On the Danish Element in the Population of Cleveland, Author(s): J. C. Atkinson Source: The Journal of the Ethnological Society of London (1869-1870), Vol. 2, No. 3 (1870), pp. 351-366 Published by: Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/3014462 . Accessed: 17/06/2014 05:36

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This content downloaded from 195.78.109.119 on Tue, 17 Jun 2014 05:36:51 AM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions Rev. J. C. ATKINSON-DanishElement in Cleveland. 351 it confidently,as that part of the codewhich regulated it had notas yet been issued. He doubted,however, the explanationthat had been givenof the meaningof cow-lands,and the allegedright of partiesto a share of tillage-landproportioned to the stockthey possessed. He was,oni the whole, disposed to think,with Mr. Camp- bell,that the Irish triberesembled the Indianvillage community; but he could not agreewith Mr. Campbellin regardingthe village systemas peculiarlyAryan. It was foiundamong purely Tatar races,e. g. amongthe hill-tribes round Munnipore, whom none would suspectof beingAryan, and in Russia,in districts,as, he believed, purelyTatar. He was not awareof any customor institutionthat could be claimedto be distinctivelyAryan. Caste certainlywas not,though Mr. Campbellsaid it was. Mr. Campbell,in his paper on the Ethnologyof India, read beforethis Society,had used the words caste and race as synonyms. If that was correct,caste could not be distinctivelyAryan, seeing there were various races of Tura- naiansand Semites. Casteand race were not, however, synonyms; and theliterature of India disclosed to us thegrowth of caste distinctions amonga peopleof one race withinthe periodof thegrowth of the literature. 'lherewere caste distinctionsin Peru,where the Incas were a caste; and no one claimedthe Peruviansas Aryan. For himself,he believedthat the linguistic classification of men in fami- lies as Aryans,Semites, and Turanianshad no properfoundation; it had servedits dayand fellto be abandoned. Mr. HYDE CLARKE remarkedthat the subjectrequired the appli- cationof the comparativeknowledge of similarinstitutions. Many such illustrationswouldI be obtainedfrom this island duringthe Anglo-Saxontime. The rath,as an enclosure,corresponded with the tonor town. Like institutionswill oftenbe foundunder like circumstances.There did not appear to be as yeta sufficientex- planationof the position of the olderaboriginal or serfpopulation in Ireland.

The followingpaper was then read by the Assistant-Secre- tary:-

XXIX. On the DANISH ELEMENT in the PopUlationof CLEVE- LAND, YORKSHIRE. By the Rev. J. C. ATKINSON. THE occurrencein a dialectof English of a verylarge number of words,of whichgarsel,fian, segg, scare on, cuvvin,cuvvin-scar, grim,kirk-grim, kelps, kenspack are types--wordswhich have not onlyno place but no representativein the English diction- ary,but yet which,allowing for nothing beyond a littlephonetic alteration,inevitable under the circumstances,still maintain their hereditaryplace in the Scandinavian dictionariesand word-books-the occurrenceof a host of such words is a fact whichcalls forthe attention,not merelyof the philologist,but

This content downloaded from 195.78.109.119 on Tue, 17 Jun 2014 05:36:51 AM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions 352 Rev. J. C. ATKINSON-On theDanish Element also of all such as are interestedin tracingthe fluctuationsand mutations and successionsof the races or tribes or peoples who may (or must) in formerdays have occupied the land, or indeed any portionof it, whethermore or less definite. But in Clevelandwe not onlyfind garsel (hedge-sticks),repre- sented by S. G. gardsel, Sw. gdrdsle,Dan. gjerdsel, S. Jutl. gardsel; grim (a death's-head,as sculpturedon a grave-stone or monument),by 0. N. grasma,a masl, 0. Sw. grima; kirk- grim(a bar guest),by Sw. Dial. kyrke-grime,Dan. Dial. kirke- grim; cuvvin,cuvvin-scar (the periwinkle,and the flat surface of rockwhich is the habitat of that mollusk),by 0. N. kufungr, Norse, kuvung;Norse skjer, 0. N. sker, a rock risingto the level of the water-surface;and so on of other words to the numberof manyscores, but we also meetwith a verylarge pro- portionof personalnames which are not onlynot English in their origin,but most certainlyScandinavian. I take as typesof this class of names (and only a few out of many) Milburn,Mew- burn, Osburn, Allison, Jordison,Towlson, Lockson, Colson, Birkell, Aiskell, Thirkell, Horne, Horden, Gill, Keld, Rigg, Ness, Lax, Scarth, Scar. Most of these existin the districtto this day, and all of them, with the restof the large class to whichthey belong, and of which theyare fairsamples, are met within continualiteration in all the older parochial registers to whichI have so farhad access. On passingfrom personal to local nomenclature,the impres- sion producedby such facts as those already adduced on the mind of any inquirerroused to observantattention cannot fail to be deepened. Not only do -by's,-thorpe's, -thwait's, -griff's, -dale's, -um's(all demonstrably0. Norse or 0. Danish datives plural), and a host of othersnot admittingof classification,be- sides the manifoldprefixes furnished by such personalnames as Kell or Ketel, Dane, Norman, Ugelbard, Leising, Orm, In- gialld,Bergulf, Grim, Grimkell,Baldr,-not only do such local names as are distinguishedby the presenceof one or moreof these characteristicsmeet us in preponderatingnumbers at everyglance we cast over the map, but we find,as a rule, ad- mittingof only a few exceptions,the geographicalor physical featuresof the countrydescribed or distinguishedby such terms as gill,foss, scar,finkel, dale, rigg,botton, head, brae, sike,houl, bank, nab, and the like; and this withoutdwelling on such wordsas garth,intak', houe, &c., whichare perhapsrather dia- lectic than classifiableas making an elementin local names. Facts such as these now stated are obviouslynot accidental, and, taken in mutual connexion and combination,they are surelysuch as are likelyto provokeinquiry and suggesta part, at least) of its methodand direction.

This content downloaded from 195.78.109.119 on Tue, 17 Jun 2014 05:36:51 AM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions in the Populationof Cleveland,Yorkshire. 353 For, to a studentof such matters,though but littlepractised, one of the most obvious facts connectedwith names, either local or personal (so obvious that it seems almost impertinent to do morethan simplystate it), is, thatnot a fewof themhave been subjected to the distortingand disintegratinginfluences of corruption. Take Marsey, Parsyble, Breckon, Hebron, Cowtus,Stanas, personalnames borneby manyfamilies within thepreseilt century, and all, save one,existing at the presentday in the formsgiven; or take ,, Ugglebarnby, Aislaby (pronouncedHesselby by the coiuntrypeople, both in Yorkshireand Lincolnshire)as samplesof local names,and it seems verydifficult by mere inspectionto make any thing of them. In fact, two or threeof themare simplymisleading, if regardedonly in connexionwith theirform and sound,and one in particular,Moorsholm, is a couplingtogether of contradic- tions. Obviously,in the formerinstances, the inquirybecomes -What was Marsey's father's,grandfather's, or greatgrand- father'sname? what Hebron's,Breckon's, Parsyble's, Cowtus's, and Stanas's? And in nearly every instance the inquiry,if duly pushed, meets with its solution: Marseyis found to be Mercer; Hebron,in 1596, was Abram; Parsyble,in 1691, Persi- bell, and, two or three generationsbefore that, Persivalluss; Breckon, Braican or Braykall, sending us furtherback and afieldstill forits origin,while Cowtus and Stanas (foundwith eight or ten variationsof each) resolve themselvesultimately into Stonehouseand Colthurst. In fact I can specifybut one currentand specialCleveland name which,three centuries since, was as much corrupted(at least presumably)as at the present day. That name is Hartas, then Hiartus. But researchesof the same kind, touching such names as Moorsholm,iHesselby, Yarm, and the like, pushedback over a space of no more than 300 years, produce almost absolutely nothingin the way of light or explanatioin. Some strange illustrationsof change or corruptionin local names com- menced and completed within that space certainly do by chance occur, such as the conversionof a name that was written Armitthwatein 1623, Armthwaiteabout 1720, into Ainthorpe of 1820, and sounded, in 1870, Aintrup. This is in the parish of Danby. But Moorsholm,Yarm, Coatham, Ugglebarnby,&c. wereunaltered, except in being,in some in- stances,spelt rather more phonetically, 300 years ago. Moors- holm fluctuatedbetween Moreshame, Moorsham, Mooresome, Moresum,&c., and Coatham might be foundwritten Cotham; anldthis was all. Furtherinquiry, therefore, but in the same direction,not only became necessarybut was distinctlyindi- cated. For this purposeall ancientdeeds and documents,espe- YOL. II. 2 A

This content downloaded from 195.78.109.119 on Tue, 17 Jun 2014 05:36:51 AM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions 354 Rev. J. C. ATKINSON-On the Danish Element ciallysuch as owed theirexistence to acts of apportionment,set- tlement,definition, or the like, of landed propertywould obvi- ously be available; and although,most unfortunately,by far the larger part of the most ancient deeds connectedwith the districtseem to have been lost, still, what is leftof the MSS. (or copies of the MSS.), once belongingto the greatconven- tual establishmentsof Whitbyand ,together with the HundredRolls and Inquisitionespost mortemr,and especially with Kirkby's Inquest and Domesday Book, was found,if not fullyadequate, yet strangelyinstructive and helpful; for they not onlyillustrate the mannerin which Moorsholmof the 19th centurypasses throughMoresum of 1540 into Morusumof 1340 and Morehusumof Domesdaytimes, or how Coatham and Toe- ketts resolve themselvesinto Cotum and Tos-cotum, Uggle- barnby into Ugelbardbyor Ugleberdebi,but theyclear up the obscurityabout Aislaby or Hesselby,by revealing the factthat Aislabynear Whitbywas originallyAsuluesbi (thatis, Asulf's- by), while anotherplace like-namednear Yarm, and a third near Pickering (a fourthalso near Sleaford in Lincolnshire), were all three,in 1088, Aslachesbi, or Aslachebi; and this, besides incidentallysuffering it to appear that Aslac,Asulf, Ug- lebert,or Ugelbard (one or severalof each name), were owners of land in the districtat the time of the conquest, even if not continuingto be so long after. ProfessorWorsaae, avowedly basinghis calculationupon the authorityof "WWalker's maps," published in 1832, gives as the resultof his examinationthe conclusionthat there are 100 places in North Yorkshirewith names ending in -by,18 ending in -thorpe,and 2 in -thwaite. But a verycursory examination of the sourcesof informationI have specifiedabove, and especially as combinedwith careful inspectionof the 6-inchOrdnance maps, supplementedby a little accurate local knowledge,shows immediatelythat Mr. Worsaae's calculationsfall greatlyshort of the actual state of the case, while a more systematicinvestigation, and an exacter reckoning,give the followinglist of name-endingsin -bi (or -by), -thorpe,and -thwaitefor the small districtof Cleveland (inclusiveof WhitbyStrand) alone:-

Alewardebi or Elwordebi (now Barnodebi. Ellerby). Bernodebi (Barnaby). Asuluebi, Asuluesbi (Aislaby). Berguluesbi, Bergolbi. Badresby (Battersby). Bollebi, Bolebi. Barnebi (Barilby). Busehebi (Busby). Baldebi (Baldby). Cherchebi(Kirby). Bergelbi, Bergebi (Borrowby). Colebi (Coleby Manor). Bordalebi,Bordlebi. Crossebi (Crosby).

This content downloaded from 195.78.109.119 on Tue, 17 Jun 2014 05:36:51 AM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions in thePovulation of Cleveland.Yorkshire. 305

Danebi (Danby). Tollesbi (Tolesby). Dragmalebi (Dromonby). Turmozbi,Tormozbi (Thornaby). Englebi (Ingleby Hill). Turoldesbi,Toroldesbi (Thorald- Englebi (Ingleby Arneliffe). by). Englebi (Ingleby Greenhow). Ulgeberdesbi, Ugelbardebi (Ug- Eseby (Easby). glebarnby). Feizbi, Fezbi (Faceby). Westingby,Westonby. Grimesbi. Wragby. Haxby. . Irby. Ainthorpe. Lachenebi, Lackebi (). Arnodestorp. Lesingebi, Lesighebi (). Boythorpe. Maltebi (Maltby). Hailthorpe. Michelbi (Mickleby). Linthorpeor Leventhorpe. Netherbi (in Whitby). Roscheltorp,Roschetorp. Newby. Torp (). Normanebi (Normanby, near Torp (Nunthorpe). Whitby). Torp (Pinchingthorpe). Normanebi (Normanby, near Sneaton Thorpe. ). Fyling Thorpe. Overbi (in Whitby). Ugetorp, Ughetorp (Ugthorpe). Ormesbi (). Braitihwaite. Prestebi (in Whitby). Huthwaite. Rodebi (Hutton Rudby). Midthwaite. Roscebi, Roxebi (Roxby). Millthwaite. Sowerby(in Danby). Stubblethwaite. Sourebi (in Whitby). Raithwaite. Staxebi (Stakesby). Bertwait,Berthwait. Steinesbi (Stainsby). Setwait. Swainby.

In this list, then, whichstill I do not believeis altogether exhaustive,there are 49 names endingin -by,12 in -thorpe,and 8 in -thwaite,these last being more by 5 than Prof. Worsaae assigns to the whole N. Riding, while the -by's are only one shortof his total number. It may,of course, be assumed that the statistics,on which Worsaae groundshis argumentat the part of his workto which referencehas been made, are alike understatedwith reference to other partsof N. Yorkshire,as well as Cleveland; and, in- deed, as far as my own investigationshave gone,the assump- tion would appear to be exceedinglywell supported; but, pass- ing that by with the bare mention,it is moreto my point to observethat the list just givenis veryfar indeed fromexhaust- ing that class of Cleveland local-name-endingsof which -by, -thor?pe,and -thwaiteare special instances. Thus, to specify one or more others,besides Basdale, Basedale (Baysdale), Chil- dale (Kildale), Camisedale. Commondale,Glasdale (Glaisdale), 2 A 2

This content downloaded from 195.78.109.119 on Tue, 17 Jun 2014 05:36:51 AM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions 356 Rev. J. C. ATKINSON-On -theDanish Element -orGrendale, Iburndale, Westerdale, all names of town- ships or parishes,there are no fewerthan 55 local designations in Cleveland ending in -dale. To the name-endingsin -urn also it is well to draw special attention. Of these we have the followinglist:-Achelum, Aclum (Acklam), Laclum, Lelum (Lealholm), Ergum, Jarum (Yarm), Morehusum,Morhusum (Moorsholm),Locthusum, Loctusum (Lofthouse), Cotum (Coat- ham), Toscotum (Tocketts), Westlidum, Lithum (Kirklea- tham), Uplium, Lyum, Uplithum (), Lid, Lithum (Lythe), FlorLn, Flore, Arusum, Harhusum (Airsome), Thac- rum. About such names as Arusum (cf.Aarhuus, S. Jutland), Morehusum,Loctlhusum, Cotum, Toscotum,it is not possible there should be anyuncertainty; the first-namedproclaims its originalas markedlyas Upsal (one place of the name in Cleve- land, a second a few miles beyondthe bordersto the west) or Baldersby; the othersare all Old Danish dativesplural. The same seems to be true of Lithum and the other two names endingin -lithum(all dependingon 0. N. hlid,the flanlkor side of a hill or mountain); and it is worthnotice that that district of Clevelandin whichthese names occuris to this day, by those who live on the higher levels of the dales among the hills to the southof it, called " the low side." Yarm, in its old form Jarum,bears a singularresemblance, which can hardlybe acciden- tal oniewould think,to a place-namein S. Jutland,the phonetic formof whichis writtenJarum, the true formbeing Hjardum (due to 0. N. Hjar6aheimr: Kok's 'Danske Folkesprogin Son- dergylland,'ii. 179). Aclum and Laclum probablydepend on 0. N. holmr,and Ergumis uncertain. Even yet there is much of the same kind requiringto be noticed. While the name of the districtat large is the little altered KliJlondof the Saga writer(Flateyiarbok, iii. p. 389), there are, besides Crumbeclif(or clive), Roudeclif (or clive, two of the name), Gerneclifor Erneclive (two of the name), all in Domesdav or Kirkby, about a dozen other names with the same termination,though many of them corrupted by phonetic abuse-, seven or eight ending in -grifor greve; holmsso many, both in compositionand uncompounded,as to render countinga work of some trouble (I estimatethem as not under50); on the coast severalwykes (O. N. vik); nearly as many-stys (O. N. stigr,Dan. sti, a path, especiallyan as- cendingone) ; besides -borys,-becks, -hows, -gills, -scars, -kelds, &c., to such a numbercollectively as to make enumerationsim- ply tedious. Some of these compounds,however, deserve espe- cial notice,as, forinstance, Trenholm, side by side withS. Jut- land Tranholm (two of the name); Houlbeck, Holebec, Hol- beck, with S. Jutl. Holbk, Holbek (several places so named,

This content downloaded from 195.78.109.119 on Tue, 17 Jun 2014 05:36:51 AM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions in the Populationof Cleveland,Yorkshire. 857 as also in Cleveland); Scalebeck, S. Jutl. Skellbak; Hellae- wath,S. Jutl. Hellevad; Hellscar, S. Jutl. Helleskar, and very manyothers. One largeclass, however, containing 39 or40names,yet remains to be mentioned; I mean thatof those endingin -ton or -tun; and it is remarkablethat the prefixin not a fewamong these is of the same characteras in the case of names endingin -by, -thorpe,-thwaite, or otherunmistakable 0. Danish suffix.Thus, Kilton is in DomesdayChilton, Chiltune, provoking compari- son withChildale (Kildale), wherethe Chil is simplythe Norse Kell as in Thorkell,Arnkell, &c. So also in Skelton, Domes- day Sceltun, Schelton; thefirst syllable is the same as in Scale- beck, S. Jutland Skelbwnk,while Astun (now Eston), Steintun (two of the name), Carltun,Blatun, &c. suggest comparisons of the same kinid. In fact tun is as much Scandinavianfor a farm inclosure as it is Anglo-Saxon, and the Icelandic tun meets with its exact analogue in manyparts of ancient Nor- thumbriaat the presentday. Referencewas made a few pages back, but with less preci- sion than might have been used, to the occurrenceof such names as Arusum (Aarhuus)and Upsal; but thereis one other to whichit will be well to directspecial attention,and it seems strange that the local historiansand antiquariesof Whitby should have leftit to the presentwriter to do so. In -the '"Memorial of Benefactions"to Whitby Abbey, re- capitulatingthe grantsof land and otherproperty made to that bodyby Wm. de Perci and his son Alan, the list begins thus: "Villam et portumde Witebi; Overbi; et Nethrebi, id est Stainsecher; Thingwala; Leirpel; Helredale; G-nip,i. e. Hau- chesgard,&c." Young (Hist. of Whitby,ii. p. 912), aftergiv- ing this memorialin extenso,proceeds to remark on some of the local namesinvolved. "Overbi," he savs, "is probablyHigh Whitby, Tbzingwala,Highgate-houe," and so dismisses the name. Prof. Worsaae deals otherwisewith Shetland Thing- wal [" Tingwall, hvor, som navnet (Pinga vollr) antyder, Oernes Hovedthinggjennem Aarhundreder blev holdt," is his notice of the place so named]; and but forthe remarkabledim- ness of visionbesetting the Whitby historians, their local Thing- wal would, long ere this, have taken rank withthose of Shet- land, Orkney,Chester, Ross-shire, and demandedcoordination in significarncealike with them and with Norwegian "Iing vellir, now Tingvala; and with IslancdicPingvdllr." The fact, taken by itself, that a Thing-placeexisted at Whitby, would have amply justifiedthe presumptionthat the entire district to which access is thence affordedby the sea must have been not only to a notable extentunder the influenceof, but occu-

This content downloaded from 195.78.109.119 on Tue, 17 Jun 2014 05:36:51 AM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions 358 Rev. J. C. ATKINSON-On theDanish Element pied by, men of Northernor Old Daniishorigin; but, coming as it does as a sortof practicalcommentary on the enumeration given above of local names,all bearing the impressof Scandi- navian coinage, and prevailingto the extentof somethinglike 9 out of 10 of the whole, it is difficultto overrateits signifi- cance. If furtherillustration of the same characterbe requisite,I ask a moment's attentionto the followinglist of Owners or Lords of the Soil, as extractedfrom 'Domesday':- Aldred. Magbanec. Archil(Arnkell). Malgrim. Aschel(Askell). Norman. Altor(Althor). Ormeor Orin. Alver(Alfr). Uctred. Carl (Karl or Karle). Walteof(Valtheofr). Edmund. Siward(Siguirbr). G0amel(two ofthe name). Suuen (Sweyn). Gospatric. Tor (Thor). Hauuard. Torchel(Thorkell). Lieuenot. Turorne(Thorarini). Leisingor Lesing. Ulf. Ligulf. Ulchel(Ulfkell). But thislist, in whichOld Danish names preponderate(with- out allowingfor duplicates, the existenceof whichI suspectin two,if irotin three cases) to the extentof 85 per cent.,is not the only list of the same kind available. A reference'to the list given (pp. 354, 355 of this paper) suppliesthe following,as identifiable: Alfgerdr. Norman. Asulf. Orm. Bodvar. Steinn. Bj6rn. Sweyn. Baldr. Toli. Biarnvardr. Thorwalldr. Bergulf. UJglebard. Bolli. Vesteinn. Ir, Iar (Ivar). Arnodr. Kole, Kolli, or Kollr. Leuuin. Dane (the name occurs in Hrosskell. LincolnshireDomesday). UJggr. Ingialld(three of the name). Jur. Esi or Asi,or Asa. (Ivar). Grimr. besides two or three others,which are, at least, open to con- jecture. Further,the last is a list admittingof considerableamplifica-

This content downloaded from 195.78.109.119 on Tue, 17 Jun 2014 05:36:51 AM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions in thePopulatlion of Cleveland,Yorkshire. 359 tion: everysuch nameof a farmstead,as Butterwickin Danby; of a house, as Grinkle Park in Easington, or Gunnergatein Marton; of a natural or geographicalfeature, as Kettlenessin Lythe (and theyare -not few), adds one item moreto it. I will adduce but one other piece of evidence of the same natureas that which has precededit, and I do not know that I can put it in a more compressedform than as it appearsin a note to the introductionto my Cleveland Glossary. In the works connectedwith the rebuildingof Kildale Church during the latterpart of 1867, while" diggingfor the foundations of the new northwall, and also along the middleof the nave forthe recep- tion of the warming-apparatus,a number of skeletonsin perfect preservationwere disclosed,in companywith several of which were-objects of bronze and weapons of iron (swords,daggers, and a battle-axe),of such a distinctlymarked characterthat therecould be as littledoubt of theirorigin as of theirantiquity. They were unmistakablyDanish, and there could be no room leftfor uncertainty as to the factthat the mediawalchurch, the last remains of which had been so latelyremoved, had beei built upon the site of a cemeterywhich had been such fromthe ninthcentury downwards." The general conclusionsdeducible from the statisticswhich have been thus in successiondetailed, seem to be clearly,not only that the districtin generalwas occupiedat an earlyperiod by Danish colonists, but that, both as a whole and in its several and constituentparts-I mean what are now parishes, townships,farmsteads, or merely local peculiaritiesof geo- graphyor configuration-itwas namedby them,to the amount, it would seem,of not less than 85 or 90 per cent. of the local designationsknown to have existed in mediveal times. The existenceof the names which are not Scandinavian,but assu- mablyAnglian, perhaps suggests the question,Are theythe only names of the sort whichwere in existencewhen the imposition of the Danish names just reviewedtook place? or, in other words,Did the old Danes merelytake up and occupyand name the parts of the districtshitherto unoccupied and unnamed,or did theyenter on othermen's possessionsand rename as well as take possession? The materialsfor the answerof such a question are urnhap- pilyvery scanty; but, as far as theygo, theytend to the con- clusion that these northerninvaders and colonists overcame and killed or ousted the formerpossessors of the lands,which theythen proceededto rename. Certainlythe name of Whitby itself,probably much the most importantplace at that timein the Clevelanddistrict, was thus changed. In the timesof An- gliali possession it was Streoneshalh,or Streoneshalc; and it

This content downloaded from 195.78.109.119 on Tue, 17 Jun 2014 05:36:51 AM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions 360 Rev. J. C. ATKINSON-On theDanish Element was reservedfor its new northernmasters, not only to replace thatname by Whitby,but eitherto rename existinigdivisions of ancient Streoneshalc,or to create new local distinctionswith the characteristicappellatives, Priestby, Overby, Netherby, Stakesby,Normanby, Gnipe, Berthwait,Sethwait, and Thing- wall. A like changetook place in respectof one of the mostmarked natural featuresof the entireCleveland district,namely, what is now called RoseberryTopping. Betweenthe dates 1119 and 1540, I findthe name of this conspicuoushill writtenOtne- berch, Ohtnebereg, Othenbruche, Othenesbergh, Ornbach, Ounsbery,Onesbergh, and, more corruptly,Hensberg (1119), Hogtenberg,Thuerbrugh, Thuerbrught, all (exceptthe two last) manifestcorruptions of an original Odinberg (a name -which could only have been imposed bv Danes), but never written Roseberry. Camden (according to Mr. Graves, Hist. Clevel. p. 215) calls the mount OunesberryTopping, Thoresby desig- nates it Rosebury Topping, while RoseberryeToppinge is its name in the Cott. MS. It is impossibleto supposethat the name Roseberrywas new-mintedin the 16th centuryor later. It is almostcertainly the old Anglianname, which had neverbeen completelylostfrompopular recollection,but had maintaineditself coordinatelywith Othenbergh,and at last succeeded in com- pletelyexcluding its would-be supplanter. This has certainly been the case with Thornboroughbetween Northallerton and Thirsk; Hlundulftorpis the nameof the manorin question,as it appearsin 'Domesday,'aind no mentionis madeof Thornborough; and exceptthat Hundulfthorpeexists in some old lease or other territorialdocument belonging to the presentowner, the very name would be lost. To be sure Haigh (A.-S. Sagas, pp. 45- 85) and, followinghim, Prof. Morley idenitifyRoseberry with Hreosnabeorhin Beowulf. But thereis not a tittleof tangible evidence to supportthe identification,anid criticism is almost thrownaway on the discernmentwhich detects the name of Hygelac in Ugglebarnby,"an easy contractionof Beowulfes- beorh" in , and Ravenwood (Hrefna-wudu)in Robin Hood's Bay,-a nameof which, as faras I can ascertain,no trace existsup to the time of the dissolutionof the monasteries. That verydistinct traces of Anglian nomenclatureremain in the district,or closeupon it, is indisputable;and it is somewhat interestingthat, in several instances,these old names are con- nected with the ancientburial-mounrds of formeroccupants of the country. Among these,Glap-howe, in the parishof Skel- ton, is one of the most prominent,as reproducinga name so well known as that of Glappa or Clappa. Carling-howe,in Guisboroughparish, I look upon as another instance of the

This content downloaded from 195.78.109.119 on Tue, 17 Jun 2014 05:36:51 AM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions in the Populationof Cleveland,Yorkshire. 361 same kind; Basin-houe,a name local antiquariansaccount for, some of them on the ground that it has a large basin-shaped cavity(the resultof formeropening) on its summit,others from the absurdfable that a silverbasin had been dug out of it, may be yet a thirdcase; Lilhoue, therecan be littledoubt, contains the name Lilla, whileNean Howe, Nanny-houe,and the ancient boundary-stoneor mere called the "nan-stone," all seem to involve an old Teutonic name, whichhas furnished,in part or in whole, not a few both German and English personalappel- latives. The Basin (for Basing), Carling, and possibly Nanny (re- gardedas a corruptionfrom Nanning), I look upon, of course,as Teutonic patronymics. The firstoccurs in,Yorkshire Domes- day, in both the formsBasinc and Basin, togetherwith the place-name Basinghebi; the second, in Carlingfordaind Lin- colnshireDomesday, Carlentone,as well as in three or four other local names in Cleveland; while the simple names Besi or Basi and Carle are of perpetualoccurrence in Yorkshireand LincolnshireDomesday and elsewhere. Other markedAnglian names of places in Cleveland seem to be Hildreuuelle,Esington, Himelingetun,Lentune or Leving- ton, Neuham or Neweham, Mideltun.,Neutone, Broctun,and some others. Arndyet, with respect to one or moreof these,it shouldbe observedthat speculation or inquiry is suggested. Thus we have the name Esebi, of purelyDanish form,the personal name Esi (Asa, Asi in YorkshireDomesday) supplyingthe first element. But this same name, with the generallyrecognized A.-S. patronymicending -ing, furnishes also the formerelement in Esingetun, as well as in Esingewald (Easingwold),and it is perplexingto thinkof Esi as a Dane, and Esing as an Anglian. The same difficultyoccurs in the case of Besi or Basi, in a somewhataltered form; for the Lincolnshire D. Basingeham would seem to be distinctlyAnglian, while YorkshireD. Ba- singhebi(Besingby in Whitby Charters),Linc. Basingthorpe, must equally be regarded as distinctlyDanish. In this case the elementaryname Besi or Basi is met with in the names Beswick, Besthorpe (two), all three of which are of northern form. Lentune or Levington is aiiothername beset withthe same difficulties,though in a minor degree; for we have the apparentlyAnglian Leving, not only in combinationwith the probablyAnglian -ton,but also prefixedto the certainlyDanish -thorpe in the 12th century, Levingtorp,Leuyngtorp, now Linthorpenear . I suppose the difficultyis more apparentthan real, and ad- mits of easy solutionby recallingto mind that the termination -ing is by no means exclusivelyGermanic any morethan -ton.

This content downloaded from 195.78.109.119 on Tue, 17 Jun 2014 05:36:51 AM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions 362 Rev. J. C. ATKINSON- On the Danish Element The mererecollection of the titleYnglingla-saga, and of who the Ynglings were-descendantsof Yngir, anothername forFreyr -and of such names as Hasting (as that of one of the most distinguishedof theViking leaders),is sufficientto suggestthat if Esi, Leue or Levi, Besi or Basi were Northmenby birth,or even by adoption,their sons or descendantsmight, with no violationof Northerntongue-rules, be called Esing, Leving or Leuing, and Basing or Besing; and thus therewould be no dif- ficultyor inconsistencyiia such names as Basinghebi,Basing- thorpe,Levingthorpe, Esebi, in contrastwith Basingeham, Lev- ington,and Esington. All this,I am well aware,is but a sketchof a subjectrequiring carefulhandling and elaboration; but I have been compelledto write the greaterpart of it under pressurefor time, and with the materials(on which I dependedwhen I became responsible forthe paper) still leftin a crude state, owingto circumstances involvingabsences fromhome, and much unforeseenbusiness of a painfuland onerousnature both at home and away. Still, I trust it will be thoughtthat enough has been advancedto show the interestattaching to the subject, and to prove that the views broughtforward are not unsubstantiatedby facts; and, in conclusion,I will only add a littlein the way of state- ment, confirmatoryand illustrative,of the circumstancesto which attentionwas directedin the opening paragraphsof the paper. Under the conditionsof preponderatingDalnish occupancy and nomenclaturenoticed at a precedingpage, and of less ex- tensive but still distinctAnglian presence and influence,also above noticed,it would obviouslybe reasonable,so long as the inhabitantsof the districtin questioncontinued in theirmutual intercommunicationto make use of whatmight with reality be termed a " dialect," to look fordistinct evidences in such dia- lect of its indebtedness,on the one hand, to the Old Danish tongue, and, on the other,to the originalfolk-speech intruded on by the Danish-speakingcolonists. It is of coursean unsatis- factorymatter to venture,without actual enumerationmade, an estimateof the numberof words which appear jointlyin the Cleveland and Scandinavianvocabularies, but do not appear in theEnglish dictionary or south-countryword-books, but I have no hesitationin saying that theyare to be reckonedby hun- dreds. In a veryhasty inspection of the Cleveland Glossary, under letter S, I find (and with rathera tendencyto under- rate than to overestimate)I have jotted down 94 words to which such a characterbelongs. A fewamong the most cha- racteristicof these are scow (the sheathof a horse's penis), segy

This content downloaded from 195.78.109.119 on Tue, 17 Jun 2014 05:36:51 AM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions in thePopulation 6f Cleveland,Yorkshire. 363 (a male animal, ox or swine, castratedafter having arrived at maturity),scug (to hide), scud (to pare offa surfacefrom the groundor floor),smout (a hole at the bottomof a hedge or wall used by sheep, hares, &c. to pass through), snod (smooth, even, trim), snog (tidy, trimmedup), steg (a gander), stoven (the stool whence a sapling treehas been cut), swagger(a pen. non, vane), swid, swidder (to smart,tingle with pain), swidden (to burn),swip (likeness),swipple (the strikingpart of the flail), swang (a boggypiece of ground),syke (an oozing stream),&c. But besides words such as these,the idiom of the pure ver- nacular is in many instances still markedlyun-English, the deviations from English, however,meeting with their exact counterpartin the speechof the Scandinavian countries. "I do not object," or, "I have no objectionto this or that," is, in Cleveland,put thus," Ah hes nowghtagen that," whichis sim- ply a translationof Dan. "Jeg har ikke nogetimod det." " I ran as fast as I could" is "Ah ran what ah could;" Dan. "Jeg randt hvad jeg kunde." "Will you do so and so?" may be asked of a Clevelander,and if so, the circumstancesbeing such as to justifythe rejoinder "Why not?" or "VWhyshould I rnot?" his replywould be mostlikely " What fornot?" It is an idiom I have heard a hundredtimes, and withit I collate the Dan. use of hvad for. Nay, in manyinstances, the old pro- verbial sayingsof the districtmeet with their exact counter- partsin those of some Scandinaviandistrict. The S. Jutlander says of the manlwhose outwardappearance may be describedas fat and well-liking,"Han leverint'ved ddvv Nodr;" the Cleve- land saying,in like case, being " He deean't luik as gin he lived upo' deeafnuts." Illustrationsof this kind mightbe compiledto the extentof manypages, and such compilationmight not be withoutits in- terest. Here, the amountof notice alreadygiven will suffice; but it is to our point to observe that, while northernwords, idioms, and proverbsoccupy the prominentposition they do in the familiarspeech of the genuineCleveland people, some (as to theirnature) equallymarked instances of whatmust be regarded as the old Anglian tongue and modes of expressionare to be discernedby the observantinquirer. Such words as sackless (dull, heavy, spiritless),shaffment (the circumferenceof the wrist),may be found among the wordsbeginning with S, and a list may be made numberingperhaps one-tenthof the words in that of Scandinavian words just, now advertedto, and of whichno counterpartshall be foundin the Scandinavianword- books. But that is all, and I thinkthat estimatealrnost too high. Somethingto the same effectis trueof Anglian idioms. Thus,

This content downloaded from 195.78.109.119 on Tue, 17 Jun 2014 05:36:51 AM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions 364 Rev. J. C. ATKINSON-On the Danish Element in nearly23 yearsof familiarintercourse with my parishioners, I have never once heard a true Clevelander,intending to say what is expressedby the English " kneel down," use any other phrasebut " sit thee doono' tha' knees,"or, "sit o' tha' knees;" and the frequencywith which I have heard it may be estimated by the factthat, if childrenare presentwhen a visitingclergy- man is about to kneel by the sick person'sbed, the directionto themis given in the formspecified. Only the last sick visit I paid, the personvisited being sadly weak and infirm,the doubt was expressedwhether he were physicallyable to "sit on his knees." In Layamon, ii. p. 506, we read,- peos here-prigespreo Comento pan kige & settenan heorecneowen; whilein the Coke's Tale of Gamelyn,1. 1397, it stands,- Whan thatthey hym found in On kneysthey them sette And adounwith their bode, and Gamelyntheir Lord grette. Among a greatnumber of otherinstances of usage, it is inter- estingto findit in thetruly Northumbriaii " Havelok the Dane" (p. 77),- pat athelwoldpe didesite On knes. Other examplesof the same sort are foundin the Cleveland phrases,to " bear at hand," to " rap and ree," whichare met with, the latter in Layamon more than once or twice, "Hii ruptenhii refden,"and the formerin the TowneleyMysteries, and frequentlyin Chaucer, in the form " bere on hand," and with materiallythe same sense as in Cleveland,namely, "to give one the credit" of a thing,"to accuse of." In fact,the usage in the Yorkshire book named coincides exactly with ours,as the fullphrase there is " bere falslyon hand." My purpose originallywas to have touched on such pecu- liaritiesof tone,of phonesis,and other specialitiesof the same sortas appearedto me to have a bearing upon the general sub- ject; and also to have given some statisticsas to the personial appearance,features, and build of the Clevelanders,matters all possessingmore or less initerest,and strictlyin place in such a paper as this. I am, however,from simple want of time, obliged to foregothat part of my purpose,and to contentmy- selfwith the unsatisfactorysketch given above.

This content downloaded from 195.78.109.119 on Tue, 17 Jun 2014 05:36:51 AM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions in thePopulation of Cleveland,Yorkshire. 365

DISCUSSION. Mr. J. A. HJALTALIN said that the only point to which he wished to call the attentionof the Societywas, thatthe authorseemed to suppose that therewas a clear distinctionbetween Scandinavian namesand Anglo-Saxonnames, so thatwe could at one glancepro- nouncea nameto be eitherScandinavian or Anglo-Saxon, as ifthose twolanguages were so differentand distinctfrom each otherthat a word,or a name,must necessarily belong to one of themonly, and not to both. If thiswere the opinionof the author,the speaker could not agree with him. Manywords and namesapparently be- longingto the Scandinavianlanguage may not be moreScandinavian than Anglo-Saxon,and viceversa. Take, forinstance, the names iarold, Scand.Haraldr; Godwin,Scand. Guidini,or Gudin. Now are those two names Scandinavianor Anglo-Saxon? The speaker believedthat he was rightin sayingthat they were both. Untilthe 12th centurythere was one languagein use over all Scandinavia(Norway, Sweden, and Denmark)and in Iceland; and the same languagewas spokenin theFaroe, Orkney,and Shetland Islands,in the Hebrides,and in manyparts of ,Scotland, and Ireland. This languagewas then calledDanish, or the North- ern language; and survivesnow in its ancientpurity in Iceland only;it may,therefore, properly be calledIcelandic instead of Scan- dinavian. ModernSwedish and Danish stand in thesame relation to this old languageas Italian and Spanishstand to Latin. The languageof Norwayis nowDanish, but amongthe countrypopula- tionthere are severaldialects more resembling Icelandic than either modernDanish or Swedish. The old Scandinavianlanguage, the presentIcelandic, was so likethe language spoken by the Saxonsin Englandat the above-mentionedperiod, that the Scandinaviansand theAnglo-Saxons could understand each other,speaking their respec- tivelanguages, just as Danes andSwedes do at thepresent day. In fact the Scandinaviansconsidered the Anglo-Saxon to be thesame tongue as theirown; forit is expresslystated in someof ourmost reliable Sagas thatthe same tongueprevailed in Englandas in Scandinavia untilthe arrival of William the Conqueror.The similaritybetween the twolanguages is furtherconfirmed by the fact that it is nowhere mentionedin our IcelandicSagas that the Scandinaviansmade use of an interpreterin theirintercourse with the Saxonsin England; but it is expresslymentioned that theyrequired an interpreterin theirdealings with the Irish. The speakerfurther remarked that both Anglo-Saxon and Icelandic havethe gellitive plural ending in a, anddative plural ending in mn, in commonwith Frisian, but differingin thatrespect from German. As faras he couldjudge from his limited acquaintance with Anglo-Saxon, thereseemed more similarity between Anglo-Saxon and Icelandic thanbetween either Anglo-Saxon or Icelandic and German.And the similaritybetween Anglo-Saxon and Icelandic, as theywere spoken in the 9th,10th, and 11thcenturies, may have been stillcloser than we findit to be in thewritten monuments of subsequent date.

This content downloaded from 195.78.109.119 on Tue, 17 Jun 2014 05:36:51 AM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions 366 Notes and Queries. Fromthe foregoingremarks it mustbe plain howextremely dif- ficultit willalways be to decidewhich names are peculiarlyAnglo- Saxon,and whichScandinavian, or Icelandic. Mr. HYDE CLA1RE thoughtthat this well-compiled paper did not presentthe true explanation of the extentof Danish and Norsein- fluencein England,although it actuallysuggested it. It appeared strangethat Scandinavian illustrations should be soughtby Mr. At- kinsonin SouthJutland; but this presentedthe keyto the whole problem. Notwithstandingthe statementsof staunchNorse advo- cates,England did not affordstrong evidence of a decidedNorse population;and the assertorsthat it did,created difficulties in the adjustmentof the existingfacts. The moderatepaper of Mr. At- kinsonwas calculatedto helpthem. He referredto SouthJutland. Now,assuredly South Jutland, even in this day,could not be con- sidereda Scandinaviancountry; it was, in the time of Tacitus, occupiedby populations which he (Mr. Clarke)classified as Suevians, and of English kin,Angli, Saxones, Frisians,Jutes, Burgundians, &c. It was not till the thinning away of these populations that the Scandinaviansadvanced fromthe north,and the Slaves fromthe east. The early ethnologyof South Jutland and, he believed, of North Jutlandwas Suevian, and he included the early Danes as Suevians; he considered that the Danes had become Scandinavianized,as the Jutlaridpopulations had been, by this Norse filtrationsouth- wards. If this were so, the early Danish invasions of England would be effectedby the Suevians, who would readily amalgamate with their kinsmen in the island; and it would only be at a later period that the Scandinavianelement would become strongeramong the invaded, and particularlypreponderating in the higher class. Thus Scandinavianismin England would be smaller than usually asserted,both as to the numberof originalinvaders, and as to their amalgamationwith the populationsin the districtsof the Dane Law; while affinities,asserted to be Norse because foundamong the Danes and in South Jutland,would be really attributableto a community of blood and speech between the originalDanish population and the otherSuevians. He used the term Suevian as a convenientone to separatethe Einglishfrom the Scandinavianand High-Dutch branches of the Germani,considering that the English belonged to a separate branch.

NOTES AND QIUERIES. Amazons: The Woman Question.-That the name Amazon repre- sented a population known in early historic times we are safe in believing,and we are equally safe to believe that such population did not consist of women. This fable was propagated by the ignorance of Greek writers, and particularly those of WNestern Greece, and stereotypedfor public acceptation by sculptors and

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