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ERES2014: Fist European Rare Earth Resources Conference ERES2014: Fist European Rare Earth Resources Conference Raw material resources, like minerals and metals, underpin the functioning of the European and global economy and inescapably govern the quality of life in each society. In the recent years the term “critical” raw materials has been applied to further signify raw materials with both economic importance and predicted supply risk. Among them the Rare Earth Elements (REE), 17 chemically similar metallic elements, including the 15 lanthanides, scandium and yttrium. The REEs are used in a wide range of applications, including metallurgy (metal refining and metal alloying), catalysts in the automotive and the petro‐chemical industry, colouring of glass/ceramics, phosphors (LEDs, compact fluorescent lamps, flat panel displays), lasers, rechargeable solid state batteries (Ni‐MH), fiber optics and others. Additionally, REE are vital components in emerging technologies such as solid state fuel cells, superconductors, magnetic cooling, hydrogen storage and high performance permanent magnets. With constantly increasing applications ranging from micro‐ electronics to wind generators and with very few rare earth mines in operation around the world, the rare earth elements supply and demand is in the global spotlight. As result, in the last four years there has been both intense political and research activity in Europe for exploring potential European REE resources and developing novel processing and recycling technologies. Under the framework of the EURARE: Development of a sustainable exploitation scheme for Europe’s rare earth ore deposits project, this scientific conference on European Rare Earth Resources is now being organized with the hope that it may serve as the ground for exchanging ideas, networking different groups and furthering academic and applied knowledge on European Rare Earth Resources. ERES2014: 1st European Rare Earth Resources Conference|Milos|04‐07/09/2014 1 International Scientific Committee Prof Ioannis Paspaliaris, Greece (NTUA), Chairman Prof. Per Kalvig, Denmark (GEUS) Dr. Nikos Arvanitidis, Finland (GTK) Prof. Dimitrios Panias, Greece (NTUA) Prof. Koen Binnemans, Belgium (KU Leuven) Prof. Bernd Friedrich, Germany (RWTH) Prof. Xiaosheng Yang, Finland (GTK) Dr. Dimitrios Eliopoulos, Greece (IGME) Dr. Georgios Economou, Greece (IGME) Dr. Martiya Sadeghi, Sweden (SGU) Prof. Vadim Kessler, Sweden (SLU) Dr. Kathryn Goodenough, UK (NERC‐BGS) Dr. Daniel Cassard, France (BRGM) Dr. Henrik Schiellerup, Norway (NGU) Dr. Emma Schofield, UK (Johnson Matthey PLC.) Mr. Carsten Dittrich , Germany (MEAB Chemie Technik GmbH) Dr. Chris Hall, UK (Less Common Metals) Dr. Asmo Vartiainen, Finland (Outotec) Dr. Nicolo Olivieri, Italy (D’Appolonia S.p.A) Dr. Bertil Grundfelt, Sweden (Kemakta Konsult AB) Organizing Committee Dr. Efthymios Balomenos, Greece (NTUA) Dr. Srecko Stopic, Germany (RWTH) Dr. Nikolaos Arvanitidis, Sweden (SGU) Dr. Juha Kajia, Finland (GTK) Dr. Peter Tom Jones, Belgium (KU Leuven) Dr. Yiannis Pontikes, Belgium (KU Leuven) Congress Secretariat Heliotopos Conferences Imerovigli, Santorini Island, GR‐84700 Phone: +302286024758 Fax: +302286023672 Email: [email protected] ERES2014: 1st European Rare Earth Resources Conference|Milos|04‐07/09/2014 2 EURARE: Development of a sustainable exploitation scheme for Europe’s rare earth ore deposits The main goal of the EURARE project is to set the basis for the development of a European REE industry that will safeguard the uninterrupted supply of REE raw materials and products to crucial for the EU economy industrial sectors, such as automotive, electronics, machinery and chemicals, in a sustainable, economically viable and environmentally friendly way. 23 partners from 10 different European countries comprise the multi‐actor EURARE consortium. The EURARE project has received funding from the European Community’s Seventh Framework Programme ([FP7/2007‐2013]) under grant agreement n°309373. Project website: www.eurare.eu RARE³: Research Platform for the Advanced Recycling and Reuse of Rare Earths This KU Leuven funded project targets breakthrough recycling processes based on non‐ aqueous technology for the two main applications of rare earths: permanent magnets and lamp phosphors. This work is part of a more general objective to create fully integrated, closed‐loop recycling flow sheets. The knowledge platform is steered by an Industrial User Committee, which includes more than 30 US, EU and Flemish players in the field of REEs. Moreover, these companies are situated at all different levels of the REE value chain, from ore extraction, separation, production of consumer goods to recycling. The RARE³ project project is funded from the KU Leuven. Project website: http://kuleuven.rare3.eu ERES2014: 1st European Rare Earth Resources Conference|Milos|04‐07/09/2014 3 Conference Papers Session I: Rare Earth Resources ............................................................................... 8 The Rare Earth Crisis And The Critical Materials Institute’s (Cmi’s) Answer ____________________ 9 Karl A. GSCHNEIDNER, Jr. ................................................................................................................. 9 The Role Of Earth Science For The Supply Of Rare Earth Elements __________________________ 12 Yasushi WATANABE, Mihoko Hoshino, Hiroyasu Murakami, Kenzo Sanematsu, Yoshiaki Kon, Yu Horiuchi ......................................................................................................................................... 12 EXTRACTION AND RECOVERY OF RARE EARTH METALS: CHALLENGES IN PROCESSING __________ 20 Brajendra MISHRA1 , Alexandra ANDERSON2 ................................................................................ 20 China’s Rare Earth Ore Deposits and Beneficiation Techniques ____________________________ 28 Ling Zhi Li1, Xiaosheng Yang2 .......................................................................................................... 28 ECONOMICS OF RARE EARTHS: THE BALANCE PROBLEM _________________________________ 40 Koen BINNEMANS1 ........................................................................................................................ 40 Session II: European Rare Earth Resources (Plenary) ............................................. 52 Unlocking the potential of rare earth resources in Europe ________________________________ 53 Nikolaos ARVANITIDIS1, Kathryn GOODENOUGH2 ......................................................................... 53 THE WORLD‐CLASS REE DEPOSIT TANBREEZ, SOUTH GREENLAND: ITS SIZE AND STRUCTURE _____ 62 Hans K. Schønwandt1, Gregory B. Barnes1 and Thomas Ulrich2 .................................................... 62 Session III‐A: European REE Supply and Demand ................................................... 70 PRIMARY AND SECONDARY SOURCES OF RARE EARTHS IN THE EU‐28: RESULTS OF THE ASTER PROJECT ________________________________________________________________________ 71 Dominique GUYONNET1, Mariane PLANCHON2, Alain ROLLAT3, Victoire ESCALON2, Stéphane VAXELAIRE1, Johann TUDURI1 ........................................................................................................ 71 THE ROLE OF RARE EARTHS SUPPLY RISK IN LOW CARBON TECHNOLOGIES INNOVATION _______ 79 Eva BARTEKOVÁ1 ............................................................................................................................ 79 EXPLORING RARE EARTHS SUPPLY CONSTRAINTS FOR A FULL GLOBAL PENETRATION OF RENEWABLE ENERGY: CASE OF WIND TURBINES AND ELECTRIC VEHICLES ____________________ 94 Komal HABIB1, Henrik WENZEL 2 .................................................................................................... 94 MATERIAL FLOW ANALYSIS FOR IDENTIFYING NEODYMIUM FLOWS AND STOCKS AND RECYCLING POTENTIALS IN THE EU‐28 ________________________________________________________ 100 Mariane PLANCHON1, Dominique GUYONNET2, Alain ROLLAT3, Victoire ESCALON1, Stéphane VAXELAIRE2, Johann TUDURI2 ...................................................................................................... 100 Global Pricing Dynamics of the Rare Earths Industry Europe ______________________________ 107 Allan Branch ................................................................................................................................. 107 Session IV: European Framework ......................................................................... 119 EUROPEAN POLICIES ON CRITICAL RAW MATERIALS, INCLUDING REE ______________________ 120 Vasili NICOLETOPOULOS .............................................................................................................. 120 Legislation and best practice in the emerging European rare earth element industry __________ 130 Miranda Keith‐Roach1, Bertil Grundfelt1, Lars Olof Höglund1, Anne Kousa2, Esa Pohjolainen2, Paloma Magistrati3, Vassiliki Aggelatou4, Nicolò Olivieri5 , Andrea Ferrari5 ............................ 130 ERES2014: 1st European Rare Earth Resources Conference|Milos|04‐07/09/2014 4 A COMPARATIVE ANALYIS OF NATIONAL RAW MATERIALS POLICY APPROACHES ‐ WITH A FOCUS ON RARE EARTH ELEMENTS IN EUROPE ______________________________________________ 139 Andreas ENDL 1, Gerald BERGER 2................................................................................................ 139 Assessments of boundary conditions and requirements for Rare Earth Underground Mining due to presence of NORMs ______________________________________________________________ 150 George BARAKOS1, Helmut MISCHO2, Jens GUTZMER3
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