Technologies for Climate Change Adaptation – Agriculture Sector – Technologies for Climate Change Adaptation: Agriculture Sector
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TNA Guidebook Series TNA Guidebook Series Technologies for Climate Change Adaptation – Agriculture Sector – Technologies for Climate Change Adaptation: Agriculture Sector for Climate Change Adaptation: Agriculture Technologies This guidebook provides information on 22 technologies and options for adapting to climate change in the agriculture sector. It describes what policy makers, development planners, agriculture experts and other stakeholders in countries should consider while determining a technology development path in agriculture. NGOs, rural communities and agricultural practitioners could examine and include appropriate options in their portfolios of technologies and options for agriculture. The guidebook is expected to stimulate further work on identifying options for climate change adaptation in the agricultural sector in different parts of the world. This guidebook has been co-authored by Rebecca Clements, Alicia Quezada, and Juan Torres from Practical Action Latin America and Jeremy Haggar from the University of Greenwich, UK. They have extensive field experiences and strong expertise in supporting such activities in developing countries. UNEP Risø Centre Risø DTU National Laboratory for Sustainable Energy http://www.uneprisoe.org/ http://tech-action.org/ Technologies for Climate Change Adaptation – Agriculture Sector – Authors Rebecca Clements Practical Action Latin America Jeremy Haggar University of Greenwich Alicia Quezada Practical Action Latin America Juan Torres Practical Action Latin America Editor Xianli Zhu UNEP Risø Centre Reviewed by Bernd R. Eggen Abdul Rasack Houssein Nayamuth Jørgen Eivind Olsen Sara Lærke Meltofte Trærup August 2011 UNEP Risø Centre on Energy, Climate and Sustainable Development Risø DTU National Laboratory for Sustainable Energy P.O. Box 49, 4000, Roskilde Denmark Phone +45 4677 5129 Fax +45 4632 1999 http://www.uneprisoe.org/ http://tech-action.org/ ISBN: 978-87-550-3927-8 Design and production: Magnum Custom Publishing New Delhi, India [email protected] Photo acknowledgement: Front cover photo – Bali rice terrace, Indonesia, courtesy of Chensiyuan, Creative Commons 3.0 Unported Back cover photo – Grazing cattle herd in Hawaii, USA, courtesy of Forest & Kim Starr, Creative Commons 3.0 Unported This guidebook can be downloaded from http://tech-action.org/ Please use the following reference when quoting the guidebook: Clements, R., J. Haggar, A. Quezada, and J. Torres (2011). Technologies for Climate Change Adaptation – Agriculture Sector. X. Zhu (Ed.). UNEP Risø Centre, Roskilde, 2011 Disclaimer: This guidebook is intended to assist developing country governments, agriculture practitioners, and stakeholders in conducting Technology needs Assessment (TNA) and prepare technology action plans for adaptation to climate change in the agriculture sector under the Global Environment Facility (GEF) funded TNA project, implemented by UNEP and URC. The findings, suggestions, and conclusions presented in this publication are entirely those of the authors and should not be attributed in any manner to the GEF or UNEP. Contents List of Tables, Figures and Boxes v Abbreviations ix Preface xi Acknowledgements xiii Executive Summary xv 1. Introduction and Outline of the Guidebook 1 2. Background 5 2.1 Key Concepts 5 2.2. Agricultural Production Systems 16 2.3 Levels of Adaptation 22 3. Adaptation Decision-making and Prioritisation of Technologies 27 3.1 Vulnerability and Risk Assessment 27 3.2 Identifying Options for Adaptation 28 3.3 Key Criteria for Prioritisation of Adaptation Technologies 31 4. Concrete Adaptation Technologies and Practices in the Agriculture Sector 35 4.1 Planning for Climate Change and Variability 36 4.1.1 Climate Change Monitoring System 36 4.1.2 Seasonal to Interannual Prediction 43 4.1.3 Decentralised Community-run Early Warning Systems 50 4.1.4 Index-based Climate Insurance 54 4.2 Technologies for Sustainable Water Use and Management 59 4.2.1 Sprinkler and Drip Irrigation 60 4.2.2 Fog Harvesting 71 4.2.3 Rainwater Harvesting 76 4.3 Soil Management 85 4.3.1 Slow-forming Terraces 85 4.3.2 Conservation Tillage 91 4.3.3 Integrated Nutrient Management 97 iii 4.4 Sustainable Crop Management 103 4.4.1 Crop Diversification and New Varieties 104 4.4.2 Biotechnology for Climate Change Adaptation of Crops 110 4.4.3 Ecological Pest Management 116 4.4.4 Seed and Grain Storage 123 4.5 Sustainable Livestock Management 130 4.5.1 Livestock Disease Management 130 4.5.2 Selective Breeding via Controlled Mating 136 4.6 Sustainable Farming Systems 139 4.6.1 Mixed Farming 140 4.6.2 Agro-forestry 143 4.7 Capacity Building and Stakeholder Organisation 152 4.7.1 Community-based Agricultural Extension Agents 152 4.7.2 Farmer Field Schools 156 4.7.3 Forest User Groups 161 4.7.4 Water User Associations 165 5. Conclusions 171 References 175 Appendix I – Glossary 195 Appendix II – Recommended Sources for Additional Information 197 iv List of Tables, Figures and Boxes List of Tables Table 1.1 Overview of Technologies Covered in the Guidebook Table 2.1 Climate Change Impacts on Agriculture Table 2.2 Examples of Resources Affecting Adaptive Capacity Table 4.1 Adaptation Technologies Table 4.2 Essential Climate Variables Table 4.3 Agricultural Decisions and Climate Forecasts Table 4.4 Countries Using SIP Products from Global Producers Table 4.5 Indicative Costs for Implementation and Maintenance of Community Early Warning System Table 4.6 Summary of Climate Insurance Products for Agriculture Table 4.7 Efficiencies of Sprinkler Irrigation in Different Climates Table 4.8 Response of Different Crops to Sprinkler Irrigation Systems Table 4.9 Water Collection Rates from Fog Collectors Table 4.10 Budget Breakdown Rainwater Harvesting in Bhutan Table 4.11 Activity Costs for Rainwater Harvesting Pilot Scheme in Burundi Table 4.12 Crop Yields (kg/ha) for the Main Crops in La Encañada, Peru Table 4.13 Crop Yields (t/ha) in the Community of Chullpa K’asa, Bolivia Table 4.14 Average Cost of Fertilisers Per Metric Ton in Africa Table 4.15 Terms Related to Biotechnology Table 4.16 Biotechnology Products Showing Longer-term Promise for Adaptation to Climate Change Table 4.17 Storage Characteristics of Selected Food Commodities Table 4.18 Traditional and Improved Storage Methods Table 4.19 Agro-forestry Diagnosis and Design Table 4.20 Key Institutions for Agro-forestry Table 4.21 Agro-forestry Project Costs in Eritrea Table 4.22 Agro-forestry Project Costs in Senegal v List of Figures Figure 2.1 Linkages between Ecosystem Services and Human Well-being. Figure 2.2 Vulnerability to Climate Change Divided into its Components of Exposure, Sensitivity and Adaptive Capacity Figure 2.3 Traditional Agricultural Practices Figure 2.4 Relationship between the Agro-biodiversity of Potatoes and Risks Figure 2.5 Diversified Cultivation and Conservation of Native Varieties: a Household Climate Change Adaptation Strategy in the High Mountain Ecosystem Figure 3.1 How Community-based Adaptation (CBA) Could Be Implemented, Engaging Civil Society in Planning, Monitoring and Implementation Figure 4.1 WMO Global Producing Centres (GPCs) of Long Range Forecasts Figure 4.2 Farmland Sprinkler System Figure 4.3 Drip Irrigation System for an Olive Tree Farm in Ica Valley, Peru Figure 4.4 Capers Field under Drip Irrigation System in Sandy Soil Pisco Valley Peru Figure 4.5 Schematic of a Typical Rainwater Catchment System Figure 4.6 Ground Catchment System Figure 4.7 Rock Catchment Figure 4.8 Structure of Slow-forming Terraces Figure 4.9 Planting Hedgegrows along Sloping Agriculture Land Figure 4.10 Hoeing in India Figure 4.11 Animal Traction in Nepal Figure 4.12 Conservation Tillage Using Discs and Tines Figure 4.13 Ridge Tillage Figure 4.14 Effect of Potassium Application on Frost Injury to Potato Crop Figure 4.15 IPM Vegetable Production in Nicaragua Figure 4.16 Holistic Approaches to Disease Prevention and Control Figure 4.17 Holistic Approaches to Disease Prevention and Control Figure 4.18 Farmer Centre in Peru Where Local Agricultural Extension Agents Are Trained List of Boxes Box 2.1 Common Features of Biodiverse Farms Box 2.2 Agroecological Approaches That Build Resilience Box 2.3 The NAPA Process vi Box 3.1 Resources for Vulnerability and Risk Assessment Box 3.2 Incorporating Local Culture into Adaptation Strategies: Fish Harvesting and Floating Gardens in Bangladesh Box 4.1 Traditional Forecasting with Bio-indicators Box 4.2 FAO Climate Change and Agriculture Modelling Box 4.3 Agricultural Climate Risk Zoning in Brazil Box 4.4 Climate Change Monitoring in Kenya Box 4.5 Seasonal Climate Forecasts in Lesotho Box 4.6 Seasonal Climate Forecasts in Burkina Faso Box 4.7 Changing Time of Planting and Harvesting Based on Early Warning Systems Box 4.8 ENSO Insurance in Peru Box 4.9 Insurance against Additional Costs of Irrigating Coffee in Vietnam Box 4.10 Indexed Livestock Mortality Insurance in Mongolia Box 4.11 Fondos in Mexico Box 4.12 Sprinkler Irrigation in Zimbabwe Box 4.13 Drip Irrigation for Olives in the Desert of Acari Valley, Peru Box 4.14 Potential Application of Fog Harvesting Technology Box 4.15 Key Information Requirements for Assessing Fog Harvesting Suitability Box 4.16 Development of Fog Water Collection in Nepal Box 4.17 Ground Surface Collection in Paraguay Box 4.18 Knowledge Requirements for the Selection of Rainwater Harvesting Technology Box 4.19 Rainwater Harvesting Project in the Philippines Box 4.20 Rainwater Harvesting Realising the Potential of Rainfed Agriculture in India Box 4.21 Conservation and Reclamation