Rajeev.S.R. and Dr.P.K.Varghese, International Journal of Research in Engineering, IT and Social Sciences, ISSN 2250-0588, Impact Factor: 6.565, Volume 08 Issue 10, October 2018, Page 188-194 Implementation of Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Schemes in Different Terrains

Rajeev.S.R.1 and Dr.P.K.Varghese2 1(Assistant Professor and Research Scholar in Economics, TKMM College, Nangiarkulangara, ) 2(Research Guide and Former Head of the Department of Economics Bishop Moore College, Mavelikara, India) Rural development is a Himalayan task as far as Indian rural economy is concerned. There were a number of development oriented rural schemes are so far implemented. But most of them end without desired goals. The government, here, in this context plan to resolve the rural development approach in a different manner. The objectives kept in mind are rural development ,rural employment, poverty, inequality, gender justice, human rights, decent wages, indiscrimination ,asset building, women empowerment back ward class development, socio- economic accountability, rationality rules and environmental protection, rejuvenation and repairing. These are the striking concepts in modern rural development economics. With all these things in mind the government planned to make a concrete policy based on human values. Finally the draft ends in a new approach towards crude development strategy. The virtue is finally named as National Rural Development Programme (NREP), finalized as National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (NREGA) 2005.Later the Act renamed with our great father of the nation and is known as Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (MGNREGA).The Mahatma Gandhi Rural Employment Guarantee Scheme (MGNREGS) reflected in the overall development of the villages throughout India. The right based employment guarantee programme one side creates employment opportunities and on the other creates assets in rural areas. The possibility of asset making is cherished through the schemes/projects implemented at the local level. All the schemes are specified in the annexure of the NREG Act 2005. This paper, as a case study, looks in to the schemes/Projects. And try evaluates the performance of the schemes implemented in different terrains. Keywords: Rural Development, Rural Employment, Employment Guarantee, Equality, Gender, Environment.

I. INTRODUCTION Rural employment plays a prominent role in the process of rural development. Because India’s rural population accounts three-fourths of the total population. Rural development has several indicators. Some of these indicators are income of the people, standard of living in rural areas, rural employment generation, rural poverty eradication programmes and people’s participation in the process of development process. Rural development brings comprehensive transformation of the standards of the rural poor people. The comprehensive transformation means the social, economic, political aspects on the one hand and technological and institutional change on the other, which help in the process of rural development. The above needs mentioned development process needs mass participation. Seriously it should keep in mind that rural development does not mean the urbanization of rural areas. But the core of rural development is nothing but, people living in rural areas develop their capacity to live better with good health , adequate means to eat , better clothing ,better housing facilities and access to all necessaries. The magnitude of rural development is relative; it may change from area to area according to the physical specialty of the area. So a radical change in overall spheres of human entity is termed as rural development. In India the about 75% find their shelter in rural areas. The mass need for country’s food stuffs is produced in the rural agriculture sector. Prosperity of the country truly depends on the prosperity of the villages. There is much truth in Mahatma Gandhi’s words that the soul of India lives in villages. In the country rural development is a comprehensive programme of activities that include agricultural growth , development of socio-economic infrastructure , creation of employment opportunities, access to food, providing housing facilities ,clean and healthy environment, rural sanitation, rural drinking water, better employment oriented education, village planning , nutrition and communication. The majority of the Indian rural society faces a number of chronic development problems. These problems are mutually dependent. The problems are self-perpetuating. Some of the problems are: under development of agriculture – related to the improper utilization of resources, massive poverty, widespread unemployment, backwardness of rural economy, lack of skilled labour and the presence of large number of unskilled and semi –skilled labour low asset base of rural people, higher population growth rate weak institutional capacity, customs and traditions, diversity among people throughout the country, poor social and economic infrastructure and lack of information. http://indusedu.org Page 188

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All the problems have its base that lies in the serious issue of poverty. If the rural society can escape from poverty and unemployment, only then rural development become possible. So India looks poverty as a major issue and creation of employment as its thread. To overcome this undesirable trend of poverty and employment, special programmes begin in seventies; supplement the provisions of the five-year Plans. The five- Year plans failed to do much in the rural unemployment. In such a situation the special food and wage employment programmes find their rationale. As a solution to the entire rural development problems the govt. of India proclaimed several programmes from time to time. The special employment programmes are: Area Development Programmes, Minimum Needs Programmes and Programme of Land Reforms. Most of these programmes are implemented through Panchayati Raj institutions and Non-government organizations. The govt. of India introduced a new right based employment programme, unveiled before the parliament in August 2005. It is the National Rural Employment Guarantee Act ( NREGA) which came in to force on 7th September 2005 and the scheme launched on February 2 ,2006. In October 2009, the programme renamed as Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act /Programme (MNREGA/MGNREGA). The ongoing programmes like Sampoorna Grameen Rozgar Yojana(SGRY) and National Food for Work Programme(NFWP) will be subsumed with the NREGS in 200 districts. This is the first stage of implementation of NREGA. The programme is renamed after the father of the nation, Mahatma Gandhi. The NREGA is one of the most ambitious interventions to address rural poverty and employment. It follows a set of legally enforceable employment norms. The aim is to create food security, empower unskilled rural employees, empower village communities and create useful assets in rural areas. The new employment programme stipulates that every adult has the right to basic employment opportunities at a statutory minimum wage. In its first stage NREGA is introduced as a pilot programme. After the evaluation the programme extended to the whole country on 1st April 2008. Under the scheme one member of every BPL (Below Poverty Line) family is guaranteed minimum hundred days of work at a minimum wage rate. The wage rate depends on state to state .The Act stipulates that one third of the beneficiaries should be women. It is introduced through the three tier structure of the Panchayati raj system: at three levels, district, block and village levels, it should and monitor and evaluate the project proposals up to the final implementation. Social audit plays a crucial role to test the accountability and transparency. Comptroller and Auditor General, keep a constant watch on the programme. They publish a draft performance audit report on NREGA, which is useful in stock taking of the procedural problems. The draft performance audit report helps authorities to the effective implementation of the Act. Significance of the study Independent India introduced several programmes at the government level to eradicate poverty and unemployment. All programmes are aimed at reduction of poverty at the grass root level. The side of all these programmes is to develop the rural areas. The overall aim of these programmes is the rural development. There is a lot of data available to analyze employment programmes. The government introduced programmes at lower levels can be classified as self-employment programmes , wage employment programmes , area development programmes and social security programmes. All the programmes are succeeded to a great extent in the process of rural development and eradicate poverty. But a lot of drawbacks still exist. The newly introduced Mahatma Gandhi National Employment Guarantee Act is the matter of discussion, especially the schemes stipulated in the annexure. The viability of the schemes from the economic point of view is studied. The right based employment programme which revolutionized the life of the rural poor people who lives below the poverty line. The new age legislation which invokes the framework of the legal rights to provide employment of the poor people in rural areas. The various employment programmes introduced so far had no accountability under the law. It is difficult to analyze properly the socio-economic impact of the programmes introduced so far, because of the lack of transparency. Lack of information about the programme and the Govt. irresponsibility are the two main factors responsible for the unaccountability of the programme introduced so far. The National Rural Employment Guarantee Act as an employment programme completed its successful twelve years of its operation. With the completed twelve years, the study can evaluate its impact, importance and the role of projects or schemes in the present day society. The right based employment programme should ensure social justice and gender equality. The analysis of the NREGA from the socio- economic point of view takes the above mentioned variables, equality and justice. The paper likes to view the myths and realities of the specified schemes in MGNREGA. By analyzing the importance of the NREGA programme, it is successful in alleviating the rural poverty and providing employment at grass root level. The 2010-11 budget allocation alone on NREGA was 40,000 crores .The programme is now in operation in different areas under different conditions. There is no unanimity among the projects at different levels. The projects implemented in different localities depending on the nature of the locality. So it is necessary to evaluate it from the micro angle. It helps to analyze the impact, identify problems and lapse at the implementation level.

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Objectives of the study The broader objectives of the study are to analyze the schemes attached with NREGA. More specifically the objectives may be stated as follows: 1. To evaluate how NREGA schemes works make a different terrains. 2. To portray the work status under different terrains in . 3. To study which schemes are preferred more by the sample panchayths. 4. To study the different asset creation activities and agriculture productivity of NREGA in the study area. 5. To study the problems of NREGA implementation in the study area.

II. METHODOLOGY AND DATA SOURCE The primary and secondary sources of data are used to analyze the assessment of the NREG Schemes. The traditional methods are used to collect primary data for the collection of primary data, out of the 2 districts are selected. The district is Alappuzha and Kollam. Alapuzha is the only district with highest number of block panchayats in southern part of .The district includes 1 zilla panchayaht with 23 wards , 12 block panchayats with 158 wards and 73 grama panchayats with 1186 wards. Out of the 12 block panchayats 2 blocks are selected for the study. They are Mavelikara block panchayat and block panchayat. Mavelikara block panchayat contains 5 village panchayats and Harippad block contains 8 village panchayats.Random sampling is used to collect data.Along with Alappuzha ,one panchayath from Kollam district is also selected for the study.The Pathanapuram Panchayath from the pathanapuram block. The proposed study will use secondary data. . The secondary data will be collected from statistical data of MGNREGS in Kerala, district statistical handbook of Alappuzha, Ministry of Rural Development and Planning Commission of govt.of India. The block level data will be collected from Block Development Offices of respective blocks.The project list will be collected from DRDA during the period 2012 to 2018. Based on the list provided by DRDA, sample projects are selected for the study. Innovative projects-Estimation and Measurement The projects taken for implementation must ensure the quality of works regarding the projects. In the beginning on 2005 to 2008 the quality of works and asset creation are not a concern of the NREGA. But after 2008, the MGNREGA spread almost all the districts, and then the quality of assets or works had given prime consideration. Accurate estimation and measurement of work should have its own impact on the assets that created under the National Rural Employment Guaranteed Programme. The quality of work imposed due to the widespread impression that MGNREGA is a relaxed work, where workers may get less work and more comforts and wages. Here the Overseer’s and Mates can play a critical role. The overseers can supervise the projects and mates can manage the works at the worksite. Continuous supervision and monitoring enable the works to be done more efficiently. The argument made by the overseers regarding the supervision is that, they had paid less travel allowance and with this allowance they are not sufficient for their supervision and monitoring regularly on worksite. So they entrust the entire supervision and monitoring to the mates. The mates made an attitude that they are a part of the labourers and they help them for the relaxation of the workers engaged under the project. The projects The types of works under the MGNREGS are:  Water construction and water harvesting  Draught proofing and plantation  Food control and production  Land development  Micro irrigation works  Provision of irrigation facility to land owned by SC/ST  Rural connectivity by constructing of roads.  Any special work approved by ministry of rural development  For the identification of innovative schemes suitable for an area is the purpose of this study. For that purpose of the study three distinct terrains are taken into consideration for making the study perfection. The three type of land area identified are; 1. The hilly track land/Forest areas. 2. The plain land. 3. The semi-coastal area land/Coastal area. The three types of land are taken for the purpose of the study in two districts of Alappuzha and Kollam are Thazhakara in Mavelikara,Veeyapuram in Harippad and Pathanapuram in Kollam, because of the unique physical specialty of the two districts. The three different land terrains are the cross section of various land masses across the country. The same picture can be drawn from the state can be used to generalize the study with respect to the nation.

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Master works in MGNREGA–Category wise There are four different division of work categorization under the MGNREGS are, category A, category B, category C and category D. The different category of works can be explained with respect of the study areas are mentioned below. Thazhakara Granma Panchayath – Block- Alappuzha District The works of MGNREGS is classified in to four major categories. They are category A, B, C and D. The category A works include Public work relating to natural resource management. The category B works include individual assets for vulnerable communities. The category C works include the infrastructure for NRLM (National Rural Livelihood Mission) complaint Self- Help Groups (SHGs), Category D works are the construction of rural infrastructure. Category A 2012-13 2013-14 2014-15 2015-16 2016-17 2017-18 Public Works Relating to Natural Resource Management Completed 52 22 4 10 42 3 Ongoing/Suspended 6 5 21 17 3 38 Approved not in Progress 0 0 0 1 2 9 Category B Individual Assets for Vulnerable Sections Completed 1 21 40 98 238 24 Ongoing/Suspended 0 20 72 131 4 14 Approved not in Progress 0 1 1 12 20 25 Category C Common Infrastructure for NRLM Complaint SHGs Completed 0 0 0 0 0 0 Ongoing/Suspended 0 0 0 0 0 0 Approved not in Progress 0 0 0 0 0 0 Category D Rural Infrastructure Completed 78 43 27 8 85 16 Ongoing/Suspended 10 23 26 41 20 13 Approved not in Progress 0 0 13 14 15 24 Total Completed 131 86 71 116 455 43 Ongoing/Suspended 16 48 119 189 27 65 Approved not in Progress 0 1 14 27 37 58 Source: MIS Data/mgnreganic.in The total category A works done in Thazhakara grama panchayath from 2012 to 2018 is 133. The total category B works done in Thazhakara grama panchayath from 2012 to 2018 is 383. The total category C works done in Thazhakara grama panchayath from 2012 to 2018 is 0. The total category D works done in Thazhakara grama panchayath from 2012 to 2018 is 257. The highest Percentage of master works are done in category B, 49.5%. The lowest percentage of master works is done in category A, 17.20%. As a public employment programme, it stood for the welfare of the public; the nature of work is both the upliftment of vulnerable sections and the creation of Social Overhead Capital (SOC).The priority based works, first social works, second, creation of SOC and third is natural resource management. Veeyapuram Grama Panchayath- Haripad Block- Alappuzha District The works of MGNREGS is classified in to 4 major categories. They are category A, B, C and D. The category A works include Public work relating to natural resource management. The category B works include individual assets for vulnerable communities. The category C works include the infrastructure for NRLM( National Rural Livelihood Mission) complaint Self- Help Groups(SHGs), Category D works are the construction of rural infrastructure. Category A 2012-13 2013-14 2014-15 2015-16 2016-17 2017-18 Public Works Relating to Natural Resource Management Completed 44 19 21 47 80 0 Ongoing/Suspended 0 8 12 25 14 45

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Approved not in Progress 1 2 2 2 3 4 Category B Individual Assets for Vulnerable Sections Completed 0 2 111 111 124 5 Ongoing/Suspended 0 2 38 73 7 15 Approved not in Progress 0 0 0 32 36 36 Category C Common Infrastructure for NRLM Complaint SHGs Completed 0 0 0 0 0 0 Ongoing/Suspended 0 0 0 0 0 0 Approved not in Progress 0 0 0 0 0 0 Category D Rural Infrastructure Completed 25 11 0 9 10 0 ongoing/Suspended 0 5 0 1 6 22 Approved not in Progress 0 0 0 0 4 4 Total Completed 69 32 132 167 214 5 ongoing/Suspended 0 15 50 99 27 82 Approved not in Progress 1 2 2 34 43 44 Source: MIS Data/mgnreganic.in The total category A works completed in Veeyapuram grama panchayath from 2012 to 2018 is 211.The total category B works completed in Veeyapuram grama panchayath from 2012 to 2018 is 353.The total category C works completed in Veeyapuram grama panchayath from 2012 to 2018 is 0.The total category D works completed in Veeyapuram grama panchayath from 2012 to 2018 is 56.The highest Percentage of master works is done in category B, 57%.The lowest percentage of master works is done in category D, 9%. As a public employment programme, the nature of works in Veeyapuram stood for the welfare of the public, the nature of work is both the upliftment of vulnerable sections and the creation of Social Overhead Capital (SOC). The category D works are the works relating to SOC. They had given second highest priority to Natural Resource Management (34%). The priority based works, first social works, second, natural resource management and third is construction of SOC. Pathanapuram Grama Panchayath- Pathanapuram Block- Kollam District The works of MGNREGS is classified in to 4 major categories. They are category A, B, C and D. The category A works include Public work relating to natural resource management. The category B works include individual assets for vulnerable communities. The category C works include the infrastructure for NRLM (National Rural Livelihood Mission) complaint Self- Help Groups (SHGs), Category D works are the construction of rural infrastructure Category A 2012-13 2013-14 2014-15 2015-16 2016-17 2017-18 Public Works Relating to Natural Resource Management Completed 153 0 85 27 164 0 Ongoing/Suspended 10 121 95 120 1 2 Approved not in Progress 1 4 5 5 5 5 Category B Individual Assets for Vulnerable Sections Completed 0 0 9 75 354 0 Ongoing/Suspended 0 0 102 165 49 64 Approved not in Progress 0 0 0 48 121 128 Category C Common Infrastructure for NRLM Complaint SHGs Completed 0 0 0 0 0 0 Ongoing/Suspended 0 0 0 0 0 0

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Approved not in Progress 0 0 0 0 0 0 Category D Rural Infrastructure Completed 25 0 18 7 64 0 On going/Suspended 1 55 56 49 1 1 Approved not in Progress 0 2 2 2 8 8 Total Completed 178 0 112 109 582 0 Ongoing/Suspended 11 176 253 334 51 67 Approved not in Progress 1 6 7 55 134 141 Source: MIS Data/mgnreganic.in The total category A works completed in Pathanapuram grama panchayath from 2012 to 2018 is 429.The total category B works completed in Pathanapuram grama panchayath from 2012 to 2018 is 438.The total category C works completed in Pathanapuram grama panchayath from 2012 to 2018 is 0.The total category D works completed in Pathanapuram grama panchayath from 2012 to 2018 is 114. The highest Percentage of master works are done in category B , 44.6%.The lowest percentage of master works is done in category D, 11.6%. As a public employment programme, the nature of works in Pathanapuram stood for the welfare of the public, the nature of work is both the upliftment of vulnerable sections and the creation of Social Overhead Capital (SOC). The category D works are the works relating to SOC. They had given second highest priority to Natural Resource Management (34%). The priority based works, first social works, second, natural resource management and third is construction of SOC. Work Completion Rate in Case Study Panchayaths Thazhakara Grama Panchayath The mandatory requirement for work completion rate is the assessment of three elements, number of works started, number of works completed and number of works not yet completed. The table explains how the work completion rate is determined. Details of work 2012-13 2013-14 2014-15 2015-16 2016-17 2017-18 No. of works Started 517 186 203 81 No. of works Completed 571 186 198 21 No. of works not yet Completed 0 0 5 60 Work Completion Rate (%) 100 100 97.59 25.93 Total No. of works Started 987 No. of works Completed 922 No. of works not yet Completed 65 Work Completion Rate (%) 93.41 Source: MIS Data/mgnreganic.in The work completion rate is 100% in 2014-15 and 2015-16. In 2016-17 the rate was 97.59 %. The current rate is 93.41%. The work completion rate explains the efficiency of the panchayath in implementing the projects. Veeyapuram Grama Panchayath The main requirement for work completion rate is the assessment of three elements, number of works started, number of works completed and number of works not yet completed. The table explains how the work completion rate is determined. Details of work 2012-13 2013-14 2014-15 2015-16 2016-17 2017-18 Number of works Started 378 216 117 85 No .of works Completed 378 216 115 5 No. of works not yet Completed 0 0 2 80 Work Completion Rate (%) 100 100 98.26 5.88 Total No. of works Started 796 No. of works Completed 714 No. of works not yet Completed 82 Work Completion Rate (%) 89.7 Source: MIS Data/mgnreganic.in The work completion rate is 100% in 2014-15 and 2015-16. In 2016-17 the rate was 98.26 %. The current rate is 89.7%. The work completion rate explains the efficiency of the Veeyapuram panchayath in implementing the projects.

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Pathanapuram Grama Panchayath The main requirement for work completion rate is the assessment of three elements, number of works started, number of works completed and number of works not yet completed. The table explains how the work completion rate is determined. Details of work 2012-13 2013-14 2014-15 2015-16 2016-17 2017-18 No. of works Started 682 189 257 59 No. of works Completed 682 189 249 0 No. of works not yet Completed (%) 0 0 8 59 Work Completion Rate 100 100 96.89 0 Total No. of works Started 1187 No. of works Completed 1120 No. of works not yet Completed 67 Work Completion Rate (%) 94.36 Source: MIS Data/mgnreganic.in The work completion rate is 100% in 2014-15 and 2015-16. In 2016-17 the rate was 96.89 %. The current rate is 94.36%. The work completion rate explains the efficiency of the Pathanapuram grama panchayath in implementing the projects. The works under different category implemented in three different terrains shows the work/scheme/project specificity. All the panchayaths commonly accepted the Category B works. The category B works are the works for creating assets in vulnerable section of the society. The sections are Scheduled Caste; Scheduled Tribes, Marginal Farmers and land less labourers. The total category B works completed in Thazhakara grama panchayath from 2012 to 2018 is 383. The total category B works completed in Veeyapuram grama panchayath from 2012 to 2018 is 353. The total category B works done in Pathanapuram grama panchayath from 2012 to 2018 is 438. But the Pathanapuram Panchayath had shown a special performance. They implemented the Category A works in equal strength with Category B works. The total category A works done in Pathanapuram grama panchayath from 2012 to 2018 is 429.The efficiency in completing the works under different category is worth mentioning. The work completion rate of Thazhakara panchayath is 100% in 2014-15 and 2015-16. In 2016-17 the rate was 97.59 %. The current rate is 93.41%. The work completion rate shows the efficiency of the panchayath in implementing the projects. The work completion rate of Veeyapuram is 100% in 2014-15 and 2015-16. In 2016-17 the rate was 98.26 %. The current rate is 89.7%. The work completion rate shows the efficiency of the Veeyapuram panchayath in implementing the projects. The work completion rate of Pathanapuram is 100% in 2014-15 and 2015-16. In 2016-17 the rate was 96.89 %. The current rate is 94.36%. The work completion rate exhibits the efficiency of the Pathanapuram grama panchayath in implementing the projects. It should be concluded that all the works/projects are aiming at the promotion of the development of rural areas. The works under is cited on preferential basis. The rural community under MGNREGS so delighted with a different development experience they have encountered. The major achievement is that the scheme identified the real beneficiaries and that had created a favorable development atmosphere in rural areas.

III. REFERENCES [1] “State’s Role in Poverty Eradication”, The Economic Times, 14.02.2006 and 15.02.2006. [2] 2. Government of India (2005): Rural Development Initiatives, Employment News, Ministry of I and B, New Delhi, Vol. XXIX, No, 47, PP 1-2 Feb. [3] Seminar Volume, ICSSR Sponsored Two Day national Seminar on Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (MGNREGA) & Other Rural Development Schemes, Department of Studies in Economics, Karnatak University,Dharward. [4] Joshi, Omkar,et all (2014), MGNREGA: Employer of Last Resort? , New Delhi: Human Development Survey, Working paper 2011, NCAER and University of Maryland December. [5] 5 .MoRD (2012), MGNREGA Sameeksha : An Anthology of Research Studies on Mahatma Gandhi Rural Employment Guarantee Act ,2005,2006-12,edited. [6] Report No.6 of 2013-Union Government (Ministry of Rural Development)- Report of Comptroller and Auditor General of India on Performance Audit of Mahatma Gandhi Rural Employment Guarantee Scheme. [7] Salian ,V,Prasanna ,D.S Leelavathi, (2014), Implementation of MGNREGA in Karnataka: Issues and Challenges, :” Journal of Rural Development ,Vol .33 ,No.(3) pp. 261-279. [8] Basu,Arnab K,(2013) : Impact of Rural Employment Guarantee Schemes in Seasonal Labor Markets : Optimum Compensation of Workers ‘ Welfare.” Journal of Public Economics,93: 482-497. [9] Union Budget, Expenditure Vol.2 www.indiabudget.nic.in. [10] MGNREGA,Monthly Progress Reports,Financial Performance under MGNREGA during the year htpp://nrega.nic.in/netnrega/mpr_ht/nregampr.aspx [11] MGNREGA,Monthly Progress Report,DMU Report. [12] MGNREGA,MIS,Labour Budget Report,Demand Projection Analysis for individual states. [13] MoRD, Performance Review Committee, http;//rural.nic.in.

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