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N6 Galway to East Ballinasloe PPP Scheme Archaeological Contract 3 - Killescragh

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N6 Galway to East Ballinasloe PPP Scheme Archaeological Contract 3 - Killescragh N6 Galway to East Ballinasloe PPP Scheme Archaeological Contract 3 Phase 2 Final Report Ministerial Order: A024 Excavation No: E2071 Killescragh 2: Co. Galway Trackway and Burnt Mound Director: Ken Curran Report: Nóra Bermingham Senior Archaeologist: Finola O’Carroll CRDS Project Number: 05#735 NGR: 163306 225224 January 2009 Consulting Archaeologists Client CRDS Ltd Galway County Council Unit 4a Corporate House Dundrum Business Park Ballybrit Business Dundrum Park Dublin 14 Galway NB & KC/CRDS Ltd E2071 Killescragh 735 N6 Galway to Ballinasloe Contract 3 Project Details Project N6 Galway to Ballinasloe PPP Contract 3 Ministerial Direction A024 Excavation No. NMI E2071 Excavation Director Ken Curran Final Report Nóra Bermingham Senior Archaeologists Finola O’Carroll & Nóra Bermingham Consultant Cultural Resource Development Services Ltd Archaeological and Historical Consultants Unit 4a, Dundrum Business Park Dundrum Dublin 14 Client Galway County Council, NRDO CRDS Project Number 735 Townland Killescragh Parish Killimordaly County Galway NGR 163306 225224 Report Date January 2009 26/01/2009 i Final Report NB & KC/CRDS Ltd E2071 Killescragh 735 N6 Galway to Ballinasloe Contract 3 Acknowledgements This report has been prepared by Cultural Resources Development Services Ltd on behalf of Galway County Council, National Roads Design Office. Archaeological excavation was carried out under Ministerial Direction A024 and Excavation Number E2071 issued to Ken Curran. Galway County Council Jerry O’Sullivan – Project Archaeologist Martin Jones – Assistant Project Archaeologist Consulting Engineers – RPS Group Tom Prendergast – Senior Resident Engineer Niall Healy – Resident Engineer Mark Deegan – Resident Engineer Ross MacLeod – Resident Archaeologist CRDS Ltd wish to thank the following landowner/s for their co-operation during the excavation: Mr Vincent Cannon of Ballyfa, New Inn and Mary Costello of Cross, New Inn. 26/01/2009 ii Final Report NB & KC/CRDS Ltd E2071 Killescragh 735 N6 Galway to Ballinasloe Contract 3 Table of Contents Project Details i Acknowledgements ii Table of Contents iii List of Appendices iv List of Figures iv List of Plates v Project Team vi Summary 1 1 Introduction 2 1.1 Site location 2 1.2 The scope of the project 2 1.3 Circumstances and dates of fieldwork 2 2 Solid Geology, Soils and Topography 3 3 Archaeological and Historical Background 3 3.1 Baseline survey & general background 3 3.2 Previous archaeological work 6 3.3 Burnt mounds and their significance 7 4 Final Statement on Fieldwork 8 4.1 Methods 8 4.2 Stratigraphic Report 9 5 Chronology 17 6 Archaeological Finds 18 7 Archaeological Samples 20 9 Discussion 24 10 Recommendations and mitigation measures 29 References Appendices Figures Plates 26/01/2009 iii Final Report NB & KC/CRDS Ltd E2071 Killescragh 735 N6 Galway to Ballinasloe Contract 3 List of Appendices Appendix 1 Recorded archaeological sites and monuments in the vicinity of the site Appendix 2 Recorded archaeological finds from within the vicinity of the excavation Appendix 3 Feature Register Appendix 4 Drawing Register Appendix 5 Digital Photograph Register Appendix 6 SLR Photograph Register Appendix 7 Finds Register Appendix 8 Sample Register Appendix 9 Modelling the wetland at Killescragh, Co. Galway & environmental reconstruction of an archaeological landscape (Nóra Bermingham) Appendix 10 Radiocarbon Dates Appendix 11 Worked Wood Report (Caitríona Moore) Appendix 12 Wood Identification Report (Susan Lyons) Appendix 13 Lithic Report (Dermot G. Moore) Appendix 14 Small Finds Report Appendix 15 Animal Bones Report (Nóra Bermingham) Appendix 16 Palynological Assessment (Benjamin R. Gearey) Appendix 17 Coleoptera Report (S.R. Davis) Appendix 18 Plant Macrofossil Report (Charlotte O Brien) Appendix 19 Plant Remains Report (Mary Dillon) Appendix 20 Charcoal Identification (Mary Dillon) List of Figures Figure 1 Site location Figure 2 a & b Selected sites from the SMR map within 3km Figure 3 Location of E2071 Figure 4 Layout of excavation, test trench array and location of archaeology Figure 5 1st edition OS (1837) of Killescragh with route of An Slí Mor imposed Figure 6 Site stratigraphic matrix Figure 7 Plan of burnt spread F25 Figure 8 Section through burnt spread F25 Figure 9 Plan of walkway F13 and mixed natural & archaeological wood horizons, F14, F15, F16, F17, F20, F33 and F36 Figure 10 Detail of walkway F13 and F17 and natural root systems Figure 11 Pre-excavation plan of the burnt mound within Trench 1 Figure 12 Mid-excavation of burnt mound showing relationship with underlying walkway F13 Figure 13 Section through the mound F4 & F11 and the silt horizon F5/F27 Figure 14 Plan of brushwood and roundwood trackway F21 in relation to burnt mound F4/F11 Figure 15 Plan of brushwood track F43 over mound F11 Figure 16 Section through brushwood track F43 and burnt mound F11 Figure 17 Trench 18 showing distribution of wood off-cuts Figure 18 Radiocarbon dates from burnt mound sites excavated by CRDS Ltd. 26/01/2009 iv Final Report NB & KC/CRDS Ltd E2071 Killescragh 735 N6 Galway to Ballinasloe Contract 3 List of Plates Plate 1 Aerial view of site location prior to Phase 1 assessment and Phase 2 excavation. Plate 2 View of general peat stratigraphic sequence (non-archaeological). Each major horizon has been assigned an F. no which equate with those used in the report Plate 3 The burnt mound F4 & F11 undergoing excavation Plate 4 Section through the burnt mound F4 & F11 Plate 5 Section through the burnt mound showing cut into silt F5/F27 Plate 6 Aerial view of trackway F21 taken by Hawkeye Plate 7 View of roundwood surface representing southern end of F21 (Trench 20) Plate 8 Close-up of roundwood surface F21 within Trench 20 Plate 9 Section through the trackway F43 and the burnt mound F11 Plate 10 The burnt spread F25 Plate 11 Aerial view of F13 and F26 within trench 1 Plate 12 View of the half-split timber F13 and associated wooden elements F17, looking northeast Plate 13 Deposit of roundwoods F14 during excavation Plate 14 Close-up of gouged timber Plate 15 The oak plank F26 in situ. Other wood visible is non-archaeological Plate 16 View of the mound overlying F13 with the trackway F43 in the foreground Plate 17 Tagged off-cuts amongst natural wood and root Trench 18 26/01/2009 v Final Report NB & KC/CRDS Ltd E2071 Killescragh 735 N6 Galway to Ballinasloe Contract 3 Project Team Director: Ken Curran Project Managers: Richard Clutterbuck, Nóra Bermingham & Finola O’Carroll Assistant Project Manager: Marta Muñiz Pérez Senior Archaeologist: Finola O’Carroll Post Ex. Manager: Milica Rajic Post Ex. Team: Joanne Gaffrey Dierdre Walsh Ciara Travers Hannah Tommola Bob Hennigan Survey & Illustration: Cormac Bruton Niall Lynch Vera Power Catherine Bishop Gavin O’Reilly Liaison Officer: Denis Shine Administration: Ciara Travers Excavation Team: Director: Ken Curran Supervisors: Dan O’Meara Kathy Canavan Vicky Lambert Derek Bynre John Shanley Assistants: Kerstin Ohlsson Anna Horkan Daniele Petrella Paolo Cuichini Brigid Fitzimmons Adrienne Dowd Pawel Pobudkiewicz Gavin O’Reilly Javier Escudero Borbala Dios Peter Nalepa Robert Grondowski Cecilia Howe Anna Anderson General Operatives: David Taylor Jason Cairns Jonathan Buchanan Final Report: Nóra Bermingham Report Production: Ciara Travers Report signed off by ____________________ Finola O’Carroll MA MIAI, Senior Archaeologist Company Director, CRDS Ltd 26/01/2009 vi Final Report NB & KC/CRDS Ltd E2071 Killescragh 735 N6 Galway to Ballinasloe Contract 3 Summary The following report describes the results of the excavation E2071 carried out between April and July 2006 in Killescragh townland, Co. Galway (NGR 163306 225224, 55 m OD). Excavations were carried out in advance of construction of the new N6 between Ballinasloe and Galway. Phase 1 testing, by CRDS Ltd in 2005, identified a burnt mound, situated in an area of reclaimed wetland at the foot of an esker. The burnt mound was not previously known and is not recorded in the Record of Monuments and Places. Excavation of the site was carried out by a team of archaeologists averaging 20 in number, under the direction of Ken Curran on behalf of CRDS Ltd. The excavation initially focused on an area of 450 sq m in which the burnt mound identified in Phase 1 was confined. Subsequently, and in consultation with the NRDO project archaeologist, the area of the excavation was extended because more archaeological features were identified. Additional test trenching was also carried out, which increased the area of investigation to 5800 sq m. Testing confirmed that archaeological deposits were confined to an area 1050 sq m immediate to the burnt mound revealed in Phase 1. The archaeological deposits excavated comprise a burnt mound, a burnt stone spread and a series of associated wooden features, including trackways and deposits of worked wood. Radiocarbon dates for the site span the second and first millenniums BC and show there were three separate phases of human activity. Both wood and lithics had been worked on site, during different phases of activity. Wet conditions allowed for the preservation of worked wood and organic deposits sampled for a range of specialist environmental analyses. A topographic and stratigraphic survey of the site showed that the burnt mound and other features were deposited within the floodplain of a small river, initially occupied by alluvial woodland later inundated by peat. Minerogenic flooding of the area is represented by the presence of a horizon of silt in an otherwise peat environment. The burnt mound E2071, also known as Killescragh 2, is one of five excavated by CRDS Ltd along the route of the proposed road. It is located within the same river floodplain as Killescragh 1, a second burnt mound (E2070), approximately 750 m to the east. Though the sites are not contemporary, their presence within the same wetland zone shows this area was an attractive location for the placement and use of burnt mounds.
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