sub Centre- 14 - 40 - Para Medical Staff 7 Maternity And Child Welfare 5 - 5 - Centre- Doctors 8 Maternity And Child Welfare 5 - 5 - Centre- Para Medical Staffs 9 Allopathic Doctors 1 1 1 2 10 Para- Medical Staffs In 1 1 1 6 Allopathic hospitals 13 Doctors On Alternative 1 1 1 2 Medicine 14 Hospital Alternative Medicine 1 1 1 6 Para Medical Staff Total Strength 15 Dispensary Doctors Total 7 - 7 - Strength 16 Dispensary Para Medical Total 7 - 15 - Strength 17 Veterinary Hospital Doctors 15 1 19 1 18 Veterinary Para Medical Staff 1 1 1 4 Total Strength 19 Mobile Health Clinic Doctors 3 - 3 - 20 Mobile Health Clinic Para 3 - 3 - Medical Staff Total Strength (E) Medical Practitioner 1 Non-Govt Medical Practitioner 5 - 6 - with MBBS 2 Non – Govt Medical Practitioner 71 - 144 - with other degree 3 Non Govt Traditional Medical 3 - 6 - Practitioner And Faith Healer 4 Non Govt Medical Facilities 5 1 10 5 Medicine Shops Total no of Medical practitioners 166 5
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(F) DRINKING WATER FACILITIES 1 Wells 1(a) Only Covered Wells 15 - - -
1(b) Only Uncovered Wells 95 - - - 2 River/Canal 68 - - -
3 Tube Wells 97 - - -
4 Hand Pump 125 - - -
5 Tap Water 5(a) Treated And Untreated Tap 3 - - - Water 5(b) Only Treated Tap Water 112 - - - 5(c) Only Untreated Tap Water 23 - - - 5(d) No Tap water 4 6 Tank / Pond / Lake 16 - - - 7 Spring 24 - - - 8 Others (Unspecified means of 16 - - - drawing water ) (G)Communication 1 Post Office 3 - - - 2 Sub Post office 22 - 3 Telephone (landlines) 105 4 Public Call Offices 73 - - - 5 Availability Of Mobile Phone 135 - - - Coverage 6 Internet Cafes 3 - - - 7 Private Courier Facility 2 - - - (H) ELECTRICITY 1 Total No. Of Settlements Having - - - Power Supply 1(a) Power Supply For All Uses 130 - - - 1(b) Power for domestic and 9 - - - agricultural uses 1(c) Power For Domestic Uses Only 1 - - - 1(d) No Power supply 2 - - - 2 No of Power Connections in urban areas: 2(a) Connections for Domestic Uses - 1 - 1504 (I) ROADS 1 Rural Areas 1(a) Only Foot Roads 2 - - - 1(b) Gravel (Kuchha) and Foot 59 - - - Roads Prepared by ENVIRTA SUSTAINABLE SOLUTIONS INDIA PVT. LTD. SOCIO-ECONOMIC IMPACT ASSESSMENT |
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1(c) Black Topped, Gravel 69 - - - (Kuchha)And Foot Roads 1(d) Black Topped And Foot Roads 12 - - - 2 Urban Areas 2(a) Only Pucca Roads (Kms) - 1 - 6 2(b) Only Mud Roads (Kms) - - - - Total Length of the roads in the Urban areas (in Kms) - 6 (J) Banking and Credit facilities 1 Commercial Banks 11 1 11 1 2 Cooperative Banks 5 1 5 1 3 ATM facilities 2 - 2 - 4 Agricultural Credit Societies 15 - 15 - 5 Agricultural Marketing Society 7 - 7 - (H) Other Facilities 5 Self Help Group Status 1 1 6 Public Distribution Status 55 55
CURRENT STATUS OF VARIOUS FACILITIES AVAILABLE IN THE STUDY AREA. The household wise status of various facilities available in the study area is provided in the Table below.
Table No.: Household wise Status of various facilities available in the study area Description No. of Households Percentage of Households HOUSES 1 Good 11739 46.7 2 Liveable 11177 44.5 3 Dilapidated 2203 8.8 Total 25119 100 DRINKING WATER 1 Water available within premises 18359 73.1 2 Water available near the premises 4836 19.2 3 Water available away from the 1924 7.7 premises Total 25119 100 AVAILABILITY OF SANITATION FACILITIES 1 Households having latrine within 4994 19.9 their premises 2 Households having no latrine at all 20125 80.1 Total 25119 100 USE OF SANITATION FACILITIES 1 Households Using their own latrine 4994 19.9 2 Households using public toilets 518 2.1 3 Households defecate in the open 19607 78.0
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Total 25119 100 LIGHT 1 Electricity 24115 96.0 2 Kerosene 948 3.8 3 Solar and Other sources 56 0.2 Total 25119 100 KITCHEN AND TYPES OF FUEL USED 1 Kitchen located Inside the house 18820 74.9 2 Kitchen located outside house 6041 24.1 3 No Kitchen for cooking 258 1.0 Total 25119 100 FUEL USED IN COOKING 1 LPG 9235 36.8 2 Kerosene 295 1.2 3 Crop Residue 610 2.4 4 Fire wood 14146 56.3 5 Other 833 3.3 Total 25119 100 Source: Compiled from Census 2011 data
ASSESSMENT OF LIKELY SOCIO-ECONOMIC IMPACT IMPACT ON POPULATION COMPOSITION In general, no impact is envisaged on the population composition of the study area as there will be no in-migration or out-migration of villagers due to mining of river bed materials at village Pandori. Since all the workers are expected to be recruited locally, in-migration of people in search of job in the proposed mining project is not expected. Similarly, chances of out-migration of people due to environmental degradation resulting from mining activities are remote as river bed materials are not so lethal even if it is handled loosely. Hence, there will be no negative impact on the population composition of the study area. If on the other hand, the project proponent is compelled to recruit few skilled workers from distant places outside the study area the impact on population composition will be insignificant or marginal.
IMPACT ON EMPLOYMENT For removal of Sand and other materials from the river bed of Ujh the project proponent has decided to recruit the local people. The total number of persons to be recruited will depend upon quantity of minerals to be extracted over a period of time. In the initial period the number of such people will be less but gradually it will go up when the extraction of minerals will pick up. It is definitely a positive impact of the proposed mining project. On an average 14 workers will be engaged for extraction of river bed minerals. The targeted production of minerals is 591018.75 Tons per annum. The production per worker has been worked out to 42215.63 Tons per annum. These workers fall in the category of formal workers who will be directly involved in the mining of minerals. They constitute 53.8 percent of the total workers benefitted by the up-coming mining project. Besides the formal workers there will be employment
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opportunities for about 12 informal workers, which constitute 46.2 percent of the total workers. The informal workers are yet to get recognition in the total workforce. Of the total number of formal workers proposed to be engaged in the proposed mining activity five will be skilled, one will be unskilled and eight will be piece rated workers, who will be paid on the basis of task performed during a given period of time. The mining project will be operated under the supervision of a Mining Foreman having adequate experiences. The above job opportunities will however be for a limited period of 275- 300 days. During the monsoon period when there will be no mining activity the above workers will be without job. Hence, this can be termed as casual employment for a maximum period of 300 days. It is expected that total number of workers in the study area will increase when the mine will be in full operation. The table and figure below provides category wise manpower proposed to be deployed by the project proponent during the operation of the mine.
Table : Category wise distribution of manpower to be deployed during the operation of the mine Sr. No. Manpower Description Number % to total number of persons proposed to be recruited (1) (2) (3) (4) A Formal Workers 1 Mining Foreman Skilled 1 3.8 2 Office Skilled 1 3.8 Assistant/Dispatch Supervisor 3 Environment Supervisor Skilled 1 3.8 4 Office Boy Semi- 1 3.8 Skilled 5 Skilled Skilled 2 7.8 worker/mechanic 6 Piece rated workers $ 8 30.8 Total (A) 14 53.8 B Informal Workers 12 46.2 Total (B) 12 46.2 Grand Total (A+B) 26 100
7.8 INCREASED SUPPLY OF RIVER BED MINERALS FOR END USERS River bed minerals namely Boulder, Gravel and Sand have about 200 uses. It serves as an excellent material for mortar or concrete work. It is also used in the manufacture of sheet glass, water filtration, Bricks etc. Due to poor supply of sand many buildings and infrastructure projects are facing unwarranted delay resulting to cost escalation and job loss for labour. With the commencement of the proposed mining projects at Pandori in district Kathua, Jammu & Kashmir there will be increased supply of boulder, gravel and sand in the market considering that the mining pit will function for 275 to 300 days in a year. The states that will be benefitted by increased supply of mineral will be Jammu & Kashmir, Punjab and Himachal Pradesh. The increased supply of minerals will give boost to the construction activities and various mineral based industries in the region. Uninterrupted supply of this Prepared by ENVIRTA SUSTAINABLE SOLUTIONS INDIA PVT. LTD. SOCIO-ECONOMIC IMPACT ASSESSMENT |
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important raw material is essential for infrastructure development and for greater employment opportunities for local jobless. This is a positive impact of the project.
SCOPE FOR PROMOTION OF BOULDER, GRAVEL AND SAND BASED INDUSTRIES IN THE STUDY AREA. With increased supply of river bed minerals in the region the prospective entrepreneurs shall have the opportunity to set up sand, gravel and boulder based industrial units for manufacturing Resin Coated Sand for use in foundries, Sheet/Flat glass, sand bags, bricks, paints etc. This will generate additional employment opportunities for jobless in the region. This is a positive impact of the project.
SCOPE FOR DEVELOPMENT AND MAINTENANCE OF ROADS IN THE AREA Movement of trucks, dumpers and other vehicles to and fro the quarry sites are expected to increase substantially, when the mine will start operating. The existing approach road connecting the quarry with the national and state highways are narrow and uneven. There will be mud slides and traffic bottle necks if the road is not widened and their surface conditions are not improved to support heavy truck dumper traffic. Hence, there is a good scope for development and maintenance of roads in the area. This is a positive impact of the project.
FLOOD CONTROL & PROTECTION TO LIFE AND PROPERTY The study area lies on the flood plain of river Ujh. Due to mining activity the depth of the river will increase resulting to increase in water holding capacity of the river. Hence, during rainy season there will be fewer chances of floods causing loss of life and property.
IMPROVEMENT IN QUALITY OF LIFE OF THE LOCAL PEOPLE The quality of life of people in a region depends on per capita income, purchasing power, employment opportunities, infrastructure development, industry, trade & commerce, housing conditions, education, health facilities etc. The upcoming mining project will throw employment opportunities for about 26 people in and around Pandori Village. After the implementation of the project the employment situation in the area will improve benefitting 26 households or 130 individuals. This will have multiple effects on household income of all those families who will get employment in the above mining project. Further, the enhanced income will increase the purchasing power of the above households and at the same time their consumption pattern and living style. Thus the proposed mining Project is an attempt to uplift the Quality of life of the local people.
IMPACT ON STATE INCOME The upcoming mining project will make positive impact on state’s economy as state’s revenue will increase due to higher collection of royalty, dead rent, taxes and fees. It is a positive and direct impact of the project on State’s Income.
Impact on Law & Order As local people will be deployed to run the quarry, no law & order problem is envisaged. It is expected that the workers will attend to their duties from their residences and return to their homes after the day’s work is over. There would have ethnic issues and subsequent law & order problem if the workers were migrants and lived in shanties close to the mining area. However, to meet any untoward incident a police post may be set up close to the project area.
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Check on illegal mining Illegal extraction of sand and other materials from the riverbed has far reaching impacts on the society as it creates disturbances in the social well being of the people. There are instances of indiscriminate violation of ‘Illegal Mining Rules’ framed by the state governments. This has resulted to increase in the instances of conflicts in the area. Majority of the people who are engaged in illegal sand mining are outsiders with criminal backgrounds. They force the local people in different ways to sell their lands for extraction of sand and those who oppose them are physically attacked. Conflict between the criminal groups for the monopoly of sand mining is a usual scene in many areas across the country and in many cases it is fatal. In such cases the common people are helpless as they are often threatened by the mafias. Further, illegal mining brings windfall gain to the sand mafias resulting to conspicuous expenditures especially on drinking, which again causes law and order problem in the mining area as also in the neighbourhoods. Thus illegal mining not only bring loss to the Government revenue but also create law and order problems in the mining area. The proposed mining blocks located at Pandori in district Kathua, Jammu & Kashmir has legal backing since lease has been granted by the Government and the miner will start operating the mine after the receipt of environment clearances and other permissions from the Government. Such projects with legal backing are expected to put a check on illegal mining and siphoning of government revenue.
IMPACT ON HEALTH Mining is always a health hazard and extraction of Boulder, Gravel and Sand is no exception to that. The major health problem originates from mining of sand is the generation of dust and other pollutants. It exposes communities to airborne particulate matter that damages lungs of infants, children, elderly persons and those who have chronic health problems. Hence, emission of dust and other pollutants must be checked when the mines start operating, otherwise it will lead to permanent respiratory diseases. The table below presents social & economic impacts that people in the study area are expected to endure when mining activities will commence at village Pandori in district Kathua in Jammu & Kashmir.
Table : Social & Economic impacts of Sand Mining Project in district Kathua, Jammu & Kashmir Sr. No. Description Impact Type Positive Impact Negative Impact No Impact Direct In- Direct In-direct direct 1 Population - - - - Yes Composition 2 Formal Employment Yes - - - - Generation 3 Informal Employment - Yes - - - Generation 4 Increased Supply of Yes - - - - sand for end users 5 Scope for promotion of - Yes - - - sand based industries in the study area. 6 Scope for - Yes - - - development and
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maintenance of roads in the area 7 Impact on Agriculture - - - - Yes 8 Flood Control & Yes - - - - protection to life and property 9 Improvement in - Yes - - - Quality of life of the local people 10 Increase in State Yes - - - - Income 11 Impact on Law & - - - - Yes Order 12 Check on illegal Yes - - - - mining 13 Impact on Health - - Yes - -
It is clear from the above table that the up-coming mining project in Kathua district of Jammu & Kashmir will yield positive impact on nine variables, negative impact on one variable and no impact on three variables. The impact on health will be negative, if no precautionary measures as stated below are taken.
MEASURES PROPOSED TO BE TAKEN The Public opinion is in favour of community health programme under which the mine operators are encouraged to invest in building of healthcare infrastructure like hospitals, clinics, health education resources, emergency response personnel and equipment, doctors, nurses and hygienists. Furnished below are few steps proposed to be taken by the mine operator to meet any health hazard during the course of mining practices.
SAFE WORK ENVIRONMENT The project proponent ensures health and safety of all the employees at work. He believes in maintaining safe work environment and ensures that the machinery and equipment in use are safe for his employees. Further, he makes sure that work arrangements are non-hazardous to employees.
PROVISION OF FIRST AID: The project proponent will make provision for First Aid and the persons providing first aid are well trained in handling patients working in mines.
REGULAR HEALTH EXAMINATION: For all the mine workers periodical medical examination as per Mines Rule 1955 has been made compulsory. The regular health examination will cover treatment of serious back injury; existing asthma or respiratory diseases, existing skin diseases, lung function test (pre and post venturing), Audiograms, Chest X- ray etc.
NO WORK FOR TEMPORAL DISABILITIES: The workers having temporary disability will stop doing the job till he/she recovers from disabilities.
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HEALTH EDUCATION: Adequate health education and information related to the job will be provided to the workers. Baseline health information will be recorded for future references.
TIE UP WITH THE NEAREST HOSPITAL FOR MEDICAL HELP To meet the medical needs of the mine workers the project proponent plans to tie-up with nearest hospitals. Efforts will be made to reserve few beds in the above hospitals for the workers of the upcoming mining project. This will ensure timely medical aid for the affected persons.
SUPPLY OF MASK, GLOVES ETC The workers in the sand mines are subject to respiratory diseases. For protection from dust it has been made compulsory for all the workers to wear masks and gloves, while working in the up-coming mine.
ADMINISTRATION OF ANTI-VENOM INJECTIONS Provision of Anti-venom therapy will be made available for administration to the workers in case of snake, spider and insect bites, while working in the mine.
SPECIAL TELEPHONE NUMBER A special telephone number will be made available to the workers in case of emergency so that they can dial the same for medical assistances. Further, efforts will be made to provide vehicles to the patients in short duration for shifting to the health institutions.
SPECIAL GROUP INSURANCE SCHEME All the mine workers has been planned to be covered under a Group Insurance Scheme of LIC or any other Insurance company to achieve economic objectives and social obligations.
PERCEPTION OF LOCAL PEOPLE During the course of site visit people living in the nearby villages were requested to express their views about the up-coming mining project in district Kathua in Jammu & Kashmir. Irrespective of the distance of the villages from the mining site they all supported it. They stated that it should be given top priority as the entire construction industry is depended on adequate supply of Sand, Gravel and Boulder in time. However, people living in the study area stated that extraction of minerals should be taken up with the following conditions: a) All the persons to be deployed for extraction of sand and other materials from the river bed of Ujh should be recruited locally from villages near the mine lease areas and in no case outsiders be engaged for the purpose. b) Mining should be allowed strictly during day time and there should be no mining activity after the sun set. c) There should not be any pilling of sand and other minerals outside the lease area for deferred sale. The piling of sand and other minerals create environment pollution. d) The mud road connecting the quarry with the Tar road should be well maintained and there should not be any pothole or uneven surface. This will ensure speedy transportation of r minerals from the quarry to the end users. e) The local communities must be involved while implementing the CSR activities. f) The CSR activities should be carried on under the supervision of a team drawing members from the affected villages. g) Mining should be practised every year since sand never gets exhausted due to regular replenishment during the rainy season. Prepared by ENVIRTA SUSTAINABLE SOLUTIONS INDIA PVT. LTD. SOCIO-ECONOMIC IMPACT ASSESSMENT |
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7.9 CORPORATE SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY Corporate social responsibility (CSR) refers to responsibility of a company/ organization to ensure positive impact on environment, consumers, employees, communities, stakeholders and all other members of public sphere. It is a new concept in the mining sector and the companies are still going through the learning curve. The CSR activities are increasingly being taken up by the project proponent not only as fulfilling of mandatory provisions but also for the formation or enhancement of brand image. Besides the above, CSR is seen more as a responsibility towards society rather than a business promotion activity. It is the need of the day for expansion of occupational welfare. The project proponent of the upcoming river bed mineral mining projects at village Pandori in district Kathua has already identified the activities, which are proposed to be undertaken by him for the benefits of the local community. This will not only improve the socio-economic status of the people living in the nearby areas but also enhance the reputation of the project proponent among the local people. The project proponent proposes to spend Rs 1.7 lakhs in a span of three years during the course of mining process. The list of activities proposed to be taken up by the project proponents is indicated below 1) Health camps for local community 2) One time financial assistance to schools for construction and maintenance of toilets 3) Distribution of blankets and woollen clothes to BPL households during winter months 4) Vocational Training for self employment 5) Supply of books and stationary to poor needy students
Provided below is year wise tentative allocation of funds for the above activities proposed to be taken up by the project proponent.
Table : Year wise allocation of funds for various activities proposed to be taken up by the mine lease holder. S. Activities Allocation of fund (Rs. Lakhs) No Year1 Year 2 Year 3 Total (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6)
1 Health camps for local 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.30 community 2 One time financial 0.50 - - 0.50 assistance to a selected school for construction and maintenance of toilets 3 Vocational Training for self - 0.25 - 0.25 employment 4 Distribution of blankets - 0.20 0.20 and woollen clothes to BPL households during winter months 5 Supply of books and 0.15 0.15 0.15 0.45 stationary to needy and poor students Total 0.75 0.50 0.45 1.70
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CONCLUSION During the course of the above study 13 socio-economic factors were identified, which are expected to influence the socio-economic life of the people in the study area. Except one all of them are positive impacts, which are expected to improve the quality of life of the local people. Beside the above the mining will bring revenue to the Government of Jammu & Kashmir through royalty and dead rent. The implementation of River Bed Mineral Mining projects on river Ujh in Kathua district of Jammu & Kashmir will generate both direct and indirect employment for the local jobseekers. Besides the above it will bring a check on illegal mining in the district. Since the quarry has been allotted by the Government on lease basis, mining operation will be legally valid. It is expected that interested entrepreneurs will venture to set up micro and small scale units based on sand and other river bed minerals in the near future making the area a mixed economy, dependent on industry, trade and business. At present agriculture is the most important occupation of the people as 45.7 percent of the total workers are engaged in agriculture. With the implementation of the proposed mining project the occupational pattern of the people in the area will witness further shifting from one occupation to another occupation. It is expected that more people will get engaged in mining, industrial and business activities rather in agriculture. Thus there will be a gradual shifting of population from agriculture to mining and industrial sector. It thus proves that “River Bed Mineral Mining” activities have significant socio-economic impacts on livelihoods of local communities. However, continuous efforts are to be made to stop illegal mining in the area as it results to social tension, conflicts and alcoholism that pose a threat to the well being of the people living in the neighbourhoods of the mining area.
7.10 PUBLIC HEARING EIA Notification 2006 of MoEF & CC vide S.O.1533 dated 14th Sept. 2006, the project falls at serial no. 1(a) Category A requires Environmental Clearance from MoEF & CC. The Public Hearing is the part of Environmental Clearance process. Public consultation is considered and incorporated into the report under standard guideline as discussed in MoEF & CC notification 2006 and amendments. Regional Officer of State Pollution Control Board will be coordinator for the public hearing Committee. The news for the public hearing is published in local and national news paper (English) with probable date of public Hearing. District Magistrate of the Kathua will be the Chairman of the committee. The proceeding of the public hearing will be discussed in EIA report and enclosed separately in the Final EIA report.
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CHAPTER 8 PROJECT BENEFITS 8. GENERAL The demand of river bed material has been rising in the state as a result of rising infrastructure.The proposed project aims to fulfill the supply of river bed material. Hence, the fine quality of mineral will be used further for development. The sediment in the form of river bed material (RBM) deposited is of critical importance in civil and other infrastructural activities. The proposed project lies on the river bed of Ujh. The river bed material is used mainly in the construction activities like buildings, bridges etc. The requirement for the mineral is always high in the nearby cities and towns. Therefore, there is always a good demand of the mineral in the domestic market. The demand in domestic market is increasing with infrastructure growth; hence new areas for river bed material reserves are approached and made operational. The apparent domestic demand for sand is estimated at 125 million tones by 2013-14 which becomes 165 million tons in 2015-16. The capacity of proposed project is 591018.75 TPA. Hence, the proposed project aims to fill the demand – supply gap through optimum allocation and excavation of natural resources required to meet the demand effectively in the local region. This will also generate much needed employment to the local people. Economy of the area will get a boost and there will be overall growth of the region in terms of education, health, training, transport, automobile, industry. The standard of living accordingly will be improved.
8.2 IMPROVEMENTS IN SOCIO-ECONOMICENVIRONMENT The proposed project will enhance the socio-economic environment in the adjoining areas. This will result in following benefits: • Increase in employment potential. • Improvements in physical and social infrastructure • Benefit under CSR policy of the organization • Contribution to the State/ Centre exchequer • Prevention of illegal mining which will help in sustaining the river and its aesthetic value • Post-mining enhancement of green cover under EMP of the project • Scientific method of mining will protect river mining bed and controls foods in river. These parameters are discussed below: Employment Direct employment During the operational phase, about 14 people will be employed in the proposed project. Considering that some of the skilled personnel to be employed for the project will be from outside the area and unskilled/ semiskilled personnel will be from within the study area, the project will add to the well being of the area. In addition to the workforce the indirect employment will also be generated for local persons. It will help in bringing prosperity to the area. Other benefit in the proposed project is business opportunity for the hundreds of people.
Indirect Employment The project will also provide some indirect employment to the people of nearby area of mine site. Some people will get engaged in some pet shops like tea shop, vehicle repair centre etc. It will also
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provide some need based opportunity to serve the demand of local public. The project will provide following indirect employment to the local people: • The river bed material available will provide agency employment in the value chain analysis, for place utility and retail. • Transportation and warehousing in the region required to transfer the mineral will eventually be needed and therefore trucks and jobs in logistical activities will come up. • There will be development of externalities for the mine workers petty shops (tea, repair stations for trucks etc.) as supporting services. • As there would be vocational training camps and Technical Training of mining to the regional people, hence there will be potential manpower available for the proposed and surrounding mines of the Tehsil. • This would create Indigenous Technologies for sustainable development.
8.3 IMPROVEMENTS IN SOCIAL INFRASTRUCTURE There will be some obvious changes in various environmental parameters due to mining activity. Increase socio-economic activities, creation of new employment opportunities, infra-structural development, better educational and health facilities. Following are the benefits in specific area of social domain:- Socio-Economic:- There will be positive impact in socio-economic area due to increased economic activities, creation of new employment opportunities, infrastructural development and better educational and health facilities. Health Care Facilities Company will undertake awareness program and community activities like health, camps, family welfare camps, AIDS awareness program etc. Company will spent total INR 0.95 lakh on education, INR0.30 lakh on health care and allied facilities, Rs 0.25 lacs for Traing for self employment, INR 0.2 lakh for drinking water and 0.40lakh for others of the workers. Employment Potential There is a possibility of creation of direct and indirect employment opportunities due to working of this mine.The mine will contribute to the Exchequer of State and Central Government as per norms. Benefit under CSR policy Corporate social responsibility (CSR) refers to responsibility of a company to ensure positive impact on environment, consumers, employees, communities, stakeholders and all other members of public sphere to contribute fund (2% of project cost) from project benefit for the causes of poverty and social development. It is a new concept in the mining sector and the companies are still going through the learning curve. The CSR activities are increasingly being taken up by the project proponents not only as fulfilling of mandatory provisions but also for the formation and or enhancement of brand image. The project proponent of the upcoming river bed mining project in village Maichak, District Kathua, has already identified the activities, which are proposed to be undertaken for the benefits of the local community. The project proponents propose to spend Rs. 1.70 lakhs in five years for which the lease has been granted. On an average they propose to spend under CSR for education (0.95 lakh), health (0.30 lakh), training (0.25 lakh), & others (0.20 lakh). State & Centre Exchequer Site was allotted by the Department of Mines & Geology, Govt. of Jammu & Kashmir to Shri Dhyan Singh based on the highest royalty to the State Govt. for the mining lease among the other bidders. Royalty for the mine lease was paid State Govt. for the allotted period. Mine will be closed as per mine closure plan. Land will be reclaimed and remain the property of State Govt. Further for sale of river bed material minerals, tax and duties paid will be under the prejudice of State Govt.
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Environment Management plan The lease area is in the river bed and devoid of any vegetation. Mining activities will not cause any harm to riparian vegetation cover as the working will not extend beyond the offset left against the banks. Plantation will be carried out as social forestry program in villages, school and the areas allocated by the Panchayat / State authorities. Plantation has been proposed on both sides of the roads as greenbelt to provide cover against dust dissemination. A massive plantation will be done nearby the mine area to mitigate the ill-effects of mining and to improve environment of its surrounding area. It is proposed to develop greenbelt as social forestry program in the approach villages at public places like school, PHC’s, Panchayat Bhawan with due permission from Panchayat and in consultation with Forest Department. Priority will be given to school and PHC’s. A suitable combination of trees that can grow fast and also have good leaf cover shall be adopted to develop the greenbelt. It is proposed to plant native species along with some fruit bearing and herbal trees during the plan period for 2.37 ha land per year at the rate of 500 trees/ha.
Table 8.1: Plantation in Study area Year Saplings to be Survival Species Place of Plantation planted (@ 80%) I 1200 960 Khair, babul, Along the roads, in II 1200 960 Deodar,Shisham, schools and public III 1200 960 Buri, Simbal, Gulmohar , building and other IV 1200 960 apples, almonds, melons, social forestry V 1200 960 and Laukats etc programme. Total 6000 4800 Native plants like Khair, babul, Deodar, Shisham, Buri, Simbal, Gulmohar, apples, almonds, melons, Laukats and other local species will be planted. The management will give emphasis on plantation and will also motivate local persons for plantation during rainy season. This will also increase the consciousness in workers and near-by villagers for greenery. Fruit trees can contribute towards their financial gains.
8.3 HEALTH Periodic medical checkups as per Mines Act / Rules and other social development and promotional activities will be undertaken. All this will assist to lift the general health status of the residents of the area around mines.
8.4 OTHER TANGIBLE BENEFITS The other tangible benefits includes metrics and improvements demonstrating process and system cost savings, compliant inspections and customer audits, faster product approvals and manufacturing throughput, less rejected material, reduced nonconformance issues, and more efficient continuous improvement and project implementation. Intangible benefits include improved staff morale, quick, more accurate and transparent decision making, increased staff accountability and an enhanced culture of quality throughout the organization.
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CHAPTER 9 ENVIRONMENTAL COST & BENEFIT ANALYSIS 9.0 INTRODUCTION Development has negative impact on environment. Environmental parameters are under the stress and crossing the limit prescribed by the statutory bodies like SPCB/CPCB/MoEF. Development is essential for the growth of a country. Environment Management is essential for sustainable development. Development and Environment Management are to go ahead in parallel and both are essential and complementary to each other. River bed material is core component of construction materials in infrastructure development. In the proposed river bed mining project, sand is mining of minerals mined out from the river bed. Rivers are the most important life supporting system of nature. For centuries, humans have been enjoying the natural benefits provided by rivers without understanding much on how the river ecosystem functions and maintains its vitality. Man has changed the nature of many of the world's rivers by controlling their flows, constructing large impoundments, over exploitation of living and non living resources and disposal of wastes. Among these, unscientific and indiscriminate extraction of sand and gravel from riverbed are the rampant activities which are threatening the very existence of the river ecosystem. In order to mitigate the impact of river bed mining on the environment, a scientific assessment is a pre- requisite for framing sustainable development strategies. It is therefore important to tackle the problem for control of pollution and mining of minerals in a cost- effective method causing least damage to the ecosystem. In order to commence/enhance production/ renewal of any mines, it is necessary to obtain Environmental Clearances from the Ministry of Environment and Forests and Climate Change (MoEF & CC), Govt. of India as per EIA Notification 2006.
9.1 PROJECT BENEFITS Mining on the river bed has following benefits: • Revenue in form of Royalty will be deposited in favor of state Govt. for the mining lease area of 36.0 ha. • The supply of river bed material as a raw material for infrastructure development has a paramount importance. Therefore, the implementation of scientific mining principles through EIA & EMP plays a vital role in sustainable economic growth of our country. • Scientific mining will protect the river bed and stops floods in the river. • The river bed mining project will create infrastructure in the project area in form of strengthening of existing roads/ new roads from the proposed site to leading National Highway/state high way. • The proposed project will generate employment for the weaker section of people in the society. It creates business opportunity for thousands in the local areas. • Separate fund will be allocated from CSR i.e. 1.7 lakh per annum for the development of poor in that area. • Since development has adverse impact on environment, separate fund of 4.0 lakh per annum and additional 1.1 lakh per annum as recurring cost is allocated for Environment Management Plan. There will be no impact on environment. • Proposed project will improve economy of the area which will improve life quality.
In total, proposed river bed mining of minerals on the river bed of Ujh has positive impact. Prepared by ENVIRTA SUSTAINABLE SOLUTIONS INDIA PVT. LTD. CHAPTER 9 |
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CHAPTER 10 ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN 10. INTRODUCTION A project specific Environmental Management Plan has been formulated subsequent to an EIA study as per the requisite Terms of Reference to ensure that the appropriate environmental management practices are followed in compliance with the environmental legislation. It has been evaluated that the study area has not been affected adversely with the proposed activity and likely to get new economical fillip, not only for the study area but also for the region as a whole. Environmental Management for the mining activity is discussed for environmental impact pertains to the operational phase and after. Even though is reversible in nature all the impacts will be visible only during operational phase. The EMP will therefore be initiated during operational phase.
10.1 CRITICAL ACTIVITIES FOR EMP IMPLEMENTATION • Training and Environmental Awareness; • Documentation and record keeping; • Reporting Procedures; • Stakeholder/ Project Proponent engagement; • Auditing; • Responding to compliance and reporting.
Table 10.1: Environmental Management Plan S. No. Particular Management Plan 1 Land Environment • Safety zone of about 45m on each side of the rail/ road bridges and 45m radius around the wells located in the river bed have been earmarked. River Bed material excavation will not be carried out in this zone. • 20m offset will be left against the banks to protect from side collapse. • Soil quality will be monitored from strategic locations and analysis will be done once in every two years. • To prevent erosion, moving the road or footpath will be kept away from the river’s edge. • Care will be taken to ensure that pounding is not formed in the river bed. 2 Water Environment • Based on baseline data, corrective measures will be taken. • Measurement of water level fluctuations to assess impact of mining activity on the water table depletion in close proximity of dug wells and bore wells. • Rainwater harvesting (percolation tank) has been proposed for augmenting ground water resources and for arresting/ reversing the declining trends of ground water levels. • Regular monitoring and analysis of water samples at strategic locations will be carried out to monitor the water quality of the
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area. 3 Air Environment Unpaved Roads • Water sprinkling will be done for dust suppression. • Leveling of roads will be done to maintain the uniform speed of the trucks/tippers. Paved Roads • The roads will be maintained. • Regular cleaning will be done to reduce the chances of road dust to become airborne. • Water sprinkling will be done on a fixed stretch of paved road passing through the villages. • Adequate transportation routes will be decided to transport the mineral and will be maintained properly. • Speed breakers will be constructed to restrict the speed of transporting vehicles. However, limiting of vehicular speed will be adopted. Transportation • The vehicles will be maintained to control the air emissions. • The speed of the vehicles will be maintained uniform. • PUC certified vehicles will be used. • The loaded vehicles will be covered with tarpaulin. • Over loading will be avoided. 4 Noise Environment • Regular inspection and maintenance of vehicles and equipment will be performed to ensure efficiency and worn parts will be replaced. • Limited numbers of equipments will be used on-site. • The vehicles will be maintained in good condition and overloading will be avoided. • Speed limits will be enforced in relation to road conditions and on-route communities. • Road surfaces will be maintained in good condition to reduce tyre noise and to assure continuous traffic flow to avoid prolonged idling. • Noise monitoring will be conducted on a regular basis to determine compliance with noise criteria. • Personal protective devices i.e., earmuffs and earplugs will be provided to workers, working in high noise areas. • Periodical medical checkup will be organized for all workers to check any noise related health problems. 5 Occupational Health Heat & Light andSafety • The mine site will have adequate drinking water supply so that workers do not get dehydrated. • Lightweight and loose fitting clothes having light colors will be
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preferred to wear. • Rigorous exercise and more physical activities will be avoided in hot weather. Noise • Noise exposure measurements will be taken to determine the need for noise control strategies. • The personal protective equipment will be provided for mine workers. • Supervisor will be instructed for reporting any problems with hearing protectors or noise control equipment. • At noisy working activity, exposure time will be minimized. • Machineries will be labeled with noise levels. Dust Control • Dust generating sources will be identified and proper control measure will be adopted. • Face mask will be provided during mining activity. • Periodic medical examinations will be provided for all workers. • Awareness program will be organized for workers. 6 Biological Environment • Mining activities will not cause any harm to riparian vegetation cover as the working will not extend beyond the offset left against the banks. • The lease area is devoid of any vegetation. Hence, It is proposed to develop social forestry in the approach villages at public places like School, PHC’s, Panchayat Bhawan with due permission from Panchayat and in consultation with Forest Department/ local authorities. • The green belt development will be carried out by Project Proponent and maintenance will be done by the villagers/ NGO’s with their active participations. 7 Socio-Economic Aspect • Direct employment to the local people which help to sustain their livelihood. • During the operational phase by the implementation of certain CSR activities indirect employment will also generate. • Improved livelihood. • Training will be provided to the local persons • Awareness program will be organized.
10.2 ENVIRONMENTAL ACTION PROGRAMME The Project Proponent is quite conscious of its responsibility for maintaining clean and a healthy environment. The management is also keen to modify and make more efficient measures towards suppression of pollution sources. Adequate fund for Pollution Control Measures are provided as a part of overall project financing to ensure the availability ofproper treatment facilities. This cost will be spending phase wise along with the growth of project. The breakup of the proposed cost for Environment Management Program is given as under:
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Table 10.2: Budgetary for EMP Sr. Particulars Amount Recurring No. (Lakh) cost(Lakh) 1 Pollution monitoring – Air, Water, Noise 1.50 0.50 2 Pollution monitoring – Water sprinkling 0.20 0.10 3 Wire fencing at plantation sites 0.30 - 4 Plantation including maintenance 0.50 0.20 5 Haul road and other roads repair and maintenance 0.50 - 6 Pre-monsoon and post monsoon survey for sedimentation in the 1.00 0.30 river bed Total 4.00 1.1 Separate fund of 4.0 lakh one time cost and 1.10 recurring cost is proposed for EMP which will be for the causes of environment quality improvement which is discussed in the EIA report.
10.3 CONCLUSION Various aspects of mining activities are considered and related impacts are evaluated. Considering all the possible ways to mitigate the environmental concerns Environmental Management Plan is prepared and fund is allocated for the same. The EMP is dynamic, flexible and subjected to periodic review. For project where the major environmental impacts are associated, EMP will be under regular review. Senior Management responsible for the project will conduct a review of EMP and its implementation to ensure that the EMP remains effective and appropriate and environmental quality will improve under EMP program. Thus, the proper steps will be taken to accomplish all the goals mentioned in the EMP and the project will bring the positive impact in the study area.
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CHAPTER 11 SUMMARY & CONCLUSION 11.0 INTRODUCTION With increase in industrialization coupled with population growth, the demand for different mineralshas increased and is likely to grow further in years to come. This has resulted in irreversible impacts on diminishing reserve, with simultaneous generation of solid wastes and effluents causing environmental degradation. In order to mitigate the impact of river bed mining on the environment, a scientific assessment is a pre-requisite for framing sustainable development strategies. It is therefore important to tackle the problem for control of pollution and mining of minerals in a cost- effective method causing least damage to the ecosystem. Project has to go through screening under Category“A” due to presence of interstate boundary of Jammu Kashmir & Punjab at 0.16 Km to obtain Environmental Clearances from the Ministry of Environment and Forests and Climate Change (MoEF & CC), Govt. of India. Shri Dhyan Singh was awarded the lease area of 36.0 Ha for mining and Mining Plan approved by the Directorate of Geology and Mining, , Govt. of Jammu & Kashmir, vide letter no. DGM/F-435/AOMP/754-757 dt 15-05-2015 for the mining of minor mineral on the Ujh river bed as per EIA Notification 2006 of MoEF & CC and subsequent amendment.
11.1 SILENT FEATURES OF PROJECT The silent features of the river bed mining project in brief are given as follows: Geological and Mineable reserves (as per approved mine plan)
Table 11.1: Geological and Mineable reserves: Parameter Details Mining lease area 36.00 ha Mineable reserves 3166171 MTPA Production capacity 591018.75 MTPA Revenue village names for Pandori village in Tehsil Kathua, District kathua , State Jammu & this Mine Lease Kashmir Aerial length of Block NH -1A, (10.82 km in North), NH-15 (19.37 Km in SE) Connected/ Nearby GMS Sherpur School-About 8.2 km (approx.) in NE Direction Highways for Transportation of Sand
11.1 PROJECT - ACTIVITIES IN OPERATIONAL PHASE This project is proposed for the excavation of river bed material from the bed of river Ujh. It is an opencast semi mechanized mining project to excavate river bed material in its existing form for direct usage as a construction material. river bed material excavation will be carried out up to a depth of 3.0 m or 1.0 m above the ground water table or whichever is less by using light weight excavators. Mining will be carried out in three Blocks with the Mining Plan and Year wise proposed production details as per approved Mining Plan are given below:
Block Name Area (Ha.) Pandori on Ujh River Bed Block 36 Ha. Total Area of Block 36 Ha. Prepared by ENVIRTA SUSTAINABLE SOLUTIONS INDIA PVT. LTD. CHAPTER 11 |
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Mining Area (Source: Mine Plan) Year Total Mineable Reserves Total Production (MTPA) I 633234.2 591018.75 II 633234.2 591018.75 III 633234.2 591018.75 IV 633234.2 591018.75 V 633234.2 591018.75 Five Years Proposed Production Details (T/A) (Source: Mine Plan) 11.3 MINING METHODOLOGY As per Jammu & Kashmir Minor Mineral Concession Rules, 1962and amendments extraction of river bed material in bench mode will be limited to 3.0 m depth, width will be approx. 20 m and bench will advance parallel to the bank of the river. Extraction activities will start in the block from the upstream to downstream side. This will not obstruct the movement of water, if any, during monsoon period in the river course. Roads in the lease area for the movement of loaded tippers/ trucks will not have slopes more than 1 in 20. Roads will be properly maintained and water sprinkling will be used for dust suppression. Lease area will have its own approach road, which already exist and is well connected to main highways. Light weight excavators will be used for loading of mineral in tippers/trucks.
11.4 BASE LINE DATA& IMPCT DUE TO PROPOSED PROJECT Ambient Air: Base line data were monitored twice in a week in pre-monsoon season in March, April and May for ten (10 in nos.) Locations as per wind rose pattern of the area. The methodology in selection of monitoring locations is discussed in Chapter 3 of EIA report. Predicted values of GLC obtained from ISCST3 dispersion model is superimposed on the baseline to obtain total GLC. The total GLC value obtained is compared with Standards applicable for the environmental parameter and given in the Table below.
3 Table 11.3: Total Ground Level GLC of PM10 in µg/m 3 Locati Ground Level Concentrations of PM10 in µg/m on Background Predicte Total CPCB (Max.) d Expected Standard AQ1 60.56 20.3 80.86 100 AQ2 60.84 16.8 77.64 100 AQ3 60.55 13.6 74.15 100 AQ4 60.34 9.3 69.64 100 AQ5 60.54 3.2 63.74 100 AQ6 61.45 1.9 63.35 100 AQ7 60.32 1.6 61.92 100 AQ8 61.32 0.9 62.22 100 Total GLC at each location is within the stipulated limit of MoEF Notification, 2009.
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Noise Level The values of noise observed in some of the areas are primarily owing to vehicular traffic and other anthropogenic activities. Noise monitoring results reveal that the maximum & minimum noise level at day time are recorded in the range of 44.8 dB(A) at Khojke chak village to 59.3 dB(A) at Project site (core area) and 34.7 dB(A) at Khojke chak village to 43.8 dB(A) at Project site (core area) respectively in night. These values are within the Ambient Noise Standards as discussed above.
Water Quality Results The results of Ground water samples are collected at six locations in the pre-monsoon season as discussed above for organoleptic & physical parameters, general parameters, toxic and biological parameters. The analysis results at the six ground water locations and two surface water locations are given below: The analysis results indicate that pH of the groundwater to be in range of 7.41 – 7.60. The TDS are found to be in the range of 294 – 330 mg/l. Total Hardness is in range of 172.82 – 187.60 mg/l. The analysis results indicate that pH of the surface water to be in range of 7.41 – 7.82. The TDS is found to be in the range of 712 – 868 mg/l. Total Hardness is in range of 304 – 396 mg/l. Other parameters like chlorides and sulphate are observed to be well within the prescribed limits but calcium and Magnesium are found high but within the limit in the surrounding areas. The physico – chemical analysis for some of the parameters has exceeded the standards as per IS: 10500. The necessary treatment is required to minimize the impact as mentioned in EMP and cost to be borne by the Project ProponentSoil Quality Results Results and Soil Monitoring Monitoring was carried in pre-monsoon season at the frequency of once in a season at six locations in pre monsoon season for physical, chemical and biological properties of the soil at these locations. High electrical conductivity (443 to 479 mS/cm) was observed in the analysis report. River bed material are dominating in the soil texture at all locations. The presence of Nitrogen content varies from 0.08 to 0.11 %. The analysis results show that soil is basic in nature as pH value ranges from 7.34 to 8.21 showing the saline property of soil with low nitrogen value (0.11 or less) in soil composition. The concentration of Nitrogen, Phosphorus & Potassium has been found to be low in the soil samples. pH and EC measurements can vary greatly and are affected by several environmental factors including, climate, local biota (plants and animals), bedrock and surficial geology, as well as human impacts on the land.
11.5 ENVIRONMENT MANAGEMENT PLAN &CSR Separate fund of six lakhs (4 lakhs for one time and one lakh and ten thousand for recurring cost) was allocated for EMP. 0.5 lakh was allocated for plantation work along the road and other places as advised by Gram Panchyat. Separate fund of 1.5 lakh was allocated under CSR activities which are discussed in detail in the EIA report. Conclusion Results of baseline environmental parameters and impact of proposed project on them, it was found that impact of proposed project on environment is not significant. Proposed project will improve infrastructure development as river bed material is core constituent in construction of structures, bridges, highways etc. It will provide direct employment to the people in the area and business development opportunities to others. Scientific river bed mining will protect river bed and stops floods.
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Draft EIA-River Bed Mining Pandori (36.00 Ha) District Kathua File No DEIA/JNK/2016/01 139
Proposed project will improve economy of the surrounding area as discussed below: • Project will protect river bed and stops flood in river. • River bed material will be used in infrastructure development in construction of roads/highways, bridges, buildings and complexes. • Sale of river bed material will provide exchequer to State Govt. in form of taxes, duties, royalty etc. • Project will provide employment to the unskilled and semi skilled sections of society and business opportunity for others. • Environment will be improved under Environment Management Program of the project. In total project has positive and significant impact in development of socio-economic environment.
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CHAPTER 12 DISCLOSURE OF CONSULTANT
ABOUT US ENVIRTA Sustainable Solutions India Pvt. Ltd. is an environment consulting and research organization, its underlying philosophy is to provide professional services to promote sustainable economic growth with environmental up gradation leading to irreversible human development. With each project, our clients add sustainable values that result in environmental, social and economical upliftment. The company has been established by professionals having experience and expertise in the fields of Environmental Impact Assessment, Environmental- Biosafety, Climate change & CDM Consultancy, Sustainability reporting, Environmental sanitation, Waste management, Biodiversity, alternate energy source, , eco-tourism, policy research, international trade and development, socio economic analysis, river pollution abatement and techno-economics, etc.
Our Mission, Vision & Values Our Mission To grow sustainable values for our stakeholders & communities by integrating expertise and innovative approaches to solve complex, emerging problems for the environment & infrastructure worldwide.
Our Vision & Values Our vision and core values help to define the culture of our business, motivating our staff to give their best and instilling in our clients confidence that we will deliver solutions of the highest quality" Our vision is to be the trusted advisor of choice for our clients and the best employer in our industry. We will achieve this by continuing to grow in our existing core service areas and responding proactively to emerging issues that we recognize will have an impact on our clients. Our business will provide excellent career development for our staff. We will remain commercially focused and technically excellent in our local regions. And as a globally integrated business, we will draw on some of the world's leading consultants in our international business to provide unparalleled solutions and programs for our clients.
We will fulfill our vision by basing all our activities on our core values: • To build Trust with our clients and with the staff who deliver our services. • To Support each other and share knowledge to constantly increase our ability to provide the customer with the optimum solution. • To encourage Pride in our company, our work and our clients and demonstrate our passion for constant improvement. • To ensure that Sustainability is built into everything we do and through our long-term commitment reduce the impact of our business on the environment. • To remain at the forefront of technical Innovation to deliver solutions which give our clients a commercial advantage
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Our Services • Environmental Impact Assessment • Post Environmental Compliances & Sustainable Reporting • Consent to Establish & Consent to Operate • Green Building & Alternate Energy Sources • Enviro legal services • Baseline Data Collection • Socio-Economic Research & Studies for CSR • Environmental Sanitation and Waste Management
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