sign in sign up
<<
Home , Achankovil, Alappuzha district, Ambalapuzha North, Arookutty, Arthunkal, Aryad

Census of 2011

KERALA

PART XII-A SERIES-33

DISTRICT CENSUS HANDBOOK

ALAPPUZHA

VILLAGE AND TOWN DIRECTORY

DIRECTORATE OF CENSUS OPERATIONS

2

CENSUS OF INDIA 2011

KERALA

SERIES-33 PART XII-A

DISTRICT CENSUS HANDBOOK

Village and Town Directory

ALAPPUZHA

Directorate of Census Operations, Kerala

3 MOTIF

Nehru Trophy Boat Race Subroided with a labyrinth of backwaters, is the cradle of important boat races like the at Punnamada, Pulinkunnu Rajiv Gandhi Boat Race, and the Jalotsavam at Payippad, , Neerettupuram Boat Race, Boat Race, and Thaikottan races. The boat races are mainly conducted at the time of ‘’ festival. The Nehru Trophy Boat Race was instituted by the then Prime Minister in the year 1952, on being thrilled by the enchanting beauty of the racing snake shaped boats. Ever since, the race is being conducted at the time of Onam festival on second Saturday of August every year. Various cultural programmes are also conducted along with the race, creating a festive mood in the town. Thousands of tourists from all over the world flock in, to have a glimpse at this spectacular occasion.

4 CONTENTS

Pages 1. Foreword 7 2. Preface 9 3. Acknowledgements 11 4. History and scope of the District Census Handbook 13 5. Brief history of the district 15 6. Analytical Note 17 Village and Town Directory 141 Brief Note on Village and Town Directory 7. Section I - Village Directory (a) List of Villages merged in towns and outgrowths at 2011 Census (b) Taluk Maps (c) Alphabetical list of Villages along with location code 2001 and 2011 (d) Taluk wise Village Directory (e) Appendices to Village Directory Appendix I : Summary showing total number of villages having Educational, 196 Medical and other amenities in villages - Taluk level Appendix I A : Villages by number of Primary Schools 199 Appendix I B : Villages by Primary, Middle and Secondary Schools 199 Appendix I C : Villages with different sources of drinking water facilities 199 available Appendix II : Villages with 5,000 and above population which do not have 200 one or more amenities available Appendix III : Land utilization data in respect of Census towns 201 Appendix IV : Taluk wise list of inhabited villages where no amenity other 201 than drinking water facility is available Appendix V : Summary showing number of Villages not having Scheduled 201 Caste population Appendix VI : Summary showing number of Villages not having Scheduled 202 Tribe population Appendix VII A : List of villages according to the proportion of the Scheduled 202 Castes to the total population by range

5 Pages Appendix VII B : List of villages according to the proportion of the Scheduled 204 Tribes to the total population by ranges Appendix VIII : Number of villages under each Gram Panchayat (Taluk wise) 206 8. Section II - Town Directory (a) Town Directory Statement I - Status and Growth History 216 (b) Town Directory Statement II - Physical aspects and location of 222 towns, 2009 (c) Town Directory Statement III - Civic and other amenities, 2009 224 (d) Town Directory Statement IV - Medical Facilities, 2009 228 (e) Town Directory Statement V - Educational, Recreational and cultural 230 facilities,2009 (f) Town Directory Statement VI - Industry and banking, 2009 238 (g) Town Directory Statement VII - Civic and other amenities in 240 slums, 2009 (h) Appendix to Town Directory - Towns showing their outgrowth with 242 population

6 FOREWORD

The District Census Handbook (DCHB) is an important publication of the Census Organization since 1951. It contains both Census and non Census data of urban and rural areas for each District. The Census data provide information on demographic and socio-economic characteristics of population at the lowest administrative unit i.e. of each Village and Town and ward of the District. The Primary Census Abstract (PCA) part of this publication contains Census data including data on household amenities collected during 1st phase of the Census i.e. House Listing and Housing Census. The non Census data presented in the DCHB is in the form of Village Directory and Town Directory contain information on various infrastructure facilities available in the village and town viz; education, medical, drinking water, communication and transport, post and telegraph, electricity, banking, and other miscellaneous facilities. Later on, the Telegraph Services were closed by the on 15th July, 2013. The data of DCHB are of considerable importance in the context of planning and development at the grass-root level. 2. In the 1961 Census, DCHB provided a descriptive account of the District, administrative statistics, Census tables and Village and Town Directory including Primary Census Abstract. This pattern was changed in 1971 Census and the DCHB was published in three parts: Part-A related to Village and Town Directory, Part-B to Village and Town PCA and Part-C comprised analytical report, administrative statistics, District Census tables and certain analytical tables based on PCA and amenity data in respect of Villages. The 1981 Census DCHB was published in two parts: Part-A contained Village and Town Directory and Part-B the PCA of Village and Town including the SCs and STs PCA up to Tahsil/Town levels. New features along with restructuring of the formats of Village and Town Directory were added. In Village Directory, all amenities except electricity were brought together and if any amenity was not available in the referent Village, the distance in broad ranges from the nearest place having such an amenity, was given. 3. The pattern of 1981 Census was followed by and large for the DCHB of 1991 Census except the format of PCA. It was restructured. Nine-fold industrial classification of main workers was given against the four-fold industrial classification presented in the 1981 Census. In addition, sex wise population in 0- 6 age group was included in the PCA for the first time with a view to enable the data users to compile more realistic literacy rate as all children below 7 years of age had been treated as illiterate at the time of 1991 Census. One of the important innovations in the 1991 Census was the Community Development Block (CD Block) level presentation of Village Directory and PCA data instead of the traditional Tahsil/Taluk/PS level presentation. 4. As regards DCHB of 2001 Census, the scope of Village Directory was improved by including some other amenities like banking, recreational and cultural facilities, newspapers & magazines and ‘most important commodity’ manufactured in a Village in addition to prescribed facilities of earlier Censuses. In Town Directory, the statement on Slums was modified and its coverage was enlarged by including details on all slums instead of ‘notified slums’. 5. The scope and coverage of Village Directory of 2011 DCHB has been widened by including a number of new amenities in addition to those of 2001. These newly added amenities are: Pre-Primary School, Engineering College, Medical College, Management Institute, Polytechnic, Non-formal Training Centre, Special School for Disabled, Community Health Centre, Veterinary Hospital, Mobile Health Clinic, Medical Practitioner with MBBS Degree, Medical Practitioner with no degree, Traditional Practitioner and faith Healer, Medicine Shop, Community Toilet, Rural Sanitary Mart or Sanitary Hardware Outlet in the Village, Community Bio- gas, Sub Post Office, Village Pin Code, Public Call Office, Mobile Phone Coverage, Internet

7 Cafes/ Common Service Centre, Private Courier Facility, Auto/Modified Autos, Taxis and Vans, Tractors, Cycle-pulled Rickshaws, Carts driven by Animals, Village connected to National Highway, State Highway, Major District Road, and Other District Road, Availability of Water Bounded Macadam Roads in Village, ATM, Self-Help Group, Public Distribution System(PDS) Shop, Mandis/Regular Market, Weekly Haat, Agricultural Marketing Society, Nutritional Centers (ICDS), Anganwadi Centre, ASHA (Accredited Social Health Activist), Sports Field, Public Library, Public Reading Room, Assembly Polling station, Birth & Death Registration Office. In the Town Directory, seven Statements containing the details and the data of each Town have been presented viz.; (i)Status and Growth History of Towns,(ii)Physical Aspects and Location of Towns, (iii)Civic and other Amenities, (iv)Medical Facilities, (v)Educational, Recreational & Cultural Facilities, (vi)Industry & Banking, and (vii)Civic & other amenities in Slums respectively. Taluk wise data of Village Directory and Village PCA have been presented in DCHB of 2011 Census as presented in earlier Census. 6. The data of DCHB 2011 Census have been presented in two parts, Part-A contains Village and Town Directory and Part-B contains Village and Town wise Primary Census Abstract. Both the Parts have been published in separate volumes in 2011 Census. 7. The Village and Town level amenities data have been collected, compiled and computerized under the supervision of Dr.V.M. Gopala Menon, IAS, Director of Census Operations, Kerala. The task of Planning, Designing and Co-ordination of this publication was carried out by Dr. Pratibha Kumari, Assistant Registrar General (SS) under the guidance & supervision of Dr. R.C.Sethi, Ex-Addl. RGI and Shri Deepak Rastogi present Addl.RGI. Shri A.P. Singh, Deputy Registrar General, (Map) provided the technical guidance in the preparation of maps. Shri A.K. Arora, Joint Director of Data Processing Division under the overall supervision of Shri M.S.Thapa, Addl. Director (EDP) provided full cooperation in preparation of record structure for digitization and validity checking of Village and Town Directory data and the programme for the generation of Village Directory and Town Directory including various analytical inset tables as well as Primary Census Abstract (PCA). The work of preparation of DCHB, 2011 Census has been monitored in the Social Studies Division. I am thankful to all of them and others who have contributed to bring out this publication in time.

New Delhi (C.Chandramouli) Dated:16-06-2014 Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India

8 PREFACE

District Census HandBook is a unique publication brought out un-interruptedly by the Census Organization since 1951 Census. The publication is widely used by Administrators, Planners, Demographers, Research Scholars and other data users. It contains village-wise and town-wise demographic and socio- economic characteristics of the district along with the status of availability of civic amenities, infrastructural facilities etc.

In earlier censuses, District Census Handbooks were published in single volume with two parts. Part-A of DCHB contained Village and Town Directory and Part -B contained Village and Town Primary Census Abstract data for each district. But this time, it is published in two volumes separately for Part-A and Part-B of each district without changing the nomenclature of DCHB of 2001. This volume contains the Village and Town Directory.

From 2001 Census onwards, the software designed/created by the Data Processing Division of the Office of the Registrar General, India has been used for generation of tables. It reduced considerably the time taken for preparation of the District Census Handbooks. District Census Handbooks are published in Electronic form (pdf files) for the first time during the current Census.

I express my deep gratitude to Dr. C. Chandramouli, Registrar General and Census Commissioner, India, for his encouragement and valuable guidance for completion of this volume within the timeframe. I thank Shri Deepak Rastogi, Additional Registrar General (C&T), Shri A.P. Singh, Deputy Registrar General (Map), Dr. Pratibha Kumari, Assistant Registrar General (SS) of Office of the Registrar General, India for their guidance at each step in the preparation of DCHB. Special thanks are due to Shri M.S. Thapa, Additional Director (EDP), Shri Anil Kumar Arora, Joint Director (EDP) and Shri Anurag Gupta, DPA (EDP). Without their untiring efforts and support, we could not have completed the District Census Handbooks within this time. They were always willing to listen to our requests and find solution for the problems we faced.

All Departments of the State Government co-operated in giving data for inclusion in the publication. I thank the District Collectors, Tahsildars of every Taluk and Secretaries of Municipal Corporations and Municipalities in the State who painstakingly collected and furnished all the information needed by us. I also thank all the Departments of the State Government who co-operated with us in giving the data, especially, Directorate of Public Instruction, Forest Department, Rural Development Commissionerate, Industries Department, Economics & Statistics Department, Tourism Department and State Planning Board.

I am very much thankful to Dr. V. M. Gopala Menon, Ex. Director of Census Operations, Kerala for his support and valuable guidance for drafting this volume. In the beginning, non census data for District Census Handbook were collected under the guidance of Smt. P. Girija, then Joint Director of Census Operations. Information for preparation of analytical notes and all data other than Census data were prepared and scrutinized under the guidance of Shri Francis. K. Manuel, Deputy Director, Shri P. P. Joy, Deputy Director and Smt. L. Ajitha, Asst. Director. Shri A.K. Raman, Statistical Investigator, Gr.I (Retd.) and Smt. Biji.C.R., Statistical Investigator, Gr.I did a great job of putting all the details together and checking them. My sincere thanks are due to them also. The Statistical Investigators Gr. I & II and Compilers who assisted in the work also did a tremendous job. Digitized maps were used in the District Census Handbooks. This has improved the quality of the maps. I thank Shri K. Selvam, Senior Geographer and Shri K. Shasikanth, Senior Draughtsman who helped in expediting the work. I am thankful to Shri A. N. Rajeev, Deputy Director, Shri A. Sri Raghu, Asst. Director and Smt. P. Lakshmikutty, Asst. Director and their team in Census Section for the efforts taken for finalization of the Primary Census Abstract (PCA). My thanks are due to Smt. L. Ajitha, Shri K. Gireesh Kumar, Smt. P. Lakshmikutty, Shri Aswani Kumar. P. M., Shri Shailendra . A. and Shri K. Gnanaprakasam, Assistant Directors for preparation of DCHB Volumes . My sincere thanks are also due to Shri Francis. K. Manuel, Deputy Director who was in charge of Data Centre, under whose guidance and supervision, the data entry of Village Directory and Town Directory could be completed

9 timely. I am grateful to Shri Jose. T. Varghese, Deputy Director under whose guidance and supervision this publication has been finalised. The effort of many persons have gone into the preparation and publishing of this volume. I take this opportunity to record my gratitude to all of them.

Thiruvananthapuram (N.RAVICHANDRAN) 14.12.2015 Joint Director of Census Operations, Kerala

10 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

Name of Officers engaged Shri Francis K Manuel Deputy Director Shri Jose T. Varghese Deputy Director Shri P.P. Joy Deputy Director Smt. L. Ajitha Assistant Director Shri K. Gnanaprakasam Assistant Director Compilation , checking of Data and Preparation of CRC Smt. Biji. C.R. Statistical Investigator Gr.I Smt. Mary Joseph Statistical Investigator Gr.I Smt. Jane Jos Statistical Investigator Gr.II Smt.S.Geethamony Compiler Smt. Rajni Jose Compiler Smt.R.Sreelekshmi Compiler Smt.Rihana.M. Compiler Smt.Remya.D.S. Compiler Smt.Sowmya Arun Compiler Shri. A.K. Raman Statistical Investigator Gr.I (Retd.) Shri.R.Chandrachoodan Statistical Investigator Gr.I (Retd.) Smt. B. Valsala Kumari Statistical Investigator Gr.II(Retd.) Smt. B. Prasanna Kumari Statistical Investigator Gr.II(Retd.) Data Processing Shri N.Jayakumar(Late) Data Processing Assistant Shri B.Madhu Kumar Data Processing Assistant Shri Sajithraj.K Data Entry Operator, Grade B Shri.Pradeep Kumar.S Data Entry Operator, Grade B Mapping Shri K. Selvam Senior Geographer Shri N.Venu Senior Draughtsman Shri Shashikanth Senior Draughtsman Shri S.K.Sajeesh Senior Draughtsman

11 ORGI- Data Processing Division Shri Jaspal SIngh Lamba Deputy Director

Ms. Usha Assistant Director

Shri Anurag Gupta DPA Grade ‘A ‘

Shri Mukesh Kumar Mahawar DPA Grade ‘A ‘ Ms. Shagufta Nasreen Bhat DPA Grade ‘A ‘

Ms. Shashi Seth Sr. Supervisor

Shri Khem Verma Jadon Sr. Consultant

Shri Yashwant Singh Jr. Consultant

12 HISTORY AND SCOPE OF THE DISTRICT CENSUS HANDBOOK

The need of data at the grass root level for the administrative and planning purposes at sub micro level as well as academic studies prompted the innovation of District Census Handbook. District Census Handbook is a unique publication from the Census organization which provides most authentic details of census and non-census information from village and town level to district level. The District Census Handbook was firstly introduced during the 1951 Census. It contains both census and non census data of urban as well as rural areas for each district. The census data contain several demographic and socio-economic characteristics of the lowest administrative unit i.e. of each village and town and ward of the district. The non census data comprise of data on availability of various civic amenities and infrastructural facilities etc. at the town and village level which constitute Village Directory and Town Directory part of the DCHB. The data of DCHB are of considerable importance in the context of planning and development at grass-root level. In 1961 census DCHB provided a descriptive account of the district, administrative statistics, census tables and village and town directory including Primary Census Abstract. This pattern was changed in 1971 Census and the DCHB was published in three parts: Part-A related to village and town directory, Part-B to village and town PCA and Part-C comprised analytical report, administrative statistics, district census tables and certain analytical tables based on PCA and amenity data in respect of villages. The 1981 census DCHB was published in two parts: Part-A contained village and town directory and Part-B the PCA of village and town including the SCs and STs PCA up to tahsil/town levels. New features along with restructuring of the formats of village and town directory were added into it. In Village Directory, all amenities except electricity were brought together and if any amenity was not available in the referent village, the distance in broad ranges from the nearest place having such an amenity, was given. The pattern of 1981 census was followed by and large for the DCHB of 1991 Census except the format of PCA. It was restructured. Nine-fold industrial classification of main workers was given against the four-fold industrial classification presented in the 1981 census. In addition, sex wise population in 0-6 age group was included in the PCA for the first time with a view to enable the data users to compile more realistic literacy rate as all children below 7 years of age had been treated as illiterate at the time of 1991 census. One of the important innovations in the 1991 Census was the Community Development Block (CD Block) level presentation of village directory and PCA data instead of the traditional tahsil/taluk/PS level presentation. As regards DCHB of 2001 Census, the scope of Village Directory was improved by including some other amenities like banking, recreational and cultural facilities, newspapers & magazines and ‘most important commodity’ manufactured in a village in addition to prescribed facilities of earlier censuses. In Town Directory, the statement on Slums was modified and its coverage was enlarged by including details on all slums instead of ‘notified slums’. The scope and coverage of Village Directory of 2011 DCHB has been widened by including a number of new amenities in addition to those of 2001. In the Town Directory, seven Statements containing the details and the data of each town have been presented viz.; (i)Status and Growth History of towns, (ii)Physical Aspects and Location of Towns, (iii)Civic and other Amenities, (iv)Medical Facilities, (v)Educational, Recreational & Cultural Facilities,

13 (vi)Industry & Banking, and (vii)Civic & other amenities in Slums respectively. Taluk wise data of Village Directory and Village PCA have been presented in DCHB of 2011 Census as presented in earlier Censuses. The data of DCHB 2011 Census have been presented in two parts, Part-A contains Village and Town Directory and Part-B contains Village and Town wise Primary Census Abstract. Both the Parts have been published in separate volumes in 2011 Census.

14 BRIEF HISTORY OF THE DISTRICT

The district was carved out of the erstwhile and Quilon () Districts on 17th August 1957 consisting of seven Taluks namely Sherthalai (), , , , , and . The then name of the District i.e., Alleppey, an anglicised form was changed later on as ‘Alappuzha’ as per GO (P) No.133/90/RD dated 07.02.90. It is assumed that the geographical position and physical features of the place, the land between the sea and the network of rivers flowing into it, had earned her the name Alappuzha. As per GO (MS) No.1026/82/RD dated 29.10.1982, another District named was constituted taking portions from the then Alleppey, Quilon and Idukki Districts. Thiruvalla Taluk as a whole and parts of Chengannur and Mavelikkara Taluks had been transferred to the newly formed . Thus, the present Alappuzha District comprises of six Taluks namely, Cherthala, Ambalappuzha, Kuttanad, Karthikappally, Chengannur and Mavelikkara. The history of the district in the Palaeolithic age is obscure. It is presumed that the coastal Taluks of Cherthala, Ambalappuzha and Karthikappally might have been under water and these areas were formed by the accumulation of silt and sand, later on the other parts of the District. Kuttanad is one of the Taluks of the present Alappuzha District well known even from the early periods of the Sangam age. The early Cheras had their home in Kuttanad and they were called ‘Kuttuvans’ named after this place. Some archaeological antiquities like stone inscriptions, historical monuments etc., found in the Temples, Churches, rock-cut caves etc., and literary works like “Unninili Sandesam” give some insight into the ancient period of this District. The famous travelers Pliny and Ptolemy of the first and the second Centuries had mentioned about places like (Barace) in their classical works. had a strong foothold in this district even from the 1st Century A.D. The Church located at in Cherthala Taluk was one of the seven Churches founded by St. Thomas, who wasone of the twelve disciples of Christ. It is generally believed that he landed at in Port, presently known as Cranganore or in 52 A.D and preached Christianity in . During the 9th to the 12th Century AD, the district flourished in the field of religion and culture under the second Chera Empire. The famous literary work of this period was ‘Ascharya Choodamani’ a Sanskrit drama written by Sakthibhadra who was a scholar of Chengannur Gramam. During the 16th Century, small principalities like (presently Karthikappally and Mavelikkara Taluks), Purakkad which was often called Ambalappuzha or Chempakasseri (present Ambalappuzha and part of Kuttanad Taluk) and Karappuram, comprising of two principalities called Moothedath and Iledath (present Cherthala Taluk) emerged into power. In the same period, the Portuguese came into prominence in the political scene of the district. Christianity became popular in all parts of the District and they built several Churches of which Churches located at Purakkad and Arthungal are well known. The kingdom of Chempakasseri was at its zenith during the reign of Pooradam Thirunal Devanarayana, a great scholar and a poet who was the author of ‘Vedantha Retnamala’, a commentary on the first verse of Bhagavat Geetha. It is said that Sreekrishna Swami Temple at Ambalappuzha was constructed and the idol of Lord installed during that time. It is believed that Shri Melpathur Narayana Bhattathiri, Shri Neelakanta Deekshithar and Shri Kumaran Namboothiri were the eminent scholars who patronised his court. In the 17th Century, the Portuguese power declined and the Dutch had a predominant position in the principalities of this District. As a result of several treaties signed between the Dutch and the of Purakkad, Kayamkulam and Karappuram, the Dutch built factories and warehouses in various places of the District for storing pepper, ginger etc. In course of time, they interfered in the political and cultural affairs of the District. It was at that time, Marthandavarma, the ‘Maker of modern ’ interfered in the political affairs of those principalities. The annexation of the kingdoms of Kayamkulam, Ambalappuzha, Thekkumkur, and Karappuram to Travancore gave the Dutch a setback from the political scene of the District. Marthandavarma Maharaja had a remarkable role in the internal progress of the district. He

15 gave special attention to the development of Mavelikkara as an administrative as well as a commercial centre. The , which is now a protected monument of the State Archaeology Department, was constructed during that period. It was at that time that the eminent Poet Kunjan Nambiar was installed in the court at Trivandrum. During the reign of Dharmaraja, the district improved by all means. Kesava Das, the then Diwan of Travancore, who was known as the ‘Maker of modern Alleppey’ made Alappuzha a Premier Port Town of Travancore. He constructed several roads and canals to improve communications and built warehouses. He gave all facilities to merchants and traders from far and near. During the reign of Balaramavarma Maharaja, Velu Thampi Dalava took keen interest in the development of the Town and the Port. He brought the whole area of the island under cultivation and large tracts under paddy cultivation. The role of Velu Thampi Dalava in the development of Alappuzha is worth mentioning. In the 19th Century, the District attained progress in all spheres. One of the five subordinate courts opened in the State in connection with the reorganization of the judicial system by Colonel Munro was located at Mavelikkara. The credit of having the first post office and first telegraph office in the erstwhile Travancore State goes to this District. The first modern factory for the manufacture of mats and mattings was also established in 1859 at Alappuzha. The Town Improvement Committee was set up in 1894. This district had a prominent role in the freedom struggle of the Country. The campaign for the eradication of untouchability was organized much earlier in this district by T.K. Madhavan, a fearless Journalist and in 1925 the approach roads to the Temples, especially to Ambalappuzha Sree Krishna Swami Temple, were thrown open to the of all castes. The District also witnessed the ‘Nivarthana’ movement which was started as a protest against the constitutional repression of 1932. The first political strike in Kerala was held at Alappuzha in 1938. The historic struggles of and in 1946 stiffened the attitude of the people against Sir C.P. Ramaswamy , Diwan of Travancore, which ultimately led to his exit from the political scene of Travancore. After India became independent, a popular Ministry was formed in Travancore on 24th March, 1948 and 1st July, 1949. Travancore and Cochin States were integrated and the position continued till the formation of Kerala State on the 1st November, 1956 as per the States Reoganisation Act 1956. The District came into existence as a separate administrative unit on the 17st August, 1957 as stated earlier.

16 ANALYTICAL NOTE i) PHYSICAL FEATURES Natural Region

The natural regions of the State are based on the regional classifications designed by the Census Organization. According to the classification, the whole Country is divided into 4 Macro Regions, viz., (i) the Northern Mountains, (ii) the Great Plains, (iii) the Deccan Plateau and (iv) the Coastal Plains and Islands. Kerala belongs to the 4th Macro Region – ‘The Coastal Plains and Islands’, which is again divided into 4 Meso Regions. Of the 4 Meso Regions, Kerala falls under the Western Coastal Region which covers the coastal tract from Maharashtra to Kerala State. The Meso Region is further divided into 6 Micro Regions. The entire Kerala falls into such three Micro Regions, viz., (i) North Kerala Coast, (ii) Central Kerala Coast and (iii) South Kerala Coast. The Alappuzha District falls in the South Kerala Coast. Each Micro Region is further divided into Sub-Micro Regions on the basis of Topography, Geology, Soils, Climate and Natural Vegetation. Thus Alappuzha District consists of three such Sub-Micro Regions, viz., (i) Alleppey Coast (ii) Kuttanad Low-lying Plains and (iii) Chengannur Rolling Plains. The regional divisions constituting Alappuzha District is depicted in the Chart given in next page.

17 REGIONAL DIVISIONS OF KERALA ALAPPUZHA DISTRICT INDIA

Macro Region

1 2 3 4 i. The Northern ii. The Great iii. The Deccan iv. The Coastal Plains Mountains Plains Plateau & Islands

Meso Region

4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4

Gujarath Coastal Western Coastal Eastern Coastal The Islands Plains Region Region

Micro Region

4.2.1 4.2.2 4.2.3 4.2.4 4.2.5 4.2.6

Maharashtra Goa Karnataka North Central South Littoral Coast Coast Kerala Kerala Kerala Coast Coast Coast

Alappuzha Sub- Micro Region

4.2.6.1 4.2.6.2 4.2.6.3

Alappuzha Coast Kuttanad Low Lying Chengannur Plains Rolling Plains

18 Location and size

Bounded on the North by and Taluks of District, on the East by , Kottayam and Taluks of and Thiruvalla, Kozhenchery and Taluks of Pathanamthitta District, on the South by Kunnathur and Karunagappally Taluks of and on the West by the Lakshadweep Sea, Alappuzha District lies between North latitudes 9005' and 9054' and East longitudes 76017’30" and 76040'.

Area

The total area of the district is 1,415 sq. kms which consists of 3.64 per cent of the total geographical area of the State(38,852 sq. kms).

Alappuzha is having the least area among the districts in the State. Topography

Alappuzha District is a sandy strip of land intercepted by lagoons, rivers and canals. There are neither mountains nor hills in the district except some scattered hill rocks lying between and Chengannur blocks in the Eastern portion of the district. Cherthala, Ambalappuzha, Kuttanad and Karthikappally Taluks fully lie in low land region. There is no forest area in the district. The soil found in the District is classified as sandy peaty or kari, alluvial and laterite. The two most important minerals which occur in large quantities in the district are glass and foundry sand. Lime shell is exploited commercially. Physiography

i) Alleppey Coast

This region lies all along the coast of the district comprising the whole of Cherthala Taluk and part of Ambalappuzha, Karthikappally and Mavelikkara Taluks. It is a low-lying land having marshy areas in some places. This region marks its boundaries with Cochin Coast in the North, the Lake and Kuttanad Low-lying Plain in the East, Kollam Coast in the South and the Lakshadweep Sea on the West.

Regarding the relief features of this region, the height of the land is even below the mean sea level in some areas besides some portion being marshylands. However, the maximum height (18 m.) is recorded at Village of Mavelikkara Taluk. Coconut, paddy etc. are the vegetation cover of this region. This region is also intersected by canals and well connected by roads with all the important places, viz., Cherthala, Alappuzha, Ambalappuzha and Kayamkulam of this district. Ferry service is also available in this region. This region is densely populated.

ii) Kuttanad Low-lying Plain

This region has peculiar terrain. It comprises of the whole of Kuttanad Taluk and parts of Ambalappuzha, Chengannur, Mavelikkara and Karthikappally Taluks. It is bounded by Low-lying plain in the North, Chengannur Rolling Plain in the East and Alappuzha Coast in the South and the West. Kuttanad region is a special striking feature of Kerala. This region is a basin between the coast and its Eastern plain. In many places, the height is lower than the sea level. However, the maximum height (6 m.) is recorded at Kannamangalam Village of Mavelikkara Taluk. It is the typical example of Kole lands and it is highly influenced by the Vembanad Lake. It is served by many distributaries of rivers, channels and canals. In this land, seasonal cultivation of paddy is done during winter after pumping out of water from the bounded area into the peripheral kayals/canals. During rainy season, the entire area will be under water. Paddy is the important crop of this region. Coconut is also another important crop. Two roads viz., Alappuzha-

19 Changanassery and Ambalappuzha-, cut across the region. The main mode of commutation is inland water-transport.

iii) Chengannur-Rolling Plain

This region lies in the Eastern portion of this district, comprising of parts of Thiruvalla, Mavelikkara and Chengannur Taluks. It makes its boundaries with Kottayam rolling Plain in the north, undulating upland in the east, Adoor rolling plain in the south and Kuttanad low lying plain in the west. This region is also a plain region having the average height between 80 and 90m. The maximum height of this region (157 m.) lies in Thottapuzhassery village of Thiruvalla Taluk and the minimum height (50 m.) lies in village of Kozhenchery Taluk. This region slopes gently towards the west. It is served by the , the Achancovil and the Pampa Rivers. Coconut is widely cultivated in this region besides sugarcane on the banks of rivers. The region is well connected by rail and road.

Type of Land Formation

There are no high hills or mountain in Alleppey District. But there are a few rocky formations in the Eastern portions of Chengannur Taluk. The main natural divisions are midland and lowland.

Drainage

The district has a network of canals, rivers and backwaters. The Manimala, the Pamba and the Achancovil are the important rivers flowing through the District.

The

The Manimala River, which originates from Mothavana hills in Kottayam District, enters the district at Village in Kuttanad Taluk and passes through and Champakkulam Villages and joins the at . This river has a length of 91.73 kms. and drainage area of 802.90 sq.kms.

The Pamba River

The Pamba, the third amongst the rivers in the State is formed by several streams originating from Peerumade Plateau and the nearby region. The main tributaries of the river are Pambayar, Kakkiar, Arudaiar, Kakkadar and Kallar. The river enters the District at Chengannur and flows through , , Thakazhy and Champakkulam. At Pandanad, it flows in a south westerly direction upto Muttar where Manimala River joins it. The other branch flows around and a branch of the river joins it. It empties into the Vembanad lake through several branches such as Pallathuruthui Ar, Ar and Muttar. The river has a length of 117 kms. and has navigable length of 73 kms. It has a drainage area of 1976 sq.kms. and an annual run off estimated at 6309 million m3.

The Achancovil River

Originating from Pasukidamettu, Ramakkaltheri and Rishimalai of Kollam District, the Achancovil River often known as the Kulakkada River enters the District at . Then it passes through , and Chengannur Villages and enters Mavelikkara Taluk at . It passes through Village and joins the Pamba River at Veeyapuram. It has a length of 128 km. till it joins the Pamba and has a navigable length of 32 km. from the mouth of the river. It has a catchment area of 1158 sq.km. with an estimated run off 2152 million m3.

20 Backwaters

The Vembanad Lake and the Kayamkulam Lake are the two important Backwaters of the district. The Vembanad Lake, the most important of the West Coast Canal System has a length of 84 km. and an average breadth of 3.1 km. It covers an area of 204 sq.km. stretching from Alappuzha to Kochi. It borders Cherthala, Ambalappuzha and Kuttanad Taluks of Alappuzha District, Kottayam, Vaikom and Changanassery Taluks of Kottayam District, Kochi and Kanayannur Taluks of . The Pamba, the Achancovil, the Manimala, the and the Rivers discharge into this lake. Pathiramanal often called the mysterious sand of midnight having coconut palm and luxuriant vegetation is situated in the centre of the lake. and Pallippuram are the other islands in this lake. The Thannermukkam Regulator constructed across the Vembanad Lake between Thannermukkam and is intended to prevent tidal action and intrusion of saline water into the lake. It is the largest mud regulator in India.

21 Stretching between Panmana and Karthikappally, Kayamkulam is a shallow lake, which has an outlet to sea at Kayamkulam barrage. It has an area of 59.57 sq.km., a length of 30.5 km. and an average breadth of 2.4 km. It connects the by the - Panmana Canal. Major portions of the Kayamkulam Lake is reclaimed for the Thermal Power Station Project. The lakes are used for inland water transport of passengers and Cargo. A portion of the Kayamkulam Lake lies in Kollam District also.

Canals

This district has a network of canals included in the West Coast Canal System, which are used for navigation. The important canals are Vadai Canal and Commercial Canals and the Link Canal between these two canals. Apart from these, there are many Inland Canals, which are mainly used for passenger navigation and commercial purposes. The network of canals and lakes of the District form part of the national waterways stretching between Kollam and Kottayam.

Sea Coast

The District has a flat unbroken seacoast of 82km. length which is 13.9 per cent of the total coastal line of the State. An interesting phenomenon of this seacoast during the month of June is the periodic shifting of mud bank popularly known as ‘’ within a range of 25 km. in Alappuzha-Purakkad Coast due to hydrolic pressure when the level of backwater rises during the South-West Monsoon.

Climate

The climate of Alappuzha is humid and hot during the summer, Like the other districts, there are four seasons i.e., Hot season from March to May, South-West Monsoon from June to September, North-East Monsoon during October and November and Dry Weather from December to February. The coastal areas has humid climate while there is a moderate climate in its interior. Generally, the period from December to May is the warmest period. During the South-West Monsoon the temperature decreases by the end of May.

Average monthly maximum temperature is 27 degree celcius and minimum temperature is 22 degree celcius. The hottest month is April and the coldest month is August.

The district gets the benefit of rainfall during the south west monsoon and the north east monsoon. The south west monsoon known as Edavappathi begins by the end of May and lasts till September and the north east monsoon or Retreating monsoon known as Thulavarsham begins by October and lasts till November. The average annual rainfall in the district during 2010 was 3037 mm. The following table gives a clear picture of the rainfall in the district and the state. Actual and Normal Rainfall (mm) with percentage departures from normal rainfall from July to June of each year

2007-2008 2008-2009 2009-2010 2010-2011 State/ District Actual Normal %departure Actual Normal %departure Actual Normal %departure Actual Normal %departure Kerala State 3428.4 3097.1 10.7 2333.3 3097.1 -24.7 3068.7 3097.1 -0.9 3259.8 3016.8 8.1

Alappuzha District 2977 2999.2 -0.7 2617.2 2999.2 -12.7 2625.9 2999.2 -12.4 3036.8 2911.8 4.3 Source: Agricultural Statistics for the years 2007-08,08-09,09-10 and 10-11 published by Department of Economics& Statistics, Govt of Kerala

22 From the above table, it is seen that the actual rainfall received in the district was above the normal only in 2010 and experienced less rainfall during other periods.

On analysis of the above data, it is seen that the district had lower normal rainfall (2912 mm.) than that of the State (3017 mm.). During the last decade, the district had received the highest average annual rainfall of 3037 mm in 2010 as against the normal of 2912 mm. The corresponding figure for the State was 3260 mm as against the normal of 3017 mm. in 2010. At the State level, the lowest average annual rainfall (2333 mm.) was recorded in the year 2008 while at the district level, it was in 2008 (2617 mm.). Monthly Rainfall of the District (In mm) during 2007-2010

Month/ Annual 2007-2008 2008-2009 2009-2010 2010-2011 1 2 3 4 5 July 780.2 660.7 503.3 474.6 August 368.3 189.4 164 255.9 September 417.6 332.6 250.2 242.3 October 306.8 313.7 210.9 555.2 November 173.4 122.3 318.5 309.3 December 6.4 41.9 54.6 96.8 January 0 1.7 16.6 30.7 February 88.2 4.4 2.2 48 March 175.5 2.4 92.7 35.7 April 166.3 131.9 161.6 183.4 May 127.8 256.4 322 251 June 366.5 559.8 529.3 553.9 Annual 2977 2617.2 2625.9 3036.8 Source: Agricultural Statistics for the years 2007-08, 08-09, 09-10 and 10-11 Published by Department of Economics & Statistics

A cursory glance of the monthly rainfall data reveals that Alappuzha had received enough rainfall in the months of June and July from 2007 to 2010. The maximum rainfall was received in the month of July, 2007. The month of September and October had fairly good rainfall in 2007 and 2010 respectively.

Flora and Fauna

As there is no forest area, there is no ‘Mild Fauna’ in the district, but the migratory birds appear at seasons. The whole of the Vembanad portions and areas like Noornad attract migratory birds every year. The presence of migratory birds is much significant at Noornad during the period from July to November. The number of migratory birds visiting Noornad during this season may be larger than the bird population of any other bird sanctuary of the State.

Throughout the coastal belt of the District, there had been a special type of vegetation known as the ‘Mangrove Vegetation’. Mangrove areas are generally marshy areas surrounded totally or partially by reasonably saline water. The mangrove forest plays a vital role in the ‘Wet Land Ecosystem’. But the majority of the mangrove vegetation available was in the areas possessed by private persons. As the individuals were not committed to preserve this vegetation, a lot of mangrove strips have already been vanished. Yet, there are some strips here and there, of course in the process of degradation.

23 Geology

Geologically Alappuzha coast is coming under alluvium bed. The coastal belt consists of recent sediments like alluvium, marine and lacustrine. The Sub-Micro Region – Kuttanad low-lying plain consists of alluvium bed of recent period, while the Sub-Micro Region – Chengannur rolling plain is coming under Quilon and Warkalai bed in its Western parts and laterite bed in its Eastern portion. The Warkalai bed consists of a succession of variegated clays and sand stone.

Economic Minerals

The two most important minerals which occur in large quantities in the District are glass and foundry sand. Lime shell is exploited commercially. High quality sand deposits occur between Alappuzha and Cherthala which form a stretch of 35 km. in length along western side of the Vembanad Lake. Large quantities of sand are being mined at Pallipuram for manufacturing sand lime bricks by Pallathara Bricks and Tiles Ltd. Vast deposits of lime shell occur in the Vembanad Lake covering an area of 15 sq.km. upto a depth of 8 metres between Pathiramanal and Vaikom. These deposits are mainly exploited by Travancore Cements, Kottayam; Pallathara Bricks and Tiles Ltd.; Travancore Electro-Chemicals and also a number of small units of Lime Shell Co-operative Societies. clay and ordinary clay occur in several places of the district. Crystalline rocks obtained from various places are used as building materials. The raw material required for granite carving is obtained from Chengannur.

Soils

The soil found in the District is classified as sandy, peaty or kari, alluvial and laterite. Sandy soils are found mostly in the Sub-Micro Region – Alappuzha East – comprising the Western parts of Cherthala, Ambalappuzha, Karthikappally and Mavelikkara Taluks. It varies in texture from sandy loam to pure sand and is highly porous having very little water retention capacity. It is slightly acidic. The soil of this region is alluvium soil and recently formed sandy soil. Technically they are known as Psamments-Orthents. Coconut and paddy are the vegetation cover of this region. The peaty or kari soils are found in a small belt on the Eastern region of Cherthala and Ambalappuzha Taluks and the Western region of Kuttanad Taluk. The kari soil (black soil) is highly acidic having high content of organic matters. It contains Nitrogen and Potash and is deficient in Phosphate and Lime.

The alluvial soil occurs in the residuary portion of Kuttanad Taluk, The North Eastern portion of Karthikappally Taluk, the Western portion of Chengannur Taluk, the Western portion of Mavelikkara Taluk and the delta region formed by the Pamba, the Manimala and the Achancovil Rivers near its confluence with the Vembanad Lake. The area is also subject to the annual inundation with saline water. Paddy is the important crop of this region. Coconut, sugarcane etc. are abundantly grown in this soil. The laterite soil formed by weathering of acidic rocks under alternate wet and dry conditions is found in Chengannur and Mavelikkara Taluks. It is characterised by vesicular structure and the accumulation of hydrated oxides of iron and aluminum. Around the water table, the soil is soft and can be cut into blocks which harden on exposure and are used for construction purposes as substitute for bricks. By the application of fertilizers the soil becomes more fertile and coconut, arecanut, fruit trees etc. are grown in plenty.

Land and Land use pattern

According to Agricultural Statistics for 2010-11, relating to land use pattern of the district, there is no forest area in the district. Land under non-agricultural use which was 16.74 per cent in 1997-98 has decreased to 14.80 per cent (20881 ha). in 2010-11. The net cropped area has marginally declined from 1032.12 Sq.kms. to 874.45 Sq.kms. The fallow other than current fallow has increased from 17.70 Sq. Kms. in 1997–98 to 39.54 Sq. kms.in 2010–11. There is increase in the area under culturable waste during the corresponding period. The Village-wise land use data viz., forest, irrigated land, unirrigated land, culturable waste and area not

24 available for cultivation as made available by the local authorities are presented in the Village Directory.

Classification of Area on the basis of Land Utilization

Sl No Type of land Area in Sq. Kms.

1 Total area 1410.11 2 Forest area 0 3 Land put to non-agricultural use 208.81 4 Barren & uncultivable 0.32 5 Permanent pastures and grazing land 0.39 6 Land under miscellaneous tree crops 1.5 7 Cultivable waste 128.29 8 Fallow other than current fallow 39.54 9 Current fallow 31.45 10 Marshy Land 0.33 11 Still water 121.44 12 Waterlogged area 3.26 13 Social forestry 0.33 14 Net sown area 874.45 15 Area sown more than once 210.44 16 Total cropped area 1084.89 Source : Directorate of Economics & Statistics; Govt of Kerala; Agrl.Statistics-2010-11 Tenancy

The important land tenures prevailing in the district before the enactment of the Kerala Land Reform Act, 1963 were Jenman, Inam, Anubhogam, Adima, , Kanam-kuzhi Kanam, Kuzhikanam,Customary Verumpattam, Kudiyiruppu, Separate Kudiyiruppu, Cultivating Verumpattom, Ulkudi, Protected Ulkudi, etc. The Land Reform Act which was a landmark in the history of agrarian reforms of the Country and the State and the subsequent amendments in 1966, 1969, 1971 and 1972 helped the tenants to become owners of tenancy land. A number of landless agricultural labourers became holders of land. Based on the Land Reform Act and subsequent amend-ments, the implementation of ceiling on holding and distribution of surplus land came into force from early 1970. The ceiling area had been fixed as 5 standard acres in the case of an adult unmarried person or a family consisting of a single surviving member and 10 acres for a family consisting of two or more members. A family was not allowed to hold more than 20 acres in any case. Certain plantations were exempted from ceiling limits. The surplus lands were taken over by the government and distributed to land-less poor, preference being given to the Scheduled Castes and the Scheduled Tribes. A notable impact of these reforms was the reduction in the number of landless agricultural households and the elimination of absentee landlordism.

Agriculture

Alappuzha District, known as the Rice Bowl of the State, has a predominant position in the production of rice which is mainly concentrated in Kuttanad Taluk. Since the most of the area of the district does not have highlands, plantation crops are cultivated in a limited area in the Eastern portion of the district. Paddy is cultivated in three seasons of the year mainly Viruppu associated with Autumn, Mundakan associated with Winter and Punja associated with Summer. Kuttanad Tract in Kuttanad Taluk and Onattukara Tract comprising of Karthikappally Taluk and portion of Mavelikkara Taluk are the two important paddy growing areas of the district. The cultivation in these two tracts is entirely different due to the differences

25 in the climatic conditions and different nature of the soil. Even in Kuttanad Tract, the agro climatic conditions are different in upper Kuttanad, lower Kuttanad and Kariland. The cultivation of paddy in this Taluk is of peculiar nature. In olden days paddy was cultivated in the lower areas of Kuttanad once in two or three years. The annual cultivation became regular as a result of the experiments to examine the feasibility of annual cultivation conducted at the Research Station of Kuppapuram near Alappuzha in 1916. By the construction of Spillway and Thanneermukkam Salt Water Barrier, sea erosion, periodical heavy floods and salinity of water could be controlled to a large extent and the Punja crop became a regular feature in the Kuttanad area. More than 50 per cent of the total area under Punja crop was in this District. The rice fields are divided into Padasekharam (holdings) owned by several cultivators. The individual holdings are very small. Paddy cultivation of Onattukara mainly depends upon the rainfall and irrigation facilities of the Pampa Irrigation Project. Important Crops with Area during 2010-11

Crops Area covered ( in hectares)

1 2 Paddy 37060 Pulses 52 Sugar Crops 76 Pepper 1506 Ginger 87 Turmeric 22 0 Areacanut 1609 Tamarind 392 Vanilla 2 Cloves 15 Nutmeg 231 Jack 2047 Mango 3616 Banana 660 Plantain 1939 Pineapple 80 Pappaya 1194 Other Fresh Fruits 523 Cashew 2093 Coconut 39344 2788 Sweet Potatoes 4 Vegetables 2074 Tobacco 0 Rubber 4380 Total 101794 Source: "Agricultural Statistics,2010-11" published by Dept. of Economics & Statistics"

26 Paddy

During 2010-11, Paddy was cultivated in 37060 ha.of land, producing 91325 tonnes of Rice, while the State production of paddy was 910713 tonnes. The contribution of the district towards paddy production is 16.37per cent of the State production. In 2000-01, Paddy was cultivated in 37740 ha.of land and produced 103544 tonnes of Rice, while the State production of paddy was 751328 tonnes. The contribution of the district towards paddy production was 13.78 per cent of the State production. Coconut

Coconut is also a predominant crop cultivated on a large scale in all the Taluks. More yields are obtained from the deltaic region of the district. During 2010-11 coconut is cultivated in 39344 ha.of land, producing 264 million nuts of coconut. In 2000-01, Coconut was cultivated in 59775 ha.of land and produced 288 million nuts of coconut. Tapioca

Tapioca is the next important crop of the district which is cultivated mainly in dry land of Eastern portions of the district as a main crop or inter crop. It is a staple food of Keralites next to rice. During 2010- 11, tapioca was cultivated in 2788 ha. of land and produced 73478 tonnes. In 2000-01, tapioca was cultivated in 4843 ha. of land and produced 81313 tonnes. Rubber

During 2010-11, rubber was cultivated in 4380 ha.of land and produced 6740 tonnes of rubber. In 2000-01, Rubber was cultivated in 3801 ha.of land and produced 4003 tonnes of rubber. Mango

During 2010-11, mango was cultivated in 3616 ha.of land with production 18972 tonnes of mango. In 2000-01, mango was cultivated in 5849 ha.of land with production 17130 tonnes of mango. The following Table gives the extent of area in hectares and season-wise production of Rice during the period 2000-2011.

27 Season-wise production of Rice during the period 2000-2011 Year Autumn Winter Summer Total Area (in ha.) Production Area (in ha.) Production Area (in ha.) Production Area (in Production (in tonnes) (in tonnes) (in tonnes) ha.) (in tonnes) 2000-01 9808 16384 10396 31207 17536 55953 37740 103544 2001-02 6851 2390 17519 47741 8741 22668 33111 72799 2002-03 3721 9467 17149 53102 8765 28992 29635 91561 2003-04 5650 11736 16706 30092 9727 21180 32083 63008 2004-05 6366 18345 13801 32466 11991 27680 32158 78491 2005-06 8643 16555 15660 43429 4465 11764 28768 71748 2006-07 7594 22287 13696 40111 9769 27762 31059 90160 2007-08 7991 14128 10053 21366 15291 26776 33335 62270 2008-09 8755 26254 7267 21999 18121 55997 34143 104250 2009-10 9128 28912 7492 22672 16820 46392 33440 97976 2010-11 10445 23856 3870 9235 22745 58234 37060 91325 Source: Statistics for Planning, 2005 & 2009 and Agricultural Statistics for the years 2007-08, 08-09, 09-10 and 10-11 published by Department of Economics & Statistics, Govt. of Kerala

The season-wise data relating to the production of Paddy during the last decade reveals that the maximum production (104250 tonnes) was in the year 2008-09. The least production (62270 tonnes) was recorded during year 2007-08. There were 37740 ha. under Paddy cultivation during 2000-01 and thereafter a steady sharp decline in the area of cultivation of Paddy was observed in the subsequent years. The reason for the reduction in area of Paddy cultivation may be due to the high cost of Paddy cultivation.

The Coconut Research Station started in 1947 which was renamed as the Central Plantation Crops Research Institute,functioning at Krishnapuram in Kayamkulam, consolidating the activities of crops such as cashew,cocoa, oil palm, pepper,cardamom, etc., apart from those of coconut and arecanut. An oil-grading laboratory is also functioning at Alappuzha to test and grade coconut oil and other edible oils. The Central Plantation Crops Research Institute (CPCRI) is a renowned research institute under Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR), Ministry of Agriculture, Government of India. The CPCRI plays a pioneering role in development of technologies for the mandate crops in agriculture in India through its research. It is also engaged in cutting edge areas of science and technology development and its scientists are interna- tionally acknowledged in their fields. CPCRI has six regional centers. Kayamkulam CPCRI is one among those centers. This institution works on a broad vision, which includes • To develop appropriate production, protection and processing technologies for coconut, arecanut and cocoa through basic and applied research. • To act as a national repository for the genetic resources of these crops. • To produce parental lines and breeders’ stock. • To develop improved palm based cropping/farming systems through more effective use of natural resources to increase productivity and income from unit area. • To collect, collate and disseminate information on the mandate crops to all concerned. • To co-ordinate research on the mandate crops within the country and execute the research programmes under the All India Coordinated Research Project on Palms. • To transfer technologies developed at CPCRI to the farmers through the co-operation of developmental departments

28 The major agricultural institutions in the District are the District Agricultural Farm at Thazhakara in Mavelikkara, State Seed Farm at Arunoottimangalam and Veeyapuram, Parasite Breeding Station, Kaithavana, State Seed Testing Laboratory, State Agmark Grading Laboratory, Alappuzha, etc.

Irrigation

Though the District is normally favoured with heavy rainfall, there are major and minor irrigation projects which help the agricultural development of this district. There are many important rivers flowing through the District which pass through a vast area of cultivated lands. Pamba Irrigation Project is the major irrigation project utilising the tailrace water of Sabarigiri Hydro Electric Project, irrigating land in Chengannur, Mavelikkara and Karthikappally Taluks. Kaviyoor, one of the 16 branches of the right bank canal of the main canal diverts into the Manimala River to meet the needs of Kuttanad Water Supply Scheme. The left bank canal after traversing 47 km. bifurcates into Harippad and Kandallur branches in Karthikappally Taluk. There are 30 branches in the left bank canal having a total length of 157 km. to feed an ayacut of 14164 ha. The barrage has a Central Spillway Section. At the initial reaches of Pamba Canal, there are large number of drainage works to control highly undulating terrain. There are 9 tunnels and 37 aqueducts of which Neduvaramcode Aqueduct is the largest having a length of 1123 m. Kuttanad Development Scheme is the other major scheme under which the Salt Water Barrier at Thanneermukkam and the Spillway at Thottappally to control salinity of water and to bring down the floodwater were constructed. Minor irrigation, lift irrigation I.P.D, Yelah scheme, etc., undertaken by Public Works Department play an important role in water management for Paddy cultivation. The Embankment Scheme is the oldest of its kind. The district gets the benefit of and Muvattupuzha Irrigation Projects also.

Animal Husbandry

Animal husbandry plays an important role in generating employment and income to the weaker sections of the population. The preservation and development of cattle wealth and poultry are also significant to the production of major livestock products of nutritional standard. Generally, rearing of cattle and poultry farming are the allied occupations of the agricultural workers so that animal power also constitutes the principal source of manure for agriculture. The District is poor in cattle wealth because of the scarcity of green grass, as most of the area is waterlogged. Straw is the main cattle feed and so production of milk is very low as compared to most of the other districts.

As per 2007 Livestock Census, the district had a cattle population of 78045 and a poultry population of 11.08 lakhs. The following Table gives the Livestock population in the district as per the XVIII Quinquennial Livestock Census, 2007. Livestock Population in the year 2007 Sl. No. Category Numbers 1 2 3 Livestock 1 Cattle 78045 2 Buffalo 3070 3 Goat 76957 4 Pig 585 Total 158657 Poultry 6 Fowls 696295 7 Ducks 383023 8 Others 28205 Total 1107523 Source: Livestock Census 2007 published by Directorate of Animal Husbandry

29 Animal Husbandry Department is vested with the animal health programme in the district by making available timely veterinary assistance and attends to welfare of the animals in the district. Animal health has been well taken care of by the Department by establishing a network of Veterinary Institutions at different levels to provide veterinary aid in the district. Animal Husbandry Department is vested with the animal health programme in the district by making available timely veterinary assistance and attends to welfare of the animals in the district. The following are the Veterinary Institutions functioning in the district.

Institutions under Animal Husbandry Department Alappuzha as on 31.3.2011 Sl.No Institution Numbers 1 District Veterinary Centre 1

2 Veterinary Hospital 18

3 Veterinary Dispensary 55

4 Veterinary Poly Clinic 6

5 Regional Artificial Insementation Centre 2

6 Mobile Veterinary Hospital 1

Total 83

Source:" Report on Integrated Sample Survey, 2010-11 " published by the Directorate of Animal Husbandry,

The Central Hatchery at Chengannur is the biggest hatchery in the State. Facilities for poultry training and training in chick’s sexing are available here. The only one Motor Boat Veterinary Hospital in the State is functioning in the district. A Clinical Laboratory is functioning under the district Veterinary Centre. There are two Regional Artificial Insemination Centres one at Mavelikkara and another at Cherthala. Duck farming too is popular in the district. The duck population in the district was 3.8 lakhs according to Livestock Census of 2007. Fisheries

The district with the in the West has 82 kms. long coastal area stretched between in the North and Valiyazheekal in the South. The District has the benefit of immense wealth of marine and inland fishing. The Vembanad and Kayamkulam Backwaters and the network of rivers and canals enrich the inland fishing. Both brackish water fish farming and fresh water fish farming are done in the district. Oil Sardines, , Mackerel, Anchoviella, Other Sardines, etc., are the major species of economic importance and Lobsters, Elarmobranches, Scienids, Catfishes, Pomfrets, Leiognathus, etc., are the other kinds of fish landing in the coast. The mud banks popularly known as ‘Chakara’ is an interesting phenomenon of Alappuzha-Purakkad Coast which develops by the end of June and continues upto August. This annual feature is of great economic importance in which large quantities of fish are netted (especially Prawns) and are exported from this region. Most of the fishermen folks flock together from all parts of Kerala Coast on this rejoicing occassion. There are 30 Marine Fish Landing Centres of which Purakkad, Thottappally, Ambalappuzha, Neerkunnam, Vandanam, Vayalar, Arthungal and Kayamkulam are important. Apart from these, there are about 24 Inland Fishing Centres of which , , , Thannermukkam, ,

30 Champakkulam, , Kayamkulam, Punnapra and are important. Major species of inland fishes are , Eroplus, Murrels, Catfish, Mullets, Tilepea and Jewfish. Some of the fish marketing centres of this district are Kayamkulam, Purakkad, Alappuzha and Cherthala. The fish curing yards of the district are located at Azheekkal, , Thottapally, Thumboli, Pallithode and Arthungal. The fresh water fish farm functioning at Edathua is sponsored by ICAR and two other fish farms are located at Arattupuzha and Ayiramthengu. Fish Farmers Development Agency is also functioning in this district. The work on fishing harbour at Kayamkulam is progressing. For traditional fishermen, the project at Punnapra has almost completed. Species Wise Composition of Marine Fish Landing in Alappuzha District during 2007-2008, 2008-2009 and 2009-2010 (in tonnes)

Sl No Species 2007-2008 2008-2009 2009-2010 1 2 3 4 5 1 Elasmobranchs 118 117 112 2 Chirocentrius 32 32 31 3 Oilsardines 62258 62007 61066 4 Lesser Sardines 31157 31078 30180 5 Anchovilla 8101 8059 7908 6 Trisocles 293 290 285 7 Other Culpeids 6353 6306 6118 8 Saurid&Saurus 0 0 0 9 Hemirhamphus&Belone 11 11 11 10 Perches 723 719 695 11 Sciniaenids 310 309 295 12 Ribbon Fish 0 0 0 13 Caranx 240 239 237 14 Chlorinemus 748 743 736 15 Other Carangids 2928 2912 2806 16 Leiognathus 98 97 96 17 Lactrious 0 0 0 18 Pomfrets 431 429 438 19 Mackerel 9750 9686 9675 20 Seerfish 154 153 150 21 Tunnis 436 433 432 22 Sphyraena 0 0 0 23 Mugil 301 300 81 24 Soles 2883 2867 2832 25 Penaid Prawn 6408 6366 6243 26 Lobsters 25 25 24 27 Crabs 203 201 207 28 Cephalopodes 156 155 151 29 Cat fish 59 60 59 30 Miscellaneous 239 237 235 Total 134415 133831 131103 Source: Kerala Marine Fisheries Statistics 2009, 2010 published by Department of Fisheries, Govt. of Kerala

31 Industry

The economy of the district is predominantly based on agriculture and marine products. Enriched with marine and agricultural resources, the district has high potential for industries based on these commodities. The industries based on the marine products are flourishing in the coastal areas of the district. Though the district is industrially backward, some traditional industries based on coir and coir products, marine products, handloom, different types of handicrafts, toddy tapping, etc., are dominating from the very early times. The district is known as the traditional home of coir industry in Kerala. The availability of plenty of raw materials and existence of backwaters and canals suitable for retting of green husk and accessibility of transportation are the main factors of the development of this industry. Arabs had carried on trade of coir products from very ancient period. The manufacture of mats and matting was first introduced in 1859 by Mr. James Durragh, an American who was the organiser of the firm named Messer’s Durragh Smail & Co. Ltd. at Alappuzha, London and New York.

The Coir Board was established by the Government of India under the provisions of the Coir Industry Act, 1955. There is a Coir Research Institute functioning at . The National Coir Training and Designing Centre was also established at Alappuzha in 1955. A Central Marketing Co-operative Society under which several co-operative societies are functioning and a ‘coir purchase scheme’ with a view to help the producers were also introduced at Alappuzha to improve coir industry. Coir yarn and coir spinning are the two cottage industries carried on by the weaker sections, especially female members.

There are 15466 Small-Scale Industrial Units in Alappuzha District in 2011. Of these, 500 units are promoted by Scheduled Castes/Scheduled Tribes, 4756 units by women, 14966 units by others and 85984 persons are employed in these factories. There are three Industrial Estates at Aroor, Maithara and and 6 Mini Estates at Mannanchery, Mararikkulam, Mannar, , and Thamarakkulam functioning in the District. Industrial area is earmarked at Aroor and Kollakadavu. Industrial development plots are marked at Punnapra, Mundankavu and Cherthala. There are 339 Industrial Co-operative Societies and 26 Handloom Societies in the district. Industries Statistics Category Alappuzha Kerala No. of SSI/MSME promoted by SC 417 7992 ST 83 1589 General 14966 196820 Total 15466 205987 Women 4756 52294 Total investments (in lakhs) 73484.81 1083168 Value of goods and services produced (in lakhs) 105433.22 3715570.24 Employment generated(No.s) 85984 1021162 Source:Panchayat level Statistics 2011 of Directorate of Economics And Statistics Industries Co-operative Societies Category Alappuzha Kerala Industrial co-operative societies registered (No.s) SC 94 449 ST 0 93 General 97 1113 Total 339 2466 Women 148 811 Total No. of working Societies (Nos) SC 27 134 ST 0 16 General 6 265 Total 49 582 Women 16 167 Source:Panchayat level Statistics 2011 of Directorate of Economics And Statistics

32 Trade and Commerce

From the time immemorial, Alappuzha, is known as an important Trading and Commercial Centre. Arabs had carried trade on coir products and pepper from very ancient times. Coir yarn and fibre are the chief commodities exported from the district. Alappuzha is also an important exporting centre of coconut oil, arecanut, cardamom, sugar, pepper, etc. The commodities handled from Alappuzha market are oil cake, tapioca, etc. Trade is generally carried through inland waterways and by road. Rail movement of goods is done mainly through Chengannur, Mavelikkara and Kayamkulam Railway Stations and the new Ernakulam- Alappuzha Coastal Railway Line. There are several public markets all over the district of which the market at Kayamkulam is an important one.

The Travancore Chamber of Commerce was established in 1929 in Alappuzha for the promotion and protection of trade, commerce, agriculture and industry. There are several registered associations of manufactures and merchants in Alappuzha. There are many commercial banks and co-operative societies for financing the traders and industrialists. Alappuzha is an important wholesale and retail-trading centre of rice, copra, coconut oil, pepper, ginger arecanut, etc.

Transport

Alappuzha District is most favoured by the natural link of rivers, canals and backwaters. Most of the early trade and traffic of Alappuzha District was by means of waterways as the area is extensively connected by rivers and backwater systems. Now the district is well connected by a good network of roads, waterways and railways.

Roads

The development of roads dates back to the period of Ramayyan Dalava, the then Diwan of Travancore. Roads passing through this district as mentioned by Lieutenants Ward and Conner in their Memoirs of Survey of Travancore (1816) are as follows:

(i) Route from Quilon to Cochin (via) Alleppey and Cherthala (122 km.). (ii) Route from Krishnapuram to Changanassery (via) Mavelikkara and Thiruvalla (42 km.). (iii) Route from Karthikappally to Achancovil pass (via) Mavelikkara, and Konni (94 km.).

During the period of Diwan Sir T. Madhava Rao, the State achieved remarkable progress in the field of communications. The length of the roads gradually increased. An important landmark in the history of Travancore was the creation of PWD and a Road Board to advise the Government. The road from Quilon to Cochin was nationalised in 1949. The Alleppey-Changanassery road way opened for traffic in 1958. At present, there are 6 transport units in the district. Besides KSRTC operating regular services, private transport has an important role in the transportation system of the district. The total length of National Highway passing through Cherthala, Ambalappuzha and Karthikappally Taluks is about 97 km. The length of Major District Roads during 1999-2000 was 822.881 km. and that of Other District Roads was 79.991 km. during the corresponding period. The Village Road with a length of 80.614 km. mainly passes through the rural areas. About 136.421 kms. of roads belonged to the category of State Highways during 1999-2000.

As the district has a vast network of backwaters, rivers and canals, innumerable bridges had been constructed. The important bridges are Aroor Bridge and Thottappally Bridge on NH-47, Kollakadavu Bridge on Mavelikkara-Chengannur road across the Achancovil River and Arattukadavu Bridge on Mavelikkara- Thiruvalla road. Besides, there are many small bridges in Alappuzha Town across the canals.

During the period 2000-2010, considerable increase in the length of Major District Roads had been recorded. The State Highway also developed during this period.

33 Motor Vehicles in the District during the period 2007-2010

Sl.No. Category 2007-08 2008-09 2009-10 1 2 3 4 5 1 Goods Vehicles 20538 25360 27025 2 Buses 6729 6982 7344 3 Cars and Station Wagons including Taxies and 50428 56674 64532 Jeeps 4 Three Wheelers 16489 17334 18774 5 Two Wheelers 211351 232091 254457 6 Others 348 485 1052 Total 305883 338926 373184 Source: Economic Review, State Planning Board

The total number of vehicles in the State was 4880059 during 2009-2010. The District had 373184 vehicles during the corresponding period and that was accounted for 7.65 per cent of the total number of vehicles in the State. The percentage increase of vehicles during the period 2007-2010 was 22 per cent in the District.

Railways

There are two railway lines passing through the district. The Ernakulam-Kollam railway line was opened on the 17th October, 1958 which passes through Chengannur, Cheriyanad, Mavelikkara and Kayamkulam. The Ernakulam-Alappuzha railway line (51 km.) was commissioned on the 16th October 1989. It is a landmark in the overall development of the district. An inter connecting rail link with a length of 43 km. from Alappuzha to Kayamkulam was opened during 1992 and with this, the district has come to the main stream of industrial development with the rest of the State. The main railway stations in the Ernakulam- Alappuzha route are Cherthala, Thuravoor, Mararikkulam and Alappuzha and in the Alappuzha-Kayamkulam route are Ambalappuzha, Thakazhy, Karuvatta, and . All the major towns of the district have been connected through rail network. The coastal railway line functions parallel to the already existing railway line through Kottayam.

Water Transport

The headquarters of the State Water Transport Department is situated in the district. The large number of canals, rivers and backwaters of the district necessitates boats and canoes for conveyance and transportation of goods. There are Villages in the district which are accessible only by Inland Water Transport. The Vembanad Lake is the main artery of the Inland Navigation System. It forms the most important part of the West Coast Canal System which starts from Hosdurg in the North and ends in Thiruvananthapuram. A network of rivers and canals connects the places of commercial importance like Kochi, Kottayam, Changanassery and Chengannur. Alappuzha Town is connected with Changanassery by Alappuzha- Changanassery Canal passing through Kuttanad area. The Wadai and Commercial Canals take off from the Vembanad Lake and run parallel through the heart of the Town. Some of the inland canals falling in the District are Alappuzha-Ambalappuzha, Alappuzha-Changanassery, Alappuzha Commercial Canal, Alappuzha- Kottayam, Alappuzha-Wadai, Alappuzha-Thalavady, Alappuzha-West junction, Kakkazham-Kayamkulam Salt Shell, Muhamma-Puchakkal Canal, etc. There are ferry services in almost all the water-logged areas.

The Water Transport Department conducts regular boat services connecting important places at the riverbanks and lake banks. During its glorious past, the ‘Chunkom’ and ‘Commercial Canal’ were flooded with rows of large wooden barges namely ‘’ used for transportation of goods and was really an enchanting sight. Though the network of road and rail transportation curtailed the scope of water transport means to a great extent, Kettuvallams and the other Country Boats are still used as a means of transportation

34 in the water-logged areas of Kuttanad, Cherthala and Ambalappuzha Taluks of the district.

Port

Alappuzha Port, one of the two intermediate ports on the West Coast of Kerala, was the first commercial port in the of Travancore. It was established by Raja Kesavadas, the then Diwan of Travancore. Aerodrome

There is no Airport in the district. The nearest one is Airport. Electricity and Power

National Thermal Power Corporation (NTPC), Kayamkulam

This 350 MW Combined Cycle Power Station executed by the NTPC, India’s power giant, is in the reclaimed area in Arattupuzha Village of Karthikappally Taluk of the District. The Station, which was approved on 18.9.1996 at a capital cost of Rs.1310.58 crore, was completed at less than Rs.1200 crore. The Power Station has three units comprising two Gas Turbines of 115 MW each and one Steam Turbine of 120 MW. All the three units have been commissioned ahead of schedule. The first 115 MW unit and the associated 220 KV transmission system of the Kayamkulam Station was commissioned by then Hon’ble Prime Minister of India on January 17, 1999. At present, the power generated from the Station is shared between Kerala State Electricity Board (200 MW) and State Electricity Board (150 MW).

The main plant covers an area of approximately 110 acres of land reclaimed from the erstwhile Kayamkulam Kayal Farm. The entire quantity of earth required to raise the land was dredged from the adjoining backwaters (kayal). Since the soil strata in the plant area was found to be prone to liquefaction, a unique process of dynamic compaction, considered to be a civil construction marvel, was carried out at Kayamkulam site for the first time. It was found to be economical and effective to densify loose fine sand layer and overlying hydraulic fill. Further, a total of 3464 pre-cast piles were driven to a depth varying from 18-30 metres on which building and equipment foundation have been constructed. Being a coastal area, in order to overcome the problems related to corrosion, special grade of cement and steel were used for underground works.

35 Naphta is used as fuel for this station. The requirement of fuel is 1750 MT per day and 0.45 million MT per annum for full load operation. In nearby Cheppad, two tanks of 5000 KL have been provided for with state of the art fire fighting systems. From Cheppad, it is transported through underground pipelines (5.5 kms. approximately) crossing the National Highway to plant site where four Napatha tank of 10,000 KL capacity are provided. The ground improvement in the Napatha storage area was done by sand piles with the help of unique equipment called Vibrosinker. Nearly 13,000 sand compaction piles of 10 metres depth and around 1150 numbers of RCC Cast in situ piles of 21 metres depth were driven in the tank foundation area. The water requirement for the Station is 10.5 cusecs. A 33 acre reservoir provides the make-up water for the Power Station. The reservoir stores water brought through pipelines traversing a distance of 8 kms. from the Achancovil River near Nalukettukavala.

The power generated at 10.5 KV is stepped up to 220 KV and fed through 245 KV Gas Insulated Substation and is evacuated through 220 KV double circuit lines, one from the plant to Edamon (near ) having a length of 78 kms. and the other to (near Kottayam) having a length of 48 kms. The construction of these lines and 245 KV Gas Insulated Substation was executed by M/s Power Grid Corporation of India, Ltd.

NTPC has taken various measures to protect and preserve the environment around Kayamkulam Station. This includes a massive green belt plan with the help of the State Forest Department. This is an attempt to achieve a perfect balance between the burgeoning needs of the population and preservation of the natural environment. A well designed safety management plan was formulated and implemented for tackling any eventualities and mock drills are conducted as part of emergency preparedness. A well maintained Township aptly named ‘Shaktipuram’ is located at and Cheppad close of NH- 47. The Township has all the infrastructural facilities like school, play ground, club, etc.

NTPC Kayamkulam Station has received various awards and certifications for its efforts in pollution control measures, quality management and consistent performance in safety. This includes ‘Pollution Control Award’ instituted by the Kerala Government for making substantial and sustained efforts in pollution control measures, ‘ISO-14001 Certification’ for its Environment Management System, ‘ISO-9001: 2000 Certification’ by M/s LRQA for its Quality Management System, ‘Greentech Industrial Safety Award’ by Greentech Foundation for its consistent performance in safety for four years.

Grama Panchayats

As per the recommendations of Shri Belavantha Rai Mehta committee and the administrative imple- mentation committee headed by Shri. E.M.S. Namboothiripad, the Kerala Panchayat Act 1960 was passed with a view to promote development of democratic institutions and to secure greater measure of participa- tion by the people in development plans and in local government affairs by decentralization of power and functions. The Act came into effect on 1-1-1962. Accordingly, 922 Panchayats were formed comprising the entire rural areas of the State.

Panchayati Raj in Kerala works on the basis of the three- tier system and comprises of the Grama Panchayats, Block Panchayats and District Panchayats. In Kerala, there are 992 Grama Panchayats, 152 Block Panchayats and 14 District Panchayats. On the basis of 73rd and 74th amendments acts of the Constitution, the Panchayat Raj and the Municipality Act came into effect on the 23rd of April and 30th of May 1994 respectively. This led to the decentralization of powers, responsibilities and projects of the Government as they were transferred to the local self-government on 2nd October, 1995. The provisions for Gram Sabha in a single village or a cluster of village were made by the Kerala Panchayat Raj Act of 1994. It laid the provision of a three tier system of Panchayat for the first time in the village, block and district level. Panchayats were vested with the powers and responsibilities of the economic development and social justice of the state. The Panchyats were also responsible for the implementation of developmental schemes and setting up of a Finance Commission for reviewing the financial status of the Panchayats.

36 In course of time certain Panchayats were converted into Municipalities and big Panchayats were divided into smaller ones. The Kerala Panchayat Act 1994 is enacted for planned rural development and to ensure peoples participation in the increased development of local area based on 73rdamendments of Indian Constitution. This Act was amended in 1995 and in 1999,based on recommendations of decentralization committee, First Finance Committee and Election Commission; basic changes were incorporated in 105 departments out of total of 285 departments. The special feature of these amendments is that almost all administrative control of the state on local administration was done away with. In 2000 it was amended again and power for division of wards and reservation of wards etc. were given to Election Commission. In 2001 the OMBUDSMAN Act was amended only for providing a single member.

As per the Act, three tiers of administration namely Gram Panchayat, Block Panchayat and District Panchayat are formed in each district of the state. A special feature of the Panchayat Raj is the formation of Gramasabha where the common people can participate in the decision making.

Jurisdiction of Grama Panchayats is usually a village. However in certain cases more than one village constitute the area of the Panchayat. The Panchayat is divided into wards. Elections in the Panchayat are democratically conducted by the State Election Commission. Each ward of the Panchayat has an elected member. The tenure of the elected member is five years. From the members of the wards the President and Vice-President are elected. President is the head of the Grama Panchayat. For administrative purposes a Grama Panchayat Secretary is appointed. He is a Government employee.

Gram Panchayats plays a very important role in the developmental activities of the village. The gramasabha is held at least four times in a year and developmental plans are discussed, finalized and implemented in the gramsabha meet by the participation of people. Overall progress of the rural population has considerably increased especially in sphere of economical, educational, cultural and social activities in the last few years. In Kerala the 9th Five Year Plan was introduced through a special scheme called Janakeeya asuthranam, which means grass root level planning by the people themselves. Through this scheme power was decentralized up to the grass root level.

In order to give a meaningful direction to the progress of decentralization; a decision was taken by the state government vide G.O (MS) No 10/96 plg. dated 30-7-1996 that the plan programmes should consist of schemes formulated and implemented by the local bodies within their area of responsibilities. Accordingly the funds, which the state government received from Central Government for implementation of various schemes under the five-year plan, are earmarked for Corporations, Municipalities, District Panchayats, Block Panchayats and Grama Panchayats. The funds are transferred to the local bodies in two components - The State sponsored schemes and Grant-in-Aid to Local Bodies. The former schemes are formulated by the Head of the Department at the state level and they will be implemented by the Local Bodies. The second scheme is for various plans formulated by the Local Bodies themselves under the peoples grass root level Planning Programme (Janakeeya Asoothranam).

The Grant-in-Aid to Local Bodies is given in three components: (i) General Sector, (ii) SCP (Special Component Plan) and (iii) TSP (Tribal Sub Plan).

The General Sector outlay is allocated to the Urban Local Bodies and three-tier Panchayats on the basis of urban- rural population in the respective areas. The provision for Urban Local Bodies is distributed among the Corporations and Municipalities according to their population. The allotment for the three-tier Panchayats was distributed to Grama Panchayats, Block Panchayats and District Panchayats in the ratio of 75 : 17 : 8 in the Budget for 2007-08,2008-09 and 2009-2010. The Plan Outlay is again distributed on the basis of population in each Local Body.

The provision under Special Component Plan (SCP) is distributed among Corporations, Municipalities and three-tier Panchayats on the basis of Scheduled Caste population in each area. The share for each tier i.e., Grama Panchayats, Block Panchayats and District Panchayats was distributed in the ratio of 60 : 20 : 20 in

37 the Budgets for 2007-08,2008-09 and 2009-2010.

The share under TSP (Tribal Sub Plan) has also been divided among the three-tier Panchayats on the basis of urban and rural Scheduled Tribe population. The share for the three-tier Panchayats i.e., Grama Panchayats, Block Panchayats and District Panchayats were in the ratio of 50 : 20 : 30 in the Budget for 2007- 08,2008-09 and 2009-2010. The following Table gives an account of Plan Assistance as Grant-in-Aid to Local Bodies during the years 2007-08,2008-09 and 2009-2010. Plan Assistance as Grant-in-Aid to Local Bodies for development expenditure in Alappuzha District during 2007-08,2008-09 and 2009-10 Year Name of Local Body Grant-in Aid (Rs.in thousands) General Sector SCP TSP Total 1 2 3 4 5 6 2007-08 Grama Panchayat 422888 248390 3396 674674 Block Panchayat 92887 82109 1382 176378 District Panchayat 92855 82107 2490 177452 Municipality/Corporation 31441 12259 707 44407 Total 640071 424865 7975 1072911 2008-09 Grama Panchayat 425849 175260 2286 603395 Block Panchayat 86667 57753 999 168994 District Panchayat 88387 57754 1529 162226 Municipality/Corporation 135887 26274 0 162161 Total 736790 317041 4814 1096776 2009-10 Grama Panchayat 468588 192781 2568 663937 Block Panchayat 95366 63528 1097 159991 District Panchayat 97226 63529 1682 162437 Municipality/Corporation 149541 28816 0 178357 Total 810721 348654 5347 1164722 Source: Department of Finance, Govt. of Kerala Kudumbashree

Kudumbashree was conceived as a joint programme of the and NABARD implemented through Community Development Societies (CDSs) of Poor Women, serving as the community wing of Local Governments. Kudumbashree is formally registered as the “State Poverty Eradication Mission” (SPEM), a society registered under the Travancore Kochi Literary, Scientific and Charitable Societies Act 1955. It has a governing body chaired by the State Minister of LSG. There is a state mission with a field officer in each district. This official structure supports and facilitates the activities of the community network across the state. Kudumbashree differs from conventional programmes in that it perceives poverty not just as the deprivation of money, but also as the deprivation of basic rights. The poor need to find a collective voice to help claim these rights.

The grassroots of Kudumbashree are Neighbourhood Groups (NHG in short) or Ayal koottam that send representatives to the ward level Area Development Societies (ADS). The ADS sends its representatives to the Community Development Society (CDS), which completes the unique three-tier structure of Kudumbashree. Today, there are 1.94 lakhs NHGs, over 17,000 ADSs and 1061 CDSs in Kudumbashree. It is this network that brings women to the Grama Sabhas and helps them bring the needs of the poor to the attention of the local governments. The Community Development Societies are also very active in

38 Government programmes and play significant roles in development activities ranging from socio-economic surveys and enterprise development to community management and social audit. Though its efforts to engage women in civil society in development issues and opportunities, Kudumbashree in association with the local self government of Kerala is charting out new meaning and possibilities for local economic development and citizen centric governance.

An initiative for poverty alleviation, this model was Launched on May 17th 1998. It is now one of the largest women empowerment related movement in , having a total participation of about 37.8 Lakhs. This mission is a joint initiative of the Government of Kerala and NABARD. It defines poverty as the deprivation of basic rights and money. By its attempt to bring poor women in the state within its range, Kudumbasree is now present in each & every Gram Panchayat,every welfare and development activity is related and dependent on kudumbashree to provide the community interface. This mission is mainly centred on providing enterpreneurial,marketing and management opportunities to poor women and thus making them self dependent in financial terms through vegetable farming and selling/marketing of farm products. There are 14177 neighbourhood groups (NHG) functioning in Alappuzha District. ii) CENSUS CONCEPTS Building: A ‘Building’ is generally a single structure on the ground. Usually a structure will have four walls and a roof. Sometimes it is made up of more than one component unit which are used or likely to be used as dwellings (residences) or establishments such as shops, business houses, offices, factories, workshops, work sheds, Schools, places of entertainment, places of worship, godowns, stores etc. It is also possible that building which have component units may be used for a combination of purposes such as shop-cum-residence, workshop-cum-residence, office-cum-residence etc. But in some areas, the very nature of construction of houses is such that there may not be any wall. Such is the case of conical structures where entrance is also provided but they may not have any walls. Therefore, such of the conical structures are also treated as separate buildings. Pucca houses: Houses, the walls and roof of which are made of permanent materials. The material of walls can be any one from the following, namely, Stones (duly packed with lime or cement mortar), G.I/ metal/ asbestos sheets, Burnt bricks, Cement bricks, Concrete. Roof may be made of from any one of the following materials, namely, Machine-made tiles, Cement tiles, Burnt bricks, Cement bricks, Stone, Slate, G.I/Metal/Asbestos sheets, Concrete. Such houses are treated as Pucca house. Kutcha houses: Houses in which both walls and roof are made of materials, which have to be replaced frequently. Walls may be made from any one of the following temporary materials namely, grass, Unburnt bricks, bamboos, mud, grass, reeds, thatch, plastic /polythene, loosed packed stone, etc. Such houses are treated as Kutcha house. Dwelling Room: A room is treated as a dwelling room if it has walls with a doorway and a roof and should be wide and long enough for a person to sleep in, i.e. it should have a length of not less than 2 meters and a breadth of at least 1.5 meters and a height of 2 meters. A dwelling room would include living room, bedroom, dining room, drawing room, study room, servant’s room and other habitable rooms. Kitchen, bathroom, latrine, store room, passageway and verandah which are not normally usable for living are not considered as dwelling rooms. A room, used for multipurpose such as sleeping, sitting, dining, storing, cooking, etc., is regarded as a dwelling room. In a situation where a census house is used as a shop or office. etc., and the household also stays in it then the room is not considered as a dwelling room. But if a garage or servant quarter is used by a servant and if she/ he also lives in it as a separate household then this has been considered as a dwelling room available to the servant’s household. Tent or conical shaped hut if used for living by any household is also considered as dwelling room. A dwelling room, which is shared by more than one household, has not been counted for any of them. If two households have a dwelling room each but in addition also share a common dwelling room, then the common room has not been counted for either of the households.

39 Census House : A ‘census house’ is a building or part of a building used or recognized as a separate unit because of having a separate main entrance from the road or common courtyard or staircase, etc. It may be occupied or vacant. It may be used for residential or non- residential purpose or both. If a building has a number of Flats or Blocks/Wings, which are independent of one another having separate entrances of their own from the road or a common staircase or a common courtyard leading to a main gate, these are considered as a separate Census house. Village: The basic unit for rural areas is the revenue village, which has definite surveyed boundaries. The revenue village may comprise of one or more hamlets but the entire village is treated as one unit for presentation of data. In unsurveyed areas, like villages within forest areas, each habitation area with locally recognized boundaries is treated as one village. Rural-Urban area: The data in the census are presented separately for rural and urban areas. The unit of classification in this regard is ‘town’ for urban areas and ‘village’ for rural areas. The urban area comprises two types of towns viz; statutory towns and Census towns. In the Census of India 2011, the definition of urban area adopted is as follows: (a) Statutory Towns : All places with a municipality, corporation, cantonment board or notified town area committee, etc are known as statutory towns. (b) Census Towns: All other places satisfying the following three criteria simultaneously are treated as Census Towns. i) A minimum population of 5,000; ii) At least 75 per cent of male working population engaged in non-agricultural pursuits; and iii) A density of population of at least 400 per sq. km. (1,000 per sq. mile) For identification of places which would qualify to be classified as ‘urban’ all villages, which, as per the 2001 Census had a population of 4,000 and above, a population density of 400 persons per sq. km. and having at least 75 per cent of male working population engaged in non-agricultural activity were considered. To work out the proportion of male working population referred to above against b) (ii), the data relating to main workers were taken into account. In addition the above stated towns, urban areas also constitutes of OGs which are the parts of UAs.

Urban Agglomeration : An Urban Agglomeration is a continuous urban spread constituting a town and its adjoining urban outgrowths (OGs) or two or more physically contiguous towns together with or without urban outgrowths of such towns. In some cases, railway colonies, university campuses, port areas, military camps etc; may come up near a statutory town outside its statutory limits but within the revenue limits of a village or villages contiguous to the town. Each such individual area by itself may not satisfy the minimum population limit to qualify it to be treated as an independent urban unit but may qualify to be clubbed with the exiting town as their continuous urban spread (i.e., an Out Growth). Each such town together with its outgrowth(s) is treated as an integrated urban area and is designated as an ‘urban agglom- eration’. For the purpose of delineation of Urban Agglomerations during Census of India 2011, following criteria has been adopted:

The core town or at least one of the constituent towns of an urban agglomeration should necessarily be a statutory town; and

The total population of an Urban Agglomeration (i.e. all the constituents put together) should not be less than 20,000 as per the 2001 Census. In varying local conditions, there were similar other combinations which have been treated as urban agglomerations satisfying the basic condition of contiguity.

Out Growth (OG): The outgrowth is a viable unit such as a village or a hamlet or an enumeration block and clearly identifiable in terms of its boundaries and location. While determining the outgrowth of a

40 town, it has been ensured that it possesses the urban features in terms of infrastructure and amenities such as pucca roads, electricity, taps, drainage system for disposal of waste water etc., educational institutions, post offices, medical facilities, banks etc and physically contiguous with the core town of the UA. City: Towns with population of 100,000 and above are called cities.

Household: A ‘household’ is usually a group of persons who normally live together and take their meals from a common kitchen unless the exigencies of work prevent any of them from doing so. Persons in a household may be related or unrelated or a mix of both. However, if a group of unrelated persons live in a census house but do not take their meals from the common kitchen, then they are not constituent of a common household. Each such person was to be treated as a separate household. The important link in finding out whether it was a household or not was a common kitchen/common cooking. There may be one member households, two member households or multi-member households.

Institutional Household: A group of unrelated persons who live in an institution and take their meals from a common kitchen is called an Institutional Household. Examples of Institutional Households are boarding houses, messes, hostels, hotels, rescue homes, observation homes, beggars homes, jails, ashrams, old age homes, children homes, orphanages, etc. To make the definition more clearly perceptible to the enumerators at the Census 2011, it was specifically mentioned that this category or households would cover only those households where a group of unrelated persons live in an institution and share a common kitchen. Houseless household : Households who do not live in buildings or census houses but live in the open or roadside, pavements, in hume pipes, under flyovers and staircases, or in the open in places of worship, mandaps, railway platforms, etc., are treated as Houseless Households.

Scheduled Caste and Scheduled Tribe

Article 341 of the Constitution of India provides that the President may, with respect to any State or Union Territory, specify the Castes, Races or Tribes or parts of or groups within Castes, Races or Tribes which shall for the purposes of the Constitution be deemed to be Scheduled Castes in relation to that State or Union Territory. Article 342 similarly provides for specification of Tribes or Tribal Communities or parts of or groups within Tribes or Tribal Communities which are to be deemed for the purposes of the Constitution to be Scheduled Tribes in relation to the various States and Union Territories. In pursuance of these provisions, the list of Scheduled Castes and / or Scheduled Tribes are notified for each State and Union Territory and are valid only within the jurisdiction of that State or Union Territory and not outside.

It is important to mention here that under the Constitution (Scheduled Castes) Order, 1950, no person who professed a religion different from was deemed to be a member of a Scheduled Caste in addition to every member of the Ramdasi, Kabirpanthi, Majhabi or Sikligar Caste resident in Punjab or Patiala and East Punjab States Union were in relation to that State whether they professed or the Sikh religion. Subsequently, in September 1956, by an amendment, the Presidential Order of 1950 and in all subsequent Presidential Orders relating to Scheduled Castes, the Hindu and the Sikh Religions were placed on the same footing with regard to the specification of Scheduled Castes. Later on, as per the amendment made in the Constitution (Scheduled Castes) Order 1990, the Hindu, the Sikh and the Buddhist were placed on the same footing with regard to the recognition of the Scheduled Castes. A member of Scheduled Tribe may belong to any religion. However a person will be reckoned as belonging to Scheduled Tribe only if the name of the Tribe appears in the list of Scheduled Tribes applicable to the State.

The lists containing the names of the Scheduled Castes and the Scheduled Tribes applicable for Census of India 2011 in the State are given as follows:

41 Scheduled castes 1. Adi Andhra 2. Adi Dravida 3. Adi Karnataka 4. Ajila 5. Arunthathiyar 6. Ayyanavar 7. Baira 8. Bakuda 9. Bathada 10. Bharathar (other than Parathar), Paravan 11. Chakkiliyan 12. Chamar, Muchi 13. Chandala 14. Cheruman 15. Domban 16. Gosangi 17. Hasla 18. Holeya 19. Kadaiyan 20. Kakkalan, Kakkan 21. Kalladi 22. Kanakkan, Padanna, Padannan 23. Kavara(other than Telugu speaking or Tamil speaking Balija, Kavarai, Gavara, Gavarai, Gavara Naidu, Balija Naidu, Gajalu Balija or ValaiChetty) 24. Koosa 25. Kootan, Koodan 26. Kudumban 27. Kuravan, Sidhanar, Kuravar, Kurava, Sidhana 28. Maila 29. Malayan [in the areas comprising the as specified by sub- section(2) of section 5 of the States Reorganisation Act, 1956 (37 of 1956)]* 30. Mannan, Pathiyan, Perumannan, Vannan, Velan 31. Moger (other than Mogeyar) 32 Mundala 33. Nalakeyava 34. Nalkadaya 35. Nayadi 36. Pallan 37. Palluvan 38. Pambada 39. Panan 40. Paraiyan, Parayan, Sambavar, Sambavan, Sambava, Paraya, Paraiya, Parayar 41. Pulayan, Cheramar, Pulaya, Pulayar, Cherama, Cheraman, Wayanad

42 Pulayan,Wayanadan Pulayan, Matha, Matha Pulayan 42. Puthirai Vannan 43. Raneyar 44. Samagara 45. Samban 46. Semman, Chemman, Chemmar 47. Thandan (excluding Ezhuvas andThiyyas who are known as Thandan in the erstwhile Cochin and Malabar areas) and (Carpenters who are knownas Thachan, in the erstwhile Cochin and Travancore State) 48. Thoti 49. Vallon 50. Valluvan 51. Vetan 52. Vettuvan, Pulaya Vettuvan(in the areas of erstwhile Cochin State only) 53. Nerian

* Malabar district comprised of (earlier Cannanore), , , Kasargod, Wayanad, Trissur districts and (earlier Palaghat) district excluding Chittur taluk Scheduled Tribes 1. Adiyan 2. Arandan, Aranadan 3. Eravallan 4. Hill Pulaya, Mala Pulayan, Kurumba Pulayan, Karavazhi Pulayan, Pamba Pulaya 5. Irular, Irulan 6. Kadar, Wayanad Kadar 7. Kanikaran, Kanikkar 8. Kattunayakan 9. Kochuvelan 10. Koraga 11. Kudiya, Melakudi 12. Kurichchan, Kurichiyan 13. Kurumans, Mullu Kuruman, Mulla Kuruman, Mala Kuruman 14. Kurumbas, Kurumbar, Kurumban 15 Maha Malasar 16. Malai Arayan, Mala Arayan 17 Malai Pandaram 18 Malai Vedan, Malavedan 19. Malakkuravan 20 Malasar 21. Malayan, Nattu Malayan, Konga Malayan (excluding the areas comprising the Kasargode, Cannanore, Wayanad and Kozhikode districts) 22. Malayarayar

43 23. Mannan 24. Muthuvan, Mudugar, Muduvan 25. Palleyan, Palliyan, Palliyar, Paliyan 26. Paniyan 27. Ulladan, Ullatan 28 Uraly 29. Mala Vettuvan( in Kasargode and Kannur districts) 30. Ten Kurumban, Jenu Kurumban 31. Thachanadan, Thachanadan Moopan 32. Cholanaickan 33. Mavilan 34. Karimpalan 35. Vetta Kuruman 36 Mala Panickar Language and Mother tongue

As per the census concept, each language is a group of mother tongues. The census questionnaire collects information on the mother tongue of each person and mother tongue is defined as the language spoken in childhood by the person’s mother to the person. If the mother died in infancy, the language mainly spoken in the person’s home in childhood will be the mother tongue. In the case of infants and deaf mutes, the language usually spoken by the mother is considered as mother tongue. It is not necessary that the language spoken as mother tongue should have a script. The mother tongues returned by the respondents in census are classified and grouped under appropriate languages according to their linguistic characteristics. Literate

A person aged 7 years and above who can both read and write with understanding in any language is taken as literate. A person who can only read but cannot write is not literate. It is not necessary that to be considered as literate, a person should have received any formal education or passed any minimum educational standard. Literacy could also have been achieved through adult literacy classes or through any non-formal educational system. People who are blind and can read in Braille are treated as literates. Literacy rate

Literacy rate of the population is defined as The percentage of literates in the age group seven years and above. For different age groups, the percentage of literates in that age group gives the literacy rate.

Educational level

The highest level of education a person has completed.

Work

Work is defined as participation in any economically productive activity with or without compensation, wages or profit. Such participation may be physical and/or mental in nature. Work involves not only actual work but also includes effective supervision and direction of work. It even includes part time help or unpaid work on farm, family enterprise or in any other economic activity. All persons engaged in ‘work’ as defined above are workers. Persons who are engaged in cultivation or milk production even solely for domestic consumption are also treated as workers.

44 Reference period for determining a person as worker and non-worker is one year preceding the date of enumeration. Main worker

A person who has worked for major part of the reference period (i.e. six months or more during the last one year preceding the date of enumeration) in any economically productive activity is termed as ‘Main worker’. Marginal worker

A person who worked for less than six months of the reference period (i.e. in the last one year preceding the date of enumeration) in any economic activity is termed as ‘Marginal worker’. Non - worker A person who has not worked at all in any economically productive activity during the reference period (i.e. last one year preceding the date of enumeration) is termed as ‘Non worker’. Cultivator For purposes of the Census a person is classified as cultivator if he or she is engaged in cultivation on land owned or held from government or held from private persons or institutions for payment in money, kind or share. Cultivation includes effective supervision or direction in cultivation. A person who has given out her/his land to another person or persons or institution(s) for cultivation for money, kind or share of crop and who does not even supervise or direct cultivation in exchange of land, is not treated as cultivator. Similarly, a person working on another person’s land for wages in or kind or a combination of both (agricultural labourer) is not treated as cultivator. Cultivation involves ploughing, sowing, harvesting and production of cereals and millet crops such as wheat, paddy, jowar, bajra, ragi, etc., and other crops such as sugarcane, tobacco, ground-nuts, tapioca, etc., and pulses, raw jute and kindred fiber crop, cotton, cinchona and other medicinal plants, fruit growing, vegetable growing or keeping orchards or groves, etc. Cultivation does not include the following plantation crops – tea, coffee, rubber, coconut and betelnuts (areca). Agricultural labourer A person who works on another person’s land for wages in money or kind or share is regarded as an agricultural labourer. She/he has no risk in the cultivation, but merely works on another person’s land for wages. An agricultural labourer has no right of lease or contract on land on which she/he works. Household industry worker Household industry is defined as an industry conducted by the head of the household herself/ himself and or by the members of the household at home or within the village in rural areas and only within the precincts of the house where the household lives in urban areas.

The larger proportion of workers in household industry should consist of members of the household including the head. The industry should not be run on the scale of a registered factory which would qualify or has to be registered under the Indian Factories Act and should be engaged in manufacturing, processing, servicing and repairs of goods. It does not include professions such as a pleader, Doctor, Musician, Dancer, Waterman, Astrologer, Dhobi, Barber, etc. or merely trade or business, even if such professions, trade or services are run at home by members of the household.

45 Other worker A person who has been engaged in some economic activity during the reference period but not as a cultivator or agricultural labourer or in Household Industry is termed as a ‘Other Worker (OW)’. The type of workers that come under this category of ‘OW’ include all government servants, municipal employees, teachers, factory workers, plantation workers, those engaged in trade, commerce, business, transport, banking, mining, construction, political or social work, priests, entertainment artists, etc. In effect, all those workers other than cultivators or agricultural labourers or household industry workers, are ‘Other Workers’. Work participation rate

Percentage of workers (main + marginal) to total population. Population density

Population density is the number of persons inhabited per square kilometre of the area. Age

Age is measured in terms of the completed number of years. Sex ratio

Number of females per 1000 males in a population. iii) NON-CENSUS CONCEPTS Concepts used in VD and TD of DCHB: 1. Educational Amenities:- The type of different educational facilities available in the village is given in numbers. Both Government and private educational facilities / institutions are considered for this- purpose. If there are composite schools like Middle schools with Primary classes, or Secondary schools with middle classes, these are included in the number of Primary and Middle schools respectively. For example, if in a village there are two Primary schools and one Middle school with primary classes, the number of Primary schools in the village are given as three and that of Middle school as one even though there may be only three educational institutions. So also in case of Secondary schools. For better understanding, the distinctiveness of different types of schools is depicted hereunder:

1.1 Pre-primary (PP): Now-a-days the children are sent to schools at a very early stage. Lot of pre- primary schools, private schools in particular have come up in villages and towns. These may or may not be recognized by the competent authorities. Even many Secondary schools have classes starting from preprimary level. Pre-primary classes include Nursery, K.G., Pre-basic, Play school, etc. 1.2 Primary School (P): Schools providing education from Standard 1 and upward up to and inclusive of Standard V are classified as Primary Schools. 1.3 Middle School (M): Schools providing education from Standard VI and upward up to and inclusive of Standard VIII are classified as Middle Schools. A School with Class 1 to VIII is treated as two units, i.e. one Primary School and one Middle School. 1.4 Secondary School (S): Schools providing education from Standard IX and upwards up to and inclusive of Standard X are classified as Secondary Schools. A composite school with 1 to X standard is treated as three separate units and counted separately under the categories of Primary School, Middle School and Secondary School.

46 1.5 Senior Secondary School (SS): Schools and colleges that provide education for Standards XI and XII and first and second year of the Pre-University Course fall under this category. There are Senior Secondary Schools with Standard I and upwards up to Standard XII.

1.6. Degree College: (i) Arts/Science/Commerce: These are all educational institutions that provide post-PUC level education leading to University degree/diploma in any subject or combination of subjects and also post-graduate levels of education. The college offering courses in Arts, Science or Commerce either separately or in combination are covered under this category. (ii) Engineering College (E): It is a graduate/post-graduate degree college providing Bachelor of Engineering (BE) or Bachelor of Technology (B. Tech.) or post-graduate engineering degrees like M.Tech. (iii) Medical Colleges: These are graduate/post-graduate degree colleges providing MBBS or equivalent degree in alternative medicine like Ayurveda, Unani, Homeopathy etc. or post- graduate medical degrees like M.D or equivalent in the above branches of medicine. 1.7. Management College/ Institute (MI): It offers courses like Diploma in Management, Post-Graduate Diploma in Management, Masters of Business Administration (MBA) and specializations in different disciplines of Management like Marketing, Human Resources Development (HRD) etc. 1.8. Polytechnic (Pt): An Institution providing certificate/diploma (not equivalent to degree) in any technical subject like engineering, vocational courses like embroidery, fashion designing etc. It may be both Government and Private. 1.9. Vocational School/ITI: It is a vocational training institute imparting trainings in specific fields acquiring necessary skill, which will make the trainees employable or create them opportunities of self-employment. Trainings offered by Industrial Training Institutes (ITI) fall under this category. 1.10. Non-formal Education/Training Centre (NFTC): Non-vocational education centers, established by the Central and State Governments provide educational facilities to the interested persons irrespective of educational qualification, and age. These education centers are open to all. 1.11. Special School for Disabled: There are Government and Government recognized institutions/ organizations engaged for providing education to different groups of disabled persons. 2. Medical Facilities:

2.1 Hospital-Allopathic and Hospital-Alternative medicine: A hospital is an Institution, where sick or injured are given medical or surgical care. Bed strength differs from hospital to hospital ranging from 31 to 500 depending upon whether these are sub-district, sub-divisional or district hospitals. If there is hospitals providing facilities under different systems of medicines such as, Allopathy, Ayurveda, Unani and Homeopathy etc., these details are given separately. (a) Allopathy: The system of medical practice, which treats disease by the use of remedies which produce effects different from those produced by the disease under treatment. (b) Ayurveda: Ayurveda means ‘Science of life’. The philosophy of Ayurveda is based on the theory of Pancha Mahabhootas (Five elements) of which all the objects and living bodies are composed of. The combination of these five elements are represented in the form of Tridosha: Vata, Pitta and Kapha. These three ‘doshas’ are physiological entities of living beings. Ayurveda developed into eight distinct specialities, i.e., Internal Medicine, Pediatrics, Psychiatry, Eye and ENT, Surgery, Toxicology, Geriatrics and Science of virility. Two types of treatments, Preventive and Curative, are given in Ayurveda.

47 (c) Unani: Treatment of Unani consists of three components, namely, preventive, promotive and curative. Unani system of medicine has been found to be efficacious in conditions like Rheumatic Artharitis. Jaundice, Filarisis, Eczema, Sinusitis and Bronchial Asthma. For the prevention of the disease and promotion of health, the Unani System emphasizes six essentials: pure air, food and water, physical movement and rest, psychic movement and rest, sleep and wakefulness and retention of useful materials and evacuation of waste materials from the body. (d) Homoeopathy: Treatment in Homoeopathy, which is holistic in nature, focuses on an individual’s response to a specific environment. Homoeopathic medicines are prepared mainly from natural substances such as plant products, minerals and animal sources. Homoeopathic medicines do not have any toxic, poisonous or side effects. Homoeopathic treatment is economical as well and has a very broad public acceptance. 2.2 Community Health Centre (CHC): Community Health Centres are designed to provide referral health care for cases from PHC and those in need of specialist health care approaching the CHC directly. 4 PHCs are included under each CHC thus catering approximately 80,000 populations in tribal/hilly areas and 1, 20,000 populations for plain areas. CHC is a 30- bedded hospital providing specialist care in Medicine, Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Surgery and Paediatrics. 2.3 Primary Health Centre (PHC): A Primary Health Centre is the first contact point between a village community and the Government medical officer. A PHC covers a population of 20,000 in hilly, tribal or difficult areas and 30,000 populations in plain areas with 4-6 indoor/observation beds. It acts as a referral unit for 6 sub-centres. It has a medical officer and para medical staff. 2.4 Primary Health Sub- Centre (PHS): A Primary Health Sub-centre is the first contact point between the primary health care system and the community. As per the population norms, one PHS is established for every 5,000 population in plain areas and 3,000 population in hilly/ tribal/ desert areas. Each PHS has a sanctioned strength of one male and one female heath worker. 2.5 Maternity and Child Welfare Centre (MCW): It provides pre-natal and post-natal services for both mother and child. The services include regular check-up of pregnant women, giving folic tablets, counseling, delivery, immunization of children with check-up etc. 2.6 TB Clinic (TBC): The diagnosis and treatment of TB are functions of the general health services and hence it is a part and parcel of Primary Health Care. Specialized units such as the District Tuberculosis Centre (DTC) act as referral centres. TB clinics are established by the Government of India under the National Tuberculosis Control Programme and implemented through a network of DTC. The DTC is the nodal point for TB control activities in the district and it also functions as a specialized referral centre. The functions of sub-district level Tuberculosis Unit (TU) are implementation, monitoring and supervision of TB control activities in its designated geographical areas. 2.7 Health Centre: Clinic where medicine and medical supplies are dispensed. It has no in-patient facility. A clinic (or an outpatient clinic) is a small private or public health facility that is devoted to the care of outpatients, often in a community, in contrast to larger hospitals, which also treat inpatients. 2.8 Dispensary: Place where patients are treated and medicines provided but with no in-patient facility. Immunizations, MCH Services and sometimes pathological tests are carried out here. It may be of allopathic or any alternative medicine. 2.9 Veterinary Hospital: Mostly run by the State Government or local body for treatment and preventive measures against diseases of domestic animals like cows, buffaloes etc in rural areas.

48 2.10 Mobile Health Clinic: These are Mobile vans well equipped with a range of health services to villages located far away from the CHCs, PHCs or any public health sources. The vans visit villages on designated days to deliver the health care services. The services generally offered are OPD, ante-natal and post-natal, B.P. examination, X-ray, ECG, Immunization, First Aid etc. 2.11 Family Welfare Centre: Check-up and counseling is provided to the pregnant and married women regarding small family norm and devices for having a small family. Temporary and permanent contraceptive devices are provided here. 2.12 Nursing Home: A nursing home is a long term care facility licensed by the state that offers 24-hour room and board and health care services including basic and skilled nursing care, rehabilitation and a full range of other therapies., treatments and programs to old and sick people. The difference between a hospital and a nursing home is that a nursing home gives importance to convalescence from a disease while a hospital gives medical treatment for the disease. 2.13 Medicine Shop: A shop which sells drugs and medicines of any system of medicine viz. allopathic, homeopathic, ayurvedic or unani medicines, is considered as a medicine shop. Sometimes some shops and Paan shops also keep ordinary medicines, like Crocin, Burnol etc. These shops are not taken as medicine shops. 3. Drinking water: The following are the main source of drinking water facility (ies) available in the village.

3.1 Tap Water-treated: This source of drinking water refers to a source of drinking water which is provided to the villagers through pipes within their premises or to the villagers through common taps (public taps/community water points) by the Government departments, local bodies, panchayats, public or private estate agencies, etc. after treatment. Such a source is treated as ‘Tap water from treated source’. 3.2 Tap Water-un-treated: If the villagers are drawing drinking water through pipes either directly from a well or bore well or after pumping the well or tube well water, or the water is supplied through pipes to the households of the village or through public taps without treatment. Such a source is treated as ‘Tap water from un-treated source’. 3.3 Covered Well (CW): A well that is (1) covered on sides from run-off water (i.e., excess water from rain, snowmelt or other sources flows over the land) through a wall lining or casting that is raised above ground level on a platform that diverts spilled water away from the well and (2) covered so that bird droppings and animals cannot fall down the hole. It is considered as covered well. 3.4 Un-covered Well (UW): A well which is (1) un-covered on sides from runoff water, (2) un-covered from bird droppings and animals; or (3) both. 3.5 Hand Pump (HP): Hand pump means where ground water is taken out manually by operating a hand pump. 3.6 Tube Well / Borehole (TW): Tube well denotes the ground water source from where ground water is taken out through electrical or diesel pump. Spring, River/Canal, Tank/Pond/Lake are self explanatory. 4. Community Toilet Complex : Community Toilet may be constructed and maintained by Grama Panchayats or Private NGOs like Sulabh Sauchalaya or likes.

5. Rural Sanitary Mart or Sanitary Hardware Outlet (RSM): It is an outlet dealing with the materials, hardware and designs required for the construction of not only sanitary latrines but other sanitary

49 facilities such as compost pit, washing platform and other sanitation and hygiene accessories required for individuals, households and the environment in the rural areas.

6. Community bio-gas or recycle of waste for productive use: Many of the solid wastes having economic values but put for disposal can be recycled for reuse. For example, food, cow dung, leaves, vegetable, paper, wood, plastics, old cloth etc. However, some of the wastes are not recyclable. These are carbon paper, thermo coal etc. When recyclable solid wastes is subjected to decomposition, bio-gas could be produced under favourable conditions. These systems of recycling may be there at the village level organized by Gram Panchayats with technical support from Governments or non-government organi- zations.

7. Communication and transport Facilities:

7.1 Post Office (PO): Self-explanatory. 7.2 Sub-Post Office (SPO): Sub-post office includes Extra Departmental Post Offices and those providing franchise postal services and also part time services in lieu of some honorarium. The limited postal services include sale of stamps, receipt of letters and money orders and also distribution of letters. 7.3 Post & Telegraph Office (PTO): Telegraph office is set up by the Government to enable people to send or receive telegrams. If the phonogram facility is available (though the Telegraph office may not be equipped with Morse Code Transmitters), the village is considered to be having telegraph facility. 7.4 Telephones (landlines): If the village is having the Public Call Office (PCO) either run by the Post Office or by individuals or by a private shop, then the village is considered to be having telephone facility. 7.5 Public Call Office (PCO)/Mobile PCO: Self explanatory. 7.6 Mobile Phone Coverage: Mobile phones are now very common particularly in urban areas. Some villages by virtue of being in close proximity to the urban areas also enjoy the benefits of the mobile phone services. Even if a few villagers avail the services of mobile phones, then the village is considered to be having access to mobile phone. 7.7 Internet Cafes/Common Service Centres (CSC): If the village is having the facility of Cyber Cafes or shops owned by private individuals providing the facility of surfing of the internet, then the village is considered to be having access to internet/cyber cafe facility. Government of India formulated the scheme of CSC with the vision of providing all government services in an integrated manner at the door step of the citizen at an affordable cost even in the remotest corners of the country through a combination of IT based as well as non-IT based services. 7.8 National Highway (NH): These are main highways running through the length and breadth of the country. Each NH is numbered like NH-1, NH-2 for easy identification. 7.9 State Highway (SH): These are roads of a state linking district headquarters and important cities within a State and connecting them with NHs or Highways of the neighbouring States. 7.10 Major District Roads (MDR): These are important roads within a district, serving areas of production and markets and connecting these with each other or with the main Highways. 7.11 Other District Roads (ODR): These are roads serving rural areas of production and providing them with outlet to market centres, taluk headquarters, block development head quarters or other main roads.

50 7.12 Village Road:The approach to village refers to the state of road etc., leading to the village. This is to see whether the village is approachable both in fair and foul weather, and whether it is inaccessible only for some time in the year. 7.13. Black-Topped (Pucca) Road (BTR): A road provided with a bituminous surfacing. 7.14 Gravel (Kuchha) Road (GR): A road constructed using well compacted crushed rock or gravel material (coarse sand, small stones), which is fairly resilient and does not become slippery when wet. 7.15 Water Bound Macadam (WBM): This is the road layer made of crushed or broken mixture of sand and rock fragments mechanically interlocked by rolling and voids filled with screening and binding material with the assistance of water. 7.16 Foot Path (FP): A trodden path for the use by pedestrians and in some cases bicycles. The Foot Paths are not suitable for vehicular traffic except bicycles in some cases. Most of the interior/ forest villages are connected by Foot Paths. 8. Banks and Credit Societies: -Banking facility means a place where a person can operate a bank account.

8.1 Commercial Bank (CB): These may be banks wholly owned by the Government of India or by Indian or Foreign Companies. 8.2 Cooperative Banks (Coop. B): A co-operative bank is a financial entity which belongs to its members, who are at the same time the owners and the customers of their bank. Cooperative banks are often created by persons belonging to the some local or professional community or sharing a common interest. These banks are registered under the Cooperative Societies Act. The cooperative banks are regulated by RBI and are covered by the Banking Regulations Act, 1949. 8.3 Agricultural Credit Society (ACS): Major objectives of the ACS are to supply agricultural credit to meet the requirements of funds for agricultural production, the distribution of essential consumer commodities, the provision of storage and marketing facilities and for light agricultural implements and machinery. 8.4 Non-Agricultural Credit Society (NCS): These societies include consumer cooperative societies and also credit cooperative societies of certain categories of persons like teachers, health workers, etc. 9. Miscellaneous Facilities:

9.1 Self-help Group (SHG): Self-Help Groups are groups of 10-25 women created by either NGOs or under the SGSY (Swarnjayanti Gram Swarozgar Yojana) for the purposes of meeting local credit needs. They are sometimes called Mahila Mandals in villages. 9. 2. Public Distribution System (PDS) shop: The shops through which some essential commodities are sold by the government at subsidized rates. They may also be known as ration shops and control shops. 9.3. Mandis/Regular Market: These are those clusters of shops with or without fixed premises which are open on at least six days a week and opens at least from morning hours to dusk. 9.4. Weekly Haat: These are those clusters of shops with or without fixed premises which are open once a week. 9.5. Agricultural Marketing Society: It is a common platform to analyse the issues among all the individuals and institutions in the field of agricultural marketing.

51 9.6. Nutrition Centre: Integrated Child Development Services (ICDS): The Integrated Child Development Services (ICDS) Scheme set up by the Government of India with the objective of providing following package of services to the children under 6 years and pregnant and lactating mothers in villages such as; Immunization, Health Check-up, Referral Services, Pre-school Non- formal Education, Nutrition & Health Education. 9.7. Anganwadi Centre: Each centre under the ICDS scheme is run by an Anganwadi Worker. One Anganwadi worker is appointed for specified population of the village. They are basically local women. They are assisted by Anganwadi helper. They provide pre-school non-formal education at the Centre and provide food to the children. 9.8. Accredited Social Health Activist (ASHA): ASHA is a health activist in the community who will create awareness on health and its social determinants and mobilize the community towards local health planning and increased utilization and accountability of the existing health services. She would be a promoter of good health practices. She will also provide a minimum package of curative care as appropriate and feasible for that level and make timely referrals. She will act as a motivator of different types of health related activities. Unlike ANM, she will not be involved in any clinical activities like immunization. 9.9. Sports Club/Recreation Centre: Indoor and out-door games are arranged by the Club and activities like wrestling, Judo, Karate etc. are also done there. 9.10. Cinema/Video Hall (CV): If regular cinema houses licensed by Government is available, then the town/village is considered to be having the facility of Cinema Hall. Video hall owners screen films in their own or hired premises. 9.11. Public Library: Books are kept there which can be accessed by the public on loan basis. These may be sponsored by Government or Local Body or Panchayat or any influential person. Free service or nominal charges are made for using the facility. 9.12. Public Reading Room: Here the public may read newspapers and magazines. These may be sponsored by Government or Local Body or Panchayat or any influential person. 9.13. Newspaper Supply: The availability of the Newspaper(s) both in English or vernacular in the village is considered to having the said facility. 10. Availability of Electricity/Power. If power is actually available, whatever may be the form of its use, it is indicated affirmative. If the village is having electricity for domestic purposes and the residents are using the same for domestic use, then it is considered that domestic power supply is available. If the electricity authority has not given domestic supply to the households on their request and people are using unauthorized electricity either by stealthily or misuse the supply meant for agricultural or indus- trial purposes, then it is not considered as availability of electricity for domestic purposes. However, if the village goes out of power due to temporary technical problems such as, transformer failures, theft of electrical equipment, etc., it is considered that electricity is available. Supply of electricity is consid- ered available even when there is a temporary ban on new domestic connections. Connections to residential houses, bungalows, clubs, hostels and hospitals run on non-commercial basis, charitable, educational and religious institutions are included in the domestic category.

10.1 Power Supply for domestic use:This category includes electricity used only for domestic consumption. 10.2 Power supply for agricultural use: This category includes all electricity connections given to the farmers for conducting various agricultural activities including irrigation. 10.3 Power supply for commercial use: This category includes electricity connections given for workshops, industries etc. or for any commercial purposes.

52 10.4 Power supply for all uses: This category includes electricity connection is available for domestic use, agricultural use, and for any commercial purposes. 11. Land Use Pattern: The land use area of the villages is given in hectares. The land use pattern in the Village Directory conform to the pattern of classification of land use as recommended by the Ministry of Agriculture, Government of India. The Ministry has recommended the maintenance of records of land use pattern under the 9 categories as indicated in the Village Directory.

12. System of drainage : Generally, by drainage system, we mean the network of mains and branches of underground conduits for the conveyance of sewerage to the point of disposal. Sewers that carry only household and industrial wastage are called separate sewers; those that carry storm water from roofs, streets and other surfaces are known as storm water drains, while those carrying both sewage and storm water are called combined sewers. However, in towns, which are not provided with such under- ground sewerage system, it is mentioned whether it has open drainage system. There may be possibil- ity of the town having both closed as well as open drainage systems.

13. Type of latrines: The data on various types of latrines both public and private together are collected. The three types of latrines considered here are, Pit Latrine, Flush/Pour Flush Latrine and Service Latrine.

(i) Pit System: The latrines are attached to the pit that is dug into the ground for the reception of night soil, are reckoned as pit latrine. (ii) Flush/pour flush: A flush latrine uses a cistern or holding tank for flushing water and has a water seal, which is a U-shaped pipe, below the seat or squatting pan that prevents the passage of flies and odours. A pour flush latrine uses a water seal, but unlike a flush latrine, a pour flush latrine uses water poured by hand for flushing (no cistern is used). (iii) Service: Type of latrine from where night soil is removed manually by scavengers. All other types of latrines are covered under “Others” category. 14. Protected Water Supply- Source and capacity of Storage system: There are various sources of water supply and its storage system in the town.

14.1 Service Reservoir: A service reservoir is a water storage container that holds clean water after it has been treated in a water plant, and before it is piped to the end users. These containers are covered, and are designed to keep the water safe from contamination. Their main purpose is to provide a buffer within the water supply system so that water supplies can be maintained across periods of varying demand. 14.2 River Infiltration Gallery: Infiltration Galleries are capable of supplying large quantities of water, and are used where wells are unable to supply water needs, i.e. where an impermeable rock barrier affects well efficiency, or where surface water sources are too shallow for intake screens. Infiltration galleries are one or more horizontal screens placed adjacent to (on-shore), or directly underneath (bed-mounted), a surface water source. 14.3 Bore Well Pumping System: A bore well is a well of 6" to 12" in diameter drilled into the earth for retrieving water. The depth of a bore well can vary from 50 feet to 3000 feet. Water is pumped out to surface through electricity/generator. 14.4 Pressure Tank: Tank that is used to ensure consistent water pressure and for storage of water. Usually located in basement of house but sometimes (in older settings) located in well pit. 15. Road lighting (Points): Road lighting means the number of street lights that are maintained in the town.

53 16. Home Orphanage: Orphanage is the name to describe a residential institution devoted to the care of orphans–children whose parents are deceased or otherwise unable to care for them. Parents, and sometimes grandparents, are legally responsible for supporting children, but in the absence of these or other relatives willing to care for the children, they become a ward of the state, and orphanages are a way of providing for their care and housing.

17. Working women’s hostel: These may be recognised or non-recognised by any public authority. The data on number of working women’s hostels available in the town are collected with number of seats.

18. Old Age Home: There are two types of Old Age Homes in India. One is the “Free” type which cares for the destitute old people who have no one else to care for them. They are given shelter, food, clothing and medical care. The second type is the “Paid” home where care is provided for a fee. Nowadays, such “Retirement” homes have become very popular in India and they are well worth considering.

19. Stadium: A stadium is a place, or venue, for (mostly) outdoor sports, concertsor other events, consist- ing of a field or stage partly or completely surrounded by a structure designed to allow spectators to stand or sit and view the event.

20. Auditorium/Community Hall: These are the places where meetings, social functions etc. are organised.

Civic status of urban units: Civic Status of a town/city is determined on the basis of Civic Administrative Authority of the town e.g., Municipal Corporation / Corporation, Municipal Committee / Municipal council, Municipality etc.

Size class of U.A./town : Size-class of U.A./Town is based on the population size of the U.A./City/ Town.

U.A.s/Towns with 100,000 and above population are classified as Class I U.A.s/ Towns. Towns with 50,000 to 99,999 population are classified as Class II towns, 20,000 to 49,999 population are Class III towns, population with 10,000- 19,999 are Class IV towns, population with 5,000 to 9,999 are Class V towns and towns with less than 5,000 population are Class VI towns. Slum area : The Slum Areas (Improvement and Clearance) Act, 1956, which was enacted by the Central Government defined slums as (a) Areas where buildings are in any respect unfit for human habita- tion; or (b) are by reasons of dilapidation, overcrowding, faulty arrangement and design of such buildings, narrowness or faulty arrangement of streets, lack of ventilation, light or sanitation facilities, or any combi- nation of these factors, are detrimental to safety, health or morals.

Mega city : The concept of ‘Mega city’ is a recent phenomenon in the Urban Sociology and is defined in term of metropolitan city in the form of large size, problem of management of civic amenities and capacity to absorb the relatively high growth of population. Indian Census in 1991 treated the population size of 5 million and above as the cutoff point to identify a place as the mega city. Whereas, for the purpose of inclusion in Centrally Sponsored Scheme for Infrastructure Development in Mega cities the Ministry of Urban Affairs and employment, Department of Urban Development adopted the criteria of 4 million and above population as per 1991 Census for Mega Cities. In 2001 Census, cities with 10 millions and above population have been treated as Mega cities and the same criteria of population have been adopted in 2011 census.

(iv) 2011 CENSUS FINDINGS

The population of the district has increased from 21,09,160 in 2001 to 21,27,789 in 2011 with 10,13,142 males and 11,14,647 females. The district with 3.6 per cent of the total geographical area of the State accommodates 6.4 per cent of the total population of the State. Statement -1 shows the percentage of population in each taluk to the population of the district for 2001 and 2011 Censuses.

54 Statement 1 Name of Taluk Percentage to total population of the District 2001 2011 Cherthala Taluk 24.6 25.5 Ambalappuzha Taluk 20.9 21.4 Kuttanad Taluk 9.7 9.1 Karthikappally Taluk 19.3 19.1 Chengannur Taluk 9.7 9.3 Mavelikkara Taluk 15.8 15.7

a) Distribution of population in Rural and Urban areas

The Census has a tradition that the population data at a given point of time is always been presented at rural and urban levels. Such a presentation, showing the distribution of population into two distinct segments, enables us to study the extent of urbanization and the shift of population from rural to urban on that account.

The rural-urban classification is necessary for understanding the process of urbanization in the District. The population of the District is divided between the rural and the urban areas in the ratio of 1:1 in 2011. The rural-urban ratio was 2:1 in 2001 & 1991. The urban population of the District has increased from 6,21,457 in 2001 to 11,48,146 and the rural population decreased from 14,87,703 to 9,79,643. The percentage of the urban population has increased from 29.5 per cent in 2001 to 54.0 per cent in 2011. The percentage of the rural population has decreased from 70.5 per cent in 2001 to 46.0 per cent in 2011. The rural-urban distribution of population for 2001 and 2011 is diagrammatically depicted below.

The District is sub-divided into six Taluks viz. Cherthala, Ambalappuzha, Kuttanad, Karthikappally, Chengannur and Mavelikkara. Cherthala Taluk has retained the position as the most populous Taluk of the District in 2001 and 2011 Censuses with 5,18,555 and 5,42,657 persons respectively. From 24.6 per cent of the population of the District in 2001, its population has marginally increased to 25.5 per cent in 2011. In 2001, the next populous Taluk of the District was Ambalappuzha with 4,40,792 persons forming 20.9 per cent of the total population of the District. The other Taluks in the order of population size were Karthikappally with 4,07,281, Mavelikkara with 3,32,969, Chengannur with 2,05,244 and Kuttanad with 2,04,319. In these Taluks, the percentage of the population ranged from 9.7 per cent in Chengannur Taluk to 19.3 per cent in Karthikappally Taluk. In 2011 Census, the population of only two Taluks namely Cherthala and Ambalapuzha has increased. In population size, Chengannur Taluk with 1,97,419 has superseded Kuttanad Taluk with 1,93,007 in 2011 Census. The order of other Taluks in population size has remained unchanged in 2011

55 Census. Karthikappally and Mavelikkara Taluks have 4,06,524 and 3,33,318 persons respectively in 2011. The percentage of population in the six Taluks of the District has ranged from 9.1 per cent in Kuttanad Taluk to 25.5 per cent in Cherthala Taluk.

Cherthala taluk and Ambalapuzha taluks are ranked first and second in urban population of the district. The Urban population of Cherthala taluk is 3,49,012 and Ambalapuzha taluk has 3,47,701 which constitute 30.4 percent and 30.3 per cent respectively. Karthikappally Taluk can be considered as better urbanized in 2011. The urban population of Karthikappally Taluk was 68585 in 2001. It constituted 16.8 per cent of the total population of the Taluk and 11.0 per cent of the urban population of the district. In 2011, its urban population has increased to 2,86,904 constituting 70.6 per cent of the total population of the Taluk and 25 per cent of the urban population of the district. The urban populations in the other Taluks are 112,147 in Mavelikkara and 52,382 in Chengannur. These Taluks constitute 33.7 per cent, 26.5 per cent respectively of the total population of the district and 9.8 per cent, 4.6 per cent respectively of the urban population of the district. There are no urban areas in Kuttanad Taluk. It is therefore the least urbanized Taluk in the district. Among the Taluks, the rural-urban ratio of population is 1:2 in Cherthala, 1:3 in Ambalappuzha, 1:2.5 in Karthikappally, 3:1 in Chengannur and 2:1 in Mavelikkara.

The urban population is distributed in 5 Statutory Towns and 33 Census Towns in 2011 Census. Alappuzha Municipality with 2,40,991 persons, including the two out-growths of Kalarkode (28,749) and Punnapra (38,066), is the most populous Town in the district. Kayamkulam Municipality with 68,634 population is the next populous Town in the district. The other three municipalities of Cherthala, Mavelikkara and Chengannur have 45,827 and 26,421 and 23,466 persons respectively. All the Towns in the district have above 5,000 population. Among the Census Towns, Census Town is the most populous with 47,126 persons. The average size of a Town in the District is worked out as 30,21,437.

In the district, the rural population of 9,79,643 accounting for 46.0 per cent of the total population is distributed in 52 Villages of 6 Taluks. In Cherthala taluk, there are 8 villages. They form 15.4 per cent of the total number of Villages. These Villages cover 19.8 per cent (1,93,645) of the total rural population. In Karthikappally Taluk, there are 6 Villages. They form 11.5 per cent of the total number of Villages. These Villages cover 12.2 per cent (1,19,620) of the total rural population. Kuttanad Taluk has 14 Villages (26.9 per cent) and constitute 19.7 per cent (1,93,007) rural population. Mavelikkara Taluk has 9 villages (17.3) and has 22.6 per cent (2,21,171) of the total rural population. Chengannur taluk has 9 Villages (17.3 per cent) and have 14.8 per cent (1,45,037) of the total rural population. Ambalappuzha Taluk has 6 villages (11.5) and has 10.9 per cent (1,07,163) of the total rural population.

b) Size, Class and Status of Towns

The classification of Towns in each Census is based on its population in the particular Census. With growth/decline of population, the Towns may change their Size-classes. In addition to this, certain Towns cease to exist due to merger with the other Towns and as a result of declassification as rural areas; new Towns may also be formed. For classification of towns, six size-classes have been formed. The size-classes are as follows:

Class I- Population 100,000 and above. Class II- Population 50,000-99,999 Class III- Population 20,000-49,999 Class IV- 10,000-19,999 Class V- 5,000-9999 Class VI- < 5000. The Towns falling in the highest Size class are termed as city. In 2001, there were 5 Statutory Towns and 6 Census Towns in the District. In 2001, there were two Class-I Towns (Alappuzha (M) and Cherthala (M)), one Class-II Town (Kayamkulam (M)), 6 Class-III Towns and 2 Class-IV Towns. In 2011, there were 5 Statutory Towns and 33 Census Towns in the district.

56 Among the 38 Towns of 2011, there is one Town each in Class-I and Class-II, twenty three Towns in Class-III and thirteen Towns in Class-IV. The number of Towns of 2011 Census falling in each Size-class with the population range is depicted below.

0 Less VI than 5,000

0 5,000 – 9,999 V

13 10,000 – 19,999 IV 23 III 20,000 – 49,999

1 50,000 – 99,999 II

I 1 1,00,000+

Population Growth

In 1901 Census, the district had a population of 509,545 persons. With 14.8 per cent growth-rate during 1901-1911, it had arrived at the highest growth-rate of 24.8 per cent in 1931. In the next decade, the growth-rate had declined to 13.6 per cent. Thereafter it had shown an increasing trend up to 1961. Since 1971, the district is witnessing continuous decrease in growth-rate. The present growth-rate of the district is only 0.9 per cent.

The Statement -2 shows the percentage decadal growth of state/ district and taluks during the decade 2001-2011. Statement -2

State/District/Taluk Population Percentage Decadal Growth 2001-2011 2001 2011 Kerala State 3,18,41,374 3,34,06,061 4.9 Alappuzha District 21,09,160 21,27,789 0.9 Cherthala Taluk 5,18,555 5,42,657 4.7 Ambalappuzha Taluk 4,40,792 4,54,864 3.2 Kuttanad Taluk 2,04,319 1,93,007 -5.5 Karthikappally Taluk 4,07,281 4,06,524 -0.2 Chengannur Taluk 2,05,244 1,97,419 -3.8 Mavelikkara Taluk 3,32,969 3,33,318 0.1

Cherthala Taluk had recorded the highest growth-rate of 4.7 per cent during 2001-2011. The lowest decadal growth rate of population was reported in Kuttanad Taluk with -5.5 per cent growth rate in 2011. In Karthikappally and Chengannur Taluks also negative growth rate reported during 2001-2011 and in Mavelikkara Taluk the growth rate of population reported was only 0.1 per cent. As compared to the previous decade of 1991-2001, the growth-rate has declined in all the Taluks during 2001-2011.

The growth-rates in the rural and the urban areas of the district are -34.2 per cent and 84.8 per cent respectively. As compared to the decade 1991-2001, there is increase in the rural growth-rate during 2001-

57 2011. During 1991-2001 the rural growth-rate was the highest in Ambalappuzha Taluk (34.2 per cent). But during 2001-2011, all the rural parts of the Taluks shows negative growth rate and the highest rural growth- rate is in Kuttanad(-5.5 per cent).

The urban growth-rate has increased from 1.9 per cent during 1991-2001 to 84.8 per cent during 2001-2011. The urban growth-rate is the highest in Karthikappally Taluk (318.3 per cent).

Density

One of the important indices of population concentration is the density of population. It is defined as the number of persons per square kilometer. The overall density of population per sq.km.in Alappuzha is 1504 persons in 2011. It was 1492 in 2001. The district had the 1st place in population density in 1991 and 2001. In 2011, with density of 1504 persons, the district has second rank. The density of population in 2001 and 2011 are depicted in statement -3. Statement -3 State/District/Taluk Density of Population

2001 2011 Kerala State 819 860 Alappuzha District 1492 1504 Cherthala Taluk 1621 1676 Ambalappuzha Taluk 2465 2406 Kuttanad Taluk 768 667 Karthikappally Taluk 1813 1832 Chengannur Taluk 1443 1392 Mavelikkara Taluk 1445 1407

The urban density of Alappuzha District is 2087 persons per sq.km in 2011. The density among the Taluks ranges from 667 persons per sq.km. in Kuttanad Taluk to 2406 persons per sq.km. in Ambalappuzha Taluk. If the rural areas alone are considered, Cherthala Taluk has the highest density of 1651 persons per sq.km. followed by Ambalappuzha Taluk with, 1407 persons per sq.km. Kuttanad Taluk has the lowest rural density (667 persons per sq.km.). Among the Statutory Towns, the highest urban density is in Alappuzha (M) with 3729 persons per sq.km. Among the Census Towns, the density is the highest in (CT) (3833). Muhamma(CT) has the lowest density (966) among Towns.

Sex-ratio

The sex-ratio is defined as the number of females per 1000 males in the population. In 2001 Census, Alappuzha District had a sex-ratio of 1079 females per 1000 males as against 1058 females per 1000 males for the State. The sex-ratio of the District was infavour of males during the four Censuses from 1901 to 1931. From 1941 onwards, females outnumbered males in the District. The sex-ratio of the District had a marginal drop in 1971. Since 1981, the District is witnessing continuous increase in sex-ratio. During 1901-2011, the sex-ratio at the State level has increased by 84 points and at the District level, it has increased by 114 points. Statement No 4 shows the sex-ratio of the State/District and the Taluks for 2001 and 2011 Censuses.

58 Statement - 4 State/District/Taluk Total/ Sex-ratio Rural/ Urban 2001 2011 Kerala State Total 1058 1084 Rural 1059 1078 Urban 1058 1091 Alappuzha District Total 1079 1100 Rural 1087 1108 Urban 1060 1094 CherthalaTaluk Total 1050 1043 Rural 1050 1038 Urban 1049 1046 Ambalappuzha Taluk Total 1057 1064 Rural 1053 1064 Urban 1060 1063 Kuttanad Taluk Total 1050 1075 Rural 1050 1075 Urban - - Karthikappally Taluk Total 1105 1149 Rural 1114 1143 Urban 1064 1151 Chengannur Taluk Total 1119 1161 Rural 1121 1165 Urban 1098 1150 Mavelikkara Taluk Total 1117 1170 Rural 1118 1169 Urban 1106 1171

The sex-ratio figures for the rural and the urban areas of the District were 1087 and 1060 respectively in 2001. In all the Taluks and Towns, the sex-ratio was in favour of females. In 2011 Census, the sex-ratio of the District is 1100 females per 1000 males. An Increase in sex-ratio is seen both in the rural and the urban areas of the District in 2011. The rural sex-ratio of the District is 1108 females per 1000 males in 2011. The sex-ratio of the rural population is the highest in Mavelikkara Taluk with 1169 females per 1000 males, closely followed by Chengannur Taluk with 1165 and Karthikappally Taluk with 1143. In the rural areas of the Taluks, the sex-ratio has decreased from 1050 in 2001 to 1038 in 2011 in Cherthala Taluk, 1053 to 1064 in Ambalappuzha Taluk, 1050 to 1075 in Kuttanad Taluk, 1114 to 1143 in Karthikappally Taluk, 1121 to 1165 in Chengannur Taluk and 1118 to 1169 in Mavelikkara Taluk. The sex-ratio of the District is diagrammatically depicted.

59 The sex-ratio of the urban population of the district is 1094 females per 1000 males which is lower than that of the rural sex-ratio. Among the statutory towns, the sex-ratio is the highest in Mavelikkara (M) (1189) followed by Chengannur (M) (1146). Among the CTs, the sex-ratio is the highest in (CT) (1197) followed by Bharanikkavu (CT) (1192). The urban sex-ratio is the lowest in the urban areas of Cherthala Taluk (1046).

Work participation rate

There was no conceptual change in the definition of work between 1981 and 1991 Censuses while conceptual change in defining the workers was seen in the previous Censuses of 1971 and 1961. In 1991 Census, in the definition of work, unpaid work on farm or in family enterprise was included whereas in 2001, work includes part-time help or unpaid work in farm, family enterprise or in any other economic activity. In 2011 Marginal workers were further classified into those worked for 0 to 3 months and those worked for 3 to 6 months. Statement No -5 shows the work participation rate of the State/ District and Taluks for 2001 and 2011 Censuses. Statement-5

Percentage to Total Population State/District/Taluk Main worker Marginal worker Non worker 2001 2011 2001 2011 2001 2011 Kerala State 25.9 27.9 6.4 6.9 67.7 65.2 Alappuzha District 25.9 28 8.4 9. 8 65.7 62.2 Cherthala Taluk 33.9 35.6 9.4 10.1 56. 8 54.3 Ambalappuzha Taluk 29.7 30 6.2 7.8 64.2 62.2 Kuttanad Taluk 22.5 25.5 13.9 12.4 63.6 62.1 Karthikappally Taluk 20.9 24.5 8.3 11.2 70. 9 64.3 Chengannur Taluk 22 20.9 6 9.8 71.9 69.4 Mavelikkara Taluk 19.4 23 7.8 8.8 72.8 68.3

60 The work participation rate for total workers is defined as the percentage of total workers to total population. As per 2001 Census, 34.3 per cent of the population of the District were workers. Out of the total population, the main workers constituted 25.9 per cent, marginal workers 8.4 per cent and the remaining 65.7 per cent were non-workers in 2001. In comparison to 2001 an increase of about 3.5 per cent noticed in the work participation rate for total workers (37.8 per cent) in 2011 Census. In the case of main workers, the work participation rate has increased substantially to 28.0 per cent in 2011. There is substantial increase in the work participation rate of marginal workers (9. 8 per cent). The percentage of non-workers has declined to 62.2 per cent in 2011. The corresponding figures for the State in 2011 are 34. 8 per cent for total workers, 27.9 per cent for main workers, 6.9 per cent for marginal workers and 65.2 per cent for non-workers. The work participation rate in the District for 2001 and 2011 is diagrammatically depicted.

In the rural areas of the district, the work participation rate was 33.8 per cent in 2001. The percentage of main workers, marginal workers and non-workers accounted for 24.5 per cent, 9.3 per cent and 66.2 per cent respectively. In 2011, the work participation rate for the district Rural is increased to 37.9 per cent, The main and the marginal and non workers account for 26.9 per cent, 10.9 per cent and 62.1 per cent of the total population respectively.

The district Urban had 35.6 percentage of workers in 2001. Of them, 29.3 per cent were main workers and 6.3 per cent were marginal workers. The remaining 64.4 per cent were non-workers. In 2011 Census, the work participation rate in the district Urban is 37.7 per cent, thus showing an increase. The percentage of main workers to the total population has declined marginally to 29.0 per cent while an increase is noticed in the work participation rate of marginal workers (8.8 per cent). The percentage of non-workers has also declined marginally to 62.3 per cent.

Among the Taluks, Cherthala Taluk had registered the highest work participation rate for total workers (43.2 per cent), main workers (33.9 per cent) and kuttanad taluk had registered the highest Work participation rate for marginal workers (13.9 per cent) in 2001. During 2001-2011, a marginal increase in the work participation rate of total workers is noticed in all taluks. In case of main workers, the Work participation rate has substantially increased in all taluks except Chengannur taluk during 2001-11.

61 The work participation rate of marginal workers has shown a high rate of increase in all the Taluks except Kuttanad taluk. In Kuttanad Taluk, the work participation rate of marginal workers has decreased to 12.4 per cent. In the rural areas of the Taluks, Cherthala Taluk had registered the highest work participation rate for total workers (44. 0 per cent), main workers (34.4 per cent) and Kuttanad taluk had registered highest work participation rate for marginal workers (13.9 per cent) in 2001. Cherthala Taluk has witnessed the highest work participation rate for total workers (47.0 per cent) and main workers (36.0 per cent) in 2011 also. In the case of work participation rate of marginal workers, the highest work participation rate is recorded in Karthikappally Taluk (13.0 per cent) in 2011. During 2001-2011, a slight increase is noticed in the work participation rate of total workers in the rural areas of all Taluks. Among main workers, there is decrease in the total work participation rate in rural areas of Ambalappuzha Taluk and Chengannur taluk. The work participation rate among marginal workers has increased in all the Taluks substantially during 2001-2011 except Kuttanad taluk.

In both 2001 and 2011 Censuses, in the urban areas of the Taluks, Cherthala Taluk had registered the highest work participation rate for total workers (42.1 per cent-44.97 per cent), main workers (33.1 per cent- 35.44 per cent). In 2001, Urban areas of Cherthala taluk had registered highest Work participation rate for marginal workers (9.00 per cent), whereas in 2011 census urban areas of Karthikappally had registered the total work participation rate for marginal workers (10.5 per cent). During 2001-2011 the total work participation rate has increased marginally in all taluks whereas the work participation rate of main workers has decreased in all the Taluks except Cherthala and Ambalappuzha taluks. Substantial increase in the work participation rate of marginal workers is noticed in all the Taluks.

In 2001, the work participation rate among male workers was 49.4 per cent and female participation rate was 20.3 per cent in the district. In 2011 Census, both the male and female work participation rate has increased. It is 53.0 per cent for males and 24.0 per cent for females. The work participation rate among male main workers in the district was 39.4 per cent in 2001 while that of females was 13.4 per cent. The corresponding figures for 2011 Census are 42.9 per cent for males and 14.5 per cent for females. There is an increase in the rates for males and females in 2011. Among the marginal workers, the male work participation rate was 10.0 per cent and that of females was 6.9 per cent in the district in 2001. The work participation rate among female marginal workers was higher as compared to males in Cherthala and Ambalappuzha taluks in 2001. In 2011 also, In the Taluks of Cherthala and Ambalappuzha, there is higher percentage of female marginal workers than male marginal workers, On the other hand, male marginal workers predominate in the other Taluks.

Category of Workers , 2001 Category of Workers, 2011

Cultivators Cultivators 3.8% 3.1% 13.7% 8.9% 4.5% 7.2% Agricultural Agricultural Labours Labours 75.3% 83.5% Household Household Industry Industry Other Workers Other Workers

In 2011 Census, among the four categories of workers, the ‘other workers’ account for the highest percentage of 83.5 per cent with 85.0 per cent for males and 80.4 per cent for females. There is lower percentage of females among other workers as compared to males. The second category with the highest

62 percentage of workers is agricultural labour. It accounts for 8.9 per cent of the total workers. In this category, there are a higher percentage of female workers (10.8 per cent) than that of males (8.0 per cent). 4.5 per cent of the workers are engaged in household industry. There is higher percentage of females in household industry (7.1 per cent). Only about 3.1 per cent of the total workers is engaged in cultivation. In this category, the percentage of male cultivators (3.9 per cent) is more than that of female cultivators (1.7 per cent). In short, the areas where the percentage of female workers exceeds male workers are agricultural labour and household industry. In the other two categories, male workers are predominant. Statement 6 shows the workers in different category of State/ District and Taluk for 2001 and 2011 Census. Statement -6 State/District/Taluk Percentage to Total Workers Cultivators Agricultural Household Industry Other workers Labourers Workers 2001 2011 2001 2011 2001 2011 2001 2011 Kerala State 7 5.8 15.8 11.4 3.6 2.3 73.6 80.5 Alappuzha District 3.8 3.1 13.7 8.9 7.2 4.5 75.3 83.5 Cherthala Taluk 1.2 1.4 3.6 2.7 11.7 6.7 83.5 89.2 Ambalappuzha Taluk 0.9 0.8 6.3 4.1 6.5 2.7 86.3 92.4 Kuttanad Taluk 9.2 7.8 48.4 37 2.5 2.3 39.9 52.9 Karthikappally Taluk 2.7 2.1 13.2 8.7 7.3 5.1 76.8 84.1 Chengannur Taluk 9.7 6.8 20.5 12.1 3.4 3.8 66.4 77.3 Mavelikkara Taluk 8.7 7.1 19.3 10.6 3.6 2.9 68.4 79.4

Literacy

Literacy was a Census question in the very first Census of the country. The definition of literacy has undergone changes from Census to Census. In 2011 Census, the same definition as in 2001 Census is followed. A person who can both read and write with understanding in any language is taken as a literate. A person who can merely read but cannot write is not a literate. People who are blind and can read Braille are also considered as literates in 2011. It is not necessary that a person who is a literate should have passed any minimum educational standard. In 2001 and 2011, all children of age 6 or less are treated as illiterates though they may be going to school and can read and write a few odd words. Statement 7 shows Literacy rate of State, District and Taluks in the rural and urban areas during 2001 and 2011 Censuses. Statement -7 State/District/ Taluk Literacy rate (Persons) Total Rural Urban 2001 2011 2001 2011 2001 2011 Kerala State 90.9 94 90 93 93.2 95.1 Alappuzha District 93.4 95.7 93.3 95.8 93.7 95.7 Cherthala Taluk 92.6 95.5 91.7 95.3 93.8 95.6 Ambalappuzha Taluk 93.4 95.7 93 95.1 93.7 95.9 Kuttanad Taluk 96.7 97.6 96.7 97.6 - - Karthikappally Taluk 92.5 94.8 92.6 94.1 91.97 95 Chengannur Taluk 94.8 96.7 94.5 96.6 96.97 97.1 Mavelikkara Taluk 93 95.6 92.8 95.2 95.3 96.5

In 2001 Census, the literacy rate of the District was 93.4 per cent with a break-up of 93.3 per cent for

63 rural and 93.7 per cent for urban. The literacy rate of the District has increased to 95.7 per cent with 95.8 per cent for rural and 95.7 per cent for urban.

The total, rural and urban literacy rate of the District in 2011 is diagrammatically depicted.

During 2001-2011, the rural literacy rate has slightly increased to 95.8 per cent and the urban literacy rate also slightly increased to 95.7 per cent. In 2001, among the Taluks, the highest literacy rate was recorded in Kuttanad Taluk, (96.7 per cent) and the lowest in Karthikappally Taluk, (92.5 per cent). Kuttanad Taluk has retained its status as the Taluk with the highest literacy rate (97.6 per cent) in 2011 Census also. The literacy rate of all the Taluks increased in 2011 Census. The Taluk with the lowest literacy rate in 2011 is Karthikappally Taluk (94.8 per cent).

In 2001, among the rural areas of the Taluks, the highest rural literacy rate was again recorded in Kuttanad Taluk (96.7 per cent) and the lowest rural literacy rate of 91.7 per cent was recorded in Cherthala Taluk. 2011 Census results reveal that the rural areas of Kuttanad Taluk are still ahead in literacy rate with 97.6 per cent. This rate is even higher than the total (95.7 per cent) ,the rural (95.8 per cent) and urban (95.7 per cent) literacy rate of the district. Karthikappally Taluk has retained its lowest literacy rate status in 2011 (94.1) also.

In 2001 Census, Chengannur (M) had the first position with 97.8 per cent among towns. (CT) with 93.4 per cent has the lowest position. In Towns, the literacy rate in 2011 Census is above 90 per cent.The literacy trend shows that the literacy rate for males is substantially higher than that of females. In 2001, 96.3 per cent of the literates were males against 90.8 per cent among females. In 2011 Census, the literacy rates of both males and females have increased. The male literacy rate is 97.4 per cent and the female literacy rate is 94.2 per cent.

In 2001, in the rural areas of the district, the male literacy rate was 96.1 per cent and the female literacy rate was 90.8 per cent. There is an increase in rural male and female literacy rates in 2011 with 97.2 per cent and 94.4 per cent respectively. The literacy rate of females is lower than District average both in 2001 and 2011 Censuses. Both among males (98. 0 per cent) and females (95.5 per cent), the rural areas of Kuttanad Taluk had the highest literacy rate in 2001, followed by the rural areas of Chengannur Taluk with 96.6 per cent for males and 92.7 per cent for females. The rural areas of Kuttanad Taluk have retained its

64 position as the Taluk with highest literacy rate for males (98.3 per cent) and females (97 per cent) in 2011 also.

In the urban areas of the District, the male literacy rate was 96. 7 per cent and the female literacy rate was 91.0 per cent in 2001. The female literacy rate was even lower than the total urban literacy rate (93.7 per cent) and the urban male literacy rate (96. 7 per cent). Both the male and female literacy rate increased to 97.5 per cent and 94.07 per cent respectively in 2011.

Among the urban areas of the Taluks, Chengannur Taluk had registered the highest literacy rate for males with 97.9 and highest female literacy rate for females with 96.0 per cent in 2001. In 2011, the highest urban literacy rate among males and females is in Chengannur Taluk with (98.1 per cent) for males and (96.2 per cent) for females. The literacy rate is above 90 per cent in the urban areas of all the Taluks among males and females.

The male literacy rate was above 95 per cent in 2001. Among the statutory Towns, the female literacy rate was below 90 per cent. All the Towns had recorded higher male literacy rate than the female literacy rate. The highest male literacy rate was recorded in (CT) with 98.2 per cent while Chengannur (M) with 96.0 per cent has recorded the highest female literacy rate. In 2011, all the Towns have recorded male literacy rate above 95 per cent and female literacy rate above 90 per cent. Among the Towns, the highest male literacy rate is again recorded in Kanjikkuzhi (CT) (98.9 per cent). Chengannur (M) with 97.4 per cent has again moved to the first place in female literacy in 2011.

Male-Female gap in literacy

In 2001, the male-female gap in literacy in the district was 5. 5. Among the taluks, Cherthala taluk had the highest male-female gap in literacy (7.0). The lowest male-female gap in literacy was recorded in Kuttanad taluk (2.5). The Male–Female Literacy Rate of the district for 2011 Census is diagrammatically depicted.

In 2011 Census the male female gap in literacy has come down to 3.1. Among the Taluks also the male female gap in literacy has declined. In 2011 Census Cherthala taluk retained the highest male-female gap in literacy (4.1) and Kuttanad Taluk retained the lowest male-female gap in literacy (1.3). Statement 8

65 shows the male- female gap in literacy of the State/ District and Taluks during 2001 and 2011 Census.

Statement -8 State/District/ Taluk Gap in Literacy

2001 2011 Kerala State 6.5 4 Alappuzha District 5.5 3.1 Cherthala Taluk 7.1 4.1 Ambalappuzha Taluk 5.3 3 Kuttanad Taluk 2.5 1.3 Karthikappally Taluk 6.1 3.7 Chengannur Taluk 3.6 1.9 Mavelikkara Taluk 5.2 2.7

Religion

The collection of data on religion has been a part of Census since 1872 as religious composition of population is significant from the socio-economic and demographic point of view. The data on religion was collected in 2011 Census through Question No.7 of the Household Schedule where names and codes of 6 main religions were shown to facilitate the Enumerator to report the code of the concerned religion of the individual in the box provided. In the case of other religions, space has been provided to record the actual name. In the District, the three predominant religions are Hindus, and . Other religious communities such as Sikhs, Buddhists and Jains are insignificant as their percentage to the total population is very negligible. In 2011 Census, 14.60 lakhs population of Alappuzha District are Hindus, 2.24 lakhs are Muslims and 4.35 lakhs are Christians. Besides the above three major religious groups, there are 268 Sikhs, 146 Buddhists and 74 Jains. The persons belonging to the other religions and persuasions account for 311.The number of persons who have not stated their religions due to unknownreasons are 6942. Hindus, Muslims and Christians constitute about 99.63 per cent of the total population.68.6 per cent population of the District are Hindus. Muslims (10.55 per cent) and Christians (20.44 per cent) together account for 31 per cent of the total population. Though Hindus and Muslimsboth have grown in numbers, the growth rate of 7.9 per cent among Muslims is far more than the growth rate of Hindus which is only 0.22 per cent.During 2001-2011, Christians reduced in numbers in turn declining the growth rate to -1.5 per cent. However, the proportion of Hindus and Christians marginally decresed in 2011 compared to 2001 Census. The proportion of Hindus was 69.1 per cent in 2001 which decreased to 68.6 per cent in Census 2011. Similarly, the proportion of Christians reduced from 20.94 per cent in 2001 to 20.44 per cent in 2011. Muslims are the only major religious group with increase in percentage from 9.9 to 10.6 per cent.

c) Mother tongue, Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes

Mother tongue of 2001 The language data was collected in India in the Census of 1881 onwards. In 1881, information on mother tongue which was defined as the language ordinarily spoken in the parental home of each person was collected. In 1891 also, similar information was collected. In 1901, the language ordinarily used by the person was collected. In 1911, the language ordinarily spoken by a person in his own home was collected. In the later Censuses, information on language was collected generally following the above definition. In 1961 Census, mother-tongue was defined as the language spoken in the childhood by the person’s mother

66 to the person or mainly spoken in the household. The same definition was followed in 1971. The informa- tion on bilingualism also had been collected in the Census since 1901. However, there were changes in the implication of the questions in this respect. In the Census of India 1981, a new question on the ‘language mainly spoken in the Household’ was asked in the Household Schedule along with two usual language questions on ‘mother-tongue’ and ‘other languages known’ in the Individual Slip. In the Census of India, 1981, if a person had a working knowledge to converse with understanding in any of the languages, Indian or foreign, other than his mother-tongue, a maximum of two such languages were recorded in the order in which he/she spoke and understood them the best. In 1981, a question on the languages mainly spoken in the household was not canvassed in the case of Institutional Households which are linguistically heteroge- neous. In 1991 Census, two questions on language were asked viz., ‘mother-tongue’ and ‘two other lan- guages known’ through question Nos.6 and 7 respectively. In the Individual Slip, ‘mother tongue’ was considered as the language spoken in the childhood by the person’s mother to the person. If the mother died in infancy, the language mainly spoken in the person’s home in childhood was considered as the mother tongue. In the case of infants and deaf mutes, the language usually spoken by the mother was treated as mother-tongue. In case of any doubt, language mainly spoken in the household was considered.

Statement 9 shows the number of speakers of prominent languages in the district during 2001 Census. Statement 9 Name of Prominent Languages No. of speakers 2089802 Konkani 7918 Tamil 7202 Gujrati 999 The population of the Scheduled Tribes in the District in 2011 was 6,574 with 3,175 males and 3,399 females. They accounted for 1.4 per cent of total Scheduled Tribe population in the State.

The major tribes in the district were Ulladan/Ullatan, Malai Pandaram, Malai Arayan/Mala Arayan, Mannan and Malai Vedan/Malavedan. In 2011 Census, there were 2510 Ulladan with 1199 males and 1311 females. 34.5 per cent of the Ulladan population lived in the rural areas of the district. The population of Malai Pandaram was 145 with 69 males and 76 females. Of this, 97.9 per cent were living in the rural areas. The population of Malai Arayan, Mannan and Malai Vedan were 144, 74 and 64 respectively. 52.8 per cent of Malai Arayan,63.5 per cent of Mannan and 71.9 per cent of Malai Vedan were found in the rural areas of the district. Statement 10 shows the percentage of Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes to total population of State, District and Taluks during 2011 Census. Statement 10

State/District/Taluk Percentage to total population Scheduled Castes Scheduled Tribes Kerala State 9.1 1.5 Alappuzha District 9.5 0.3 Cherthala Taluk 8.5 0.4 Ambalappuzha Taluk 3.5 0.3 Kuttanad Taluk 9.2 0.2 Karthikappally Taluk 8.9 0.3 Chengannur Taluk 16.1 0.2 Mavelikkara Taluk 16 0.2

67 As per 2011 Census, the population of the Scheduled Castes in the district was 201,211 with 97,183 males and 104,028 females. The sex-ratio of the Scheduled Caste population in the district was 1070. This ratio was lower than the general sex-ratio (1100) among the district and the State (1084). As regards five major scheduled castes In the district, the highest sex-ratio was among Kuravan (1113), while the lowest sex ratio (1053) was among paraiyan. The sex-ratio among Mannan, Pulayan, and Thandan were 1059, 1069 and 1083 respectively.

The sex-ratio of Scheduled Tribe population in the district was 1071 which was lower than the general sex-ratio (1100) of the District and the State (1084). As regards five major Scheduled Tribes in the District, the highest sex-ratio (1370) was among Malai Vedan while the lowest sex-ratio (895) was among Malai Arayan. The sex-ratio among Malai Pandaram, Ulladan and Mannan were 1101, 1093 and 1000 respectively. Statement 11 shows the Sex Ratio of Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes of State, District and Taluks during 2011 Census. Statement 11

State/District/Taluk Total/ Rural/ Urban Sex-ratio Scheduled Castes Scheduled Tribes

Kerala State Total 1057 1035 Rural 1057 1031 Urban 1056 1070 Alappuzha District Total 1070 1071 Rural 1075 1056 Urban 1065 1082 Cherthala Taluk Total 1057 1091 Rural 1066 1135 Urban 1052 1062 Ambalappuzha Taluk Total 1071 1035 Rural 1109 973 Urban 1052 1068 Kuttanad Taluk Total 1050 1016 Rural 1050 1016 Urban - - Karthikappally Taluk Total 1085 1035 Rural 1086 960 Urban 1085 1056 Chengannur Taluk Total 1077 1164 Rural 1078 1161 Urban 1071 1169 Mavelikkara Taluk Total 1075 1109 Rural 1080 1015 Urban 1064 1395

68 In Kerala, the literacy rate of Scheduled Castes in 2011 Census was 88.7 per cent and that of Sched- uled Tribes was 75.8 per cent as against the literacy rate of 94.0 per cent for the State as a whole. In eight districts of Kerala viz., Kannur, Kozhikode, , Ernakulam, Kottayam, Alappuzha, Pathanamthitta, and Thiruvananthapuram, the SC literacy rate is above the corresponding State average. The highest literacy rate among Scheduled Castes was in Kottayam District with 94.6 per cent and the lowest in with 83.4 per cent. Among the Scheduled Caste population in Alappuzha District, the literacy rate was 93.3 per cent with 96.1 per cent male literacy and 90.7 per cent female literacy. In the case of rural Scheduled Caste population, the male literacy rate was 96.1 per cent and the female literacy rate was 90.9 per cent. The urban literacy rate among males was 96.1 per cent and among females, it was 90.5 per cent.

The literacy rate of Scheduled Tribes in Kerala in 2011 was 75.8 per cent, with 80.8 per cent males and 71.1 per cent females. Among the districts, the highest literacy rate among Scheduled Tribes was in Kottayam District with 94. 4 per cent and the lowest in with 61.5 per cent. Among the Scheduled Tribes, the literacy rate in Alappuzha District was 90.0 per cent with 92.6 per cent for males and 87.6 per cent for females. The rural literacy rate among the Scheduled Tribes is higher than urban literacy rate in total, female literacy rates in Alappuzha District. Statement 12 shows the Literacy Rate of Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes of State and District during 2011 Census.

Statement 12

State/District Literacy rate (Persons)

Scheduled Castes Scheduled Tribes

Kerala State 88.7 75.8

Alappuzha District 93.3 90

Among the Scheduled Castes in the district, 43.3 per cent were workers and 56.7 per cent non- workers. The main workers accounted for 28.9 per cent while the marginal workers accounted for 14. 5 per cent among Scheduled Castes. While 57.3 per cent of males were workers, female workers were only 30.3 per cent. In main work, the female participation was less in comparison to males. In marginal work, 14.0 per cent of females were engaged as against 14. 9 per cent males.

Among the Scheduled Caste main workers in the district, 77.6 per cent were engaged in other services. Agricultural labourers constituted 18.3 per cent. The workers in household industries accounted for 2.2 per cent. There are only 1.9 per cent Scheduled caste cultivators.

Among the Scheduled Tribes in the District, the majority of main workers were engaged in other services (87.8 per cent). Agricultural labours were the second with the highest percentage of Scheduled Tribe main workers (4.9 per cent), 4.3 per cent of Scheduled Tribes among main workers were engaged in house hold works and 3.1 per cent of Scheduled Tribes among main workers were cultivators.

69 v) BRIEF ANALYSIS OF PCA DATA BASED ON INSET TABLES 1 TO 45

During 2011 Census the inset tables contained in District Census HandBook are also generated using computer software as done in 2001 Census.

Table 1: Decadal change in population of Tahsils by residence, 2001-2011

Sl. Tahsil Population Percentage decadal Percentage No. variation 2001-2011 urban population 2001 2011 Total Rural Urban 2001 2011 Total Rural Urban Total Rural Urban 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 1 Cherthala 518555 302194 216361 542657 193645 349012 4.65 -35.92 61.31 41.72 64.32 2 Ambalappuzha 440792 158117 282675 454864 107163 347701 3.19 -32.23 23.00 64.13 76.44 3 Kuttanad 204319 204319 0 193007 193007 0 -5.54 -5.54 0.00 0.00 0.00 4 Karthikappally 407281 338696 68585 406524 119620 286904 -0.19 -64.68 318.32 16.84 70.57 5 Chengannur 205244 179847 25397 197419 145037 52382 -3.81 -19.36 106.25 12.37 26.53 6 Mavelikkara 332969 304530 28439 333318 221171 112147 0.10 -27.37 294.34 8.54 33.65 District Total: 2109160 1487703 621457 2127789 979643 1148146 0.88 -34.15 84.75 29.46 53.96

This table shows the variation during 2001-2011, along with the population by residence and the percentage of urban population to the total population for the district and the taluks for Census 2001 and 2011. The percentage decadal variation during 2001-2011 is only 0.9 per cent with a decline of -34.15 per cent in rural and a high growth of 84.8 per cent in urban. As compared to the previous decade of 1991-2001 (5.4 per cent), there is a steep decline in the decadal variation during 2001-2011. The same trend can be seen in all the taluks. In three out of six Taluks, the population has declined during 2001-2011 resulting in negative growth thereby. Only in Cherthala and Ambalappuzha Taluks, there is a positive growth in population with decadal variation of 4.65 percentage and 3.2% respectively. As regards the percentage of urban population to the total population, it has increased from 29.5 per cent in 2001 to 54 per cent in 2011. Table 2: Number and percentage of inhabited villages in specified population size ranges with the related population, 2011 (Rural)

Sr. Name of Taluk Total Total rural population Number Population less Number Population 200 - No. number and than 200 and 499 of percentage percentage inhabited of village of village villages Persons Males Females Males Females Males Females 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 1 05673-Cherthala 8 1,93,645 95,023 98,622 0 ( 0 %) 0 0 0 ( 0 %) 0 0 2 05674-Ambalappuzha 5 1,07,163 51,913 55,250 0 ( 0 %) 0 0 1 ( 20 %) 243 254 3 05675-Kuttanad 14 1,93,007 93,013 99,994 0 ( 0 %) 0 0 0 ( 0 %) 0 0 4 05676-Karthikappally 6 1,19,620 55,819 63,801 0 ( 0 %) 0 0 0 ( 0 %) 0 0 5 05677-Chengannur 9 1,45,037 66,987 78,050 0 ( 0 %) 0 0 0 ( 0 %) 0 0 6 05678-Mavelikkara 9 2,21,171 1,01,958 1,19,213 0 ( 0 %) 0 0 0 ( 0 %) 0 0 Total 51 9,79,643 4,64,713 5,14,930 0 ( 0 %) 0 0 1 ( 2 %) 243 254

70 Table 2: Number and percentage of inhabited villages in specified population size ranges with the related population, 2011 (Rural) (Contd…)

Sr. Name of Taluk Number and Population 500 - Number and Population 1000 - Number Population 2000 - No. percentage 999 percentage 1999 and 4999 of village of village percentage of village

Males Females Males Females Males Females 1 2 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 1 05673-Cherthala 0 ( 0 %) 0 0 0 ( 0 %) 0 0 0 ( 0 %) 0 0 2 05674-Ambalappuzha 0 ( 0 %) 0 0 0 ( 0 %) 0 0 0 ( 0 %) 0 0 3 05675-Kuttanad 0 ( 0 %) 0 0 0 ( 0 %) 0 0 0 ( 0 %) 0 0 4 05676-Karthikappally 0 ( 0 %) 0 0 0 ( 0 %) 0 0 0 ( 0 %) 0 0 5 05677-Chengannur 0 ( 0 %) 0 0 1 ( 11 %) 900 1,089 0 ( 0 %) 0 0 6 05678-Mavelikkara 0 ( 0 %) 0 0 0 ( 0 %) 0 0 0 ( 0 %) 0 0 Total 0 ( 0 %) 0 0 1 ( 2 %) 900 1,089 0 ( 0 %) 0 0

Table 2: Number and percentage of inhabited villages in specified population size ranges with the related population, 2011 (Rural) (Contd…) Sr. Name of Taluk Number and Population 5000 - 9999 Number and Population 10000 and above No. percentage of percentage of village village

Males Females Males Females 1 2 22 23 24 25 26 27 1 05673-Cherthala 1 ( 12 %) 4,880 4,853 7 ( 88 %) 90,143 93,769 2 05674-Ambalappuzha 0 ( 0 %) 0 0 4 ( 80 %) 51,670 54,996 3 05675-Kuttanad 3 ( 21 %) 11,376 11,957 11 ( 79 %) 81,637 88,037 4 05676-Karthikappally 0 ( 0 %) 0 0 6 ( 100 %) 55,819 63,801 5 05677-Chengannur 0 ( 0 %) 0 0 8 ( 89 %) 66,087 76,961 6 05678-Mavelikkara 0 ( 0 %) 0 0 9 ( 100 %) 1,01,958 1,19,213 Total 4 ( 8 %) 16,256 16,810 45 ( 88 %) 4,47,314 4,96,777

In this Table, the total number of inhabited Villages, the total rural population by sex and the number and the percentage of Villages and the related rural population by sex for seven population size- classes are given for the rural areas of the district and the Taluks. In the district, 88 per cent of the villages are large-sized with population 10000 and above, another 8 per cent with population in the range of 5000-9999. Chengannur (part) village of Chengannur Taluk is the only village in the population size of 1000-1999. Similarly, there is only one village named (part) with population in the size range of 200-499. At the Taluk level, Mavelikkara and Karthikappally Taluk have cent per cent village in the highest population range of 10000 and above. Cherthala, Ambalappuzha and Changannur Taluks have one village each left out from the highest range. Cherthala Taluk is having one village with population in the range of 5000-9999 whereas the sole village of Chengannur Taluk is having population in the range of 1000-1999. A single village of Ambalazppuzha Taluk lies in the population range of 200-499. Three villages of Kuttanad Taluk (21%) have population in the range of 5000-9999.

71 Table 3: New towns, de-notified, declassified and merged town in 2011 census

(a) New

(i) Statutory town Nil (ii) Census town 27 1) (CT) 2) (CT) 3) (CT) 4) Kuthiathode (CT) 5) Vayalar (CT) 6) Pallippuram (CT) 7) Thanneermukkam (CT) 8) Mannanchery (CT) 9) Pathirappally (CT) 10) Haripad (CT) 11) (CT) 12) Karthikappally (CT) 13) (CT) 14) Cheppad (CT) 15) Pathiyoor (CT) 16) (CT) 17) (CT) 18) Kandalloor (CT) 19) Puthuppally (CT) 20) Krishnapuram (CT) 21) Mannar (CT) 22) (CT) 23) Kannamangalam (CT) 24) Chennithala (CT) 25) Thazhakara (CT) 26) Bharanikkavu (CT) 27) (CT) (b) Denotified (i)Statutory towns of 2001 census denotified and also did not satisfy the criteria to be treated as census Nil towns.

(ii)Statutory towns of 2001 census denotified but identified as census towns based on demographic and Nil economic criteria.

(iii)Census towns of 2001 census are notified as statutory town in 2011 census. Nil

(c ) Declassified Nil

(d) Wholly merged with other town(s). Nil

*Declassified means the census towns of 2001 census which failed to satisfy the demographic and economic criteria

In 2001 Census, there were 5 Statutory Towns and 6 Census Towns, But in 2011 Census, 27 Census towns have been formed totally. Five Statutory towns of the last Census continue to remain in 2011 Census also. There is no Statutory town either de-notified/ de-classified or wholly merged with other towns.

72 Table 4: Sex ratio of the state and district, 1901-2011 Census Year Kerala State Alappuzha District Total Rural Urban Total Rural Urban 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 1901 1004 1008 953 986 988 958 1911 1008 1012 957 987 989 951 1921 1011 1016 958 986 992 935 1931 1022 1028 964 997 1007 927 1941 1027 1033 979 1003 1012 947 1951 1028 1033 992 1022 1031 981 1961 1022 1027 991 1026 1030 1011 1971 1016 1020 997 1025 1028 1016 1981 1032 1034 1021 1043 1046 1033 1991 1036 1037 1034 1051 1054 1042 2001 1058 1059 1058 1079 1087 1060 2011 1084 1078 1091 1100 1108 1094 Note :- Sex ratio has been defined here as the number of females per 1000 males

This Table gives the sex-ratio of the State and the district with rural – urban break-up for the census years from 1901 – 2011. In the beginning of the 20th century, Kerala was having 1004 females per 1000 males. The sex-ratio of the State presented an increasing trend up to 1951 and thereafter declined in 1961 and 1971 Census. The sex-ratio is showing a steady increase form 1981 Census onwards. The sex-ratio of 1084 females per 1000 males, recorded in 2011 Census, is the highest sex-ratio ever recorded during 1901-2011. Twenty six percentage point increase in the sex-ratio recorded during 2001-2011 is also the highest during 1991-2011. In the district, the sex-ratio had remained below 1000 up to 1931 Census. During the period from 1901 to 2011, the sex-ratio had shown a slight decline twice in 1921 and in 1971 Census, otherwise the trend is upwards throughout the decades. The sex-ratio of 1100 reported for the District in 2011 Census is the highest sex-ratio ever. The rural and urban sex-ratio of the district is 1108 and 1094 respectively for 2011 Census. It is evident from the table that the rural sex ratio is higher than the total and urban sex-ratio throughout the Censuses. The rural sex-ratio had declined only in the consecutive Censuses of 1961 and 1971. The urban sex-ratio remained below 1000 up to 1951. There is a steady increase in urban sex-ratio from 1941 onwards. Table 5: Sex ratio by Taluk, 2011 Sr.No. Name of Taluk Sex ratio Total Rural Urban 1 2 3 4 5 1 05673-Cherthala 1043 1038 1046 2 05674-Ambalappuzha 1064 1064 1063 3 05675-Kuttanad 1075 1075 0 4 05676-Karthikappally 1149 1143 1151 5 05677-Chengannur 1161 1165 1150 6 05678-Mavelikkara 1170 1169 1172 District: 598-Alappuzha 1100 1108 1094

This Table gives the sex-ratio with rural-urban break-up for the district and the Taluks. The sex-ratio of the District is 1100 females per 1000 males which is higher than corresponding sex-ratio of the State (1084 females per 1000 males). The rural sex-ratio of the district (1108) is higher than its total (1100) and urban (1094) sex-ratio. Among the Taluks, the highest sex-ratio is recorded in Mavelikkara Taluk (1170), closely followed by

73 Chengannur Taluk (1161). The lowest sex-ratio of 1043 is registered in Cherthala Taluk. In all the Taluks, female population seems to be dominating male population. With respect to the rural and urban areas of the Taluks, once again Mavalikkara and Cherthala Taluk are having the highest and lowest sex-ratio respectively. Among six taluks, three are having higher sex- ratio than the district average in terms of total, rural and urban parts. Table 6: Sex ratio by CD Blocks, 2011 Sr.No. Name of CD block Sex ratio 1 2 3 1 0104- (Part) 1060 2 0108-Thaikattussery 1027 3 0109- 1043 4 0110-Kanjikkuzhi 1038 5 0111- 1062 6 0112-Ambalappuzha 1064 7 0113-Champakkulam 1087 8 0114-Pulikkeezh (Part) 1109 9 0115-Haripad 1155 10 0116-Muthukulam 1107 11 0117-Chengannur 1165 12 0118-Kulanada (Part) 1391 13 0119-Mavelikkara 1177 14 0120-Bharanikkavu (Part) 1165 Total 1108

This Table presents the rural sex-ratio of the district and the CD Blocks. The district rural sex ratio is 1108 females per 1000 males which is higher than total and urban sex ratio of the district. There are 14 CD Blocks in the district of which portions of four CD Blocks are lying in neighbouring Districts. Veliyanad and Bharanikkavu CD Blocks have major portions within the district while only minor portions of Pulikkeezh and Kulanada CD blocks lie within the district. The figures represented by the minor portions of these CD Blocks cannot be considered as representing the whole of the CD Blocks. Therefore the analysis is limited to 12 CD Blocks with whole or major portions within the district. Among the twelve CD Blocks lying wholly or having major portions within the district, the highest rural sex-ratio of 1177 is recorded in Mavelikkara CD Block. Thaikattussery CD Block is having the lowest sex- ratio of 1027 females per 1000 males. Table 7: Sex ratio of rural population by ranges, 2011 Range of sex ratio for villages Number of Percentage of Population 2011 Percentage distribution inhabited villages villages in each of population range 1 2 3 4 5 Less than 700 0 0.00 0 0.00 700 - 749 0 0.00 0 0.00 750 - 799 0 0.00 0 0.00 800 - 849 0 0.00 0 0.00 850 - 899 0 0.00 0 0.00 900 - 949 0 0.00 0 0.00 950 - 999 1 1.96 9733 0.99 1000 - 1099 23 45.10 434631 44.37 1100+ 27 52.94 535279 54.64 District: Alappuzha (598) 51 100 979643 100 Sex ratio District (Rural):1108

74 In this Table, the villages are distributed in nine ranges of sex-ratio, based on the sex-ratio of the villages. For each range of sex-ratio, the number of villages, their percentage to the total number of villages of the district with their population and percentage to the total rural population of the district are given. Out of 51 Villages in the district, 50 villages forming 98 per cent of the total number of Villages and covering more than 99 per cent of the rural population have rural sex-ratio 1000 or above. Of these, 27 Villages with 55 per cent rural population have sex-ratio 1100 and above and the rest 23 villages constituting 44 per cent rural population have sex-ratio in between 1000-1099. There is one village Perumbalam with sex-ratio in the range of 950 – 999. Table 8: Sex ratio of towns, 2011

Sr.No. Name of town Urban status of town Sex ratio

1 2 3 4

1 803298-Cherthala (M) (M) 1065 2 628214-Arookutty (CT) (CT) 1012 3 628215-Aroor (CT) (CT) 1018 4 628216-Ezhupunna (CT) (CT) 1042 5 628217-Kodamthuruth (CT) (CT) 1055 6 628218-Thaikattussery (CT) (CT) 1038 7 628219-Kuthiathode (CT) (CT) 1061 8 628220-Vayalar (CT) (CT) 1065 9 628221-Pallippuram (CT) (CT) 1035 10 628222-Thanneermukkam (CT) (CT) 1054 11 628223-Kokkothamangalam (CT) (CT) 1043 12 628224-Kanjikkuzhi (CT) (CT) 1047 13 628225-Muhamma (CT) (CT) 1060 14 803299-Alappuzha (M + OG) (M + OG) 1070 15 628232-Mannanchery (CT) (CT) 1060 16 628233-Pathirappally (CT) (CT) 1029 17 628234-Komalapuram (CT) (CT) 1054 18 803300-Kayamkulam (M) (M) 1094 19 628256-Haripad (CT) (CT) 1147 20 628257-Kumarapuram (CT) (CT) 1173 21 628258-Karthikappally (CT) (CT) 1134 22 628259-Chingoli (CT) (CT) 1171 23 628260-Cheppad (CT) (CT) 1188 24 628261-Pathiyoor (CT) (CT) 1145 25 628262-Keerikkad (CT) (CT) 1172 26 628263-Muthukulam (CT) (CT) 1189 27 628264-Kandalloor (CT) (CT) 1197 28 628265-Puthuppally (CT) (CT) 1221 29 628266-Krishnapuram (CT) (CT) 1142 30 803301-Chengannur (M) (M) 1146 31 628276-Mannar (CT) (CT) 1169 32 628277-Kurattissery (CT) (CT) 1130 33 803302-Mavelikkara (M) (M) 1189 34 628287-Kannamangalam (CT) (CT) 1147 35 628288-Chennithala (CT) (CT) 1161 36 628289-Thazhakara (CT) (CT) 1172 37 628290-Bharanikkavu (CT) (CT) 1192 38 628291-Kattanam (CT) (CT) 1170 Sex ratio (Urban) district: 1094

75 This Table gives the sex-ratio of the district urban and 38 towns of the district. It is evident from the table that all the towns have sex-ratio above 1000 which shows the predominance of females over male in the urban parts of the district. Puthupally census town has the highest sex-ratio of 1221 among the towns and the lowest sex ratio is registered in Arookutty census town with 1012 females per 1000 males.

Table 9: Sex ratio of population in the age group 0-6 for Taluk, 2011

Sr.No. Name of Taluk Total/ Rural/ Total population in 0-6 age group Sex ratio for 0-6 Urban age group Persons Males Females 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 1 05673-Cherthala Total 48358 24915 23443 941

Rural 17466 9080 8386 924

Urban 30892 15835 15057 951

2 05674-Ambalappuzha Total 43401 22345 21056 942

Rural 10542 5379 5163 960

Urban 32859 16966 15893 937

3 05675-Kuttanad Total 18638 9501 9137 962

Rural 18638 9501 9137 962

Urban 0 0 0 0

4 05676-Karthikappally Total 37191 18985 18206 959

Rural 11549 5822 5727 984

Urban 25642 13163 12479 948

5 05677-Chengannur Total 16032 8232 7800 948

Rural 11840 6137 5703 929

Urban 4192 2095 2097 1001

6 05678-Mavelikkara Total 28426 14466 13960 965

Rural 19379 9809 9570 976

Urban 9047 4657 4390 943

District: 598-Alappuzha Total 192046 98444 93602 951

Rural 89414 45728 43686 955

Urban 102632 52716 49916 947

The total population in the age-group 0-6 by sex and the sex-ratio of the age-group are given in this table for the district and the Taluks with rural-urban break-up. The child sex-ratio of the district is 951 female children per 1000 male children. The rural area with a child sex-ratio of 955 is higher than that of total (951)and urban (947). At the Taluk level, the child sex-ratio is below 1000 in all the Taluks which indicates that the male population is more than females. Mavelikkara Taluk has registered the highest child sex-ratio in 2011 Census with 965 and Cherthala Taluk with child sex-ratio of 941 has the lowest child sex-ratio. The urban part of Chengannur Taluk only has child sex-ratio of 1001 with 2097 females and 2095 males.

76 Table 10: Sex ratio of population in the age group 0-6 for CD Blocks, 2011 Sr.No. Name of CD Block Total population in 0-6 age group Sex ratio for 0-6 Persons Males Females age group 1 2 3 4 5 6 1 0104-Veliyanad (Part) 8100 4117 3983 967 2 0108-Thaikattussery 3945 2034 1911 940 3 0109-Pattanakkad 6993 3673 3320 904 4 0110-Kanjikkuzhi 6528 3373 3155 935 5 0111-Aryad 2717 1387 1330 959 6 0112-Ambalappuzha 7477 3802 3675 967 7 0113-Champakkulam 10874 5569 5305 953 8 0114-Pulikkeezh (Part) 12 5 7 1400 9 0115-Haripad 8621 4331 4290 991 10 0116-Muthukulam 2928 1491 1437 964 11 0117-Chengannur 11831 6132 5699 929 12 0118-Kulanada (Part) 9 5 4 800 13 0119-Mavelikkara 6966 3532 3434 972 14 0120-Bharanikkavu (Part) 12413 6277 6136 978 Total 89414 45728 43686 955

The total rural population of the age-group by sex and the sex-ratio for the age-group are given for the rural areas of the district and the CD Blocks. The rural child sex-ratio of the district is 955 females per 1000 males. All the CD Blocks lying wholly or having major portions within the district have child sex-ratio below 1000. Among these CD Blocks, the highest child sex-ratio of 991 is recorded in Haripad. The least of all is registered in Pattanakkad with a child sex-ratio of 904. Table 11: Sex ratio of rural population in the age group 0-6 by ranges, 2011 Range of sex ratio for villages Number of Percentage Population 2011 Percentage inhabited villages distribution of distribution of villages population 1 2 3 4 5 Less than 700 0 0.00 0 0.00 700 - 749 0 0.00 0 0.00 750 - 799 1 1.96 48 0.05 800 - 849 2 3.92 1747 1.95 850 - 899 4 7.84 7244 8.10 900 - 949 14 27.45 24028 26.87 950 - 999 19 37.25 38998 43.62 1000 - 1099 11 21.57 17349 19.40 1100+ 0 0.00 0 0.00 District: Alappuzha (598) 51 100 89414 100 Sex ratio District (Rural):955

In the above table, the Villages are distributed in nine ranges based on the child sex-ratio of the villages. For each child sex-ratio range, the number and the percentage of villages their related rural child population and percentage to total rural population of the district are given in the table above. There are 51 villages in the district among which a maximum of 19 villages forming 37 per cent of total villages with a population of almost 44 per cent population of the total rural population of the district are having child sex-ratio between 950-999. Next to this range is the child sex-ratio range of 900-949 with 14 villages having 27 % population. Eleven villages are in the child sex-ratio range of 1000-1099. These villages

77 cover only 19 per cent rural population of the District. Four villages are having child sex-ratio in the range of 850-899 and two villages with child sex-ratio in between 800-849. There is a single village in the child sex- ratio range of 750-799. Forty four villages out of 51 with almost 90 per cent population are having child sex- ratio above 900. Table 12: Sex ratio of population in the age group 0-6 of towns, 2011 Sr.No. Name of town Urban status Total population in 0-6 age group Sex ratio for of town 0-6 age Persons Males Females group 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 1 803298-Cherthala (M) (M) 3988 2087 1901 911 2 628214-Arookutty (CT) (CT) 2119 1089 1030 946 3 628215-Aroor (CT) (CT) 3617 1876 1741 928 4 628216-Ezhupunna (CT) (CT) 2467 1259 1208 959 5 628217-Kodamthuruth (CT) (CT) 1828 898 930 1036 6 628218-Thaikattussery (CT) (CT) 1907 931 976 1048 7 628219-Kuthiathode (CT) (CT) 2168 1089 1079 991 8 628220-Vayalar (CT) (CT) 1977 1023 954 933 9 628221-Pallippuram (CT) (CT) 2547 1287 1260 979 10 628222-Thanneermukkam (CT) (CT) 2598 1343 1255 934 11 628223-Kokkothamangalam (CT) (CT) 1448 761 687 903 12 628224-Kanjikkuzhi (CT) (CT) 2031 1042 989 949 13 628225-Muhamma (CT) (CT) 2197 1150 1047 910 14 803299-Alappuzha (M + OG) (M + OG) 22631 11683 10948 937 15 628232-Mannanchery (CT) (CT) 3382 1724 1658 962 16 628233-Pathirappally (CT) (CT) 2591 1372 1219 888 17 628234-Komalapuram (CT) (CT) 4255 2187 2068 946 18 803300-Kayamkulam (M) (M) 6914 3555 3359 945 19 628256-Haripad (CT) (CT) 1314 686 628 915 20 628257-Kumarapuram (CT) (CT) 2381 1208 1173 971 21 628258-Karthikappally (CT) (CT) 1585 816 769 942 22 628259-Chingoli (CT) (CT) 1319 707 612 866 23 628260-Cheppad (CT) (CT) 1581 759 822 1083 24 628261-Pathiyoor (CT) (CT) 2040 1092 948 868 25 628262-Keerikkad (CT) (CT) 899 438 461 1053 26 628263-Muthukulam (CT) (CT) 1719 928 791 852 27 628264-Kandalloor (CT) (CT) 1625 790 835 1057 28 628265-Puthuppally (CT) (CT) 1743 859 884 1029 29 628266-Krishnapuram (CT) (CT) 2522 1325 1197 903 30 803301-Chengannur (M) (M) 1692 834 858 1029 31 628276-Mannar (CT) (CT) 1381 678 703 1037 32 628277-Kurattissery (CT) (CT) 1119 583 536 919 33 803302-Mavelikkara (M) (M) 2044 1040 1004 965 34 628287-Kannamangalam (CT) (CT) 1816 952 864 908 35 628288-Chennithala (CT) (CT) 1006 546 460 842 36 628289-Thazhakara (CT) (CT) 1113 557 556 998 37 628290-Bharanikkavu (CT) (CT) 1344 665 679 1021 38 628291-Kattanam (CT) (CT) 1724 897 827 922 District (Urban): 598-Alappuzha 102632 52716 49916 947

78 The total urban population in the age-group 0-6 by sex and the sex-ratio for the age-group are given for the District Urban, and the thirty eight towns of the District in table 12. The urban child sex-ratio of the district is 947. Nine out of thirty eight towns are having child sex- ratio above 1000. Only in these towns female population dominates in numbers. The highest of child sex- ratio is registered in Cheppad CT with 1083. Chennithala CT is having the lowest child sex-ratio of 842 female children over 1000 male child.

Table 13: Number and percentage of scheduled castes and scheduled tribes population in Taluk, 2011

Sr.No. Name of Taluk Total/ Rural/ Total Total Total Percentage of Percentage of Urban population scheduled scheduled scheduled scheduled castes tribes castes tribes population population population to population to total total population population 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 1 05673-Cherthala Total 542657 46023 2357 8.48 0.43 Rural 193645 15304 967 7.9 0.5 Urban 349012 30719 1390 8.8 0.4 2 05674-Ambalappuzha Total 454864 16041 1473 3.53 0.32 Rural 107163 5535 503 5.17 0.47 Urban 347701 10506 970 3.02 0.28 3 05675-Kuttanad Total 193007 17803 383 9.22 0.2 Rural 193007 17803 383 9.22 0.2 Urban 0 0 0 0 0 4 05676-Karthikappally Total 406524 36301 1162 8.93 0.29 Rural 119620 11590 243 9.69 0.2 Urban 286904 24711 919 8.61 0.32 5 05677-Chengannur Total 197419 31712 463 16.06 0.23 Rural 145037 25394 335 17.51 0.23 Urban 52382 6318 128 12.06 0.24 6 05678-Mavelikkara Total 333318 53331 736 16 0.22 Rural 221171 36305 530 16.41 0.24 Urban 112147 17026 206 15.18 0.18 598-Alappuzha Total 2127789 201211 6574 9.46 0.31 Rural 979643 111931 2961 11.43 0.3 Urban 1148146 89280 3613 7.78 0.31

This Table gives the total population, the Scheduled Caste and the Scheduled Tribe population with their percentage to the total population for the district and the Taluks with rural-urban break-up. The proportion of Scheduled Caste population in the District is 9.5 per cent with 11.4 per cent in rural and 7.8 per cent in urban. There is only very negligible proportion of Scheduled Tribes in the district. At the Taluk level, the highest proportion of Scheduled Caste is in Chengannur Taluk with 16.1 per cent closely followed by Mavelikara Taluk with 16 per cent Scheduled Caste population. Ambalappuzha Taluk with only 3.5 percent is having the lowest proportion of Scheduled Caste population. As regards Scheduled Tribe, it can be observed that all the Taluks have very least proportion of this category. Among the Taluks, Cherthala Taluk is having the highest proportion of 0.43 per cent Scheduled Tribes .

79 Table 14: Number and percentage of scheduled castes and scheduled tribes (rural) population in CD Blocks, 2011

Sr.No. Name of CD Block Total Total Total Percentage of Percentage of population scheduled scheduled scheduled scheduled castes tribes castes tribes population population population to population to total population total population 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 1 0104-Veliyanad (Part) 83453 7046 183 8.44 0.22 2 0108-Thaikattussery 41303 4396 214 10.64 0.52 3 0109-Pattanakkad 80918 6848 272 8.46 0.34 4 0110-Kanjikkuzhi 71424 4060 481 5.68 0.67 5 0111-Aryad 29808 1259 146 4.22 0.49 6 0112-Ambalappuzha 73790 4112 344 5.57 0.47 7 0113-Champakkulam 113022 10921 213 9.66 0.19 8 0114-Pulikkeezh (Part) 97 0 0 0 0 9 0115-Haripad 90356 10424 206 11.54 0.23 10 0116-Muthukulam 29264 1166 37 3.98 0.13 11 0117-Chengannur 144927 25366 335 17.5 0.23 12 0118-Kulanada (Part) 110 28 0 25.45 0 13 0119-Mavelikkara 83143 14333 166 17.24 0.2 14 0120-Bharanikkavu (Part) 138028 21972 364 15.92 0.26 Total 979643 111931 2961 11.43 0.3

The above Table gives the total rural population, rural Scheduled Caste/Scheduled Tribe population with their percentage to the total rural population for District(rural) and the CD Blocks of the district. Among the twelve CD Blocks lying wholly or having major portions within the district, Mavelikkara CD Block with 17.2 per cent has highest percentage of Scheduled Caste and Muthukulam CD Block has the lowest of 4 per cent of Scheduled Caste population. The highest proportion of Scheduled Tribe population is in Kanjikkuzhi CD Block with 0.67 per cent.

Table 15: Proportion of scheduled castes population to total population in villages, 2011

Percentage range of Number of villages Percentage Scheduled castes Percentage scheduled castes population population to total population 1 2 3 4 5 NIL 0 0.00 0 0.00 Less than 5 8 15.69 7687 6.87 5 - 10 19 37.25 22606 20.20 11 - 20 23 45.10 78727 70.34 21 - 30 1 1.96 2911 2.60 31 - 40 0 0.00 0 0.00 41 - 50 0 0.00 0 0.00 51 - 75 0 0.00 0 0.00 76 and above 0 0.00 0 0.00 District: Alappuzha(598) 51 100.00 111931 100.00

80 This table shows the classification of the villages of the district according to the proportion of Scheduled Caste population to total population.There are 51 villages in the district, distributed in nine ranges of Scheduled Caste proportion to their total population. All the villages of the district have Scheduled Caste Population. A maximum of 23 villages out of 51 are in the range of 11-20 percentage of Scheduled Caste proportion to the total population. These villages together constitute 70 per cent Scheduled Caste of the total rural population of the district. 19 villages (37 %) covering 20.2 per cent of total rural population are in the Scheduled Caste population of 5-10 per cent. 8 villages with almost seven per cent of Scheduled Caste population are in the range of less than 5 percent Scheduled Caste proportion. One village Ala(part) has the maximum percentage of Scheduled Caste population. This village with 2,911 Scheduled Caste population is covering only 2.6 percent of total Scheduled Caste rural population of the district.

Table 16: Proportion of scheduled tribes population to total population in villages, 2011

Percentage range of scheduled Number of villages Percentage Scheduled tribes Percentage tribes population to total population population 1 2 3 4 5 NIL 1 1.96 0 0.00 Less than 5 50 98.04 2961 100.00 5 - 10 0 0.00 0 0.00 11 - 20 0 0.00 0 0.00 21 - 30 0 0.00 0 0.00 31 - 40 0 0.00 0 0.00 41 - 50 0 0.00 0 0.00 51 - 75 0 0.00 0 0.00 76 and above 0 0.00 0 0.00 District: Alappuzha(598) 51 100.00 2961 100.00

This table shows the classification of the villages of the district according to the proportion of Scheduled Tribe population to total population.There are 51 villages in the district, distributed in nine ranges of Scheduled Tribe proportion to their total population. It is evident from the table that 50 villages out of 51 in the district have very minute proportion of Scheduled Tribe population. These fifty villages covering cent percent population of the Scheduled Tribes for the rural area of the District lie in the range of less than five percentage of Scheduled Tribe proportion. Only one village Mullakkal(part) has no Scheduled Tribe population. Table 17: Number and percentage of scheduled castes and scheduled tribes population in towns, 2011

Sr.No. Name of town Total Total Total Percentage of Percentage of Population scheduled scheduled scheduled scheduled castes tribes castes tribes population population population to population to total total population population 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 1 803298-Cherthala (M) 45827 1530 112 3.34 0.24 2 628214-Arookutty (CT) 19411 1665 48 8.58 0.25 3 628215-Aroor (CT) 39214 4378 184 11.16 0.47 4 628216-Ezhupunna (CT) 27528 4964 96 18.03 0.35 5 628217-Kodamthuruth (CT) 21295 3708 77 17.41 0.36 6 628218-Thaikattussery (CT) 20874 2399 86 11.49 0.41

81 Table 17: Number and percentage of scheduled castes and scheduled tribes population in towns, 2011 (Contd…)

Sr.No. Name of town Total Total Total Percentage of Percentage of Population scheduled scheduled scheduled scheduled castes tribes castes tribes population population population to population to total total population population 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 7 628219-Kuthiathode (CT) 23669 1855 99 7.84 0.42 8 628220-Vayalar (CT) 24804 2360 85 9.51 0.34 9 628221-Pallippuram (CT) 28276 3196 120 11.3 0.42 10 628222-Thanneermukkam (CT) 31525 1184 218 3.76 0.69 11 628223-Kokkothamangalam (CT) 17047 533 92 3.13 0.54 12 628224-Kanjikkuzhi (CT) 23681 1452 46 6.13 0.19 13 628225-Muhamma (CT) 25861 1495 127 5.78 0.49 14 803299-Alappuzha (M + OG) 240991 5610 669 2.33 0.28 15 628232-Mannanchery (CT) 32139 2143 68 6.67 0.21 16 628233-Pathirappally (CT) 27445 587 80 2.14 0.29 17 628234-Komalapuram (CT) 47126 2166 153 4.6 0.32 18 803300-Kayamkulam (M) 68634 4477 137 6.52 0.2 19 628256-Haripad (CT) 15588 1137 42 7.29 0.27 20 628257-Kumarapuram (CT) 26943 1182 149 4.39 0.55 21 628258-Karthikappally (CT) 19021 1372 38 7.21 0.2 22 628259-Chingoli (CT) 14981 1428 38 9.53 0.25 23 628260-Cheppad (CT) 20052 2915 73 14.54 0.36 24 628261-Pathiyoor (CT) 23460 2581 110 11 0.47 25 628262-Keerikkad (CT) 10465 964 71 9.21 0.68 26 628263-Muthukulam (CT) 20740 2065 51 9.96 0.25 27 628264-Kandalloor (CT) 19925 1365 47 6.85 0.24 28 628265-Puthuppally (CT) 20390 2423 39 11.88 0.19 29 628266-Krishnapuram (CT) 26705 2802 124 10.49 0.46 30 803301-Chengannur (M) 23466 2588 75 11.03 0.32 31 628276-Mannar (CT) 17067 1691 37 9.91 0.22 32 628277-Kurattissery (CT) 11849 2039 16 17.21 0.14 33 803302-Mavelikkara (M) 26421 3776 27 14.29 0.1 34 628287-Kannamangalam (CT) 23344 4039 90 17.3 0.39 35 628288-Chennithala (CT) 12360 982 11 7.94 0.09 36 628289-Thazhakara (CT) 14596 2475 25 16.96 0.17 37 628290-Bharanikkavu (CT) 15922 2563 22 16.1 0.14 38 628291-Kattanam (CT) 19504 3191 31 16.36 0.16 District (Urban) : 598-Alappuzha 1148146 89280 3613 7.78 0.31

This Table gives the population for the district urban and thirty eight towns of the district along with Scheduled Caste /Scheduled Tribe urban population and their percentage to total population of the town. The proportion of Scheduled Caste and Scheduled Tribe in the urban part of the district is 7.8 per cent and 0.3 per cent respectively. The proportion of Scheduled Tribes is negligible in the district. Regarding the Districts, the percentage of Scheduled Caste population is as high as 18.03 per cent in Ezhupunna Census

82 town and as low as Pathirappally Census town with 2.14 per cent. The proportion of Scheduled Tribe is very minute in all the towns as well. The highest proportion of Scheduled Tribe is registered in Thanneermukkam Census town with Scheduled Tribe population of 218 forming 0.7 per cent of the total population of the town.

Table 18: Sex ratio among scheduled castes and scheduled tribes (rural) in CD Blocks, 2011

Sr.No. Name of C.D.block Scheduled castes sex ratio Scheduled tribes sex ratio 1 2 3 4 1 0104-Veliyanad (Part) 1068 1179 2 0108-Thaikattussery 1058 1019 3 0109-Pattanakkad 1080 1125 4 0110-Kanjikkuzhi 1054 1196 5 0111-Aryad 1178 1056 6 0112-Ambalappuzha 1097 911 7 0113-Champakkulam 1037 936 8 0114-Pulikkeezh (Part) 0 0 9 0115-Haripad 1085 907 10 0116-Muthukulam 1101 1312 11 0117-Chengannur 1078 1161 12 0118-Kulanada (Part) 1545 0 13 0119-Mavelikkara 1089 1024 14 0120-Bharanikkavu (Part) 1074 1011 Total 1075 1056 This Table gives the sex-ratio of the Scheduled Caste and the Scheduled Tribe population for the rural areas of the district and the CD Blocks. The Sex-ratio for Scheduled Caste population is 1075 and the same for Scheduled Tribes is 1056 for the rural part of the District. Among the twelve CD Blocks lying wholly or having major portions within the district, Eight CD Blocks have Scheduled Caste sex-ratio above the corresponding district average, highest among which is recorded in Aryad with a sex-ratio of 1178. Coming to the Scheduled Tribes, the highest sex-ratio of 1312 is recorded in Muthukulam CD Block. Haripad CD Block has registered the lowest Scheduled Tribe sex-ratio of 907 females per 1000 males. Table 19: Sex ratio among scheduled castes and scheduled tribes in towns, 2011

Sr.No. Name of town Scheduled castes sex ratio Scheduled tribes sex ratio

1 2 3 4 1 803298-Cherthala (M) 1131 965 2 628214-Arookutty (CT) 1023 655 3 628215-Aroor (CT) 1031 957 4 628216-Ezhupunna (CT) 1039 1526 5 628217-Kodamthuruth (CT) 1069 1026 6 628218-Thaikattussery (CT) 1038 1263 7 628219-Kuthiathode (CT) 1054 1106 8 628220-Vayalar (CT) 1063 1237 9 628221-Pallippuram (CT) 1051 1034 10 628222-Thanneermukkam (CT) 1085 1037 11 628223-Kokkothamangalam (CT) 960 1091

83 Table 19: Sex ratio among scheduled castes and scheduled tribes in towns, 2011 (Contd…) Sr.No. Name of town Scheduled castes sex ratio Scheduled tribes sex ratio

1 2 3 4 12 628224-Kanjikkuzhi (CT) 1077 917 13 628225-Muhamma (CT) 1056 1082 14 803299-Alappuzha (M + OG) 1072 1144 15 628232-Mannanchery (CT) 999 838 16 628233-Pathirappally (CT) 1089 702 17 628234-Komalapuram (CT) 1041 1096 18 803300-Kayamkulam (M) 1077 827 19 628256-Haripad (CT) 1090 1100 20 628257-Kumarapuram (CT) 1114 1191 21 628258-Karthikappally (CT) 1091 1000 22 628259-Chingoli (CT) 1157 1533 23 628260-Cheppad (CT) 1094 1212 24 628261-Pathiyoor (CT) 1018 897 25 628262-Keerikkad (CT) 1161 1152 26 628263-Muthukulam (CT) 1071 1217 27 628264-Kandalloor (CT) 1103 958 28 628265-Puthuppally (CT) 1101 857 29 628266-Krishnapuram (CT) 1062 1138 30 803301-Chengannur (M) 1102 1344 31 628276-Mannar (CT) 1083 850 32 628277-Kurattissery (CT) 1025 1286 33 803302-Mavelikkara (M) 1032 800 34 628287-Kannamangalam (CT) 1085 1250 35 628288-Chennithala (CT) 1139 1750 36 628289-Thazhakara (CT) 1022 2125 37 628290-Bharanikkavu (CT) 1087 2143 38 628291-Kattanam (CT) 1069 1583 District (Urban): 598-Alappuzha 1065 1082

This Table gives the sex-ratio of the Scheduled Caste and the Scheduled Tribe for the district Urban and the Towns of the district.

The urban part of Alappuzha district is having a Scheduled Caste sex-ratio and Scheduled Tribe sex- ratio of 1065 and 1082 respectively. Among the thirty eight towns of the district, Keerikkad Census town has recorded the highest Scheduled Caste sex-ratio of 1161 females over 1000 males. Kokkothamangalam Census town is having the least sex-ratio of 960 and Mannanchery CT(999) being two towns with Scheduled Caste sex-ratio below 1000.

The Scheduled Tribe sex-ratio is highest in Bharanikkavu Census town among the towns with 2143 closely followed by Thazhakara Census town with 2125. Both the towns have female population more than double of the male population. Arookutty Census Town recorded the lowest Scheduled Tribe sex-ratio of 655.

84 Table 20: Number of literates and illiterates, literacy rate by sex in Taluk, 2011 Sr.No. Name of Taluk Total/ Number of literates and illiterates Literacy rate Gap in Rural/ male- Number of literates Number of illiterates Urban female Persons Males Females Persons Males Females Persons Males Females literacy rate 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 1 05673-Cherthala Total 471845 234771 237074 70812 30812 40000 95.46 97.55 93.5 4.08

Rural 167852 83552 84300 25793 11471 14322 95.27 97.22 93.4 3.8

Urban 303993 151219 152774 45019 19341 25678 95.56 97.73 93.5 4.23

2 05674-Ambalappuzha Total 393765 192673 201092 61099 27744 33355 95.7 97.27 94.2 3.03

Rural 91894 45005 46889 15269 6908 8361 95.11 96.71 93.6 3.09

Urban 301871 147668 154203 45830 20836 24994 95.88 97.45 94.4 3.02

3 05675-Kuttanad Total 170249 82109 88140 22758 10904 11854 97.64 98.32 97 1.31

Rural 170249 82109 88140 22758 10904 11854 97.64 98.32 97 1.31

Urban 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

4 05676-Karthikappally Total 349928 164658 185270 56596 24527 32069 94.75 96.74 93 3.7

Rural 101720 48122 53598 17900 7697 10203 94.12 96.25 92.3 3.96

Urban 248208 116536 131672 38696 16830 21866 95 96.95 93.4 3.6

5 05677-Chengannur Total 175453 81254 94199 21966 10097 11869 96.73 97.76 95.9 1.9

Rural 128661 59399 69262 16376 7588 8788 96.59 97.62 95.7 1.88

Urban 46792 21855 24937 5590 2509 3081 97.1 98.14 96.2 1.94

6 05678-Mavelikkara Total 291557 135087 156470 41761 18506 23255 95.63 97.1 94.4 2.71

Rural 192094 89226 102868 29077 12732 16345 95.19 96.83 93.8 3.01

Urban 99463 45861 53602 12684 5774 6910 96.47 97.62 95.5 2.11

District: Alappuzha(598) Total 1852797 890552 962245 274992 122590 152402 95.72 97.36 94.2 3.12

Rural 852470 407413 445057 127173 57300 69873 95.76 97.24 94.4 2.8

Urban 1000327 483139 517188 147819 65290 82529 95.68 97.46 94.1 3.39

The number of literates and illiterates and the percentage of literates by sex and the gap in male/ female literacy rate are given for the district and the Taluks with rural-urban break-up. The literacy rate for the district is 95.7 with a break-up of 95.8 per cent for rural and 95.7 per cent for urban. The rural literacy rate is marginally higher than the urban literacy rate. Similarly the male literacy rate is also higher than the female literacy rate. In both the rural and the urban areas of the District, the literacy rate is above 94 per cent. At the Taluk level, the literacy rate is more than 92 per cent as well. The highest literacy rate of 97.6 per cent is recorded in Kuttanad Taluk, followed by Chengannur Taluk with 96.7 per cent. Only these two taluks have literacy rates higher than the corresponding district average of 95.7 per cent. Same trend is followed in the case of male literates. The gap in male and female literacy rate of the district is 3.1 per cent. This gap is higher in the urban area as compared to the rural area. The highest gap in male-female literacy rate is in Cherthala Taluk (4.1 per cent) with the lowest gap of 1.3 per cent being recorded in Kuttanad Taluk.

85 Table 21: Number of literates and illiterates, literacy rate by sex in CD Blocks (rural), 2011

Sr.No. Name of CD Block Number of literates and illiterates Literacy rate Gap in Number of literates Number of illiterates male- female literacy Persons Males Females Persons Males Females Persons Males Females rate 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 1 0104-Veliyanad (Part) 73643 35796 37847 9810 4712 5098 97.73 98.36 97.14 1.22 2 0108-Thaikattussery 35105 17893 17212 6198 2483 3715 93.97 97.55 90.51 7.04 3 0109-Pattanakkad 70495 34877 35618 10423 4730 5693 95.36 97.06 93.75 3.31 4 0110-Kanjikkuzhi 62252 30782 31470 9172 4258 4914 95.93 97.21 94.71 2.5 5 0111-Aryad 26120 12728 13392 3688 1730 1958 96.42 97.38 95.52 1.86 6 0112-Ambalappuzha 62700 30819 31881 11090 4938 6152 94.55 96.45 92.79 3.66 7 0113-Champakkulam 99597 47731 51866 13425 6426 6999 97.5 98.24 96.84 1.4 8 0114-Pulikkeezh (Part) 83 40 43 14 6 8 97.65 97.56 97.73 -0.17 9 0115-Haripad 77241 36317 40924 13115 5616 7499 94.5 96.58 92.73 3.85 10 0116-Muthukulam 24479 11805 12674 4785 2081 2704 92.95 95.24 90.91 4.33 11 0117-Chengannur 128562 59359 69203 16365 7582 8783 96.59 97.62 95.73 1.89 12 0118-Kulanada (Part) 99 40 59 11 6 5 98.02 97.56 98.33 -0.77 13 0119-Mavelikkara 73414 33799 39615 9729 4396 5333 96.37 97.51 95.43 2.08 14 0120-Bharanikkavu (Part) 118680 55427 63253 19348 8336 11012 94.48 96.42 92.84 3.58 Total 852470 407413 445057 127173 57300 69873 95.76 97.24 94.44 2.8

This Table gives the number of literates and illiterates and the percentage of literates by sex and the gap in male-female literacy rates for the rural areas of the district and the CD Blocks. The rural literacy rate of the district is 95.8 per cent with a break-up of 97.2 per cent for males and 94.4 per cent for females. The male literacy rate is higher than the female literacy rate in the district. Among the twelve CD Blocks lying wholly or having major portions within the district, most of them have rural literacy rate above 95 per cent. Veliyanad(part) with 97.7 per cent has the highest rural literacy rate among the CD Blocks. Muthukulam CD Block has the lowest of 93 percentage of literates. Male literacy rate is highest in Veliyanad(part) with 98.4 per cent. All the CD Blocks have male literacy rate above 95 per cent. Female literacy rate is again highest in Veliyanad(part) with 97.1 per cent literates in the CD Block. The gap in rural male-female literacy rate of the district is 2.8 per cent. This gap is maximum in Thaikattussery CD Block (7 per cent) and on the contrary, female literacy rate is higher than the male literacy rate in two CD Blocks showing the negative figures in literacy gap.

Table 22: Distribution of villages by literacy rate range, 2011

Range of literacy rate for villages Number of Percentage Population Percentage distribution inhabited villages distribution of of population villages 1 2 3 4 5 0 0 0.00 0 0.00 1 - 10 0 0.00 0 0.00 11 - 20 0 0.00 0 0.00 21 - 30 0 0.00 0 0.00 31 - 40 0 0.00 0 0.00 41 - 50 0 0.00 0 0.00

86 Table 22: Distribution of villages by literacy rate range, 2011 (Contd…)

Range of literacy rate for villages Number of Percentage Population Percentage distribution inhabited villages distribution of of population villages 1 2 3 4 5 51 - 60 0 0.00 0 0.00 61 - 70 0 0.00 0 0.00 71 - 80 0 0.00 0 0.00 81 - 90 0 0.00 0 0.00 91 - 99 51 100.00 979643 100.00 100 0 0.00 0 0.00 District:Alappuzha(598) 51 100.00 979643 100.00

Literacy rate for District: 95.76

The table shows the distribution of villages according to their literacy rates. The villages of the district are classified in 12 ranges of literacy rate starting from nil to cent per cent literacy rate. This table for Allappuzha district shows that all the fifty one villages of the district have literacy rate in the range of 91 to 99 which indicates that cent per cent villages of the district fall in the literacy range of 91-99.

Table 23: Number of literates and illiterates, literacy rate by sex in towns, 2011

Sr. No. Name of town Number of literates and illiterates Literacy rate Gap in Number of literates Number of illiterates male- Persons Males Females Persons Males Females Persons Males Females female literacy rate 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 1 803298-Cherthala (M) 40594 19819 20775 5233 2373 2860 97.02 98.58 95.59 2.99

2 628214-Arookutty (CT) 16132 8295 7837 3279 1355 1924 93.29 96.89 89.76 7.13

3 628215-Aroor (CT) 34104 17203 16901 5110 2228 2882 95.81 97.99 93.68 4.31

4 628216-Ezhupunna (CT) 23545 11841 11704 3983 1637 2346 93.95 96.91 91.14 5.77

5 628217-Kodamthuruth (CT) 18385 9207 9178 2910 1158 1752 94.44 97.25 91.78 5.47

6 628218-Thaikattussery (CT) 17985 9076 8909 2889 1166 1723 94.82 97.48 92.26 5.22

7 628219-Kuthiathode (CT) 20083 9966 10117 3586 1517 2069 93.4 95.88 91.09 4.79

8 628220-Vayalar (CT) 22011 10783 11228 2793 1231 1562 96.43 98.11 94.86 3.25

9 628221-Pallippuram (CT) 24467 12296 12171 3809 1597 2212 95.1 97.54 92.75 4.79

10 628222-Thanneermukkam (CT) 27808 13743 14065 3717 1606 2111 96.13 98.12 94.26 3.86

11 628223-Kokkothamangalam (CT) 14949 7407 7542 2098 937 1161 95.83 97.68 94.09 3.59

12 628224-Kanjikkuzhi (CT) 21138 10405 10733 2543 1161 1382 97.64 98.87 96.47 2.4

13 628225-Muhamma (CT) 22792 11178 11614 3069 1375 1694 96.32 98.03 94.72 3.31

14 803299-Alappuzha (M + OG) 209201 101927 107274 31790 14512 17278 95.81 97.3 94.43 2.87

15 628232-Mannanchery (CT) 27336 13534 13802 4803 2065 2738 95.06 97.54 92.74 4.8

16 628233-Pathirappally (CT) 23977 11851 12126 3468 1674 1794 96.47 97.52 95.47 2.05

17 628234-Komalapuram (CT) 41357 20356 21001 5769 2585 3184 96.47 98.08 94.95 3.13

18 803300-Kayamkulam (M) 58519 28269 30250 10115 4515 5600 94.81 96.72 93.1 3.62

87 Table 23: Number of literates and illiterates, literacy rate by sex in towns, 2011 (Contd…)

Sr. No. Name of town Number of literates and illiterates Literacy rate Gap in Number of literates Number of illiterates male- female Persons Males Females Persons Males Females Persons Males Females literacy rate

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

19 628256-Haripad (CT) 13829 6451 7378 1759 811 948 96.88 98.1 95.84 2.26

20 628257-Kumarapuram (CT) 23386 10902 12484 3557 1495 2062 95.21 97.43 93.35 4.08

21 628258-Karthikappally (CT) 16341 7810 8531 2680 1102 1578 93.72 96.47 91.34 5.13

22 628259-Chingoli (CT) 12825 5962 6863 2156 939 1217 93.87 96.25 91.9 4.35

23 628260-Cheppad (CT) 17769 8205 9564 2283 960 1323 96.2 97.61 95.02 2.59

24 628261-Pathiyoor (CT) 20318 9531 10787 3142 1408 1734 94.86 96.79 93.21 3.58

25 628262-Keerikkad (CT) 9113 4249 4864 1352 570 782 95.26 96.99 93.81 3.18

26 628263-Muthukulam (CT) 18208 8331 9877 2532 1143 1389 95.73 97.48 94.29 3.19

27 628264-Kandalloor (CT) 17433 8044 9389 2492 1024 1468 95.26 97.17 93.68 3.49

28 628265-Puthuppally (CT) 17818 8076 9742 2572 1103 1469 95.55 97.07 94.34 2.73

29 628266-Krishnapuram (CT) 22649 10706 11943 4056 1760 2296 93.66 96.1 91.57 4.53

30 803301-Chengannur (M) 21299 9932 11367 2167 1001 1166 97.82 98.35 97.36 0.99

31 628276-Mannar (CT) 15120 7032 8088 1947 837 1110 96.39 97.79 95.21 2.58

32 628277-Kurattissery (CT) 10373 4891 5482 1476 671 805 96.67 98.23 95.32 2.91

33 803302-Mavelikkara (M) 23621 10785 12836 2800 1285 1515 96.9 97.78 96.17 1.61

34 628287-Kannamangalam (CT) 20647 9633 11014 2697 1240 1457 95.91 97.1 94.89 2.21

35 628288-Chennithala (CT) 11009 5079 5930 1351 640 711 96.96 98.18 95.94 2.24

36 628289-Thazhakara (CT) 13118 6042 7076 1478 677 801 97.29 98.05 96.65 1.4

37 628290-Bharanikkavu (CT) 14102 6466 7636 1820 799 1021 96.73 97.97 95.71 2.26

38 628291-Kattanam (CT) 16966 7856 9110 2538 1133 1405 95.42 97.08 94.03 3.05

District (Urban): Alappuzha(598) 1000327 483139 517188 147819 65290 82529 95.68 97.46 94.07 3.39

The number of literates and illiterates and the percentage of literates by sex and the gap in male/ female literacy rate are given for the district Urban and the towns of the district in Table No. 23. The urban literacy rate of the district is 95.7 per cent with a break-up of 97.5 per cent for males and 94.1 per cent for females. As it is seen, the male urban literacy rate is higher than the female urban literacy rate. Among the thirty eight towns of the district, the highest literacy rate of 97.8 per cent is registered in Chengannur(M) followed by 97.6 per cent in Kanjikkuzhi Census town. Arookutty census town has the lowest percentage of literates (93.3 per cent). The gap in male-female urban literacy rate of the district is 3.4 per cent. The gap is 7 per cent or above in one Town. The highest gap in male-female urban literacy rate is in Arookutty Census Town (7.1 per cent) followed by Ezhupunna Census Town with 5.8 per cent.

88 Table 24: Number of scheduled castes literates and illiterates, literacy rate by sex in CD Blocks, 2011

Sr.No. Name of CD Block Number of literates and illiterates Literacy rate Gap in Number of literates Number of illiterates male- female literacy Persons Males Females Persons Males Females Persons Males Females rate 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 1 0104-Veliyanad (Part) 6011 2944 3067 1035 463 572 96.24 97.84 94.75 3.09 2 0108-Thaikattussery 3626 1846 1780 770 290 480 91.11 96.1 86.45 9.65 3 0109-Pattanakkad 5611 2784 2827 1237 509 728 89.73 93.52 86.29 7.23 4 0110-Kanjikkuzhi 3538 1751 1787 522 226 296 95.67 97.99 93.51 4.48 5 0111-Aryad 1091 506 585 168 72 96 94.7 96.75 93 3.75 6 0112-Ambalappuzha 3476 1695 1781 636 266 370 94.43 96.8 92.28 4.52 7 0113-Champakkulam 9298 4608 4690 1623 753 870 95.23 97.17 93.39 3.78 8 0115-Haripad 8707 4302 4405 1717 698 1019 92.84 96.07 89.88 6.19 9 0116-Muthukulam 961 465 496 205 90 115 89.4 91 87.94 3.06 10 0117-Chengannur 21738 10646 11092 3628 1561 2067 94.24 96.61 92.07 4.54 11 0118-Kulanada (Part) 27 11 16 1 0 1 96.43 100 94.12 5.88 12 0119-Mavelikkara 12304 6023 6281 2029 837 1192 94.21 96.58 92.04 4.54 13 0120-Bharanikkavu (Part) 18280 9080 9200 3692 1515 2177 91.31 94.62 88.26 6.36 Total 94668 46661 48007 17263 7280 9983 93.36 96.09 90.85 5.24

The number of Scheduled Caste literates and illiterates and the percentage of Scheduled Caste literates and the gap in Scheduled Caste male-female literates are given for the rural area of the district and the CD Blocks. As there is no Scheduled Caste population in Pulikkeezh (Part) CD Block, it is not included in this table. The Scheduled Caste rural literacy rate of the district is 93.4 per cent with a break-up of 96.1 per cent for males and 90.9 per cent for females. Among the twelve CD Blocks lying wholly or having major portions within the district, the highest Scheduled Caste rural literacy rate of 96.2 per cent is in Veliyanad(part) and the least is registered in Muthukulam CD Block with 89.4 per cent. The rural male literacy rate is higher than the female rural literacy rate in all the CD Blocks. The gap in Scheduled Caste rural male-female literacy rate is 5.2 per cent. This gap is highest with nearly 10 per cent in Thaikattussery CD Block. The lowest variation between male-female literacy rate of 3.06 per cent is in Muthukulam CD Block. Table 25: Distribution of villages by literacy rate range for scheduled castes population (rural), 2011

Range of literacy rate for Number of inhabited Percentage Scheduled castes Percentage villages villages having distribution of population distribution of Scheduled castes villages population 1 2 3 4 5 0 0 0.00 0 0.00 1 - 10 0 0.00 0 0.00 11 - 20 0 0.00 0 0.00 21 - 30 0 0.00 0 0.00 31 - 40 0 0.00 0 0.00 41 - 50 0 0.00 0 0.00 51 - 60 0 0.00 0 0.00

89 Table 25: Distribution of villages by literacy rate range for scheduled castes population (rural), 2011 (Contd…)

Range of literacy rate for Number of inhabited Percentage Scheduled castes Percentage villages villages having distribution of population distribution of Scheduled castes villages population

1 2 3 4 5

61 - 70 0 0.00 0 0.00 71 - 80 0 0.00 0 0.00 81 - 90 6 11.76 17984 16.07 91 - 99 44 86.27 93921 83.91 100 1 1.96 26 0.02 Total 51 100.00 111931 100.00 District Scheduled castes 93.36 Literacy rate:

This table shows the classification of number of village according to the Scheduled Caste literacy rate their percentage, the related Scheduled Caste rural population and its percentage to the total SC rural population of the District. The distribution shows that a maximum number of 44 villages out of 51 in the district have literacy rate for Schedule Caste population in the range of 91-99 per cent. Together these villages cover 83.9 per cent SC population. Six villages with 16.1 per cent Scheduled Caste population are having SC literacy rate in between 81-90 per cent. Only one village of Alapuuzha district with merely 26 Scheduled Caste population(0.02 per cent) is having cent per cent literacy rate.

Table 26: Number of scheduled castes literates and illiterates, literacy rate by sex in towns, 2011

Sr.No. Name of Town Number of literates and illiterates Literacy rate Gap in Number of literates Number of illiterates male- Persons Males Females Persons Males Females Persons Males Females female literacy rate 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 1 803298-Cherthala (M) 1351 634 717 179 84 95 97.33 98.91 95.98 2.93 2 628214-Arookutty (CT) 1359 700 659 306 123 183 89.35 93.71 85.14 8.57 3 628215-Aroor (CT) 3728 1906 1822 650 250 400 92.81 96.8 88.96 7.84 4 628216-Ezhupunna (CT) 4030 2083 1947 934 351 583 89.08 94.34 84.07 10.27 5 628217-Kodamthuruth (CT) 3026 1550 1476 682 242 440 89.93 94.92 85.22 9.7 6 628218-Thaikattussery (CT) 2039 1049 990 360 128 232 92.89 96.86 89.03 7.83 7 628219-Kuthiathode (CT) 1468 748 720 387 155 232 87.9 93.03 83.14 9.89 8 628220-Vayalar (CT) 2034 1009 1025 326 135 191 94.21 96.65 91.93 4.72 9 628221-Pallippuram (CT) 2710 1373 1337 486 185 301 93.13 97.03 89.43 7.6 10 628222-Thanneermukkam (CT) 1026 504 522 158 64 94 95.53 97.49 93.72 3.77 11 628223-Kokkothamangalam (CT) 475 247 228 58 25 33 96.15 97.24 95 2.24 12 628224-Kanjikkuzhi (CT) 1261 612 649 191 87 104 96.41 98.71 94.33 4.38 13 628225-Muhamma (CT) 1298 646 652 197 81 116 94.4 97 91.96 5.04 14 803299-Alappuzha (M + OG) 4926 2390 2536 684 317 367 95.69 96.92 94.56 2.36 15 628232-Mannanchery (CT) 1823 920 903 320 152 168 94.85 96.84 92.9 3.94

90 Table 26: Number of scheduled castes literates and illiterates, literacy rate by sex in towns, 2011 (Contd…)

Sr.No. Name of Town Number of literates and illiterates Literacy rate Gap in male- Number of literates Number of illiterates female Persons Males Females Persons Males Females Persons Males Females literacy rate 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

16 628233-Pathirappally (CT) 534 259 275 53 22 31 97.8 98.85 96.83 2.02 17 628234-Komalapuram (CT) 1863 923 940 303 138 165 95.49 97.47 93.63 3.84 18 803300-Kayamkulam (M) 3826 1889 1937 651 267 384 93.59 96.08 91.28 4.8 19 628256-Haripad (CT) 990 478 512 147 66 81 94.83 97.35 92.59 4.76 20 628257-Kumarapuram (CT) 1015 498 517 167 61 106 93.03 96.51 89.91 6.6 21 628258-Karthikappally (CT) 1131 559 572 241 97 144 90.99 94.43 87.86 6.57 22 628259-Chingoli (CT) 1152 546 606 276 116 160 89.72 93.02 86.94 6.08 23 628260-Cheppad (CT) 2544 1220 1324 371 172 199 94.64 96.29 93.17 3.12 24 628261-Pathiyoor (CT) 2149 1088 1061 432 191 241 91.06 93.55 88.64 4.91 25 628262-Keerikkad (CT) 820 383 437 144 63 81 92.76 93.87 91.81 2.06 26 628263-Muthukulam (CT) 1774 873 901 291 124 167 94.06 96.89 91.47 5.42 27 628264-Kandalloor (CT) 1142 550 592 223 99 124 91.51 94.02 89.29 4.73 28 628265-Puthuppally (CT) 2032 988 1044 391 165 226 92.32 95 89.92 5.08 29 628266-Krishnapuram (CT) 2355 1183 1172 447 176 271 92.24 95.4 89.26 6.14 30 803301-Chengannur (M) 2258 1093 1165 330 138 192 95.68 97.42 94.1 3.32 31 628276-Mannar (CT) 1439 711 728 252 101 151 93.5 97.13 90.21 6.92 32 628277-Kurattissery (CT) 1718 867 851 321 140 181 94.34 97.53 91.31 6.22 33 803302-Mavelikkara (M) 3235 1618 1617 541 240 301 94.34 96.77 92.03 4.74 34 628287-Kannamangalam (CT) 3422 1673 1749 617 264 353 92.34 94.84 90.06 4.78 35 628288-Chennithala (CT) 847 400 447 135 59 76 94.74 97.09 92.74 4.35 36 628289-Thazhakara (CT) 2149 1075 1074 326 149 177 94.84 96.67 93.07 3.6 37 628290-Bharanikkavu (CT) 2204 1078 1126 359 150 209 94.27 97.03 91.77 5.26 38 628291-Kattanam (CT) 2688 1333 1355 503 209 294 92.21 95.08 89.56 5.52 District: Alappuzha (598) 75841 37656 38185 13439 5586 7853 93.17 96.07 90.47 5.6

The number of Scheduled Caste literates and illiterates and the percentage of Scheduled Caste literates by sex and the gap in Scheduled Caste male/female literacy rate are given for the district Urban and the Towns. The district Urban literacy rate for the Scheduled Caste is 93.2 per cent with 96.1 per cent for males and 90.5 per cent for females. The male SC literacy rate is higher than female SC literacy rates for towns as well as district urban. Among the towns, the highest Scheduled Caste literacy rate of 97.8 is registered in Pathirappally Census Town. With a Scheduled Caste literacy rate of only 87.9 per cent , Kuthiathode Census town registered the lowest literacy rate. The gap in Scheduled Caste male-female urban literacy rate in the district is 5.6 per cent. This gap is as high as 10.3 per cent in Ezhupunna Census town followed by Kuthiathode Census town with 9.9 per cent and as low as 2.02 per cent in Pathirappally Census town.

91 Table 27: Number and percentage of scheduled tribes literates and illiterates by sex in CD Blocks, 2011 Sr.No. Name of CD Block Number of literates and illiterates Literacy rate Gap in Number of literates Number of illiterates male- Persons Males Females Persons Males Females Persons Males Females female literacy rate 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 1 0104-Veliyanad (Part) 163 73 90 20 11 9 97.6 96.05 98.9 -2.85 2 0108-Thaikattussery 182 94 88 32 12 20 91 94 88 6 3 0109-Pattanakkad 221 107 114 51 21 30 90.2 93.86 87.02 6.84 4 0110-Kanjikkuzhi 371 183 188 110 36 74 85.09 90.59 80.34 10.25 5 0111-Aryad 124 61 63 22 10 12 92.54 92.42 92.65 -0.23 6 0112-Ambalappuzha 265 139 126 79 41 38 86.32 87.97 84.56 3.41 7 0113-Champakkulam 185 93 92 28 17 11 97.37 96.88 97.87 -0.99 8 0115-Haripad 173 87 86 33 21 12 93.01 92.55 93.48 -0.93 9 0116-Muthukulam 28 14 14 9 2 7 84.85 100 73.68 26.32 10 0117-Chengannur 290 141 149 45 14 31 92.95 96.58 89.76 6.82 11 0119-Mavelikkara 146 70 76 20 12 8 94.19 95.89 92.68 3.21 12 0120-Bharanikkavu (Part) 284 137 147 80 44 36 85.29 86.16 84.48 1.68 Total 2432 1199 1233 529 241 288 90.14 92.37 88.07 4.3

The number of Scheduled Tribe literates, illiterates and their percentage by sex and the gap in Scheduled Tribe male-female literacy rate are given for the rural areas of the district and the CD Blocks. As there are no Scheduled Tribe population in Pulikkeezh (Part) and Kulanada (Part) CD Blocks, these are not included in this table. The Scheduled Tribe rural literacy rate of the district is 90.1 per cent. The male and female literacy rate for Scheduled Tribe population is 92.4 and 88.1 per cent respectively. Among the twelve CD Blocks lying wholly or having major portions within the district, the highest ST literacy rate of 97.6 per cent is registered in Veliyanad(part) CD Block and the lowest is recorded in Muthukulam CD Blcok with 84.9 per cent. It is significant to note that among the Scheduled Tribes, the female literacy rate is higher than male literacy rate in four CD Blocks. The gap in Scheduled Tribe rural male-female literacy rate is 4.3 per cent. Four CD Blocks have negative figure for this gap where female literacy rate is higher than males as indicated above. The highest variation between male and female literacy rate is in Muthukulam CD Block with 26.3 per cent. Table 28: Distribution of villages by literacy rate range for scheduled tribes population (rural), 2011 Range of literacy rate for Number of inhabited Percentage Scheduled tribes Percentage villages villages having distribution of villages population distribution of Scheduled tribes population 1 2 3 4 5 0 0 0.00 0 0.00 1 - 10 0 0.00 0 0.00 11 - 20 0 0.00 0 0.00 21 - 30 0 0.00 0 0.00 31 - 40 0 0.00 0 0.00 41 - 50 0 0.00 0 0.00 51 - 60 0 0.00 0 0.00 61 - 70 1 2.00 137 4.63 71 - 80 2 4.00 215 7.26 81 - 90 14 28.00 1169 39.48 91 - 99 20 40.00 1150 38.84 100 13 26.00 290 9.79 District: Alappuzha(598) 50 100.00 2961 100.00 Literacy rate for District: 90.14

92 This table shows the classification of number of village according to the Scheduled Tribe literacy rate their percentage, the related Scheduled Tribe rural population and its percentage to the total ST rural population of the district. The Scheduled Tribe rural literacy rate of the district is 90.1 per cent which is almost 13 per cent more than last Census (77.2%). A maximum of 20 villages(40 %) covering almost 39 per cent ST population have literacy rate in the range of 91-99 per cent. 14 villages with 39.5 per cent Scheduled Tribe population have their literacy rate for ST population in between 81-90 per cent. There are 13 such villages which have cent per cent ST literacy rate. These villages cover only 10 per cent ST population. Two villages having 7.3 per cent population have ST literacy rate in between 71-80 per cent. There is only one village with ST literacy rate in the range of 61-70 per cent. Table 29: Number and percentage of scheduled tribe literates and illiterates by sex in towns, 2011

Sr.No. Name of town Number of Literates and Illiterates Literacy rate Gap in Number of literates Number of illiterates male- Persons Males Females Persons Males Females Persons Males Females female literacy rate 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 1 803298-Cherthala (M) 98 52 46 14 5 9 97.03 98.11 95.83 2.28 2 628214-Arookutty (CT) 40 24 16 8 5 3 88.89 88.89 88.89 0 3 628215-Aroor (CT) 159 82 77 25 12 13 92.98 94.25 91.67 2.58 4 628216-Ezhupunna (CT) 82 35 47 14 3 11 91.11 97.22 87.04 10.18 5 628217-Kodamthuruth (CT) 70 33 37 7 5 2 98.59 97.06 100 -2.94 6 628218-Thaikattussery (CT) 73 34 39 13 4 9 92.41 97.14 88.64 8.5 7 628219-Kuthiathode (CT) 72 34 38 27 13 14 80 79.07 80.85 -1.78 8 628220-Vayalar (CT) 63 31 32 22 7 15 77.78 88.57 69.57 19 9 628221-Pallippuram (CT) 92 48 44 28 11 17 82.14 90.57 74.58 15.99 10 628222-Thanneermukkam (CT) 174 88 86 44 19 25 84.47 87.13 81.9 5.23 11 628223-Kokkothamangalam (CT) 73 34 39 19 10 9 89.02 89.47 88.64 0.83 12 628224-Kanjikkuzhi (CT) 40 23 17 6 1 5 93.02 100 85 15 13 628225-Muhamma (CT) 102 50 52 25 11 14 89.47 89.29 89.66 -0.37 14 803299-Alappuzha (M + OG) 539 256 283 130 56 74 88.22 91.1 85.76 5.34 15 628232-Mannanchery (CT) 56 33 23 12 4 8 91.8 97.06 85.19 11.87 16 628233-Pathirappally (CT) 72 41 31 8 6 2 94.74 95.35 93.94 1.41 17 628234-Komalapuram (CT) 129 64 65 24 9 15 90.85 95.52 86.67 8.85 18 803300-Kayamkulam (M) 115 63 52 22 12 10 95.04 94.03 96.3 -2.27 19 628256-Haripad (CT) 35 16 19 7 4 3 94.59 88.89 100 -11.11 20 628257-Kumarapuram (CT) 121 56 65 28 12 16 90.3 94.92 86.67 8.25 21 628258-Karthikappally (CT) 35 16 19 3 3 0 94.59 88.89 100 -11.11 22 628259-Chingoli (CT) 34 14 20 4 1 3 94.44 100 90.91 9.09 23 628260-Cheppad (CT) 66 31 35 7 2 5 94.29 96.88 92.11 4.77 24 628261-Pathiyoor (CT) 94 53 41 16 5 11 87.85 94.64 80.39 14.25 25 628262-Keerikkad (CT) 63 31 32 8 2 6 94.03 100 88.89 11.11 26 628263-Muthukulam (CT) 43 21 22 8 2 6 95.56 95.45 95.65 -0.2 27 628264-Kandalloor (CT) 36 19 17 11 5 6 87.8 95 80.95 14.05 28 628265-Puthuppally (CT) 38 21 17 1 0 1 97.44 100 94.44 5.56 29 628266-Krishnapuram (CT) 92 47 45 32 11 21 84.4 92.16 77.59 14.57

93 Table 29: Number and percentage of scheduled tribe literates and illiterates by sex in towns, 2011 (Contd…)

Sr.No. Name of town Number of Literates and Illiterates Literacy rate Gap in Number of literates Number of illiterates male- Persons Males Females Persons Males Females Persons Males Females female literacy rate 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 30 803301-Chengannur (M) 67 27 40 8 5 3 93.06 93.1 93.02 0.08 31 628276-Mannar (CT) 29 15 14 8 5 3 87.88 88.24 87.5 0.74 32 628277-Kurattissery (CT) 14 5 9 2 2 0 100 100 100 0 33 803302-Mavelikkara (M) 24 13 11 3 2 1 92.31 92.86 91.67 1.19 34 628287-Kannamangalam (CT) 71 32 39 19 8 11 88.75 91.43 86.67 4.76 35 628288-Chennithala (CT) 10 4 6 1 0 1 90.91 100 85.71 14.29 36 628289-Thazhakara (CT) 23 8 15 2 0 2 100 100 100 0 37 628290-Bharanikkavu (CT) 16 4 12 6 3 3 88.89 80 92.31 -12.31 38 628291-Kattanam (CT) 25 11 14 6 1 5 89.29 100 82.35 17.65 District (Urban): Alappuzha(598) 2985 1469 1516 628 266 362 89.83 92.8 87.13 5.67

This Table gives the number of Scheduled Tribe literates, illiterates and literacy rate by sex along with the gap in Scheduled Tribe male-female literacy rate for the District Urban and the Towns. The Scheduled Tribe urban literacy rate of the District is 89.8 per cent with break-up of 92.8 per cent for males and 87.1 per cent for females. The male literacy rate of Scheduled Tribes is higher than the female literacy rate in the District. The highest number of Scheduled Tribe literates (539) is in Alappuzha Municipality and its out-growth, forming literate percentage of 88.2. The Scheduled Tribe literacy rate is highest in Kodamthuth Census town with 98.6 per cent and the lowest Scheduled Tribe literacy rate of 77.8 per cent is recorded in Vayalar Census town. Eight towns have cent per cent ST male literacy rate whereas five towns have cent percent female literacy rate. The gap in male and female literacy rate for Scheduled Tribes is 5.7 per cent with the highest variation in Kattanam Census town with 17.7 per cent. Eight towns have female literacy rate more than male literacy for ST population resulting in negative figures for this gap. Three towns have no gap in ST male and female literacy rate.

Table 30: Number and percentage of main workers, marginal workers, and non-workers by sex in Taluk, 2011

Sr.No. Name of Persons Total Main workers Marginal workers Total workers Non workers Taluk / Males/ population (main and Females marginal workers) Number Percent- Number Percent- Number Percent- Number Percent- age age age age 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 1 05673- Persons 542657 193399 35.64 54651 10.07 248050 45.71 294607 54.29 Cherthala Males 265583 131514 49.52 23118 8.70 154632 58.22 110951 41.78 Females 277074 61885 22.34 31533 11.38 93418 33.72 183656 66.28 2 05674- Persons 454864 136380 29.98 35452 7.79 171832 37.78 283032 62.22 Ambalappuzha Males 220417 104262 47.30 15376 6.98 119638 54.28 100779 45.72 Females 234447 32118 13.70 20076 8.56 52194 22.26 182253 77.74

94 Table 30: Number and percentage of main workers, marginal workers, and non-workers by sex in Taluk, 2011 (Contd…) Sr.No. Name of Persons Total Main workers Marginal workers Total workers Non workers Taluk / Males/ population (main and Females marginal workers) Number Percent- Number Percent- Number Percent- Number Percent- age age age age 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 3 05675- Persons 193007 49148 25.46 23954 12.41 73102 37.88 119905 62.12 Kuttanad Males 93013 37010 39.79 12168 13.08 49178 52.87 43835 47.13 Females 99994 12138 12.14 11786 11.79 23924 23.93 76070 76.07 4 05676- Persons 406524 99609 24.50 45561 11.21 145170 35.71 261354 64.29 Karthikappally Males 189185 72705 38.43 23050 12.18 95755 50.61 93430 49.39 Females 217339 26904 12.38 22511 10.36 49415 22.74 167924 77.26 5 05677- Persons 197419 41272 20.91 19240 9.75 60512 30.65 136907 69.35 Chengannur Males 91351 31347 34.31 11738 12.85 43085 47.16 48266 52.84 Females 106068 9925 9.36 7502 7.07 17427 16.43 88641 83.57 6 05678- Persons 333318 76579 22.97 29226 8.77 105805 31.74 227513 68.26 Mavelikkara Males 153593 57553 37.47 16897 11.00 74450 48.47 79143 51.53 Females 179725 19026 10.59 12329 6.86 31355 17.45 148370 82.55 District: Persons 2127789 596387 28.03 208084 9.78 804471 37.81 1323318 62.19 Alappuzha Males 1013142 434391 42.88 102347 10.10 536738 52.98 476404 47.02 (598) Females 1114647 161996 14.53 105737 9.49 267733 24.02 846914 75.98

This Table presents the number and the percentage of total workers, main workers, marginal workers and non-workers by sex for the district and the Taluks. The percentage of total workers in the district is 37.8 per cent. Of them, 28 per cent are main workers and 9.8 per cent are marginal workers. Male workers have higher percentage than females in case of both main and marginal workers which in turn makes female worker proportion higher in non-worker category. Non-workers constitute 62.2 per cent of total population. At the taluk level, the percentage of total workers is the highest in Cherthala Taluk (45.7 per cent) and the lowest in Chengannur Taluk (30.7 per cent). The percentage of main workers is highest in Cherthala Taluk as well with 35.6 per cent but for marginal workers, the proportion is highest in Kuttanad Taluk with 12.4 per cent. As regards the category of non-workers, the proportion is maximum in Chengannur Taluk(69.4 per cent).

Table 31: Number and percentage of main workers, marginal workers and non-workers by Sex in CD Blocks, 2011

Sr. No. Name of CD Persons Total Main workers Marginal workers Total workers Non workers Block / Males/ population (main and Females marginal workers) Number Percent- Number Percent- Number Percent- Number Percent- age age age age 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 1 0104- Persons 83453 21510 25.77 10806 12.95 32316 38.72 51137 61.28 Veliyanad Males 40508 16589 40.95 5170 12.76 21759 53.72 18749 46.28 (Part) Females 42945 4921 11.46 5636 13.12 10557 24.58 32388 75.42

95 Table 31: Number and percentage of main workers, marginal workers and non-workers by Sex in CD Blocks, 2011 (Contd…) Sr. No. Name of CD Persons Total Main workers Marginal workers Total workers Non workers Block / Males/ population (main and Females marginal workers) Number Percent- Number Percent- Number Percent- Number Percent- age age age age 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 2 0108- Persons 41303 15047 36.43 3940 9.54 18987 45.97 22316 54.03 Thaikattussery Males 20376 10565 51.85 1687 8.28 12252 60.13 8124 39.87 Females 20927 4482 21.42 2253 10.77 6735 32.18 14192 67.82 3 0109- Persons 80918 29923 36.98 8823 10.90 38746 47.88 42172 52.12 Pattanakkad Males 39607 19759 49.89 3549 8.96 23308 58.85 16299 41.15 Females 41311 10164 24.60 5274 12.77 15438 37.37 25873 62.63 4 0110- Persons 71424 24735 34.63 8631 12.08 33366 46.72 38058 53.28 Kanjikkuzhi Males 35040 17190 49.06 3196 9.12 20386 58.18 14654 41.82 Females 36384 7545 20.74 5435 14.94 12980 35.68 23404 64.32 5 0111-Aryad Persons 29808 9948 33.37 3268 10.96 13216 44.34 16592 55.66 Males 14458 7242 50.09 1171 8.10 8413 58.19 6045 41.81 Females 15350 2706 17.63 2097 13.66 4803 31.29 10547 68.71 6 0112- Persons 73790 22436 30.41 7204 9.76 29640 40.17 44150 59.83 Ambalappuzha Males 35757 16332 45.67 2779 7.77 19111 53.45 16646 46.55 Females 38033 6104 16.05 4425 11.63 10529 27.68 27504 72.32 7 0113- Persons 113022 28458 25.18 13605 12.04 42063 37.22 70959 62.78 Champakkula Males 54157 21011 38.80 7243 13.37 28254 52.17 25903 47.83 m Females 58865 7447 12.65 6362 10.81 13809 23.46 45056 76.54 8 0114- Persons 97 21 21.65 17 17.53 38 39.18 59 60.82 Pulikkeezh Males 46 18 39.13 9 19.57 27 58.70 19 41.30 (Part) Females 51 3 5.88 8 15.69 11 21.57 40 78.43 9 0115-Haripad Persons 90356 23849 26.39 11228 12.43 35077 38.82 55279 61.18 Males 41933 16367 39.03 5380 12.83 21747 51.86 20186 48.14 Females 48423 7482 15.45 5848 12.08 13330 27.53 35093 72.47 10 0116- Persons 29264 8594 29.37 4267 14.58 12861 43.95 16403 56.05 Muthukulam Males 13886 6278 45.21 1322 9.52 7600 54.73 6286 45.27 Females 15378 2316 15.06 2945 19.15 5261 34.21 10117 65.79 11 0117- Persons 144927 28887 19.93 15181 10.47 44068 30.41 100859 69.59 Chengannur Males 66941 21985 32.84 9343 13.96 31328 46.80 35613 53.20 Females 77986 6902 8.85 5838 7.49 12740 16.34 65246 83.66 12 0118- Persons 110 5 4.55 22 20.00 27 24.55 83 75.45 Kulanada Males 46 3 6.52 18 39.13 21 45.65 25 54.35 (Part) Females 64 2 3.12 4 6.25 6 9.38 58 90.62 13 0119- Persons 83143 19140 23.02 7262 8.73 26402 31.75 56741 68.25 Mavelikkara Males 38195 14358 37.59 4212 11.03 18570 48.62 19625 51.38 Females 44948 4782 10.64 3050 6.79 7832 17.42 37116 82.58 14 0120- Persons 138028 31241 22.63 13394 9.70 44635 32.34 93393 67.66 Bharanikkavu Males 63763 23575 36.97 7834 12.29 31409 49.26 32354 50.74 (Part) Females 74265 7666 10.32 5560 7.49 13226 17.81 61039 82.19 Total Persons 979643 263794 26.93 107648 10.99 371442 37.92 608201 62.08 Males 464713 191272 41.16 52913 11.39 244185 52.55 220528 47.45 Females 514930 72522 14.08 54735 10.63 127257 24.71 387673 75.29

96 This Table provides the number and percentage of total workers along with main, marginal and non- workers and by sex for the rural areas of the district and the CD Blocks. Male workers have higher percentage than females in case of both main and marginal workers which in turn makes female worker proportion higher in non-worker category. Non-workers constitute 62.1 per cent of total population. The percentage of total workers is highest in Pattanakkad CD Block with 47.9 per cent workers. The least proportion of workers is registered in Kulanada(part) with 24.6 per cent. Similarly, Pattanakkad and Kulanada(part) CD Block has highest and lowest proportion of main workers respectively. On the contrary, Kulanada(part) have the highest percentage of marginal workers and non-workers as well.

Table 32: Number and percentage of main workers, marginal workers, and non-workers by sex in towns, 2011

Sr. No. Name of town Persons Total Main workers Marginal workers Total workers Non workers / Males/ population (main and Females marginal workers)

Number Percent- Number Percent- Number Percent- Number Percent- age age age age

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

1 803298-Cherthala Persons 45827 16909 36.90 3063 6.68 19972 43.58 25855 56.42 (M) Males 22192 11047 49.78 1426 6.43 12473 56.20 9719 43.80 Females 23635 5862 24.80 1637 6.93 7499 31.73 16136 68.27 2 628214-Arookutty Persons 19411 6115 31.50 1474 7.59 7589 39.10 11822 60.90 (CT) Males 9650 4819 49.94 694 7.19 5513 57.13 4137 42.87 Females 9761 1296 13.28 780 7.99 2076 21.27 7685 78.73 3 628215-Aroor (CT) Persons 39214 13445 34.29 2892 7.37 16337 41.66 22877 58.34 Males 19431 10203 52.51 1140 5.87 11343 58.38 8088 41.62 Females 19783 3242 16.39 1752 8.86 4994 25.24 14789 74.76 4 628216-Ezhupunna Persons 27528 8401 30.52 3053 11.09 11454 41.61 16074 58.39 (CT) Males 13478 6279 46.59 1506 11.17 7785 57.76 5693 42.24 Females 14050 2122 15.10 1547 11.01 3669 26.11 10381 73.89 5 628217- Persons 21295 6877 32.29 2445 11.48 9322 43.78 11973 56.22 Kodamthuruth (CT) Males 10365 5003 48.27 1008 9.73 6011 57.99 4354 42.01 Females 10930 1874 17.15 1437 13.15 3311 30.29 7619 69.71 6 628218- Persons 20874 7898 37.84 1595 7.64 9493 45.48 11381 54.52 Thaikattussery (CT) Males 10242 5349 52.23 692 6.76 6041 58.98 4201 41.02 Females 10632 2549 23.97 903 8.49 3452 32.47 7180 67.53 7 628219-Kuthiathode Persons 23669 7366 31.12 2829 11.95 10195 43.07 13474 56.93 (CT) Males 11483 5492 47.83 1293 11.26 6785 59.09 4698 40.91 Females 12186 1874 15.38 1536 12.60 3410 27.98 8776 72.02 8 628220-Vayalar Persons 24804 9763 39.36 2209 8.91 11972 48.27 12832 51.73 (CT) Males 12014 5937 49.42 1037 8.63 6974 58.05 5040 41.95 Females 12790 3826 29.91 1172 9.16 4998 39.08 7792 60.92 9 628221-Pallippuram Persons 28276 11003 38.91 2402 8.49 13405 47.41 14871 52.59 (CT) Males 13893 6882 49.54 1160 8.35 8042 57.89 5851 42.11 Females 14383 4121 28.65 1242 8.64 5363 37.29 9020 62.71 10 628222- Persons 31525 11493 36.46 3809 12.08 15302 48.54 16223 51.46 Thanneermukkam Males 15349 7290 47.49 1574 10.25 8864 57.75 6485 42.25 (CT) Females 16176 4203 25.98 2235 13.82 6438 39.80 9738 60.20

97 Table 32: Number and percentage of main workers, marginal workers, and non-workers by sex in towns, 2011 (Contd…) Sr. No. Name of town Persons Total Main workers Marginal workers Total workers Non workers / Males/ population (main and Females marginal workers) Number Percent- Number Percent- Number Percent- Number Percent- age age age age 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 11 628223- Persons 17047 6468 37.94 1844 10.82 8312 48.76 8735 51.24 Kokkothamangalam Males 8344 4152 49.76 751 9.00 4903 58.76 3441 41.24 (CT) Females 8703 2316 26.61 1093 12.56 3409 39.17 5294 60.83 12 628224-Kanjikkuzhi Persons 23681 8329 35.17 3123 13.19 11452 48.36 12229 51.64 (CT) Males 11566 5371 46.44 1321 11.42 6692 57.86 4874 42.14 Females 12115 2958 24.42 1802 14.87 4760 39.29 7355 60.71 13 628225-Muhamma Persons 25861 9627 37.23 2519 9.74 12146 46.97 13715 53.03 (CT) Males 12553 6176 49.20 1084 8.64 7260 57.83 5293 42.17 Females 13308 3451 25.93 1435 10.78 4886 36.71 8422 63.29 14 803299-Alappuzha Persons 240991 71038 29.48 14227 5.90 85265 35.38 155726 64.62 (M + OG) Males 116439 55133 47.35 7150 6.14 62283 53.49 54156 46.51 Females 124552 15905 12.77 7077 5.68 22982 18.45 101570 81.55 15 628232- Persons 32139 8748 27.22 3359 10.45 12107 37.67 20032 62.33 Mannanchery (CT) Males 15599 6947 44.53 1583 10.15 8530 54.68 7069 45.32 Females 16540 1801 10.89 1776 10.74 3577 21.63 12963 78.37 16 628233- Persons 27445 8963 32.66 2367 8.62 11330 41.28 16115 58.72 Pathirappally (CT) Males 13525 6860 50.72 640 4.73 7500 55.45 6025 44.55 Females 13920 2103 15.11 1727 12.41 3830 27.51 10090 72.49 17 628234- Persons 47126 14406 30.57 4553 9.66 18959 40.23 28167 59.77 Komalapuram (CT) Males 22941 11140 48.56 1799 7.84 12939 56.40 10002 43.60 Females 24185 3266 13.50 2754 11.39 6020 24.89 18165 75.11 18 803300- Persons 68634 17297 25.20 4791 6.98 22088 32.18 46546 67.82 Kayamkulam (M) Males 32784 13906 42.42 3219 9.82 17125 52.24 15659 47.76 Females 35850 3391 9.46 1572 4.38 4963 13.84 30887 86.16 19 628256-Haripad Persons 15588 4045 25.95 1437 9.22 5482 35.17 10106 64.83 (CT) Males 7262 2971 40.91 679 9.35 3650 50.26 3612 49.74 Females 8326 1074 12.90 758 9.10 1832 22.00 6494 78.00 20 628257- Persons 26943 6674 24.77 3174 11.78 9848 36.55 17095 63.45 Kumarapuram (CT) Males 12397 4592 37.04 1650 13.31 6242 50.35 6155 49.65 Females 14546 2082 14.31 1524 10.48 3606 24.79 10940 75.21 21 628258- Persons 19021 4926 25.90 2434 12.80 7360 38.69 11661 61.31 Karthikappally (CT) Males 8912 3279 36.79 1265 14.19 4544 50.99 4368 49.01 Females 10109 1647 16.29 1169 11.56 2816 27.86 7293 72.14 22 628259-Chingoli Persons 14981 3470 23.16 1675 11.18 5145 34.34 9836 65.66 (CT) Males 6901 2587 37.49 779 11.29 3366 48.78 3535 51.22 Females 8080 883 10.93 896 11.09 1779 22.02 6301 77.98 23 628260-Cheppad Persons 20052 4410 21.99 2372 11.83 6782 33.82 13270 66.18 (CT) Males 9165 3242 35.37 1314 14.34 4556 49.71 4609 50.29 Females 10887 1168 10.73 1058 9.72 2226 20.45 8661 79.55 24 628261-Pathiyoor Persons 23460 5471 23.32 2658 11.33 8129 34.65 15331 65.35 (CT) Males 10939 4013 36.69 1551 14.18 5564 50.86 5375 49.14 Females 12521 1458 11.64 1107 8.84 2565 20.49 9956 79.51

98 Table 32: Number and percentage of main workers, marginal workers, and non-workers by sex in towns, 2011 (Contd…)

Sr. No. Name of town Persons Total Main workers Marginal workers Total workers Non workers / Males/ population (main and Females marginal workers) Number Percent- Number Percent- Number Percent- Number Percent- age age age age

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

25 628262-Keerikkad Persons 10465 2225 21.26 1217 11.63 3442 32.89 7023 67.11 (CT) Males 4819 1633 33.89 568 11.79 2201 45.67 2618 54.33 Females 5646 592 10.49 649 11.49 1241 21.98 4405 78.02

26 628263- Persons 20740 4739 22.85 1766 8.51 6505 31.36 14235 68.64 Muthukulam (CT) Males 9474 3416 36.06 826 8.72 4242 44.78 5232 55.22 Females 11266 1323 11.74 940 8.34 2263 20.09 9003 79.91

27 628264-Kandalloor Persons 19925 3803 19.09 3032 15.22 6835 34.30 13090 65.70 (CT) Males 9068 2743 30.25 1430 15.77 4173 46.02 4895 53.98 Females 10857 1060 9.76 1602 14.76 2662 24.52 8195 75.48

28 628265-Puthuppally Persons 20390 4053 19.88 2539 12.45 6592 32.33 13798 67.67 (CT) Males 9179 2966 32.31 1432 15.60 4398 47.91 4781 52.09 Females 11211 1087 9.70 1107 9.87 2194 19.57 9017 80.43

29 628266- Persons 26705 6053 22.67 2971 11.13 9024 33.79 17681 66.21 Krishnapuram (CT) Males 12466 4712 37.80 1635 13.12 6347 50.91 6119 49.09 Females 14239 1341 9.42 1336 9.38 2677 18.80 11562 81.20

30 803301-Chengannur Persons 23466 5803 24.73 1459 6.22 7262 30.95 16204 69.05 (M) Males 10933 4254 38.91 911 8.33 5165 47.24 5768 52.76 Females 12533 1549 12.36 548 4.37 2097 16.73 10436 83.27

31 628276-Mannar Persons 17067 4148 24.30 1308 7.66 5456 31.97 11611 68.03 (CT) Males 7869 3199 40.65 691 8.78 3890 49.43 3979 50.57 Females 9198 949 10.32 617 6.71 1566 17.03 7632 82.97

32 628277-Kurattissery Persons 11849 2429 20.50 1270 10.72 3699 31.22 8150 68.78 (CT) Males 5562 1906 34.27 775 13.93 2681 48.20 2881 51.80 Females 6287 523 8.32 495 7.87 1018 16.19 5269 83.81

33 803302- Persons 26421 6508 24.63 1505 5.70 8013 30.33 18408 69.67 Mavelikkara (M) Males 12070 4644 38.48 982 8.14 5626 46.61 6444 53.39 Females 14351 1864 12.99 523 3.64 2387 16.63 11964 83.37

34 628287- Persons 23344 5538 23.72 1609 6.89 7147 30.62 16197 69.38 Kannamangalam Males 10873 4315 39.69 959 8.82 5274 48.51 5599 51.49 (CT) Females 12471 1223 9.81 650 5.21 1873 15.02 10598 84.98

35 628288-Chennithala Persons 12360 2895 23.42 1081 8.75 3976 32.17 8384 67.83 (CT) Males 5719 2202 38.50 542 9.48 2744 47.98 2975 52.02 Females 6641 693 10.44 539 8.12 1232 18.55 5409 81.45

99 Table 32: Number and percentage of main workers, marginal workers, and non-workers by sex in towns, 2011 (Contd…) Sr. No. Name of town Persons Total Main workers Marginal workers Total workers Non workers / Males/ population (main and Females marginal workers) Number Percent- Number Percent- Number Percent- Number Percent- age age age age 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 36 628289-Thazhakara Persons 14596 2866 19.64 1504 10.30 4370 29.94 10226 70.06 (CT) Males 6719 2091 31.12 928 13.81 3019 44.93 3700 55.07 Females 7877 775 9.84 576 7.31 1351 17.15 6526 82.85 37 628290- Persons 15922 3934 24.71 1109 6.97 5043 31.67 10879 68.33 Bharanikkavu (CT) Males 7265 2956 40.69 534 7.35 3490 48.04 3775 51.96 Females 8657 978 11.30 575 6.64 1553 17.94 7104 82.06 38 628291-Kattanam Persons 19504 4457 22.85 1762 9.03 6219 31.89 13285 68.11 (CT) Males 8989 3412 37.96 906 10.08 4318 48.04 4671 51.96 Females 10515 1045 9.94 856 8.14 1901 18.08 8614 81.92 District(Urban): Persons 1148146 332593 28.97 100436 8.75 433029 37.72 715117 62.28 Alappuzha(598) Males 548429 243119 44.33 49434 9.01 292553 53.34 255876 46.66 Females 599717 89474 14.92 51002 8.50 140476 23.42 459241 76.58

This Table provides the number and percentage of total workers along with main and marginal workers and non-workers by sex for the district urban and the towns of the district. The percentage of total workers in the district Urban is 37.7 per cent with 29 per cent main workers and 8.8 per cent marginal workers. The percentages of urban male main (44.3 per cent) and urban male marginal (9 per cent) workers are higher than that of their female counterpart. There is higher percentage of females (76.6 per cent) among urban non-workers. Among the towns, the highest percentage of total workers is in Kokkothamangalam Census town (48.8 per cent) with a lowest of 30 per cent in Thazhakara Census town. Main workers proportion is highest in Vayalar Census town(39.4) and the lowest proportion of main workers is recorded in Kandalloor Census town(19.1%). The maximum percentage of marginal workers(15.2%) is registered in Kandalloor Census town and Mavelikkara(M) has the least proportion of marginal workers (5.7). Among the non-workers, the proportion is highest in Thazhakara Census town with 70.1 per cent non works. Table 33: Distribution of workers by sex in four categories of economic activity in Taluk, 2011

Sr. Name of Persons Total Total Category of workers No. Taluk / Males/ population workers Cultivators Agricultural Household Other workers Females (main + labourers industry marginal workers workers) Number Percent-Number Percent- Number Percent-Number Percent- age age age age 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 1 05673- Persons 542657 248050 3460 1.39 6570 2.65 16688 6.73 221332 89.23 Cherthala Males 265583 154632 2463 1.59 4012 2.59 5993 3.88 142164 91.94 Females 277074 93418 997 1.07 2558 2.74 10695 11.45 79168 84.75 2 05674- Persons 454864 171832 1446 0.84 6972 4.06 4716 2.74 158698 92.36 Ambalappuzha Males 220417 119638 1027 0.86 3160 2.64 2811 2.35 112640 94.15 Females 234447 52194 419 0.80 3812 7.30 1905 3.65 46058 88.24

100 Table 33: Distribution of workers by sex in four categories of economic activity in Taluk, 2011 (Contd…)

Sr. Name of Persons Total Total Category of workers No. Taluk / Males/ population workers Cultivators Agricultural Household Other workers Females (main + labourers industry marginal workers workers) Number Percent-Number Percent- Number Percent-Number Percent- age age age age 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 3 05675- Persons 193007 73102 5732 7.84 27024 36.97 1652 2.26 38694 52.93 Kuttanad Males 93013 49178 5049 10.27 14734 29.96 1255 2.55 28140 57.22 Females 99994 23924 683 2.85 12290 51.37 397 1.66 10554 44.11 4 05676- Persons 406524 145170 2991 2.06 12589 8.67 7453 5.13 122137 84.13 Karthikappally Males 189185 95755 2256 2.36 7190 7.51 2952 3.08 83357 87.05 Females 217339 49415 735 1.49 5399 10.93 4501 9.11 38780 78.48 5 05677- Persons 197419 60512 4118 6.81 7347 12.14 2278 3.76 46769 77.29 Chengannur Males 91351 43085 3556 8.25 5322 12.35 1655 3.84 32552 75.55 Females 106068 17427 562 3.22 2025 11.62 623 3.57 14217 81.58 6 05678- Persons 333318 105805 7490 7.08 11204 10.59 3078 2.91 84033 79.42 Mavelikkara Males 153593 74450 6328 8.50 8499 11.42 2075 2.79 57548 77.30 Females 179725 31355 1162 3.71 2705 8.63 1003 3.20 26485 84.47 District: Persons 2127789 804471 25237 3.14 71706 8.91 35865 4.46 671663 83.49 Alappuzha Males 1013142 536738 20679 3.85 42917 8.00 16741 3.12 456401 85.03 (598) Females 1114647 267733 4558 1.70 28789 10.75 19124 7.14 215262 80.40

This Table presents the total population, the total number of workers with their percentage to the total population and four categories of workers with their percentage to the total workers by sex for the district and the taluks. In the district, the category of other workers constitute the highest percentage(83.5%) followed by 8.9 per cent Agricultural labourers. Next category of workers is 4.5 percentage of Household Industry workers and with the lowest proportion of 3.1 per cent among the workers are Cultivators. Among the Taluks, the highest percentage of Cultivators and Agricultural labourers with 7.8 per cent and 37 per cent respectively is recorded in Kuttanad Taluk, with only 0.8 per cent cultivators, Ambalappuzha Taluk has the lowest proportion of cultivators. Cherthala Taluk has the lowest proportion(2.7%) of Agricultural laboureres. On the contrary, Cherthala Taluk has the highest proportion of Household Industry workers with 6.7 percent and the lowest proportion of 2.3 per cent for this category is in Kuttanand Taluk. Among the fourth category of workers i.e. other workers, the highest percentage is recorded in Ambalappuzha Taluk having 92.4 percentage of other workers.

Table 34: Distribution of workers by sex in four categories of economic activity in CD blocks, 2011

Sr. Name of CD Persons/ Total Total Category of Workers No. Block Males/ population workers Cultivators Agricultural Household Other workers Females (main + labourers industry marginal workers workers) Number Percent-Number Percent-Number Percent- Number Percent- age age age age 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 1 0104- Persons 83453 32316 2704 8.37 12152 37.60 844 2.61 16616 51.42 Veliyanad Males 40508 21759 2300 10.57 6783 31.17 639 2.94 12037 55.32 (Part) Females 42945 10557 404 3.83 5369 50.86 205 1.94 4579 43.37

101 Table 34: Distribution of workers by sex in four categories of economic activity in CD blocks, 2011 (Contd…) Sr. Name of CD Persons/ Total Total Category of Workers No. Block Males/ population workers Cultivators Agricultural Household Other workers Females (main + labourers industry marginal workers workers) Number Percent-Number Percent-Number Percent- Number Percent- age age age age 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 2 0108- Persons 41303 18987 429 2.26 583 3.07 521 2.74 17454 91.93 Thaikattussery Males 20376 12252 301 2.46 319 2.60 213 1.74 11419 93.20 Females 20927 6735 128 1.90 264 3.92 308 4.57 6035 89.61 3 0109- Persons 80918 38746 754 1.95 1084 2.80 2687 6.93 34221 88.32 Pattanakkad Males 39607 23308 548 2.35 646 2.77 1005 4.31 21109 90.57 Females 41311 15438 206 1.33 438 2.84 1682 10.90 13112 84.93 4 0110- Persons 71424 33366 1027 3.08 1127 3.38 2404 7.20 28808 86.34 Kanjikkuzhi Males 35040 20386 699 3.43 601 2.95 734 3.60 18352 90.02 Females 36384 12980 328 2.53 526 4.05 1670 12.87 10456 80.55 5 0111-Aryad Persons 29808 13216 199 1.51 295 2.23 446 3.37 12276 92.89 Males 14458 8413 136 1.62 152 1.81 176 2.09 7949 94.48 Females 15350 4803 63 1.31 143 2.98 270 5.62 4327 90.09 6 0112- Persons 73790 29640 618 2.09 2249 7.59 463 1.56 26310 88.77 Ambalappuzha Males 35757 19111 445 2.33 941 4.92 313 1.64 17412 91.11 Females 38033 10529 173 1.64 1308 12.42 150 1.42 8898 84.51 7 0113- Persons 113022 42063 3093 7.35 15307 36.39 836 1.99 22827 54.27 Champakkula Males 54157 28254 2804 9.92 8182 28.96 634 2.24 16634 58.87 m Females 58865 13809 289 2.09 7125 51.60 202 1.46 6193 44.85 8 0114- Persons 97 38 1 2.63 4 10.53 0 0.00 33 86.84 Pulikkeezh Males 46 27 1 3.70 4 14.81 0 0.00 22 81.48 (Part) Females 51 11 0 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 11 100.00 9 0115-Haripad Persons 90356 35077 1398 3.99 6046 17.24 1985 5.66 25648 73.12 Males 41933 21747 1034 4.75 3213 14.77 683 3.14 16817 77.33 Females 48423 13330 364 2.73 2833 21.25 1302 9.77 8831 66.25 10 0116- Persons 29264 12861 136 1.06 389 3.02 1280 9.95 11056 85.97 Muthukulam Males 13886 7600 85 1.12 73 0.96 229 3.01 7213 94.91 Females 15378 5261 51 0.97 316 6.01 1051 19.98 3843 73.05 11 0117- Persons 144927 44068 3724 8.45 6080 13.80 1723 3.91 32541 73.84 Chengannur Males 66941 31328 3215 10.26 4449 14.20 1260 4.02 22404 71.51 Females 77986 12740 509 4.00 1631 12.80 463 3.63 10137 79.57 12 0118- Persons 110 27 2 7.41 11 40.74 0 0.00 14 51.85 Kulanada Males 46 21 1 4.76 10 47.62 0 0.00 10 47.62 (Part) Females 64 6 1 16.67 1 16.67 0 0.00 4 66.67 13 0119- Persons 83143 26402 1922 7.28 3462 13.11 855 3.24 20163 76.37 Mavelikkara Males 38195 18570 1446 7.79 2519 13.56 592 3.19 14013 75.46 Females 44948 7832 476 6.08 943 12.04 263 3.36 6150 78.52 14 0120- Persons 138028 44635 4624 10.36 5193 11.63 1199 2.69 33619 75.32 Bharanikkavu Males 63763 31409 4082 13.00 4103 13.06 827 2.63 22397 71.31 (Part) Females 74265 13226 542 4.10 1090 8.24 372 2.81 11222 84.85 Total Persons 979643 371442 20631 5.55 53982 14.53 15243 4.10 281586 75.81 Males 464713 244185 17097 7.00 31995 13.10 7305 2.99 187788 76.90 Females 514930 127257 3534 2.78 21987 17.28 7938 6.24 93798 73.71

102 This Table gives the total rural population, the total rural workers along with the four categories of workers and their percentage to the total rural workers by sex for the rural areas of the district and the CD Blocks. In the district Rural, ‘other workers’ (75.8 per cent) constitute the highest percentage of workers. The second category constituting the highest percentage of workers is agricultural labourers with 14.5 per cent. The cultivators and the household industry workers constitute 5.6 per cent and 4.1 per cent respectively. There is higher percentage of males among cultivators and other workers, whereas among agricultural labourers and household industry workers, there is a higher percentage of females in the district. Among the twelve CD Blocks lying wholly or having major portions within the district, the ‘other workers’ category constitute the highest percentage of workers in all CD Blocks. However, Agricultural labourers are not having the next highest proportion in all CD Blocks. In four CD Blocks, Household Industry workers constitute the second highest percentage of workers. Among the category of cultivators, male workers are higher in proportion than female workers in all CD Blocks. Female workers dominate among Household industry workers proportion in most of the CD Blocks. Table 35: Distribution of workers by sex in four categories of economic activity in Towns, 2011

Sr. Name of town Persons Total Total Category of workers No. / Males/ population workers Cultivators Agricultural Household Other workers Females (main + labourers industry marginal workers workers) Number Percent- Number Percent-Number Perce- Number Percent- age age ntage age 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 1 803298- Persons 45827 19972 96 0.48 295 1.48 1412 7.07 18169 90.97 Cherthala (M) Males 22192 12473 63 0.51 192 1.54 447 3.58 11771 94.37 Females 23635 7499 33 0.44 103 1.37 965 12.87 6398 85.32 2 628214- Persons 19411 7589 59 0.78 167 2.20 215 2.83 7148 94.19 Arookutty (CT) Males 9650 5513 27 0.49 146 2.65 149 2.70 5191 94.16 Females 9761 2076 32 1.54 21 1.01 66 3.18 1957 94.27 3 628215-Aroor Persons 39214 16337 58 0.36 174 1.07 389 2.38 15716 96.20 (CT) Males 19431 11343 42 0.37 95 0.84 258 2.27 10948 96.52 Females 19783 4994 16 0.32 79 1.58 131 2.62 4768 95.47 4 628216- Persons 27528 11454 79 0.69 179 1.56 145 1.27 11051 96.48 Ezhupunna (CT) Males 13478 7785 61 0.78 110 1.41 77 0.99 7537 96.81 Females 14050 3669 18 0.49 69 1.88 68 1.85 3514 95.78 5 628217- Persons 21295 9322 54 0.58 221 2.37 198 2.12 8849 94.93 Kodamthuruth Males 10365 6011 41 0.68 106 1.76 105 1.75 5759 95.81 (CT) Females 10930 3311 13 0.39 115 3.47 93 2.81 3090 93.33 6 628218- Persons 20874 9493 127 1.34 443 4.67 589 6.20 8334 87.79 Thaikattussery Males 10242 6041 92 1.52 282 4.67 152 2.52 5515 91.29 (CT) Females 10632 3452 35 1.01 161 4.66 437 12.66 2819 81.66 7 628219- Persons 23669 10195 47 0.46 161 1.58 351 3.44 9636 94.52 Kuthiathode Males 11483 6785 39 0.57 88 1.30 181 2.67 6477 95.46 (CT) Females 12186 3410 8 0.23 73 2.14 170 4.99 3159 92.64 8 628220-Vayalar Persons 24804 11972 94 0.79 380 3.17 1377 11.50 10121 84.54 (CT) Males 12014 6974 79 1.13 238 3.41 447 6.41 6210 89.05 Females 12790 4998 15 0.30 142 2.84 930 18.61 3911 78.25 9 628221- Persons 28276 13405 137 1.02 640 4.77 1305 9.74 11323 84.47 Pallippuram (CT) Males 13893 8042 112 1.39 505 6.28 279 3.47 7146 88.86 Females 14383 5363 25 0.47 135 2.52 1026 19.13 4177 77.89

103 Table 35: Distribution of workers by sex in four categories of economic activity in Towns, 2011 (Contd…)

Sr. Name of town Persons Total Total Category of workers No. / Males/ population workers Cultivators Agricultural Household Other workers Females (main + labourers industry marginal workers workers) Number Percent- Number Percent-Number Perce- Number Percent- age age ntage age 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 10 628222- Persons 31525 15302 172 1.12 460 3.01 1899 12.41 12771 83.46 Thanneer- Males 15349 8864 138 1.56 289 3.26 664 7.49 7773 87.69 (CT) Females 16176 6438 34 0.53 171 2.66 1235 19.18 4998 77.63 11 628223- Persons 17047 8312 73 0.88 155 1.86 800 9.62 7284 87.63 Kokkothama- Males 8344 4903 60 1.22 122 2.49 284 5.79 4437 90.50 ngalam (CT) Females 8703 3409 13 0.38 33 0.97 516 15.14 2847 83.51 12 628224- Persons 23681 11452 187 1.63 281 2.45 1190 10.39 9794 85.52 Kanjikkuzhi (CT) Males 11566 6692 109 1.63 156 2.33 446 6.66 5981 89.38 Females 12115 4760 78 1.64 125 2.63 744 15.63 3813 80.11 13 628225- Persons 25861 12146 67 0.55 220 1.81 1206 9.93 10653 87.71 Muhamma (CT) Males 12553 7260 52 0.72 117 1.61 552 7.60 6539 90.07 Females 13308 4886 15 0.31 103 2.11 654 13.39 4114 84.20 14 803299- Persons 240991 85265 381 0.45 2978 3.49 1808 2.12 80098 93.94 Alappuzha (M + Males 116439 62283 257 0.41 1378 2.21 1200 1.93 59448 95.45 OG) Females 124552 22982 124 0.54 1600 6.96 608 2.65 20650 89.85 15 628232- Persons 32139 12107 69 0.57 317 2.62 471 3.89 11250 92.92 Mannanchery Males 15599 8530 55 0.64 206 2.42 245 2.87 8024 94.07 (CT) Females 16540 3577 14 0.39 111 3.10 226 6.32 3226 90.19 16 628233- Persons 27445 11330 46 0.41 73 0.64 621 5.48 10590 93.47 Pathirappally Males 13525 7500 27 0.36 34 0.45 242 3.23 7197 95.96 (CT) Females 13920 3830 19 0.50 39 1.02 379 9.90 3393 88.59 17 628234- Persons 47126 18959 67 0.35 621 3.28 879 4.64 17392 91.73 Komalapuram Males 22941 12939 51 0.39 214 1.65 617 4.77 12057 93.18 (CT) Females 24185 6020 16 0.27 407 6.76 262 4.35 5335 88.62 18 803300- Persons 68634 22088 290 1.31 767 3.47 1044 4.73 19987 90.49 Kayamkulam (M) Males 32784 17125 208 1.21 565 3.30 671 3.92 15681 91.57 Females 35850 4963 82 1.65 202 4.07 373 7.52 4306 86.76 19 628256-Haripad Persons 15588 5482 95 1.73 509 9.28 138 2.52 4740 86.46 (CT) Males 7262 3650 60 1.64 297 8.14 90 2.47 3203 87.75 Females 8326 1832 35 1.91 212 11.57 48 2.62 1537 83.90 20 628257- Persons 26943 9848 103 1.05 761 7.73 380 3.86 8604 87.37 Kumarapuram Males 12397 6242 83 1.33 469 7.51 89 1.43 5601 89.73 (CT) Females 14546 3606 20 0.55 292 8.10 291 8.07 3003 83.28 21 628258- Persons 19021 7360 62 0.84 487 6.62 943 12.81 5868 79.73 Karthikappally Males 8912 4544 56 1.23 311 6.84 248 5.46 3929 86.47 (CT) Females 10109 2816 6 0.21 176 6.25 695 24.68 1939 68.86 22 628259-Chingoli Persons 14981 5145 51 0.99 345 6.71 377 7.33 4372 84.98 (CT) Males 6901 3366 40 1.19 206 6.12 178 5.29 2942 87.40 Females 8080 1779 11 0.62 139 7.81 199 11.19 1430 80.38 23 628260-Cheppad Persons 20052 6782 177 2.61 723 10.66 177 2.61 5705 84.12 (CT) Males 9165 4556 150 3.29 412 9.04 126 2.77 3868 84.90 Females 10887 2226 27 1.21 311 13.97 51 2.29 1837 82.52

104 Table 35: Distribution of workers by sex in four categories of economic activity in Towns, 2011 (Contd…) Sr. Name of town Persons Total Total Category of workers No. / Males/ population workers Cultivators Agricultural Household Other workers Females (main + labourers industry marginal workers workers) Number Percent- Number Percent-Number Perce- Number Percent- age age ntage age 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 24 628261- Persons 23460 8129 128 1.57 525 6.46 217 2.67 7259 89.30 Pathiyoor (CT) Males 10939 5564 112 2.01 363 6.52 144 2.59 4945 88.87 Females 12521 2565 16 0.62 162 6.32 73 2.85 2314 90.21 25 628262- Persons 10465 3442 66 1.92 186 5.40 78 2.27 3112 90.41 Keerikkad (CT) Males 4819 2201 53 2.41 135 6.13 55 2.50 1958 88.96 Females 5646 1241 13 1.05 51 4.11 23 1.85 1154 92.99 26 628263- Persons 20740 6505 76 1.17 464 7.13 185 2.84 5780 88.85 Muthukulam Males 9474 4242 66 1.56 291 6.86 87 2.05 3798 89.53 (CT) Females 11266 2263 10 0.44 173 7.64 98 4.33 1982 87.58 27 628264- Persons 19925 6835 189 2.77 472 6.91 163 2.38 6011 87.94 Kandalloor (CT) Males 9068 4173 119 2.85 258 6.18 60 1.44 3736 89.53 Females 10857 2662 70 2.63 214 8.04 103 3.87 2275 85.46 28 628265- Persons 20390 6592 73 1.11 450 6.83 230 3.49 5839 88.58 Puthuppally (CT) Males 9179 4398 64 1.46 291 6.62 118 2.68 3925 89.25 Females 11211 2194 9 0.41 159 7.25 112 5.10 1914 87.24 29 628266- Persons 26705 9024 147 1.63 465 5.15 256 2.84 8156 90.38 Krishnapuram Males 12466 6347 126 1.99 306 4.82 174 2.74 5741 90.45 (CT) Females 14239 2677 21 0.78 159 5.94 82 3.06 2415 90.21 30 803301- Persons 23466 7262 184 2.53 335 4.61 235 3.24 6508 89.62 Chengannur (M) Males 10933 5165 157 3.04 270 5.23 166 3.21 4572 88.52 Females 12533 2097 27 1.29 65 3.10 69 3.29 1936 92.32 31 628276-Mannar Persons 17067 5456 101 1.85 376 6.89 214 3.92 4765 87.34 (CT) Males 7869 3890 83 2.13 254 6.53 159 4.09 3394 87.25 Females 9198 1566 18 1.15 122 7.79 55 3.51 1371 87.55 32 628277- Persons 11849 3699 107 2.89 545 14.73 106 2.87 2941 79.51 Kurattissery (CT) Males 5562 2681 100 3.73 339 12.64 70 2.61 2172 81.01 Females 6287 1018 7 0.69 206 20.24 36 3.54 769 75.54 33 803302- Persons 26421 8013 70 0.87 434 5.42 295 3.68 7214 90.03 Mavelikkara (M) Males 12070 5626 54 0.96 348 6.19 204 3.63 5020 89.23 Females 14351 2387 16 0.67 86 3.60 91 3.81 2194 91.91 34 628287- Persons 23344 7147 138 1.93 455 6.37 115 1.61 6439 90.09 Kannamangalam Males 10873 5274 114 2.16 335 6.35 79 1.50 4746 89.99 (CT) Females 12471 1873 24 1.28 120 6.41 36 1.92 1693 90.39 35 628288- Persons 12360 3976 94 2.36 121 3.04 88 2.21 3673 92.38 Chennithala (CT) Males 5719 2744 80 2.92 88 3.21 62 2.26 2514 91.62 Females 6641 1232 14 1.14 33 2.68 26 2.11 1159 94.07

105 Table 35: Distribution of workers by sex in four categories of economic activity in Towns, 2011 (Contd…)

Sr. Name of town Persons Total Total Category of workers No. / Males/ population workers Females (main + Cultivators Agricultural Household Other workers marginal labourers industry workers) workers Number Percent- Number Percent-Number Perce- Number Percent- age age ntage age 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 36 628289- Persons 14596 4370 146 3.34 405 9.27 94 2.15 3725 85.24 Thazhakara (CT) Males 6719 3019 116 3.84 332 11.00 54 1.79 2517 83.37 Females 7877 1351 30 2.22 73 5.40 40 2.96 1208 89.42 37 628290- Persons 15922 5043 175 3.47 584 11.58 152 3.01 4132 81.94 Bharanikkavu Males 7265 3490 148 4.24 394 11.29 105 3.01 2843 81.46 (CT) Females 8657 1553 27 1.74 190 12.23 47 3.03 1289 83.00 38 628291- Persons 19504 6219 321 5.16 550 8.84 280 4.50 5068 81.49 Kattanam (CT) Males 8989 4318 288 6.67 380 8.80 152 3.52 3498 81.01 Females 10515 1901 33 1.74 170 8.94 128 6.73 1570 82.59 District (Urban): Persons 1148146 433029 4606 1.06 17724 4.09 20622 4.76 390077 90.08 Alappuzha(598) Males 548429 292553 3582 1.22 10922 3.73 9436 3.23 268613 91.82 Females 599717 140476 1024 0.73 6802 4.84 11186 7.96 121464 86.47

In this Table, the total urban population, urban workers with the four categories of workers and their proportion to the total workers are given by sex for the district Urban and the Towns of the district. In the urban part of the district, other works with 90 percentage constitute the highest proportion of workers. The second highest proportion of workers is among household industry workers with 4.8 per cent followed by 4.1 per cent of Agricultural labourers and with only 1.1 percentage, the least proportion is of cultivators. The proportion of male workers is higher than female workers among the category of cultivators and other workers whereas the female workers dominate in the other two categories of agricultural labourers and household industry workers. The other workers constitute the highest percentage among the four categories of workers in the towns as well. Ezhupunna Census town has the highest percentage of 96.5 per cent other workers. The highest proportion of household industry (12.8 %) is in Karthikappally Census town. Kurattissery Census town has maximum proportion of 14.7 per cent of agricultural labourers. The highest proportion of cultivators (5.2 per cent )is registered in Kattanam census town. Table 36: Distribution of villages according to availability of different amenities, 2011

Sr. Name of Number Type of amenity available No. Taluk of Educa- Medi- Drinking Post Tele- Transport Banks Agricultural Approa- Power inhabited tion* cal^ water office phone communi- @ credit ch by supply villages # ** cations $ societies pucca road 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13

1 05673- 8 8 8 8 (100) 8 8 (100) 8 (100) 8 (100) 8 (100) 8 (100) 8 (100) Cherthala ( 100) (100) (100) 2 05674- 5 4 5 5 (100) 4 (80) 5 (100) 5 (100) 4 (80) 3 (60) 5 (100) 5 (100) Ambalappuzha (80) (100) 3 05675- 14 14 14 14 14 14 (100) 14 (100) 14 14 (100) 14 14 Kuttanad ( 100) (100) (100) (100) (100) (100) (100)

106 Table 36: Distribution of villages according to availability of different amenities, 2011 (Contd…)

Sr. Name of Number Type of amenity available No. Taluk of Educa- Medi- Drinking Post Tele- Transport Banks Agricultural Approa- Power inhabited tion* cal^ water office phone communi- @ credit ch by supply villages # $ ** cations societies pucca road 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 4 05676- 6 6 6 6 (100) 6 6 (100) 6 (100) 6 (100) 5 (83.33) 6 (100) 6 (100) Karthikappally (100) (100) (100) 5 05677- 9 8 9 9 (100) 8 9 (100) 9 (100) 8 6 (66.67) 9 (100) 9 (100) Chengannur (88.89) (100) (88.89 (88.89) 6 05678- 9 9 (100) 9 9 (100) 9 9 (100) 9 (100) 9 (100) 8 (88.89) 9 (100) 9 (100) Mavelikkara (100) (100) Total 51 49 51 51 49 51 (100) 51 (100) 49 44 (86.27) 51 51 (96.08) (100) (100) (96.08 (96.08) (100) (100) Note:- * Education includes all education facilities. ^ Medical includes all medical facilities. # Post office includes post office, telegraph office and Post and telegraph office. $ Transport communication includes bus service, rail facility and navigable waterways. @ Bank includes Commercial Bank and Cooperative Bank. ** Telephone includes Telephone,PCO and Mobile.

This Table gives Taluk-wise distribution of inhabited villages according to the availability of different types of amenities. There are ten such specified amenities shown in this table. All 51 villages of the district are availing the facilities of medical, drinking water, telephone, transport and communications, approach by pucca road and power supply. 49 villages of the District have Education, post office and banking facilities. Agricultural credit society facility is available in only 44 villages. At the Taluk level, cent per cent villages of two Taluks- Cherthala and Kuttanad Taluk have all the ten amenities. In Ambalappuzha Taluk, the facility of education, post office and banking is not available in one village. The facility of agricultural credit society is not available in 2 villages of the Taluk. One village each of Karthikappally and Mavelikkara Taluk also lacks the facility of Agricultural credit society. Similarly, one village of Chengannur Taluk does not have the facility of education, post-office and banking. Agricultural credit society facility is available in only 6 villages of the Taluk. Table 37: Number and percentage of rural population served by different amenities, 2011

Sr. Name of Total Type of amenity available No. Taluk population Educa- Medi- Drink- Post Tele- Transport Banks Agri- Appro- Power of tion* cal^ ing office # phone communi @ cultural ach by supply inhabited water ** cations $ credit pucca villages societies road 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 1 05673- 193645 193645 193645 193645 193645 193645 193645 193645 193645 193645 193645 Cherthala (100) (100) (100) (100) (100) (100) (100) (100) (100) (100) 2 05674- 107163 106666 107163 107163 106666 107163 107163 106666 76858 107163 107163 Ambalappuzha (99.54) (100) (100) (99.54) (100) (100) (99.54) (71.72) (100) (100) 3 05675- 193007 193007 193007 193007 193007 193007 193007 193007 193007 193007 193007 Kuttanad (100) (100) (100) (100) (100) (100) (100) (100) (100) (100) 4 05676- 119620 119620 119620 119620 119620 119620 119620 119620 90356 119620 119620 Karthikappally (100) (100) (100) (100) (100) (100) (100) (75.54) (100) (100)

107 Table 37: Number and percentage of rural population served by different amenities, 2011 (Contd…) Sr. Name of Total Type of amenity available No. Taluk population Educa- Medi- Drink- Post Tele- Transport Banks Agri- Appro- Power # @ of tion* cal^ ing office phone communi cultural ach by supply $ inhabited water ** cations credit pucca villages societies road 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 5 05677- 145037 143048 145037 145037 143048 145037 145037 143048 110404 145037 145037 Chengannur (98.63) (100) (100) (98.63) (100) (100) (98.63) (76.12) (100) (100) 6 05678- 221171 221171 221171 221171 221171 221171 221171 221171 207020 221171 221171 Mavelikkara (100) (100) (100) (100) (100) (100) (100) (93.6) (100) (100) Total 979643 977157 979643 979643 977157 979643 979643 977157 871290 979643 979643 (99.75) (100) (100) (99.75) (100) (100) (99.75) (88.94) (100) (100) Note:- * Education includes all education facilities. ^ Medical includes all medical facilities. # Post office includes post office, telegraph office and Post and telegraph office. $ Transport communication includes bus service, rail facility and navigable waterways. @ Bank includes Commercial Bank and Cooperative Bank. ** Telephone includes Telephone,PCO and Mobile.

This table highlights the number of rural population using specified amenities in the Taluks and their proportion to the total population of the Taluk. Cent per cent rural population of the district has the facilities of Medical, improved drinking water, Telephone, transport and communications, approach by pucca road and power supply. Other facilities excluding the facility of agricultural credit societies are available to 99.8 per cent of the rural population. Agricultural credit society facility is available to 89 per cent population of the district. At the Taluk level, cent per cent population of the two Taluks- Cherthala and Kuttanad is availing all the ten facilities shown in the table. In Karthikappally and Mavelikkara Taluk too, all the facilities except the facility of agricultural credit society is available for cent percent population of the Taluks. This facility is used by 94 per cent and 75 per cent population in Mavelikara Taluk and Karthikappally Taluk repectively. The facility of education, post-office, banks and agricultural credit society is not used by cent per cent population in Ambalappuzha and Chengannur Taluk. 99.5 percentage population of Ambalappuzha Taluk is served by the facilities of education, post-office and banking. The facility of agricultural credit society is available to only 72 per cent population of the Taluk. Like-wise, 98.6 per cent population of Chengannur Taluk avail the facilities of education, post-office and banks. Agricultural credit society facility is available to 76 per cent population in Chengannur Taluk. Table 38: Distribution of villages not having certain amenities, arranged by distance ranges from the places where these are available, 2011

Village not having the amenity of Distance range of place from the villages where the amenity is available Less than 5 5-10 kilometres 10+ kilometres Total (Col. 2-4) kilometres 1 2 3 4 5

1. Education:- (a) Primary school 2 0 0 2 (b) Middle school 2 0 0 2 (c) Degree college 11 24 8 43

108 Table 38: Distribution of villages not having certain amenities, arranged by distance ranges from the places where these are available, 2011 (Contd…)

Village not having the amenity of Distance range of place from the villages where the amenity is available Less than 5 5-10 kilometres 10+ kilometres Total (Col. 2-4) kilometres 1 2 3 4 5

2. Medical:-

(a) Hospital 8 19 18 45

(b) PHC 7 12 3 22

3. Post office- 2 0 0 2

4. Telephone 0 0 0 0

5. Bus service 0 0 0 0

6. Bank:-

(a) Commercial Bank 5 0 1 6

(b) Cooprative bank 1 1 0 2

7. Agricultural credit societies 2 5 0 7

Degree college includes Art,Engineering and Medicine

Hospital includes Allopathic & Alternative Medicine

Post office includes post office, telegraph office and post & telegraph office

Telephone includes Telephone,PCO and mobiles

Bus includes private and public

This Table gives the number of villages having no specified amenities and the distance range of place from the villages where the amenity is available. As far as education facility is concerned two villages lack the facilities of primary and middle school, and these facilities available at a distance of less than 5 kms. Total 43 villages of the district do not have Degree college among which 11 villages have degree college facility at a distance of less than 5 kms , 24 villages have this facility at a distance range of 5-10 kms and 8 villages have degree college facility at a distance of 10+ kms. As regards medical, 45 villages of the district do not have the facility of hospitals. 8 villages have hospital facility at a distance of less than 5 kms. Hospitals are available at a distance range of 5-10 kms for 19 villages and at 10+ kms for 18 villages. The facility of PHC is not available to 22 villages of the district among which 7 villages have this facility at a distance of less than 5 kms, 12 villages have PHC facility at a distance of 5-10 kms. and 3 villages have PHC facility at a distance of 10+ kms. Two villages of the district lack the facility of post-office and these villages have the post-office facility at a distance of less than 5 kms. All the villages of the district have the facility of telephone and bus services. Six villages do not have the facility of commercial banking out of which 5 villages have this facility at a distance of less than 5 kms. One village is having the commercial banking facility at a distance of 10+ kms. Cooperative banks are not available in 2 villages among which one village is having cooperative bank at a distance of less than 5 kms and another at a distance of 5-10 kms. Agricultural credit society facility is not available in 7 villages. 2 villages have this facility at a distance of less than 5 kms and 5 villages have agricultural credit society facility at a distance of 5-10 kms.

109 Table 39: Distribution of villages according to the distance from the nearest statutory town and availability of different amenities, 2011 Distance Number\ Number Type of amenity available Range from Percentage of Educa- Medi- Post Tele- Transport Banks @ Agri- Appro- the nearest Inhabited tion* cal^ Office# phone ** Communi- cultural ach by Statutory Villages in cations $ Credit Pucca Town (In Each Societies Road Kilometres) Range 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 Less than 5 Number 6 5 6 5 6 6 5 4 6 Percentage 83.33 100 83.33 100 100 83.33 66.67 100 5 - 15 Number 34 33 34 33 34 34 33 29 34 Percentage 97.06 100 97.06 100 100 97.06 85.29 100 16- 50 Number 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 Percentage 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 51+ Number 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Percentage 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Unspecified Number 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Percentage 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Total Number 51 49 51 49 51 51 49 44 51 Percentage 96.08 100 96.08 100 100 96.08 86.27 100 Note:- * Education includes all education facilities. ^ Medical includes all medical facilities. # Post office includes post office, telegraph office and Post and telegraph office. $ Transport communication includes bus service, railway facility and navigable waterways. @ Bank includes Commercial Bank and Cooperative Bank. ** Telephone includes Telephone,PCO and Mobile.

This table gives the distribution of villages according to their distance from the nearest statutory town in five different ranges and availability of eight specified amenities shown in columns 3 to 10. Out of 51 villages of the district, maximum number of villages fall in the distance range of 5-15 kms from the nearest statutory town. Among these 34 villages, 33 villages have the facility of education, post- office and banking and only 29 villages have the facility of agricultural credit society. There are 11 villages having the nearest statutory town at a distance of 16-50 kms and these villages have all the specified amenities. Six villages have nearest statutory town at a distance of less than 5 kms and among these villages , only five have education, post-office and banking facilities. Only 4 villages in this range are having agricultural credit society facility. Table 40: Distribution of villages according to population range and amenities available, 2011

Population Number\ Number Type of amenity available range Percentage of Educa- Medi- Drink- Post Tele- Transport Banks Agricult Appro- Power inhabited tion* cal^ ing office phone communi- @ ural ach by supply villages in water # ** cations $ credit pucca each societies road range 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 1-499 Number 1 0 1 1 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 Percentage 0 100 100 0 100 100 0 0 100 100 500-999 Number 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Percentage 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

110 Table 40: Distribution of villages according to population range and amenities available, 2011 (Contd…)

Population Number\ Number Type of amenity available range Percentage of Educa- Medi- Drink- Post Tele- Transport Banks Agricult Appro- Power inhabited tion* cal^ ing office phone communi- @ ural ach by supply villages in # $ water ** cations credit pucca each societies road range 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 1000 - 1999 Number 1 0 1 1 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 Percentage 0 100 100 0 100 100 0 0 100 100 2000 - 4999 Number 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Percentage 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5000 - 9999 Number 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 Percentage 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 10000 + Number 45 45 45 45 45 45 45 45 40 45 45 Percentage 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 88.89 100 100 District Number 51 49 51 51 49 51 51 49 44 51 51 Total Percentage 96.08 100 100 96.08 100 100 96.08 86.27 100 100 Note:- * Education includes all education facilities. ^ Medical includes all medical facilities. # Post office includes post office, telegraph office and Post and telegraph office. $ Transport communication includes bus service, railway facility and navigable waterways. @ Bank includes Commercial Bank and Cooperative Bank. ** Telephone includes Telephone,PCO and Mobile.

This table presents the distribution of villages according to population ranges. The villages are also further classified according to type of amenities available. In the district, 45 villages out of 51 are large sized villages with population 10000+. All the amenities are available in these villages except agricultural credit society facility which is available in only 40 villages. In the population range of 5000-9999, four villages are there having all the specified amenities. One village each has population in the range of 1-499 and 1000-1999 and these villages do not have the facility of education, post-office, banking and agricultural credit society with all other facilities available.

Table 41: Distribution of villages according to land use, 2011

Sr.No. Name of Taluk Number of Total area (in Percentage of Percentage of inhabited villages Hectares) cultivable area to irrigated area to total area total cultivable area 1 2 3 4 5 6 1 05673-Cherthala 8 11319.00 84.75 51.57 2 05674-Ambalappuzha 5 6067.00 86.95 76.24 3 05675-Kuttanad 14 26593.00 88.23 85.56 4 05676-Karthikappally 6 9489.00 74.78 79.69 5 05677-Chengannur 9 10963.00 84.50 81.65 6 05678-Mavelikkara 9 16210.00 83.42 49.75 Total 51 80641.00 84.59 71.82 Note:- Culativable area= irrigated area + unirrigated area

111 This table shows the distribution of villages according to land use with the percentage of the cultivable area to total area and the percentage of irrigated area to the total cultivable area for the Taluks and the district.

Total area of district rural is 80641 hectares with Kuttanad Taluk having the largest area of 26593 hectares among the Taluks. 84.6 percentage of total area of the District rural is cultivable, out of which 72 per cent is irrigated area. The highest percentage(88.2 %) of cultivable area is in Kuttanad Taluk and the same is having highest percentage of irrigated area to total cultivable area with 85.6 per cent irrigated area. The least percentage of irrigated area to total cultivable area is 49.8 percent in Mavelikkara Taluk. Table 42: Schools/ colleges per 10,000 population in towns, 2011 Sr. No. Name of the town Type of educational institution (Approx. numbers) Primary Middle Secondary / Senior College* matriculation secondary 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 1 803298-Cherthala (M) 2 2 2 1 1 2 628214-Arookutty (CT) 2 1 1 1 0 3 628215-Aroor (CT) 1 3 1 1 0 4 628216-Ezhupunna (CT) 1 0 0 0 0 5 628217-Kodamthuruth (CT) 3 2 1 0 0 6 628218-Thaikattussery (CT) 4 3 1 0 0 7 628219-Kuthiathode (CT) 2 1 1 0 0 8 628220-Vayalar (CT) 3 2 1 1 0 9 628221-Pallippuram (CT) 2 2 2 1 0 10 628222-Thanneermukkam (CT) 3 1 1 1 0 11 628223-Kokkothamangalam (CT) 2 2 1 0 0 12 628224-Kanjikkuzhi (CT) 1 0 0 0 0 13 628225-Muhamma (CT) 2 2 1 1 0 14 803299-Alappuzha (M + OG) 2 1 1 0 0 15 628232-Mannanchery (CT) 1 1 1 0 0 16 628233-Pathirappally (CT) 1 1 0 0 0 17 628234-Komalapuram (CT) 2 1 1 0 0 18 803300-Kayamkulam (M) 3 1 2 1 0 19 628256-Haripad (CT) 4 5 2 2 0 20 628257-Kumarapuram (CT) 2 1 1 1 0 21 628258-Karthikappally (CT) 2 2 1 0 0 22 628259-Chingoli (CT) 3 2 2 0 0 23 628260-Cheppad (CT) 3 1 1 0 0 24 628261-Pathiyoor (CT) 4 1 1 0 0 25 628262-Keerikkad (CT) 6 3 3 0 0 26 628263-Muthukulam (CT) 2 2 1 1 0 27 628264-Kandalloor (CT) 3 2 1 0 0 28 628265-Puthuppally (CT) 3 3 1 0 0 29 628266-Krishnapuram (CT) 1 1 0 0 0 30 803301-Chengannur (M) 3 1 3 1 0 31 628276-Mannar (CT) 2 2 1 1 0 32 628277-Kurattissery (CT) 8 3 2 1 0

112 Table 42: Schools/ colleges per 10,000 population in towns, 2011 (Contd…) Sr. No. Name of the town Type of educational institution (Approx. numbers) Primary Middle Secondary / Senior College* matriculation secondary 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 33 803302-Mavelikkara (M) 3 2 2 2 0 34 628287-Kannamangalam (CT) 3 2 0 0 0 35 628288-Chennithala (CT) 3 1 1 0 0 36 628289-Thazhakara (CT) 7 3 3 3 0 37 628290-Bharanikkavu (CT) 8 3 1 1 0 38 628291-Kattanam (CT) 5 2 1 1 0 District: Alappuzha (598) 2 2 1 1 0 Note- * College includes Arts/ Science/ Commerce College (Degree Level and above)

This table highlights the approximate number of educational institutions per 10,000 population in thirty eight towns of the district. In the urban areas of the district, there are two Primary Schools, two Middle Schools, one Secondary/ Matriculation School and one Senior Secondary school per 10000 population. There is no college per 10000 population in the urban parts of the district. Among the 38 Towns of the district, Bharanikavu Census town and Kurattissery Census Town have the highest number of 8 Primary Schools per 10000 population. The highest number of middle schools is in Haripad Census town with 5 middle schools. Keerikkad Census town, Thazhakara Census town and Chengannur Municipality with 3 each has the highest number of Secondary/Matriculation school per 10000 population. Thazhakara Census town has the highest number of 3 Senior secondary schools per 10000 population and only one town college per 10000 population exists in Cherthala(M). Table 43: Number of beds in medical institutions in towns, 2011

Sr. No. Name of the town Number of beds in medical institutions per 10,000 population (Approx. numbers) 1 2 3 1 803298-Cherthala (M) 65 2 628214-Arookutty (CT) 0 3 628215-Aroor (CT) 3 4 628216-Ezhupunna (CT) 0 5 628217-Kodamthuruth (CT) 0 6 628218-Thaikattussery (CT) 0 7 628219-Kuthiathode (CT) 0 8 628220-Vayalar (CT) 0 9 628221-Pallippuram (CT) 0 10 628222-Thanneermukkam (CT) 0 11 628223-Kokkothamangalam (CT) 0 12 628224-Kanjikkuzhi (CT) 0 13 628225-Muhamma (CT) 0 14 803299-Alappuzha (M + OG) 75 15 628232-Mannanchery (CT) 7 16 628233-Pathirappally (CT) 7 17 628234-Komalapuram (CT) 0

113 Table 43: Number of beds in medical institutions in towns, 2011 (Contd…)

Sr. No. Name of the town Number of beds in medical institutions per 10,000 population (Approx. numbers) 1 2 3

18 803300-Kayamkulam (M) 21 19 628256-Haripad (CT) 0 20 628257-Kumarapuram (CT) 0 21 628258-Karthikappally (CT) 0 22 628259-Chingoli (CT) 0 23 628260-Cheppad (CT) 5 24 628261-Pathiyoor (CT) 0 25 628262-Keerikkad (CT) 0 26 628263-Muthukulam (CT) 0 27 628264-Kandalloor (CT) 0 28 628265-Puthuppally (CT) 0 29 628266-Krishnapuram (CT) 0 30 803301-Chengannur (M) 60 31 628276-Mannar (CT) 0 32 628277-Kurattissery (CT) 4 33 803302-Mavelikkara (M) 0 34 628287-Kannamangalam (CT) 0 35 628288-Chennithala (CT) 0 36 628289-Thazhakara (CT) 0 37 628290-Bharanikkavu (CT) 0 38 628291-Kattanam (CT) 0 District: Alappuzha (598) 21

The number of beds in Medical Institutions per 10000 population is given for thirty eight Towns of the district. The urban areas of the district have 21 beds in medical institutions per 10000 population. Among the towns, the highest number of beds in medical institutions per 10000 population is in Alappuzha (M+OG) with 75 beds. Twenty nine towns do not have beds in medical institution per 10000 population. Table 44: Proportion of slum population in towns, 2011

Sr.No. Name of the town having slum Total population Slum population Percentage of slum population to total population 1 2 3 4 5 1 803300-Kayamkulam (M) 68634 8218 11.97 2 803301-Chengannur (M) 23466 1072 4.57 3 803302-Mavelikkara (M) 26421 955 3.61 Total 118521 10245 8.64

The slum population and their percentage to the total population of the town is given in this table. Only three towns of the district have reported slums.

The percentage of slum population in the district is 8.6 per cent. This percentage is the highest in Kayamkulam Municipality with 12 per cent slum population reported and the lowest of 3.6 per cent slum population is reported in Mavelikkara Municipality. Chengannur Municipality is the third town with 4.6 per cent slum population reported in the town.

114 Table 45: Most important commodity manufactured in towns, 2011

Sr. No. Name of the town Name of three most important commodities manufactured 1 2 3 1 803298-Cherthala (M) Coir Products, Grass Mats, Marine Foods 2 628214-Arookutty (CT) Coir Products 3 628215-Aroor (CT) Chemicals 4 628216-Ezhupunna (CT) Sea Food, Pepper Powder, Carton Boxes 5 628217-Kodamthuruth (CT) Coir Products 6 628218-Thaikattussery (CT) Coir, Processed Fish 7 628219-Kuthiathode (CT) Coconut, Coir, Fish Products 8 628220-Vayalar (CT) Coir Products 9 628221-Pallippuram (CT) Cement, Coir, Sand Bricks 10 628222-Thanneermukkam (CT) Coir, Coconut Oil 11 628223-Kokkothamangalam (CT) Coir, Lime Shell, Beverages 12 628224-Kanjikkuzhi (CT) Coir, Handicrafts 13 628225-Muhamma (CT) Coir, Lime Shell, Sea Foods 14 803299-Alappuzha (M + OG) Coir, Sea Foods, Rice 15 628232-Mannanchery (CT) Coir, Coconut Oil, Rice 16 628233-Pathirappally (CT) Homeopathic Medicine, Glass, Coir Mats 17 628234-Komalapuram (CT) Coir, Bricks 18 803300-Kayamkulam (M) Coir, Curry Powder, Rice Powder, Match Box 19 628256-Haripad (CT) Rice 20 628257-Kumarapuram (CT) Coir 21 628258-Karthikappally (CT) Coir, Soap, Hollow Bricks 22 628259-Chingoli (CT) Ayurvedic Medicine, Hair Oil, Coir, Bakery Items 23 628260-Cheppad (CT) Cashew Nut 24 628261-Pathiyoor (CT) Cashew Nut, Textiles, Cot Bolt 25 628262-Keerikkad (CT) Paddy, Coconut Oil, Coir 26 628263-Muthukulam (CT) Coir, Curry Powder 27 628264-Kandalloor (CT) Coir, Copra 28 628265-Puthuppally (CT) Coir, Copra 29 628266-Krishnapuram (CT) Rubber Products, Coir 30 803301-Chengannur (M) Aluminium, Cement Bricks, Vehicle Battery 31 628276-Mannar (CT) Alumnium Products, Wooden Products, Brass Vessels 32 628277-Kurattissery (CT) Brass Vessels, Aluminium Vessels 33 803302-Mavelikkara (M) Copra 34 628287-Kannamangalam (CT) Clay Brick, Hollow Bricks, Cotton Thread 35 628288-Chennithala (CT) Matches, Bricks 36 628289-Thazhakara (CT) Bricks 37 628290-Bharanikkavu (CT) Wooden Furniture, Hollow Bricks, Burnt Bricks 38 628291-Kattanam (CT) Wooden Furniture

This table depicts the names of most important commodities manufactured in the towns of the district. In most of the Towns, coir or coir products are reported to be the most important commodity manufactured.

115 vii) MAJOR SOCIAL AND CULTURAL EVENTS, NATURAL AND ADMINISTRATIVE DEVELOPMENTS AND SIGNIFICANT ACTIVITIES DURING THE DECADE

The culture of the district is one which is inseparable from that of the other parts of the State. The customs and traditions among the coastal people and agrarian sector are distinct. The folk songs and folklore’s of the past are not popular at present. The ‘Ottamthullal’ propounded by Kunjan Nambiar is believed to be originated at Ambalappuzha Sree Krishna Swamy Temple. However, dance forms like Mayilattam, Mayilpeeli dance, Parunthattam, Garudan Parava, etc., are performed during festive occasions. Kettukazhcha, Kalamezhuthupattu, Udukkupattu, Sarpamthullal, , , etc., are associated with Temple festivals of the district. Chavittunatakam, a dance drama popular among the coastal Christians is performed during Church festivals and similar occasions. Customs, behaviour and practice of the people of different parts of the district are almost the same. Alappuzha has only a small number of tribal population. Their way of life and attire are different from those of their counterparts in , , etc., of Wayanad and Malappuram Districts. A few of Ulladan tribals settled in the District do not maintain their traditional tribal way of life, but they have become one with the rest of the society. Alappuzha District can be proud of being the Cradle of boat races. Small and large boat races conducted at various parts of the district is a special feature of the district. The snake boats and boat races attracting thousands of people from home and abroad are considered to be the cultural heritage of the district. The world-renowned Nehru Trophy Boat Race at the Punnamada Lake, Payippad Boat Race, Champakkulam Moolam Boat Race, Thiruvanvandoor, Neerettupuram, Karuvatta, and Pulinkunnu Boat Races are the major boat races in the district. The boat race season begins with Champakkulam Moolam Vallamkali (boat race) and usually ends in the month of September. Festivals of Alappuzha Eleven days long Chirappu celebrations of in December is the festival of Alappuzha Town. The annual Temple festival of neighbouring Sree Bhuvaneswari Temple is also held in the same time. The Sivarathri festival at Kanichukulangara Bhagavathi Temple (in March), the festivals of the Temples at Ambalappuzha (in March), Haripad (April), Mavelikkara (April), Chengannur, , Cherthala ( of Karthiyayani Temple), Ayilliyam festival at Mannarasala Nagaraja Temple (in October/November) and Nagaraja Temple at Vettikode are famous. The perunal of Church at Edathuva (April/May) and (December/January) are also famous. viii) BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF PLACES OF RELIGIOUS, HISTORICAL OR ARCHEOLOGICAL AND TOURIST IMPORTANCE IN VILLAGES AND PLACES OF TOURIST INTEREST IN THE TOWNS OF THE DISTRICT (a) Places of Religious Importance Sree Krishna Temple

116 The Temple is situated near the Ambalappuzha Railway Station and NH-47. Ambalappuzha Palpayasam (pudding) – the Naivedyam of this Temple, is famous for its unique taste. Chakyarkooth, Krishnanattam, Velakali, etc., are performed during the festival of the Temple which falls in the month of April. ‘Natakasala Sadya’, a lunch arranged in connection with the Temple festival, is a special feature. The devotees who take part in the lunch are supposed to get the blessing of Lord Krishna, the presiding deity of the Temple. It was here that the 16th Century poet Kunjan Nambiar staged his first Ottanthullal, a solo dance performance with high social content.

Rajarajeswari Temple, Mullakkal

This Temple is located at the heart of Alappuzha Town. The presiding deity is goddess Rajarajeshwari. The Temple celebrates two festivals every year. The nine-day ‘Navarathri’ festival is specially important. The last two days are most auspicious. Colourful processions participated by nine are held in the evening. It is witnessed by thousands of devotees. Also several cultural programmes including Ottanthullal are staged in the Temple.

Another festival celebrated by the Temple is a one-day ‘Thaipooyakavadi’. About fifteen Kavadis take part in this spectacular procession which is presented during the evening.

St. Sebestian Church, Arthunkal

117 Arthunkal is one of the most important pilgrim centres of the Christians in Kerala. The Church established by the Portuguese Missionaries in 1581 A.D. The Church, popularly known as St. Sebastian Church, stands on the spot where there was previously another Church dedicated to St. Thomas. The St. Andrews Church belongs to the Latin Catholic Diocese of Alappuzha and is situated about 7½ kms. from Cherthala Town facing the seacoast. It was built with the assistance of the local chieftains of Muthedath and with alms of the local Christians and Hindus. The first Vicar of St. Andrews Church was Gaspar Pais, a Jesuit. Arthunkal was the scene of the labours of Jesuit Missionaries in the 16th and 17th Centuries. Father Gacomo Fenicio of Capua (Italy) who was Vicar here from 1584 to 1602 is called the ‘Apostle of Arthunkal’ as he rendered valuable services to the Church. He died in the St. Andrews Church in 1632 and was laid to rest at the place as is evidenced by an epitaph which is preserved in the Churchyard. The St. Andrews Church is today held in great veneration by Catholics all over the State and even outside. The feast of St. Sebastian held every year on the 20th January attracts large concourse of Christian pilgrims. A noteworthy fact about this Church is that the Hindu pilgrims returning from Sastha shrine at used to come to Arthunkal to take bath in the erstwhile tank in the Church premises to formally conclude their penance.

St. George Church, Edathua

Edathua, the seat of the ancient Catholic Church dedicated to St. George is situated on the banks of the river Pamba. The paddy fields and coconut palms of Kuttanad lying in the backgrounds add to the beauty of the place. There is a story behind the origin of Edathua Church. The Church at Champakulam set up in 427 AD could not cater to the needs of the large Christian population of Edathua which lies several miles of distance from the place. Hence a new Church was set up at Edathua on the southern side of the channel to the South of the present Church. The date of its establishment is believed to be 1810. The image of St. George installed in the Church was brought from the Catholic Church at Edappalli. The Latin Christians of Quilon have also some special connection with the Edathua Church. The feast of St. George at Edathua Church is celebrated in April/May every year. It is held in commemoration of the installation of the image of St. George brought from Edappalli. The celebration attracts lakhs of pious Christian devotees from all parts of Kerala and also from Tamil Nadu particularly from Kannyakumari District. The main items of offering to St. George, who is credited with many a miracle, are images of eyes, legs, ears, serpents, etc., made of gold, silver, etc.

118 Sree Nagaraja Temple, Mannarasala

The Temple dedicated to Nagaraja containing 30,000 images of serpent gods is the largest of its kind in Kerala. The story of its origin is that a member of the local Illam married a girl of Vettukotte Illam where serpents were in veneration. The poor parents of the girl could not give anything as dowry. They gave her a stone idol of a serpent and asked her to take care of it and worship regularly. In due course the girl became pregnant and delivered a child and a snake. The snake was locked in an underground cellar of the house and brought up. It is said that the Illam prospered from that day. In due course the snake gave rise to numerous progeny and they were removed to a spot in the southern portion of the house where a grove has since grown. In the grove stone, idols of serpents were put up. In the grove as well as in the cellar of the house, offerings are made to the serpents. The offerings of Noorum Palum (rice flour and milk) and performing poojas are done by the eldest member of the Illam who is expected to lead a life of abstinence, when she became the eldest female of the family. During the month of Vrischikam (November-December), special pooja called Navakam and an offering of Nurum Palum are performed daily. The Ayilliam festival in the month of Thulam and the procession held on the day attract a large number of devotees. Though the grove is full of snakes, no snakebites have been reported from that place.

Chettikulangara Sree Bhagavathi temple

119 Chettikulangara Sree Bhagavathi temple is one of the most renowned temples in Kerala. The temple is located at Chettikulangara in Mavelikkara taluk of Alappuzha district in the south Indian state of Kerala. The temple is situated about 4 km west of Mavelikkara, 7 km north of Kayamkulam on SH6 (Kayamkulam - Thiruvalla Highway). The important festival in this Temple is the Kumba Bharani festival conducted during February-March. The important festivity associated with this Utsavam is the ‘Kettukazhaha’ which resembles the Chinese festival celebrated on the birthday of Buddha. Processions of tall decorated structures of chariots, brightly decorated effigies of horses and bullocks and cultural performances make a spectacular pageant. Kuthiyottam is also another important festivity. A large scale fair is held at Chettikulangara in connection with the festival.This is the second largest temple in terms of income under the control of Travancore Devaswom Board, second only next to Sabarimala. A major part of the Nellu offered to the Bhagavathi is also used to make Appam and Aravana prasadams at Sabarimala. The income from the temple is also helpful to run the daily rituals and Poojas at various temples under the Travancore Devaswom Board.

Chathankulangara Narasimha Temple

Chathankulangara, in Chengannur Town is known for the famous Temple dedicated to Narasimha. The Temple is under the management of a private trustee viz., the Munchira Madham Swamiyar of Trivandrum. Vattezuthu inscription engraved in its entrance records the consecration and execution of the repairs of the Temple which has been assigned to the 14th Century. The presence of abundance of elegant wood carving of artistic perfection depicting the puranic scenes connected with Sree Rama and Sree Krishna is the peculiarity of this Temple. The two annual festivals in this Temple are Mandala Pooja in December-January and the Utsavam on Sivarathri day in February-March which lasts for 10 days.

(b) Places of Historical or Archaeological Importance

Alappuzha

Situated at about 157 km. North of Thiruvananthapuram, the capital of Kerala and 62 km. from Kochi on the National Highway-47, Alappuzha, the Headquarters of both the District and the Taluk is an important commercial Town. The Town was founded in 1762 by Raja Kesava Das, the then Diwan of Travancore, with a view to make the place a commercial centre. Surrounded by sea and backwaters and the canals intersecting it, Alappuzha is often called the ‘Venice of the East’. Alappuzha was treated for the first time in Census as a Town in 1881 and constituted as a Municipality in 1921. The banks of the canals are the centres of many industrial and commercial establishments, particularly coir, copra, timber, etc. From time immemorial, Alappuzha was the chief depot for the sale of forest and other products. The Port was opened in 1762 and canals were constructed to link the Port to make commercial contacts with the interior. In the 19th Century, Veluthampi Dalawa took keen interest in constructing roads and markets which were later improved upon by Parvathi Bai. A Lighthouse which is visible from a distance of 26 km. was built in 1862 by Captain Hugh Crawford. For the passage of cargo, a pier nearly 1000 ft. long was also built. Though the Port has lost its maritime importance due to the nearness of Kochi Port, the Town still continues to be an important commercial as well as industrial centre of Kerala. Alappuzha is the chief centre of production and also

120 supplier of coir yarn and coir products. The first modern factory for the manufacture of coir mats and matting was started here in 1859. The first Post and Telegraph Office of the princely State of Travancore was established in Alappuzha when postal communication was introduced in Travancore in 1857.

It is the centre of large network of inland water transport service. There is a well-maintained beach in this Town. The annual festival, known as Chirappu, in December in the famous Mullakkal Bhagavathy Temple situated in the heart of the city attracts thousands of devotees. The Kidanganparamba Devi Temple, Kalarkode Mahadeva Temple, Thondankulangara Mahadeva Temple, Bhagavathy Temple and Thirumala Devaswam Temple belonging to Gouda Saraswatha are some of the other important Temples in the Town. The Holly Cross Church established in 1400 and Mount Carmel Cathedral Church established in 1809 are the important Churches in the Town. There is an old Mosque situated near the Dutch Square of Alappuzha Town. Jain Temple, the only one existing in Travancore area is also located here.

The major tourist attraction in Alappuzha is the colourful water carnival held at Punnamada Kayal or Vatta Kayal about half a kilometre East of the Town and conducted on the second Saturday of August every year to commemorate the visit of Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru, the first Prime Minister of India.

Purakkad

The coastal Village of Purakkad of Ambalappuzha Taluk is situated on National Highway-47 about 17 km. South of Alappuzha. It was called ‘Poorka’ or ‘Porcai’ by the Portuguese and the Dutch. The place literally means ‘Outer Forest’ and perhaps it was part of a large forest area in the past. The remnants of large decaying trees deep beneath the soil in the Purakkad kari lands indeed point to the possibility of the existence of forests in the area in the distant past. Legends say that Purakkad was the forest where the Khandavadahana mentioned in the took place. The place is historically important. It was the scene of battle between Travancore and Cochin forces in 1754 AD and between Travancore and the force of in 1756 AD. There was an ancient Port at Purakkad. The Dutch had a factory at that time. In the 16th Century, the Portuguese built a Church at Purakkad. An interesting phenomenon in this sea coast is the “Chakara’ which is of great marine importance. Particular varieties of fish accumulate in the mud bank making it very easy for fishermen to have bountiful catch. An old Syrian Catholic Church established in 1607 AD is located on the eastern side of the National Highway-47. The Venugopal Dewasom Temple, Murikkoli Bhagavathy Temple and Anandeswaram Siva Temple are the important Temples. An ancient Mosque is also located in this Village. St. Francis Xavier had visited this place during the 16th Century and converted many fishermen to Christianity.

Thottappally

Being a place of strategic importance in olden times, Thottappally, which lies in the vicinity of Purakkad, was the scene of battle between Travancore forces and the army of Chempakassery Raja. Now the place is well known for the spillway across the Vembanad Lake. The National Highway-47 passes over this spillway. It was constructed in 1954 to divert the floodwater of Kuttanad into the sea and also to prevent salinization of fresh water.

Cheppad

Situated at about 44 km. North of Kollam on Kollam-Alappuzha National Highway-47, Cheppad is notable for an Orthodox Syrian Church dedicated to St. George built in 1300 AD. The main portico and subsidiary porches were built after the traditional pattern of the porches of . The wood carvings in the porches and the mural paintings which depict the great scenes of the epic of Jesus Christ are unique and rare specimens. In 1599, after the historic Synod Diamper, Arch Bishop Alexis De Menezes of Roman Catholic faith visited the Church at Cheppad and brought the parish and Church under the Latin sway and installed a statue of St.Mary with child Jesus. After the historic Coonam Cross Oath in 1653 AD when the majority of parishes reverted to their old orthodox faith, the Cheppad parish also followed the same. As a sacred resting place of the mortal remains of his Grace Mar Dionysius IV (popularly known as the Cheppad

121 Metropolitan and one of the greatest figures in the history of Orthodox Syrian Church), the Cheppad Church is a place of pilgrimage even today. In 1956, His Imperial Majesty Hailie Salassie, the emperor of Ethiopia visited the Church and gave valuable present.

There is a famous Bhagavathy Temple at Vellikulangara. The main deity is Devi. The image of the Devi was obtained from a tank in the South-West corner of the Temple premises and it is still preserved as a sacred spot. The wooden sculptures in the gopuram of the Temple are famous all over Kerala. The whole of Bhagavatha is illustrated here with remarkable vigour.

Haripad

Haripad is the Headquarters of Karthikappally Taluk, situated on the National Highway-47 between Kollam and Alappuzha. Haripad literally means the seat of ‘Hari or ’, but the Town is famous for its Temple dedicated to Lord Subramania. It is rebuilt in the ancient Kerala style of architecture. It is believed that when the new Temple dedicated to Sastha was nearing completion, one of the trustees had a dream and accordingly the idol of Subramania was brought from a particular spot in the Pathiramanal island and consecrated here. In commemoration of this event, an important boat regatta at Payippad (Payippad Jalolsava) is held in every Chingom (August-September). The Thaipooyam in the month of Makaram is also one of the celebrations here. The place is also famous for the origin of well-known Sandesakavya, “Mayoora Sandesam” written by Kerala Varma Valiyakoil Thampuran while he was residing there.

Kayamkulam

Kayamkulam is an important Municipality. It was treated as Town in 1901 and got the status of Municipality from 1921 onwards. Situated by the side of the Kayamkulam Lake, midway between Kollam and Alappuzha, Kayamkulam was the capital of the Kingdom of Kayamkulam Rajas till the annexation of the Kingdom of Travancore by Maharaja in 1746 AD. This Town was often called the ‘’ as several battles were fought in this place. Kayamkulam was prominent in the early and medieval times due to its opening to the lagoon through the Kayamkulam ‘Pozhi’. The Town is connected with road, rail and waterways and it is an important commercial centre of inland trade. Kayamkulam-Alappuzha Railway Line was commissioned in 1992 and has now became a railway junction. A huge Thermal Project has been commissioned under the management of NTPC. Pazhayatheruvil Palli is an ancient Mosque in this Town. An old Jacobite Syrian Christian Church, known as the Kadeesa Church is an important one. The Gauda Saraswatha has a Temple here. There is an Arts and Science College located here. Krishnapuram, about a kilometre South of Kayamkulam, was formerly a military centre of Kayamkulam Rajas. An old palace built by Ramayyan Dalva at Krishnapuram which contains famous mural paintings on ‘Gajendramoksham’ assigned to the 18th Century are now under the control of State Archaeology Department. The Coconut Research Station sponsored by ICAR is also located at Krishnapuram.

Kandiyoor

Kandiyoor situated in Mavelikkara Town is a place of historical importance. It was here that the Travancore Raja gained the decisive victory over Kayamkulam Raja. There is a famous Mahadeva Temple which contains the sub-shrines considered to have been made specially sacred by the presence of all gods of Hindu pantheon. There are ancient inscriptions of archaeological importance and it is noted for fine stone sculptures.

Mavelikkara

Mavelikkara, the Headquarters of the Taluk is a Municipality since 1921. It was formerly the seat of Pandalam Rajas called Airoor Swaroopam. The principality was absorbed in Travancore in 1812. An important Temple is Sree Krishna Swami Temple located in the Town. The Radha shrine, preserved in the Town under the control of State Archaeology Department, is one of the rarest of its kind in the State. The at Thazhakara, CSI Church and the St. Mary’s Orthodox Syrian Church at and the

122 Catholic Church at Valiaperumpuzha are important Christian worshiping centres. The other Christian Missionaries like Brethren Mission, The Penthacostal Mission and Indian Penthacostal Mission are also active in the Town. There is an Arts and Science College located here.

(c) Places of Tourist Importance

Krishnapuram Palace

The 18th Century Krishnapuram Palace built during the reign of the Travancore Monarch, Marthanda Varma is a double storied structure which displays typical characteristics of Kerala architecture –gabled roofs, dormer windows and narrow corridors. It houses one of the largest mural paintings in Kerala called the ‘Gajendramoksham’. It measures 14 feet by 11 feet. Inside is also a museum of antique sculptures, paintings and bronzes. Situated at about 47 km. from Alappuzha Town on the way to Kollam, Krishnapuram is easily accessible by bus from either Town.

Pathiramanal

Pathiramanal, known as the mysterious sand of midnight, is a small beautiful island of tourist importance. It is situated in the centre of the Vembanad Lake, 4 km. East of Muhamma. This island lies between Thanneermukkam and Kumarakam and is accessible only by boat. This island is having an area of 60 acres, with full of coconut plantation and luxuriant vegetation. It is believed that the image of Lord Subramania was taken from this place and installed at the famous Temple at Haripad. Boat Regatta held in Chingom (August-September) is to commemorate this event. It is developed as an eco-friendly tourist centre preserving the vegetation and geographical features. It is accessible by boat from Alappuzha and Koipuram boat jetties which is about 20 km. East of Koipuram junction on the Alappuzha- Thanneermukkam road. The development of Pathiramanal as an International Backwater Resort has been

123 initiated on a joint venture basis. This little island on the backwaters is a favourite haunt of hundreds of rare migratory birds from different parts of the world.

Thanneermukkam

Thanneermukkam is situated on the western bank of the Vembanad Lake. It is the largest salt-water barrage in the State put up across the Vembanad Lake as a part of Kuttanad Development Scheme. The Thanneermukkam Regulator constructed across the Vembanad Lake between Thanneermukkam and Vechur is to prevent tidal action and intrusion of salt water. It is the largest mud regulator in India. The road over the bridge has short cut the distance between Alappuzha and Kottayam District. It is an important centre of lake fishes like ‘Karimeen’ (Etroplus).

Champakkulam

Champakkulam, situated on the banks of the river Pamba, is a place of considerable tourist as well as historical importance. The historic Vallamkali (boat regatta) held here in the Pamba River on Moolam day in Chingam (August-September) every year attracts huge crowd from all parts of Kerala. It is held in

124 commemoration of the episode involving the idol of Lord Krishna for the consecration in the Ambalappuzha Temple. When the idol was brought from Kurichi by the men of Chempakassery Raja for installation at Ambalappuzha, they rested for the night in a Syrian Catholic house called Mappillassery. It is said that the dignitaries of the Syrian Christian Church as well as the local Christian actively participated in the procession of boats in which the deity was taken to Ambalappuzha. Even now the flag and coir rope required for the regatta are given by the Kalloorkad Church which is said to have been established in 427 AD and it is associated in local history with the royal house of Chempakassery. The annual Perunnal in the Church begins on the second Sunday in Thulam (October-November) and lasts for 8 days. The annual feast at this Church falls on the 3rd Sunday of October every year. The feast of St. Joseph is celebrated on the 19th March.

Chavara Bhavan

It is located 6 Kms. from Alappuzha. It is the ancestral home of the St. . It is now a holy shrine and spiritual resort where thousands of devotees gather for prayer, receive favours and feel amply gratified. Here a 250 year old historically important beacon of light is preserved intact in its original and primitive form.

QST and R Block Kayal

125 QST and R Block Kayal is situated in kuttanad, the rice bowl of kerala. These regions are wonders of the indigenous agricultural engineering know-how of Kerala and remind the visitor of the famous dikes of Holland. Extensive areas of land have been reclaimed from the backwaters and are protected by the dikes built all around. A leisurely cruise along the canals that surround these kayals is a memorable experience.

Karumadikkuttan

Karumadikkuttan is a name of Lord Budhha statue located in Kerala. Karumady is a village 3km east of Ambalappuzha in Alappuzha District of Kerala State. The statue of Buddha is made up of black granite statue . The statue is believed to be 9th – 14th century and was in the stream flowing nearby. It was discovered by Sir Robert Bristow a british Engineer who established the . Only half part of the statue was dicovered other half of the statue have been missing and presently is under the State Government of Kerala.

(d) Places of other importance

Aroor

Aroor is situated on the National Highway-47 between Cherthala and Kochi. Till 1960, there was no bridge and rafts had to be used for transporting vehicles. Now there are three bridges, one connecting Aroor to Eda Kochi, one rail bridge and another road bridge connecting Aroor with Kumbalam. One of the three industrial estates of this district is located here. Aroor is also one of the fish landing centres of the District.

Cherthala

Cherthala, the Headquarters of Cherthala Taluk, is a Municipality since 1953. The Town is famous for the well known Devi (Karthiyayani) Temple located in the centre of the Town. The image of Bhagavathy is said to have been consecrated by Vilvamangalath Swamiyar. The Pooram festival in commemoration of consecration every year in the month of Meenam (March-April) attracts thousands of devotees. The Patayani and Velathullal are the other two important items of performance of the Temple. There is an important Syrian Catholic Church at Muttam dedicated to St. Mary. Cherthala is also well connected with Alappuzha by road and rail. It is a major centre of coir industry. M/s Mc Dowell & Co. Ltd., is an important industrial concern here.

Kanichukulangara

Situated at about 13 km. North-West of Alappuzha Town, Kanichukulangara is famous for the

126 Bhagavathy Temple. Many are the legends concerning the origin of the Temple. The local tradition says that the deity of Kanichukulangara is one who came by the sea. It is said that the ship in which the Devi was traveling was wrecked off on the coast of the Arabian Sea, not far from the place where the Temple is at present located. A devotee who happened to recognise the Devi who had reached the shore, consecrated her at the present place. The Temple which originated under Brahmin trusteeship later came into the hands of the . The Brahmin trustee is said to have fallen in love with a beautiful maiden named Chakki Amma and he later committed suicide. The souls of both Brahmin and the maiden have been consecrated in small shrines inside the Temple. The important festivals during the main festival conducted in the month of Kumbham (February-March) are Patayani and Velathullal which are supposed to represent the Kurukshetra battle between and . Deepakazhcha is the important offering made to the deity.

Kokkothamangalam

Kokkothamangalam situated on the western shore of the Vembanad Lake is the seat of one of the two Churches in Arch Diocese of Ernakulam. It is said that the Apostle, St. Thomas who visited Kerala and established seven Churches consecrated a cross there. Later the cross found missing and it was recovered from Pallippuram and brought to Kokkothamangalam where a Church was built. The present Church was rebuilt in 1900. The famous Varanad Bhagavathi Temple is also located here.

Thiruvizha

Thiruvizha is situated at about 5 km. South-West of Cherthala. This place is famous for the well known Siva Temple. The Temple attracts large number of devotees to consume the divine Prasadam which is supposed to possess medical and curative properties for mental illness.

Vayalar

Situated at about 2.5 km. North of Cherthala, Vayalar is politically important place in the history of modern Kerala. The historic struggle at Vayalar by the Communist Party against Sir C.P. Ramaswamy Iyer, Diwan of Travancore, resulted in the relinquishment of the rule of Diwan. Hundreds of Communist fell victims to the tragic police firing in 1946. There is a ‘Martyrs’ platform (Rakthasakshi ) erected at this place.

Punnapra

Punnapra, situated very close to Alappuzha Municipality on Alappuzha-Kayamkulam road is now treated as an urban out-growth of the city. As in the case of Vayalar, this place is also famous for the historic Communist struggle in 1946 against the then Diwan of Travancore, Sir C.P. Ramaswamy Iyer. The police action, which followed, resulted in indiscriminate firing and death of hundreds of people. This agitation led to the relinquishment of the rule of Diwan. There are two important Temples in Punnapra. One is the Vandanam Temple dedicated to Sastha and the other is the Aravukadu Bhagavathi Temple where the annual festival falls on Pooram day in Meenam (March-April). There is a Latin Catholic Church dedicated to St. Joseph which belongs to the Diocese of Alappuzha. It was established in 1915. Another Church is the St. Gregorios Church at Punnapra which was established in 1892 and is under Syrian Catholic Arch Bishop of Changanassery.

Thakazhy

Situated at about 6 km. East of Ambalappuzha, Thakazhy is well known for the famous Sastha Temple which attracts large number of devotees. The special oil called ‘Valia Enna’ supplied from this Temple is meant to cure mental illness and is considered as an effective medicine. Persons suffering from acute skin diseases also visit this Temple. The annual Utsavam in this Temple falls in the month of Kumbam (February-March) and lasts for 8 days. It is also the home of the famous Malayalam writer Shri Thakazhy Siva Sankara .

127 Chengannur

Chengannur, the Headquarters of the Taluk as well as the Revenue Division, is a Municipal Town situated on the . The area is fertile through which the Pamba and the Achancoil Rivers flow. Chengannur is a trading centre of agricultural produces such as paddy, coconut, banana, and sugarcane, etc., which are largely grown in this district. There are two hills called Pandavan Para and Nattuvan Para. There is a small Temple dedicated to Sree Krishna on Pandavan Para which is known for its mythological importance and Hindu belief that Pandavas had been there during their 12 years of Vanavasa. The boat race at Erapuzha in the river Pamba on Thiruvonam day is also famous.

Chengannur is popularly known for its Temple dedicated to Lord Siva and Parvathy. There is a unique periodic 3 day ceremony called Tripputhu observed in this Temple. The annual festival at Chengannur in December-January lasts for 28 days and sometimes even longer if the Tripputhu ceremony occurs in the meantime.

Chengannur is also a seat of ancient Orthodox Syrian Christians. The Chengannur Valiapalli is famous for granite carvings. There is an Engineering College in this Town besides an Arts and Science College. The Central Hatchery is also located in the Town.

Mannar

Mannar, situated nearly 8 km. north of Mavelikkara is a well-known Khadi Industry Centre under the auspices of Gandhi Smaraka Nidhi. It is a place of innumerable Temples, of which, Siva Temple, ‘Thirukurati’ is the most important. The Temple is famous for its exquisite woodcarvings of puranic scenes. The important Bhagavathy Temple at Kuttamperur is noted for its fine woodcarvings and there is a ‘Chitalputt’ (termitary) in the premises of the Temple where Kroshtamuni, the legendary founder of the Temple is believed to have entered samadhi. In Mannar, there is a Temple dedicated to Sun and Saraswathy, rarest in Kerala. The famous Parumala Church where the mortals of Mar Gregorois is preserved is situated very close to Mannar which attracts a large number of pilgrims. The annual festival is held in November. There are two Mosques, one of which is Iramathu Jamayath which is supposed to be about 600 years old. Mannar is one of the places where Copper utensils are available in plenty.

Thiruvanvandoor

Situated on the banks of the Manimala and the Pamba Rivers, Thiruvanvandoor is a famous Hindu pilgrim centre. The Vishnu Temple, where the images of Vishnu and Gopalakrishna worshipped by Nakula, one of the five Pandavas, are believed to have been consecrated by the legendary Bhrigu Muni is in Thiruvanvandoor. It may be mentioned here that Thiruvanvandoor is one of the five sacred places where the Vishnu images worshipped by the five Pandavas during their Vanavasa. The annual festival in the shrine of Thiruvanvandoor is celebrated in the Thiruvaimozhi of Nammalvar, the great Tamil saint assigned to the 9th Century.

Chettikulangara

Located at about 5 km. South-West of Mavelikkara, Chettikulangara is famous for the well known Bhagavathy Temple. The important festival in this Temple is the Kumba Bharani festival conducted during February-March. The important festivity associated with this Utsavam is the ‘Kettukazhaha’ which resembles the Chinese festival celebrated on the birthday of Buddha. Processions of tall decorated structures of chariots, brightly decorated effigies of horses and bullocks and cultural performances make a spectacular pageant. Kuthiyottam is also another important festivity. A large scale fair is held at Chettikulangara in connection with the festival.

128 (ix) MAJOR CHARACTERISTICS OF THE DISTRICT, CONTRIBUTION OF THE DISTRICT IN THE FORM OF ANY HISTORICAL FIGURE ASSOCIATED WITH THE DISTRICT The scope of this publication is limited in this regard. The details of only a few of the prominent personalities are given. This list is not exhaustive.

Thakazhy Sivasankara Pillai (1912- 1999)

Thakazhy Sivasankara Pillai was born on the 17th April, 1912 in the Village of Thakazhy in Alappuzha District. His mother was Areepurathu Veetile Parvathy Amma and father was Poyppallikalathil Sankara Kurupu. The famous artist Guru Kunchu Kurup and Sankara Kurup were brothers.

He studied upto the 4th Class in a Malayalam School in Thakazhy and then joined in the Ambalappuzha Kadappuram English School and passed the 3rd form examination. He completed his High School education in 1929 from Karuvatta N.S.S High School. His first short story ‘Sadhukkal’ was published in the same year. In 1931, he passed Pleadership examination from the Law College, Trivandrum. At this time, he acquainted with the famous journalist Kesari A. Balakrishna Pillai and he joined as a Reporter in the Kerala Kesari Paper though he had passed the Pleadership examination. In 1939 January, he started practicing as an Advocate in Ambalappuzha Munsiff’s Court under P. Parameshwara Pillai and he continued as an Advocate until 1957.

Thakazhy had shown his literary abilities even from his childhood. He wrote his first short story while he was 18 years old and got published in the magazine ‘Service’. He started writing in the name K.K. Siva Sankara Pillai and he used the name ‘Thakazhi Siva Sankara Pillai’ when he was more popular. His first novel, ‘Tyagathinte Prathibhalam’, was published in 1934. He wrote 39 novels and 300 short stories. In 1965, his ‘Selected Stories’ was published by the Sahithya Pravathaka Co-operative Society (SPCS). Many of his famous novels – ‘’, ‘Randidangazhi’, ‘Thottiyude Makan’, ‘Enippadikal’ – were published not only in India but in many foreign languages also. ‘Chemmeen’ (prawn) is the only selected for UNESCO’s East-West programme for translation into English.

He married Nedumudi Thekkemuriyil Champakasseri Chirakkal Kamalakshi Amma (KATHA) on September 15, 1934. Thakazhi believed that his wife Katha is the cause for all his fortune and prosperity. They have five children. In 1956, ‘Chemmeen’ was awarded with the Central Sahithya Academy Award and in 1964, Kerala Sahitya Academy Award was given to ‘Enippadikal’. In 1978, he became the President of Kerala Sahitya Academi. His novel ‘’ was published in the same year. In 1980, he received the Vayalar Award. The highest award for literature in India ‘Gyanapeet’ was given to him in 1984. Padma Bhushan was awarded to him on the 26th January, 1985 and also he was honoured with D. Lit. by the Kerala University and University in the same year. In 1991, his novel ‘Kayar’ was telecasted on Doordarshan as

129 teleserial in Hindi. In 1992, ‘Kayar’ was published in Hindi. He received Ezhuthachan Award in 1993 and Vallathol Award in 1994. He breathed his last on the 10th April 1999.

Vayalar Ramavarma (1928-1975)

Vayalar Ramavarma, born on the 25th March 1928, was a popular Malayalam Poet and Film Lyricist. Ramavarma, in his early boyhood, had traditional Sanskrit education. Later, he joined the English High School at Cherthala and passed his SSLC examination. He knew Malayalam, Sanskrit and English and had working knowledge of Tamil. In his teens, he developed a deep interest in poetry.

His early poems illustrate the influence of Mahakavi G. Sankara Kurup and Mahatma Gandhi. Later he came under the influence of Changampuzha Kirshna Pillai whose highly sentimental lyrics was the rage of the day.

It was quite natural that the impressionable young poet should come under the spell of the communist ideology and actively participated in the progressive writers movement. In no time, his poems, vibrant with revolutionary fervour, started to charm huge gatherings at political meetings.

It was the musical quality of his poems that gained him easy access to the film world where as a gifted composer of sweet lyrics, his position remained unchallenged till his untimely death. More than anybody else, he is responsible for bringing poetry on to the Malayalam screen.

Ramavarma’s narrative poem ‘Ayisha’ (1954), depicting the sad plight of a poor Muslim girl, has been a favourite text with many Kathaprasangam (musical one man stage presentation of stories) performers. Sargasangeetham (1961), a collection of his lyrics, received an award from the Kerala Sahitya Academy. As a composer of songs, he grew with the Malayalam film industry and a large number of his compositions became all time hits. Four times he won the Kerala State Award for the best film lyrist of the year. In 1974, he also received from the President of India, the National Award for the best film lyrist. He has composed more than one thousand songs for Malayalam films which endeared him to the masses while his amiable disposition gained for him a large devoted circle of friends. To commemorate him, his friends and admirers instituted the annual Vayalar Award, which is the most prestigious literary award in Kerala.

His published poetic works were Padamudrakal (1948), Kontayum Punulum (1950), Enikku Maranamilla, Ayisha (1954), Mulankadu (1955), Oru Judas Janikkunnu (1955), Ente Mattolikkavitakal (1957), Sarga Sangeetham (1961). In addition to these, he had also published two collections of short stories and one travel diary. He expired on the 27th October 1975.

130 K.E. Mathai, Parappurathu (1924-1981)

He was born on the 14th November, 1924 in Mavelikkara at Kunnathu. He served in Military after his School education. He had written many stories based on his Military experiences. He came to be recognized and famous with the publication of his novel, ‘Aranayikaneeram’. He was also the President of Sahitya Pravarthaka Sahakarana Sangham. His script, ‘Aranayikaneeram’ had won an award for him. He also earned awards from Kerala Sahitya Acadamy and Sahitya Pravarthaka Sangham. He was also the recipient of M.P.Paul Prize. His main works include ‘Ninamaninja Kalpadukal’, ‘Annueshichu Kandethiyilla’, Keezhadangal’, ‘Marikatha Ormakal’ and ‘Akashathile Paravakal’. He breathed his last on the 30th December, 1981.

Guru Kunchu Kurup (1881-1965)

Guru Kunchu Kurup, born at Thakazhy in Alappuzha District in 1881, was one of the greatest Kathakali actors who easily won the hearts of many Kathakali lovers.

He was the youngest son of Velikkathu Parameshwara Kaimal and Poipullil Kalathil Kakshi Amma.

131 He had his formal education till the age of 12 but all the time he was cherishing in his mind a passion for Kathakali. His parents, however, soon discovered the artistic gifts of their son and decided to send him for Kathakali training. Thus, in his 13th year, Guru started learning the art of Kathakali under two famous actors – Kochappi Panicker and Rama Panicker – who were also his maternal uncles. In the period 1902-1930, he had the rare privilege to perform before high dignitaries and men of arts like Maharaja of Cochin, Poet Rabindranath Tagore and Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru and to receive honours and presents from them. Recognition of his achievements and services to the art came galore even from the highest echelons of society and the State. In 1956, he was given the Presidential Award, the first Kathakali actor ever to receive it. In 1969, he was made a fellow of the Sangeeta Nataka Academy. In 1971, the President of Indian Republic conferred on him the title of Padmabhushan. Mahakavi Vallathol, the founder of world famous , appointed Guru as its first Chief Instructor. Guru continued to hold that position till 1936 when he left the Institution. Guru also taught the art to Mrinalini Sarabhai, another famous exponent of classical dances at Madras in 1943. Some of his famous disciples were Sivaram, Kalamandalam Krishnan Nair, Kelu Nair of Santinikethan, Kalamandalam Madhavan and Sunithi Raja. Some of the favourite roles of Guru, for the superb portrayal of which he is singled out for lavish praise, are Nala, Rugmangada, Kuchela and Ravana in stories like Karthaveeryarjunajayam, Ravana Vijayam, Bali Vijayam, Keechaka, etc.

Mavelikkara Velukkutty Nair

Mavelikkara Velukkutty Nair was born on 2nd October 1926 in Chettikulangara (near Mavelikkara), Alleppey district, Kerala. He had undergone preliminary lessons in Mridangam from father Mridanga Vidwan Muthukulam S. Kumara Pillai. Later undergone advanced training from Maestro Sangeetha Kalanidhi Padmabhooshan Palghat Mani Iyer under Gurukula system for a period of 8 years. Late Palghat R. Raghu and Umayalpuram K. Sivaraman were also disciples of Palghat Mani Iyer along with him. He joined the Kerala State Government Service as Teacher in Mridangam at Sri. Swathi Thirunal College of Music in 1959. He has the distinction of being the first teaching faculty at the mridangam department of the Sri. Swathi Thirunal College of Music, Trivandrum. He retired as Professor and Head, Department of Mridangam from the same college in 1982. Had been Visiting Professor during 1984–85. Had been imparting advanced training to students from across the country with Government of India cultural scholarship. The curriculum on mridangam developed by him is still being followed in all the three music colleges in the State. He was an avowed vocalist too. He was one of the very few Mridangam artists who had proved both as a brilliant performer as well as a great Guru. He died on 24th July 2012. He got Kerala Sangeetha Nataka Akademi Award in 1981 and Kerala Sangeetha Nataka Akademi Fellowship in 1998.

132 K.M Panikkar (1894-1963)

K.M. Panikkar, a distinguished historian, an administrator, a diplomat and an educationist, was born in in Alappuzha District. After his schooling in India, he left for Oxford in 1914, where he spent four years studying History. During this time he came into contact with the Malayalam Poet Vallathol Narayana Menon mainly through correspondence.

On his return from Oxford, Panikkar joined as Professor of History at M.A.O College (now Muslim University) at Aligarh. Next, he became the Editor of the English Nationalist Daily Swarajya in Madras in 1922. In 1924, he resigned the Editorship and founded the Hindustan Times.

Panikkar wrote both in Malayalam and English. In English, his earlier works were Problems of Greater India (1917), Essays in Educational Reconstruction (1920) and Sri Harshan of Kanauj (1922). Besides them, he also wrote two important studies on Kerala history, Malabar and the Portuguese (1929) and Malabar and the Dutch (1931). He had a stint at the United Nations too and served the Nehru Government as Ambassador to China, Egypt and France. The last offices he held were the Membership of the Rajya Sabha and Vice- Chancellorship of the Kashmir and Universities.

Kavalam Narayana Panicker

133 Kavalam Narayana Panicker (or Panikkar) (born on 28th April 1928) is an Indian dramatist, theatre director and poet. He was born in the village of Kavalam, into an ancient family from Kuttanad in Alappuzha, Kerala, India. His family name is Chalayil and he is a nephew of Sardar Kavalam Madhava Panikkar and a cousin of Dr. K. Ayyappa Panicker, a Malayalam poet.

He has written over 26 Malayalam plays, many adapted from classical Sanskrit drama and Shakespeare, notably Madhyamavyayogam (1979), Kalidasa’s Vikramorvasiyam (1981, 1996), Shakuntalam (1982), Karnabharam (1984, 2001), Bhasa’s Bhangam (1988), Swapnavasavadatta and Dootavakyam (1996). He is the founder-director of theatre troupe, Sopanam, which led to the foundation of ‘Bhashabharati: Centre for Performing Arts, Training and Research in Trivandrum.He started his career as a lawyer in 1955 and practised law for six years before devoting himself to art and literature. In 1961 he was nominated as Secretary of Kerala Sangeetha Nadaka Academy, Thrissur and shifted his base to Thrissur, the cultural capital of Kerala. His work has always been rooted in both the classical and folk traditions of Kerala.

He was awarded Sangeet Natak Akademi Award in 1983 and Sangeet Natak Akademi Fellowship in 2002 and the Padma Bhushan civilian decoration in 2007.

He has won Kerala State Film Award for Best Lyrics twice, in 1978 for Vadakakkoru Hridayam and in 1982 for Marmaram, and Kalidas Samman for (1994–1995).

P.K. Parameshwaran Nair

P.K. Parameshwaran Nair, born at Kuttanad in Alappuzha District in 1903, was a well-known Biographer, a Historian and a Critic. He took his Degree in 1928 and was in Government service. After his retirement, he served as the Editor of Gandhi Sahitya Granthavali and was also on the Editorial Board of the Vishwavijnanakosham published by the Sahitya Pravarthaka Co-operative Society. Altogether Parameshwaran Nair wrote 18 books.

Nepoleonum Josephinum (Nepoleon and Josephine), Sahitya Panchamanan, C.V. Raman Pillai, Mahatma Gandhi, Thunchatt Acharyan, Premagautaman Voltaire and Nepoleonte Jivitasayahnam (the last days of Nepoleon) are the biographies written by him.

Parameshwaran Nair’s Adhunika Malayala Sahityam (1954) was a work which treats of a specific literary epoch. In his Malayala Sahitya Charitam (1958), he had made survey of from the very beginning down to 1956.

134 His critical studies and essays had been compiled and published in four books. Bhavarashmikal (1948), Sahitya Samikshakal (1954), Valarunna Sahityam (1957) and Vikshana Viharam (1967). Sahitya Samikshakal was a collection of essays on art and literature with emphasis on style, aptitude and environment in modern Malayalam literature.

His critical studies of various forms of literature such as biography, essay, autobiography, music in drama, modern novel, historical novel, romantic poetry and modernism in poetry are included in Valarunna Sahityam and Vikshana Viharam.

Thoppil Basi (1924 – 1992)

He was born on the 8th April, 1924 at Vallikkunathu in Alappuzha. As a Dramatist, he made his own path in the field of drama. He earned recognition as a political leader, a script writer, an actor and as a director of number of dramas as well as cinemas. He was one of the founders of KPAC. He was twice the member of the Legislative Assembly, Kerala. His first drama was ‘Munnettam’ staged in 1945. His drama ‘Ningalenne Communistakki’ was one of the dramas staged several times. In 1968, he won National Award for his drama ‘Ashwamedham’. He breathed his last on the 5th December in 1992.

Ponkunnam Varkey

He was born at Edathua in 1910. He started his career as a Teacher. He served as the President of Kerala Sahitya Academy and Sahitya Pravarthaka Sahakarana Sangham. He became a staunch believer of materialism. He was called ‘Nishedhathinte Kathal’. He wrote ‘Aniyara’, ‘Aramum’, ‘Nivedanam’, ‘Democracy’,

135 ‘Edivandi’, ‘Daham’, ‘Vikara Sadanam’, ‘Ezhakal’, ‘Sabdikkunna Kalappa’, ‘Pottiya Ezhakal’ and ‘Nattu Velicham’. He also won Ezhuthachan Award. He wrote his own autobiography, ‘Ente Vazhithirivu’. He breathed his last on the 2nd July, 2004.

P. (1945 – 1991)

He was born on the 23rd May, 1945 in Kayamkulam. He was a short story writer and a novelist. But he was recognized in the field of Cinema as a film producer and a script writer. His script has a poetic trend. He tried to express the emotional experiences of the real life in his stories as well as in cinema with realistic nature. His main cinemas and scripts were ‘Oridathoru Filevan’, ‘Peruvazhiambalam’, ‘Desadanakili Karayarilla’, ‘Thuvanathumpikal’, ‘Munnampakkam’ and ‘Aparan’. He expired on the 23rd January, 1991.

K.M.Tharakan (1930-2004)

He was the son of late Shri Mahakavi Puthenkavu Mathen Tharakan. He was born on the 6th October 1930. He did higher studies in Literature and Culture from Pensilvania University. He was an English Professor in St. Alberts College as well as Mar Athanasius College. He worked as the President of Kerala Sahitya Academy. He was also the Editor of weekly. His main literacy works include ‘Malayala Novel Sahitya Charitam’, ‘Pashchathya Sahitya Thathva Sasthram’, ‘Anashwaranaya Oorub’, ‘Magdanala Mariyam Oru Mukthi Gadha’, ‘Rajathachashakam’.

136 Kesava Shankara Pillai

Kesava Shankara Pillai (31 July 1902 – 26 December 1989), better known as Shankar was an Indian cartoonist. He is considered the father of political cartooning in India. Shankar was born in 1902 at Kayamkulam, Kerala. He founded Shankar’s Weekly, India’s Punch in 1948. Shankar’s Weekly also produced cartoonists like , Ranga and Kutty, he closed down the magazine during the Emergency of 25 June 1975. From then on he turned making children laugh and enjoy life.

He was awarded the Padma Vibhushan in 1976, The second highest civilian honour given by the Govt. of India. Today he is most remembered for setting up Children’s Book Trust established 1957 and Shankar’s International Dolls Museum in 1965. Shankar was born in 1902 at Kayamkulam, Kerala. He attended schools in Kayamkulam and Mavelikkara. The sleeping posture of one of his teachers was his first cartoon. He drew it in his classroom. This made the headmaster angry. But then he was encouraged by his uncle who saw in him a great potential as a cartoonist. After schooling, he studied painting at Ravi Verma School of Painting at Mavelikara.

Shankar took keen interest in dramas, scouting, literary activities etc. He amazingly did good campaign for the collection of funds towards flood relief. This concern for the poor and the distressed people continued all through his life and reflected in his cartoons.

After graduating from the Maharaja’s College of Science (now University College), Trivandrum, in 1927, he left for Bombay (now ) for higher studies and joined the Law College, but quit his law studies midway and started working. He got Padma Shri in 1956 Padma Bhushan in 1966 and Padma Vibhushanin 1976.

Shri. (1930 - 2006 )

137 He was born on the 12th September, 1930 at Kavalam. He worked as a Lecturer in CMS College, Kottayam, M.G.College, Thiruvananthapuram and University College, Thiruvananthapuram. In 1990, he worked as the Chief Editor of ‘Madhyakala Bharatheeya Sahityam’, a collection of Sahitya Academy. He was awarded Central as well as Kerala Sahitya Academy Awards for his poetic works. He was the recipient of in 2001.

Tessy Thomas

Tessy Thomas (born in 1964) is the Project Director for Agni-IV missile in Defence Research and Development Organisation. She is the first woman scientist to head a missile project in India. She is known as the ‘Missile Woman’ of India. Tessy was born in April 1963 in Alappuzha. She graduated in engineering from Government Engineering College, Thrissur. She grew up near a rocket launching station and says her fascination with rockets and missiles began then. She also has an M.Tech in Guided Missile from the Institute of Armament Technology, Pune (now known as the Defence Institute of Advanced Technology). Tessy was associate project director of the 3,000 km range Agni-III missile project. She was the project director for mission Agni IV which was successfully tested in 2011. Tessy was appointed as the Project Director for 5,000 km range Agni-V in 2009 and is based at the Advanced Systems Laboratory in Hyderabad. The missile was successfully tested on 19th April 2012. In January 2012, Prime Minister Manmohan Singh told the Indian Science Congress that Mrs Thomas is an example of a “woman making her mark in a traditionally male bastion and decisively breaking the glass ceiling”. Tessy Thomas was conferred the Lal Bahadur Shastri National Award for her outstanding contribution for making India self-reliant in the field of missile technology.

The other personalities in this district are , Fassil, , Kunchacko Boban ,Navya Nair, M. G, Sreekumar, M. G. Radhakrishnan etc. x) SCOPE OF VILLAGE DIRECTORY AND TOWN DIRECTORY The Village Directory and Town Directory Statements presented in Part-A of this volume are useful sources of data for planners and researchers. It can provide accurate and reliable data on important rural/ urban characteristics. The Village Directory Data is considered to be “the Great Indian Rural Data•base”. Unlike most other States where each Village is wholly included in one Development Block, in Kerala several Villages fall under more than one Development Block. The Village Directory Data are available for the whole village and not for parts. So it has been decided to present the Village Directory Taluk-wise as was done in previous censuses. The non-census data given in the Village Directory and Town Directory Statements are supplied by the concerned Tahsildars or Municipal Secretaries and the data was later updated/corrected in consultation with the concerned Departments.

138 The amenities available in the rural areas of the districts are presented in the Village Directory. The Village Directory consists of Statements of villages in each taluk and for each village, area, population, number of households, availability of amenities such as educational, medical, drinking water, post, telegraph and telephone, communication facilities, power supply, approach to village and land use pattern are provided. Some new item of information such as number of banks, credit societies, number of recreational and cultural facilities in the village, etc., have been added in the present volume as compared to 2001. There are appendices also showing Abstracts/ Summaries of information given in Village Directory. The Town Directory Data are presented in seven Statements. The Town Directory furnishes data in respect of status of town (i.e. Municipal Corporation, Municipality / Cantonment, Township, Census Town); growth history (population for the period 2001 to 2011); physical aspects and location of towns, municipal finance; civic and other amenities; medical, educational recreational and cultural facilities, trade; commerce, industry and banking and civic and other amenities in the slum of Class-I and Clas-II Towns. Towns showing their Out-growths with population are presented as Appendix to Town Directory. Some important demographic characteristics collected through Houselist/Household Schedules of 2011 census like Total population, Total number of Households, Total Scheduled Caste population and Total Scheduled Tribe population are also given.

139 140 VILLAGE AND TOWN DIRECTORY

SECTION I - VILLAGE DIRECTORY

141 BRIEF NOTE ON THE VILLAGE AND TOWN DIRECTORY FOR THE DCHB, CENSUS OF INDIA,2011 VILLAGE DIRECTORY 2011 CENSUS The Village Directory is being compiled for both inhabited and un-inhabited villages. In the village directory both private and government facilities/institutions have been given. In case of un-inhabited / depopulated villages, the location code number, name and area of the village is being given universally in Village Directory and Village PCA. The columns relating to the amenities and land use pattern, etc. being left blank and it will be noted against the name of the village that it is un-inhabited/depopulated. The Appendices to Village Directory and Inset Tables based on village Directory data are also prepared for inhabited villages.

In the Village Directory format for 2011 Census there are 121 columns and the details thereon are as follows:

Columns 1 : Serial Number: - Self explanatory. All the villages within the CD block are presented serially in the ascending order of their location code number. Columns 2 : Name of village: - Self explanatory. The name of the villages are shown against this column. This also includes the forest and uninhabited villages. Columns 3 : Location Code Number of village: - The location code number of the villages are shown against this column. Columns 4 : Area of the Village: - The area of the villages has been given in hectares. Column 5 : Total Population: - The total population of the village as per 2011 Census has been given against this column. Column6 : Number of Households: - The number of households as per 2011 Census have been given in this column. Amenities : - The availability of different infrastructural amenities such as education, medical, drinking water, post, telegraph, banks, credit societies, recreation and cultural facilities, communication, power, etc. in each village have been given in the Village Directory. Wherever the amenities are not available in the village, the distance range code viz; ‘a’ for <5 Kms, ‘b’ for 5-10 Kms and ‘c’ for 10+ Kms of the nearest where facility is available is given. Column wise details are given below: Columns No. 7 to 20 - Educational Facilities : - All the different educational facilities available in the village have been given under these columns. Nursery/LKG//UKG classes are included in Pre- Primary Schools, Classes up to class V included in Primary School; Classes from VI to VIII are included in the Middle school. Classes from IX and X included in Secondary School. Classes from XI and XII are included in Senior Secondary School. In case of composite schools like middle school with primary school or secondary school with middle school, these are also included in the number of primary and middle schools, respectively. The information on the entire educational institutes is given under these columns. Columns No. 21 to 38 - Medical Facilities : - All the different medical facilities available in the village have been given under these columns. Columns No. 39 to 46 -Drinking Water : - The information on availability of various types of the drinking water facility within the village has been given under these columns. Columns No. 47 to 50 – Availability of Toilet and others :- The information on availability of toilet and Bio-Gas etc. available in the village has been given under these columns. Columns No. 51 to 67 Communication (Post & Telegraph and transport) :- The information on communication and Post Office, Sub-Post Office, & Telegraph Office, Village PIN Code number, Phone-Landlines, Mobile Phone, Private Courier Facility, Internet Café, etc; available in the

142 village has been given under these columns. The information on all various transport facilities whether public/private transport like Bus, Railway Station, or Navigable waterways, Taxi , Van, Tractors etc. available in the village has also been given under these columns. Columns No.68 to 79 – Village connected to High ways, Village Roads, Banks and Credit Societies : - The information on all roads connected to village has been given under these columns. These include National Highway, State Highway, District Roads and other district roads connected to the village, Pucca roads, Kutchcha Roads, Water Bounded Macadam Roads, Navigable Water Ways and Foot Paths has been given under these columns. Further, the information on availability of banks, ATM and Agricultural Credit societies in the village has been given under these columns. Column No. 80 to 96 - Miscellaneous Facilities : - The information on various miscellaneous facilities available in the village has been given under these columns. These includes Self -Help Group, Public Distribution Shop (PDS), Mandi /Regular Market, Weekly Haat, Agricultural Marketing Society, Nutrition Centre(ICDS),Anganwadi Centre, ASHA, Community Centre, Sports Fields, Sports Club/Recreation Centre, Cinema/Video Halls, Public Library, Public Reading Room, News Paper Supply, Assembly Polling Station, Birth and Death Registration Office. Columns No. 97 to 100 – Electricity : - Availability of Power Supply in the village, whatever may be the form of its use has been given in these columns. These include Electricity for Domestic Use, Electricity for Agriculture Use, Electricity for Commercial Use, and Electricity for all purpose Domestic Uses. Column No. 101 and 102 -Nearest Town : - The name of the nearest town along with the distance range code has been in these columns. Land use and Irrigation : - The land use pattern in the Village Directory conform to the pattern of classification of land use as recommended by the Ministry of Agriculture, Government of India. The Ministry has recommended the maintenance of records of land use pattern under the following 9 categories. (i) Column No. 103 -Forests:-This includes all lands classed as forest under any legal enactment dealing with forests or administered as forests, whether state-owned or private, and whether wooded or maintained as potential forest land. The area of crops raised in the forest and grazing lands or areas open for grazing within the forests remain included under the forest area. (ii) Column No. 104 - Area under non-agricultural use:-This includes all lands occupied by buildings, roads and railways or under water, e.g. rivers and canals and other lands put to uses other than agriculture. (iii) Columns No. 105 - Barren and un-culturable land:-This includes all barren and unculturable land like mountains, deserts, etc. land which cannot be brought under cultivation except at an exorbitant cost should be classed as unculturable whether such land is in isolated blocks or within cultivated holdings. (iv) Column No. 106 - Permanent Pastures and other Grazing Lands:-This includes all grazing lands whether they are permanent pastures and meadows or not. Village common grazing land is included under this head. (v) Column No. 107 - Land under Miscellaneous Tree Crops, etc.:- This includes all cultivable land which is not included in ‘Net area sown’ but is put to some agricultural uses. Lands under Causing trees, thatching grasses, bamboo bushes and other groves for fuel, etc. which are not included under ‘Orchards’ are classed under this category. (vi) Column No. 108- Culturable Waste Land: - This includes lands available for cultivation, whether not taken up for cultivation or taken up for cultivation once but not cultivated

143 during the current year and the last five years or more in succession for one reason or other. Such lands may be either fallow or covered with shrubs and jungles which are not put to any use. They may be assessed or unassessed and may lie in isolated blocks or within cultivated holdings. Land once cultivated but not cultivated for five years in succession is also included in this category at the end of the five years. (vii) Column No. 109- Fallow Lands other than Current Fallows: - This includes all lands which were taken up for cultivation but are temporarily out of cultivation for a period of not less than one year and not more than five years. (viii) Column No. 110- Current Fallows: - This represents cropped area, which is kept fallow during the current year. For example, if any seeding area is not cropped against the same year it may be treated as current fallow. (ix) Column No. 111- Net Area Sown: - This represents the total area sown with crops and orchards. Area sown more than once; in the same year is counted only once. Column No. 112- Total Irrigated Land Area: - It includes all land which is cultivable and irrigated by any source of irrigation. The total irrigated area of the village has been given under this column. Column No. 113- Total Un-Irrigated land Area: - Un-Irrigated area includes all land which is cultivable but not irrigated by any source of irrigation. The total un-irrigated land area of the village has been given under this column. Column No. 114 to 118 Area Irrigated by source: - The area irrigated by various source of irrigation in the village have been given under these columns. The different source of irrigation facilities available in the village are as follows: (i) Canals(C)-Govt. or Pvt., (ii) Wells/Tube-wells (W/TW), (iii) Tanks/Lake(T/L), (iv) Waterfall,(WF) (v) Others(O). Columns No.119 to 121 -Three most important commodities manufactured :- The names of three most important commodities manufactured in the village are indicated in this column. Taluk level totals of the Village Directory:-

At the end of entries for the Village Directory of each Taluk, the totals of different columns are being given wherever possible. However, in case of some of the columns, it may not be possible to work out the Taluk level totals, in such cases the particular of relevant columns are being left blank against Taluk level.

Appendices to Village Directory: - The Village Directory also includes the following appendices:

Appendix –I : Summary showing total number of villages having Educational, Medical and other amenities in villages – Taluk level.

Appendix I A : Villages by number of Primary Schools.

Appendix I B : Villages by Primary, Middle and Secondary Schools.

Appendix I C : Villages with different sources of drinking water facilities available.

144 Appendix II : Villages with 5,000 and above population which do not have one or more amenities available.

Appendix -III : Land utilization data in respect of Census towns.

Appendix -IV : Taluk wise list of inhabited villages where no amenity other than drinking water facility is available

Appendix -V : Summary showing number of Villages not having Scheduled Caste population.

Appendix -VI : Summary showing number of Villages not having Scheduled Tribe population.

Appendix VII A : List of villages according to the proportion of the Scheduled Castes to the total population by ranges.

Appendix VII B : List of villages according to the proportion of the Scheduled Tribes to the total population by ranges. Appendix -VIII : Number of villages under each Gram Panchayat (Taluk wise).

145 LIST OF VILLAGES MERGED IN TOWNS AND OUT GROWTHS AT CENSUS 2011

List of villages Name of Town /Out-growths 1 2 (Part) Cherthala Municipality (Part) do Vayalar East (Part) do Kokkothamangalam (Part) do Arookutty Arookutty Census Town Aroor Aroor Census Town Ezhupunna Ezhupunna Census Town Kodamthuruth Kodamthuruth Census Town Thaikattussery Thaikattussery Census Town Kuthiathode Kuthiathode Census Town Vayalar East(Part) Vayalar Census Town Pallippuram Pallippuram Census Town Thanneermukkam Vadakku Thanneermukkam Census Town Kokkothamangalam (Part) KokkothamangalamCensus Town Kanjikkuzhi Kanjikkuzhi Census Town Thanneermukkam Thekku Muhamma Census Town (Part) Alappuzha Municipality Mullakkal (Part) do Pazhaveedu do Alappuzha West do Paravoor (Part) do Punnapra PunnapraOutgrowth Paravoor (Part) Kalarkode Outgrowth Mannanchery Mannanchery Census Town Pathirappally Pathirappally Census Town Komalapuram Komalapuram Census Town Keerikkad (Part) Kayamkulam Municipality Pathiyoor (Part) do Kayamkulam do Krishnapuram (Part) do Puthuppally (Part) do Haripad Haripad Census Town Kumarapuram Kumarapuram Census Town Karthikappally Karthikappally Census Town Chingoli Chingoli Census Town Cheppad Cheppad Census Town Pathiyoor (Part) Pathiyoor Census Town Keerikkad (Part) Keerikkad Census Town Muthukulam Muthukulam Census Town Kandalloor Kandalloor Census Town Puthuppally (Part) Puthuppally Census Town

146 LIST OF VILLAGES MERGED IN TOWNS AND OUT GROWTHS AT CENSUS 2011 List of villages Name of Town /Out-growths 1 2 Krishnapuram (Part) Krishnapuram Census Town Pandanad (Part) Chengannur Municipality Chegannur (Part) do (Part) do Ala (Part) do Puliyoor (Part) do Mannar Mannar Census Town Kurattissery Kurattissery Census Town Kannamangalam (Part) Mavelikkara Municipality Mavelikkara do Thazhakara (Part) do Thekkekara (Part) do Kannamangalam (Part) Kannamangalam Census Town Chennithala Chennithala Census Town Thazhakara (Part) Thazhakara Census Town Bharanikkavu Bharanikkavu Census Town Kattanam Kattanam Census Town

147 148 ALPHABETICAL LIST OF VILLAGES ALONG WITH LOCATION CODE 2001 AND 2011 Sl. No. Name of village 2011 Census MDDS Code 2001 Census PLCN 1 2 3 4 Taluk: Cherthala 1 Cherthala North (Part) 628211 104900 2 Cherthala South (Part) 628212 105000 3 628210 104800 4 628213 105100 5 Panavally 628207 104000 6 Pattanakkad 628209 104700 7 Perumbalam 628206 103900 8 Thuravoor Thekku 628208 104600

149 Census of India 2011- Village Directory

Amenities and Land use ( As in 2009 )

Name of District:-Alappuzha Location CodeNo:-598 Name of Taluk:-Cherthala Location CodeNo:-05673

Number of educational amenities available. (If not available within the village , the distance range code viz; a for < 5 Kms, b for 5-10 Kms and c for 10+ kms of nearest place where facility is available is given). Sr.No. Name village Location code no. Total area of the village ( in hectares rounded up to one decimal place) Total population ( 2011 census ) Number of households (2011 census) Pre-Primary school (PP) Primary school (P) Middle school (M) Secondary School (S) Senior Secondary school (SS) Degree college of arts science & commerce (ASC) Engineering college(EC) Medical college (MC) Management institute (MI) Polytechnic (Pt) Vocational training school /ITI Non-formal training centre (NFTC) Special school for disabled (SSD) Others (specify) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 1 Perumbalam 628206 1461 9733 2365 2 5 1 1 1 c c c c b 1 c a c 2 Panavally 628207 1955 31570 7528 3 6 5 5 2 a c c b b 2 c 2 b 3 Thuravoor Thekku 628208 1917 28802 6966 2 6 1 2 1 2 1 1 1 c 2 c 1 1 4 Pattanakkad 628209 1545 31629 7744 1 7 7 2 1 c b c b b b c c a

5 Kadakkarappally 628210 881 20487 5094 2 6 3 2 a b b c a a a c 1 1

6 Cherthala North (Part) 628211 564 13945 3450 2 5 5 4 3 b b c 1 b 1 c a b 7 Cherthala South (Part) 628212 1270 26157 6302 1 4 2 3 1 1 b c 1 1 1 c b b 8 Mararikkulam North 628213 1726 31322 7747 1 7 4 4 3 1 a c b b b c c c Taluk Total : 11319 193645 47196 14 46 28 23 12 4 1 1 3 1 7 0 4 2

150 Census of India 2011- Village Directory

Amenities and Land use ( As in 2009 )

Name of District:-Alappuzha Location CodeNo:-598 Name of Taluk:-Cherthala Location CodeNo:-05673

Number of Medical Amenities Number of Non- Availability of drinking water - available. (If not available within the Government Medical Yes / No village , the distance range code Amenities available. viz; a for < 5 Kms, b for 5-10 Kms and c for 10+ kms of nearest place where facility is available is given). Name village Sr.No. Community health centre (CHC) Primary health centre (PHC) Primary health sub centre (PHS) Maternity and child welfare centre (MCW) T.B. clinic (TBC) Hospital-allopathic (HA) Hospital-alternative medicine (HO) Dispensary (D) Veterinary hospital (VH) Mobile health clinic (MHC) Family welfare centre (FWC) Charitable non Govt. hospital/Nursing home. Medical practitioner with MBBS Degree Medical practitioner with other degree Medical practitioner with no degree Traditional practitioner and faith healer . Medicine Shop Others Tap water (Treated/Untreated) Well water (Covered / Uncovered well) Hand Pump Tube wells / Bore well Spring River / Canal Tank / Pond Lake Others 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 2 1 1 b 1 c c c c 2 1 c b 1 3 2 0 1 2 0 Yes Yes Yes Yes No Yes Yes No Perumbalam 1 b 1 2 1 c c c 3 1 c 1 2 3 0 2 6 11 1 Yes Yes Yes Yes No Yes Yes No Panavally 2 1 a 1 b c c c 1 b c a 3 15 0 0 0 2 0 Yes Yes Yes Yes No No Yes No Thuravoor Thekku 3 1 a 2 c b b b 2 1 c a 0 6 3 1 1 7 0 Yes Yes Yes Yes No No Yes No Pattanakkad 4

c 1 1 1 b a a 3 1 c 1 1 8 2 0 1 5 0 Yes Yes Yes Yes No No Yes No Kadakkarappally 5

c b c 1 1 a a 2 1 c b 2 20 15 0 5 30 0 Yes Yes Yes Yes No No Yes No Cherthala North (Part) 6 1 b 2 1 a a a 1 a c b 1 4 0 0 0 2 0 Yes Yes Yes Yes No Yes Yes No Cherthala South (Part) 7 b 1 1 1 b c c 3 1 c 1 1 7 2 0 0 5 0 Yes Yes Yes Yes No No Yes No Mararikkulam North 8 4 3 10 5 1 0 0 17 6 0 3 11 66 24 3 14 64 1 8 8 8 8 0 3 8 0 Taluk Total

151 Census of India 2011- Village Directory

Amenities and Land use ( As in 2009 )

Name of District:-Alappuzha Location CodeNo:-598 Name of Taluk:-Cherthala Location CodeNo:-05673

Availability of Communication and transport facilities (If amenities available code -Yes toilet & others Yes is given except for Village Pin Code ,If not available within the village , the / No distance range code viz; a for < 5 Kms, b for 5-10 Kms and c for 10+ kms of nearest place where facility is available is given). Sr.No. Name village Community toilet including bath. Community toilet excluding bath. Rural sanitary mart or hardware outlet available near the village. Community bio- gas or recycle of waste for productive use. Post office(PO) Sub post office (SPO) Post & Telegraph office (P&TO) Village Pin Code Telephones (Land lines) Public call office (PCO) Mobile phone coverage Internet cafes/ Common service centre (CSC) Private courier facility Bus service (Public & Private) Railway stations Auto/Modified Autos Taxis and Vans Tractors Cycle-pulled rickshaws(Manual & Machine driven) Carts driven by animals Sea /River ferry service 1 2 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 1 Perumbalam No No No No Yes a Yes 688570 Yes Yes Yes Yes c Yes b Yes Yes Yes 2 Panavally No No No No Yes Yes Yes 688526 Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes 3 Thuravoor Thekku No No Yes No Yes Yes a 688532 Yes Yes Yes b b Yes a Yes Yes Yes 4 Pattanakkad No No No No Yes Yes Yes 688531 Yes Yes Yes Yes b Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes

5 Kadakkarappally No No No No Yes a a 688529 Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes a Yes Yes c

6 Cherthala North (Part) No No No No Yes Yes Yes 688524 Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes c 7 Cherthala South (Part) No No No No Yes Yes Yes 688539 Yes Yes Yes Yes a Yes Yes Yes Yes c 8 Mararikkulam North No No No No Yes Yes Yes 688523 Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes c Taluk Total : 0 0 1 0 8 6 6 8 8 8 8 7 4 8 5 8 8 0 0 0 4

152 Census of India 2011- Village Directory

Amenities and Land use ( As in 2009 )

Name of District:-Alappuzha Location CodeNo:-598 Name of Taluk:-Cherthala Location CodeNo:-05673 Village connected to highways,village roads, Availability of miscellaneous facilities (If banks & credit societies (If amenities available amenities available code -Yes is given, If code -Yes is given, If not available within the not available within the village , the village , the distance range code viz; a for < 5 distance range code viz; a for < 5 Kms, Kms, b for 5-10 Kms and c for 10+ kms of nearest b for 5-10 Kms and c for 10+ kms of place where facility is available is given). nearest place where facility is available is given). Name village Sr.No. Connected to national highway(NH) Connected to state highway(SH) Connected to major district road (MDR) Connected to others district road Pucca roads Kutchcha roads Water bounded macadam(WBM) roads Navigable waterway (river/canal)(NW) Footpaths (FP) Commercial & Co-operative Banks ATM Agricultural Credit Societies Self-Help Group (SHG) Public distribution system (PDS) shop Mandis / Regular market Weekly Haat Agricultural marketing society Integrated Child Development Scheme (Nutritional Centres) Anganwadi Centre (Nutritional Centres) Others (Nutritional Centres) ASHA (Accredited Social Health Activist) 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 2 1 c c a a Yes Yes c Yes Yes Yes b Yes Yes Yes Yes a b Yes Yes c Yes Perumbalam 1 b Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes b Yes Yes Yes b Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes c Yes Panavally 2 Yes c Yes Yes Yes Yes b Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes a b Yes Yes c Yes Thuravoor Thekku 3 Yes c Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes b Yes c Yes Pattanakkad 4

Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes b Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes c b b Yes c Yes Kadakkarappally 5

Yes c Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes b Yes c Yes Cherthala North (Part) 6 Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes c Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes c Yes Yes Yes c Yes Cherthala South (Part) 7 Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes c Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes c Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Mararikkulam North 8 6 4 7 7 8 8 2 8 8 8 6 8 8 8 8 3 5 5 8 1 8 Taluk Total

153 Census of India 2011- Village Directory

Amenities and Land use ( As in 2009 )

Name of District:-Alappuzha Location CodeNo:-598 Name of Taluk:-Cherthala Location CodeNo:-05673 Availability of miscellaneous Availability of Land Use facilities (If amenities available electricity Nearest Town Area under different code -Yes is given, If not available (Yes/No) types of land use ( in within the village , the distance hectares rounded up to range code viz; a for < 5 Kms, b one decimal place) for 5-10 Kms and c for 10+ kms of nearest place where facility is available is given). Sr.No. Name village Community centre with/without TV Sports Field, Sports Club / Recreation Centre Cinema / Video Hall Public Library Public Reading Room Newspaper Supply Assembly Polling station Birth & Death Registration Office Power Supply for Domestic Use (ED) Power Supply for Agricultural Use (EAG) Power Supply for Commercial Use (EC) Power Supply for All Uses (EA) Name Distance range code i.e. a for < 5 Kms, b 5-10 Kms and c 10+ kms . Forests Area under Non-agricultural Uses Barren and Un-cultivable land Permanent Pastures and Other Grazing Lands Land Under Miscellaneous Tree Crops etc. 1 2 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 1 Perumbalam b a Yes b Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No No Cherthala c 0 409.5 15.6 0 0 2 Panavally Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Vaikom b 0 82.3 0 0 0 3 Thuravoor Thekku b Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No No Cherthala b 0 0 0 0 0 4 Pattanakkad Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Cherthala b 0 245 0 19 0

5 Kadakkarappally b a Yes a Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Cherthala a 0 399 0 0 0

6 Cherthala North (Part)Yes b Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Cherthala a 0 174.5 0 0 0 7 Cherthala South (Part)Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Cherthala a 0 80.3 0 0 0 8 Mararikkulam NorthYes b Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Cherthala b 0 301 0 0 0 Taluk Total : 5 4 8 6 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 6 6 0 0 0 1691.6 15.6 19 0

154 Census of India 2011- Village Directory

Amenities and Land use ( As in 2009 )

Name of District:-Alappuzha Location CodeNo:-598 Name of Taluk:-Cherthala Location CodeNo:-05673 Land Use Name of three most Area under different types of land use ( in Area irrigated by source (in important commodities hectares rounded up to one decimal place) hectare). manufactured Name of Village Sr. No. Culturable Waste Land Fallow lands other than current fallows Current Fallows Net Area Sown Total Irrigated Land Area Total Un-irrigated Land Area Canals ( C ) Wells/Tube-wells(W/TW) Tanks/Lakes(T/L) Water Falls(WF) Others(O) First Second Third 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118 119 120 121 122 2 1 0 0 0 1035.9 531 504.9 0 0 0 0 531 Coir Perumbalam 1 0 515 210 1147.7 1067 805.7 330.4 231 0 0 505.9 Panavally 2 0 0 0 1917 470.7 1446.3 445.2 25.5 0 0 0 Coir Thuravoor Thekku 3 0 0 0 1281 247.1 1033.9 0 247 0 0 0 Coir Pattanakkad 4 Products 0 0 0 482 354.7 127.3 0 151 0 0 204.1 Coir Dry Fish Kadakkarappally 5 (prawns) 0 127 4.6 257.9 389.5 0 0 139 0 0 251 Cherthala North (Part) 6 0 0 0 1189.7 562.1 627.6 200 350 0 0 12.1 Copra Coir Cherthala South (Part) 7 0 377.7 0 1047.3 1325 100 0 575 0 0 750 Coir Mararikkulam North 8 0 1019.7 214.6 8358.5 4947.1 4645.7 975.6 1717 0 0 Taluk Total

155 156 ALPHABETICAL LIST OF VILLAGES ALONG WITH LOCATION CODE 2001 AND 2011

SL. No. Name of village 2011 Census MDDS Code 2001 Census PLCN

1 2 3 4 Taluk: Ambalappuzha 1 Ambalappuzha 628229 105700 2 Aryad South (Part) 628227 105500 3 Kalavoor 628226 105300 4 Karumady 628230 105800 5 Mullakkal (Part) 628228 105600 6 Purakkad 628231 105900

157 Census of India 2011- Village Directory Amenities and Land use ( As in 2009 ) Name of District:-Alappuzha Location CodeNo:-598 Name of Taluk:-Ambalappuzha Location CodeNo:-05674

Number of educational amenities available. (If not available within the village , the distance range code viz; a for < 5 Kms, b for 5-10 Kms and c for 10+ kms of nearest place where facility is available is given). Sr.No. Name village Location code no. Total area of the village ( in hectares rounded up to one decimal place) Total population ( 2011 census ) Number of households (2011 census) Pre-Primary school (PP) Primary school (P) Middle school (M) Secondary School (S) Senior Secondary school (SS) Degree college of arts science & commerce (ASC) Engineering college(EC) Medical college (MC) Management institute (MI) Polytechnic (Pt) Vocational training school /ITI Non-formal training centre (NFTC) Special school for disabled (SSD) Others (specify) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 1 Kalavoor 628226 1277 29808 7385 1 3 2 2 1 b c c b c b c b c 2 Aryad South (Part) 628227 524 0 0 3 Mullakkal (Part) 628228 58 497 112 a a a a a b b c a c a a a c 4 Ambalappuzha 628229 918 33939 7856 6 24 9 6 5 1 b a 1 b 1 b 1 c 5 Karumady 628230 1493 13137 3307 2 4 1 1 a a c b a b a b a c 6 Purakkad 628231 2321 29782 7219 2 6 2 1 1 a c b 1 c 1 b a c

Taluk Total : 6591 107163 25879 11 37 14 10 7 1 0 0 2 0 2 0 1 0

158 Census of India 2011- Village Directory Amenities and Land use ( As in 2009 ) Name of District:-Alappuzha Location CodeNo:-598 Name of Taluk:-Ambalappuzha Location CodeNo:-05674

Number of Medical Amenities Number of Non- Availability of drinking water - available. (If not available within the Government Medical Yes / No village , the distance range code Amenities available. viz; a for < 5 Kms, b for 5-10 Kms and c for 10+ kms of nearest place where facility is available is given). Name village Sr.No. Community health centre (CHC) Primary health centre (PHC) Primary health sub centre (PHS) Maternity and child welfare centre (MCW) T.B. clinic (TBC) Hospital-allopathic (HA) Hospital-alternative medicine (HO) Dispensary (D) Veterinary hospital (VH) Mobile health clinic (MHC) Family welfare centre (FWC) Charitable non Govt. hospital/Nursing home. Medical practitioner with MBBS Degree Medical practitioner with other degree Medical practitioner with no degree Traditional practitioner and faith healer . Medicine Shop Others Tap water (Treated/Untreated) Well water (Covered / Uncovered well) Hand Pump Tube wells / Bore well Spring River / Canal Tank / Pond Lake Others 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 2 1 c a a 1 c b b 2 1 c a 0 5 1 0 1 4 0 Yes Yes Yes Yes No Yes Yes No Kalavoor 1 Aryad South (Part) 2 c a a a c a a a a a a 0 6 0 0 0 2 0 Yes Yes No No No Yes Yes No Mullakkal (Part) 3 b 1 2 1 b c c 1 2 c 1 2 6 5 0 1 19 0 Yes Yes Yes Yes No Yes Yes No Ambalappuzha 4 a 1 2 1 c c c 2 a c 1 0 2 1 0 2 3 0 Yes Yes No Yes No Yes Yes No Karumady 5 1 b b b c a a 2 1 b b 3 6 4 1 0 8 0 Yes Yes Yes Yes No Yes Yes No Purakkad 6

1 2 4 3 0 0 0 7 4 0 2 5 25 11 1 4 36 0 5 5 3 4 0 5 5 0 Taluk Total

159 Census of India 2011- Village Directory Amenities and Land use ( As in 2009 ) Name of District:-Alappuzha Location CodeNo:-598 Name of Taluk:-Ambalappuzha Location CodeNo:-05674

Availability of Communication and transport facilities (If amenities available code -Yes toilet & others Yes is given except for Village Pin Code ,If not available within the village , the / No distance range code viz; a for < 5 Kms, b for 5-10 Kms and c for 10+ kms of nearest place where facility is available is given). Sr.No. Name village Community toilet including bath. Community toilet excluding bath. Rural sanitary mart or hardware outlet available near the village. Community bio- gas or recycle of waste for productive use. Post office(PO) Sub post office (SPO) Post & Telegraph office (P&TO) Village Pin Code Telephones (Land lines) Public call office (PCO) Mobile phone coverage Internet cafes/ Common service centre (CSC) Private courier facility Bus service (Public & Private) Railway stations Auto/Modified Autos Taxis and Vans Tractors Cycle-pulled rickshaws(Manual & Machine driven) Carts driven by animals Sea /River ferry service 1 2 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 1 Kalavoor No No Yes No Yes Yes a 688522 Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes b 2 Aryad South (Part) 3 Mullakkal (Part) No No No No a a b 688011 Yes Yes Yes a a Yes a Yes Yes Yes 4 Ambalappuzha Yes Yes Yes No Yes Yes Yes 688561 Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes b 5 Karumady No No Yes No Yes Yes a 688561 Yes a Yes Yes a Yes a Yes Yes Yes 6 Purakkad No No No No Yes Yes b 673522 Yes Yes Yes Yes b Yes b Yes Yes Yes

Taluk Total : 1 1 3 0 4 4 1 5 5 4 5 4 2 5 2 5 5 0 0 0 3

160 Census of India 2011- Village Directory Amenities and Land use ( As in 2009 ) Name of District:-Alappuzha Location CodeNo:-598 Name of Taluk:-Ambalappuzha Location CodeNo:-05674

Village connected to highways,village roads, Availability of miscellaneous facilities (If banks & credit societies (If amenities available amenities available code -Yes is given, If code -Yes is given, If not available within the not available within the village , the village , the distance range code viz; a for < 5 distance range code viz; a for < 5 Kms, Kms, b for 5-10 Kms and c for 10+ kms of nearest b for 5-10 Kms and c for 10+ kms of place where facility is available is given). nearest place where facility is available is given). Name village Sr.No. Connected to national highway(NH) Connected to state highway(SH) Connected to major district road (MDR) Connected to others district road Pucca roads Kutchcha roads Water bounded macadam(WBM) roads Navigable waterway (river/canal)(NW) Footpaths (FP) Commercial & Co-operative Banks ATM Agricultural Credit Societies Self-Help Group (SHG) Public distribution system (PDS) shop Mandis / Regular market Weekly Haat Agricultural marketing society Integrated Child Development Scheme (Nutritional Centres) Anganwadi Centre (Nutritional Centres) Others (Nutritional Centres) ASHA (Accredited Social Health Activist) 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 2 1 Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes a b Yes Yes Yes c a a Yes c Yes Kalavoor 1 Aryad South (Part) 2 b a a a Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes a a b Yes Yes Yes a a a Yes c Yes Mullakkal (Part) 3 Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes b Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes c c b Yes c Yes Ambalappuzha 4 a Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes b Yes Yes Yes a Yes Yes Yes Yes c c c Yes c Yes Karumady 5 Yes b Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes b Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes b b Yes Yes Yes Purakkad 6

3 3 4 4 5 5 3 5 5 4 1 3 5 5 5 1 0 0 5 1 5 Taluk Total

161 Census of India 2011- Village Directory Amenities and Land use ( As in 2009 ) Name of District:-Alappuzha Location CodeNo:-598 Name of Taluk:-Ambalappuzha Location CodeNo:-05674

Availability of miscellaneous Availability of Land Use facilities (If amenities available electricity Nearest Town Area under different code -Yes is given, If not available (Yes/No) types of land use ( in within the village , the distance hectares rounded up to range code viz; a for < 5 Kms, b one decimal place) for 5-10 Kms and c for 10+ kms of nearest place where facility is available is given). Sr.No. Name village Community centre with/without TV Sports Field, Sports Club / Recreation Centre Cinema / Video Hall Public Library Public Reading Room Newspaper Supply Assembly Polling station Birth & Death Registration Office Power Supply for Domestic Use (ED) Power Supply for Agricultural Use (EAG) Power Supply for Commercial Use (EC) Power Supply for All Uses (EA) Name Distance range code i.e. a for < 5 Kms, b 5-10 Kms and c for 10+ kms . Forests Area under Non-agricultural Uses Barren and Un-cultivable land Permanent Pastures and Other Grazing Lands Land Under Miscellaneous Tree Crops etc. 1 2 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 1 Kalavoor Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Alappuzha b 0 0 0 0 0 2 Aryad South (Part) Alappuzha b 0 120.4 0 0 0 3 Mullakkal (Part) a b a Yes b Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Alappuzha a 0 5 0 11 0 4 Ambalappuzha Yes a Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Alappuzha c 0 240.2 0 0 0 5 Karumady b Yes Yes c Yes Yes Yes Yes a Yes Yes Yes Yes Alappuzha c 0 449.7 0 0 0 6 Purakkad Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Alappuzha c 0 86 0 0 0

Taluk Total : 3 3 4 4 4 5 5 5 4 5 5 5 5 0 0 0 901.3 0 11 0

162 Census of India 2011- Village Directory Amenities and Land use ( As in 2009 ) Name of District:-Alappuzha Location CodeNo:-598 Name of Taluk:-Ambalappuzha Location CodeNo:-05674

Land Use Name of three most Area under different types of land use ( in Area irrigated by source (in important commodities hectares rounded up to one decimal place) hectare). manufactured Name of Village Sr. No. Culturable Waste Land Fallow lands other than current fallows Current Fallows Net Area Sown Total Irrigated Land Area Total Un-irrigated Land Area Canals ( C ) Wells/Tube-wells(W/TW) Tanks/Lakes(T/L) Water Falls(WF) Others(O) First Second Third 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118 119 120 121 122 2 1 0 0 0 1277 1277 0 0 1277 0 0 0 Coir Kalavoor 1 0 0 0 403.6 403.6 0 0 0 214 0 190 Aryad South (Part) 2 0 0 0 42 17 25 0 0 17 0 0 Mullakkal (Part) 3 0 0 0 677.8 595.4 82.3 100.2 240 0 0 255 Ambalappuzha 4 0 6.6 0 1036.7 409.2 634.2 0.1 0 0 0 409.1 Copra Karumady 5 0 0 0 2235 1723 512 744.7 211 127 0 640.5 Rice Coconut Purakkad 6 Oil 0 6.6 0 5672.1 4425.2 1253.5 845 1728 358 0 Taluk Total

163 164 ALPHABETICAL LIST OF VILLAGES ALONG WITH LOCATION CODE 2001 AND 2011

Sl. No. Name of village 2011 Census MDDS Code 2001 Census PLCN 1 2 3 4 Taluk: Kuttanad 1 Champakkulam 628244 106800 2 Edathua 628247 107100 3 Kainakary North 628236 106000 4 Kainakary South 628237 106100 5 Kavalam 628240 106400 6 628239 106300 7 Muttar 628248 107200 8 Nedumudi 628245 106900 9 628241 106500 10 Pulinkunnu 628238 106200 11 628243 106700 12 Thakazhy 628246 107000 13 Thalavady 628249 107300 14 Veliyanad 628242 106600

165 Census of India 2011- Village Directory Amenities and Land use ( As in 2009 ) Name of District:-Alappuzha Location CodeNo:-598 Name of Taluk:-Kuttanad Location CodeNo:-05675

Number of educational amenities available. (If not available within the village , the distance range code viz; a for < 5 Kms, b for 5-10 Kms and c for 10+ kms of nearest place where facility is available is given). Sr.No. Name village Location code no. Total area of the village ( in hectares rounded up to one decimal place) Total population ( 2011 census ) Number of households (2011 census) Pre-Primary school (PP) Primary school (P) Middle school (M) Secondary School (S) Senior Secondary school (SS) Degree college of arts science & commerce (ASC) Engineering college(EC) Medical college (MC) Management institute (MI) Polytechnic (Pt) Vocational training school /ITI Non-formal training centre (NFTC) Special school for disabled (SSD) Others (specify) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 1 Kainakary North 628236 3317 8292 1919 1 4 2 2 1 b b c c c c c c c 2 Kainakary South 628237 745 15405 3770 b 4 5 3 a c c c c c c c c c 3 Pulinkunnu 628238 2859 15210 3652 1 4 3 3 2 c 1 c c c 1 c c c 4 Kunnumma 628239 1096 14252 3420 2 5 3 2 a c a c c c c c c c 5 Kavalam 628240 2327 13089 3142 2 5 6 2 1 c b c c c c b c c

6 Neelamperoor 628241 990 5841 1421 1 3 2 1 a c c c c c c c c c 7 Veliyanad 628242 1941 12501 3041 1 8 3 2 1 c c c c c c c c c

8 Ramankary 628243 1135 10755 2611 1 5 2 1 1 c b c a c b 1 c c 9 Champakkulam 628244 2297 15848 3932 2 8 2 2 2 c b c 1 c c b c c 10 Nedumudi 628245 2023 14601 3668 3 5 2 3 2 c c c c c c b c c 11 Thakazhy 628246 2527 15758 3858 1 6 2 1 1 b c c c c b b b c 12 Edathua 628247 2712 21699 5468 4 5 5 3 2 1 c c c c 1 b c c 13 Muttar 628248 1048 9200 2264 1 3 3 2 1 c c c b c c c c c

14 Thalavady 628249 1576 20556 5250 1 11 3 4 2 b c c c c b c c c Taluk Total : 26593 193007 47416 21 76 43 31 16 1 1 0 1 0 2 1 0 0

166 Census of India 2011- Village Directory Amenities and Land use ( As in 2009 ) Name of District:-Alappuzha Location CodeNo:-598 Name of Taluk:-Kuttanad Location CodeNo:-05675

Number of Medical Amenities Number of Non- Availability of drinking water - available. (If not available within the Government Medical Yes / No village , the distance range code Amenities available. viz; a for < 5 Kms, b for 5-10 Kms and c for 10+ kms of nearest place where facility is available is given). Name village Sr.No. Community health centre (CHC) Primary health centre (PHC) Primary health sub centre (PHS) Maternity and child welfare centre (MCW) T.B. clinic (TBC) Hospital-allopathic (HA) Hospital-alternative medicine (HO) Dispensary (D) Veterinary hospital (VH) Mobile health clinic (MHC) Family welfare centre (FWC) Charitable non Govt. hospital/Nursing home. Medical practitioner with MBBS Degree Medical practitioner with other degree Medical practitioner with no degree Traditional practitioner and faith healer . Medicine Shop Others Tap water (Treated/Untreated) Well water (Covered / Uncovered well) Hand Pump Tube wells / Bore well Spring River / Canal Tank / Pond Lake Others 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 2 1 c 1 3 1 c c c 3 1 1 1 1 4 1 1 1 4 0 Yes Yes No Yes No Yes Yes No Kainakary North 1 b 1 2 1 c b b 2 b c 1 0 4 0 0 1 2 0 Yes Yes Yes Yes No Yes Yes No Kainakary South 2 b 1 1 1 1 1 b 2 1 c 1 0 5 0 0 0 2 0 Yes Yes Yes Yes No Yes Yes No Pulinkunnu 3 a a a a c b b 1 2 c a 0 3 0 0 0 3 0 Yes Yes No No No Yes Yes No Kunnumma 4 c 1 1 1 c b b 2 b c 1 0 4 3 2 3 3 0 Yes Yes No No No Yes Yes No Kavalam 5

b 1 2 1 b c c 2 1 c 1 0 6 0 0 0 2 0 Yes Yes No No No Yes No No Neelamperoor 6 1 c c c c c c 2 1 c c 0 5 4 0 0 2 0 Yes Yes No No No Yes Yes No Veliyanad 7

c 1 1 1 b b b 2 b b 1 1 5 0 0 0 3 0 Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Ramankary 8 1 b b c c 1 1 2 1 c b 1 5 3 2 0 4 0 Yes Yes No Yes No Yes Yes No Champakkulam 9 1 b b c c b 1 2 1 c b 0 3 0 0 0 4 0 Yes Yes No Yes No Yes Yes No Nedumudi 10 b 1 3 1 c c c 2 1 c 1 3 4 0 0 0 3 0 Yes Yes No Yes No Yes Yes No Thakazhy 11 1 b 1 1 c c c 3 1 c b 1 15 5 0 0 8 0 Yes Yes Yes Yes No Yes Yes No Edathua 12 c 1 1 1 c c c 1 1 c 1 1 4 1 0 0 8 0 Yes Yes No Yes No Yes Yes No Muttar 13

a 1 2 1 a c c 2 b c 1 2 11 4 0 4 11 0 Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Thalavady 14 4 9 17 10 1 2 2 28 11 1 9 10 78 21 5 9 59 0 14 14 5 10 2 14 13 2 Taluk Total

167 Census of India 2011- Village Directory Amenities and Land use ( As in 2009 ) Name of District:-Alappuzha Location CodeNo:-598 Name of Taluk:-Kuttanad Location CodeNo:-05675

Availability of Communication and transport facilities (If amenities available code -Yes toilet & others Yes is given except for Village Pin Code ,If not available within the village , the / No distance range code viz; a for < 5 Kms, b for 5-10 Kms and c for 10+ kms of nearest place where facility is available is given). Sr.No. Name village Community toilet including bath. Community toilet excluding bath. Rural sanitary mart or hardware outlet available near the village. Community bio- gas or recycle of waste for productive use. Post office(PO) Sub post office (SPO) Post & Telegraph office (P&TO) Village Pin Code Telephones (Land lines) Public call office (PCO) Mobile phone coverage Internet cafes/ Common service centre (CSC) Private courier facility Bus service (Public & Private) Railway stations Auto/Modified Autos Taxis and Vans Tractors Cycle-pulled rickshaws(Manual & Machine driven) Carts driven by animals Sea /River ferry service 1 2 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 1 Kainakary North No No Yes No Yes Yes b 688501 Yes Yes Yes b Yes Yes c Yes Yes Yes 2 Kainakary South No No No No Yes Yes Yes 688501 Yes b Yes Yes b Yes c Yes Yes b 3 Pulinkunnu No No No No Yes Yes Yes 688504 Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes c Yes Yes Yes 4 Kunnumma No No No Yes Yes Yes Yes 688506 Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes c Yes Yes Yes 5 Kavalam No No No No Yes Yes Yes 688506 Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes b Yes Yes Yes 6 Neelamperoor No No No No Yes Yes b 686534 Yes Yes Yes Yes b Yes b Yes Yes b 7 Veliyanad No No No No Yes Yes c 689590 Yes Yes Yes c c Yes c Yes Yes Yes

8 Ramankary No No No No Yes Yes Yes 689595 Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes c Yes Yes Yes 9 Champakkulam No No No No Yes Yes Yes 688505 Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes c Yes Yes Yes 10 Nedumudi No No No No Yes Yes Yes 688503 Yes Yes Yes Yes b Yes c Yes Yes Yes 11 Thakazhy No No No No Yes Yes Yes 688562 Yes a Yes Yes c Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes 12 Edathua No No No No Yes Yes Yes 689573 Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes c Yes Yes Yes 13 Muttar No No No No Yes b b 689574 Yes a Yes b a Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes

14 Thalavady No No No No Yes Yes Yes 689572 Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes c Yes Yes a Taluk Total : 0 0 1 1 14 13 10 14 14 11 14 11 8 14 2 14 14 0 0 0 11

168 Census of India 2011- Village Directory Amenities and Land use ( As in 2009 ) Name of District:-Alappuzha Location CodeNo:-598 Name of Taluk:-Kuttanad Location CodeNo:-05675

Village connected to highways,village roads, Availability of miscellaneous facilities (If banks & credit societies (If amenities available amenities available code -Yes is given, If code -Yes is given, If not available within the not available within the village , the village , the distance range code viz; a for < 5 distance range code viz; a for < 5 Kms, Kms, b for 5-10 Kms and c for 10+ kms of nearest b for 5-10 Kms and c for 10+ kms of place where facility is available is given). nearest place where facility is available is given). Name village Sr.No. Connected to national highway(NH) Connected to state highway(SH) Connected to major district road (MDR) Connected to others district road Pucca roads Kutchcha roads Water bounded macadam(WBM) roads Navigable waterway (river/canal)(NW) Footpaths (FP) Commercial & Co-operative Banks ATM Agricultural Credit Societies Self-Help Group (SHG) Public distribution system (PDS) shop Mandis / Regular market Weekly Haat Agricultural marketing society Integrated Child Development Scheme (Nutritional Centres) Anganwadi Centre (Nutritional Centres) Others (Nutritional Centres) ASHA (Accredited Social Health Activist) 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 2 1 c b a a Yes Yes b Yes Yes Yes b Yes Yes Yes Yes c b b Yes c Yes Kainakary North 1 c Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes b Yes Yes Yes Yes c b a Yes c Yes Kainakary South 2 c Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes b a a Yes c Yes Pulinkunnu 3 c a a a Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes a Yes Yes Yes Yes b c a Yes c Yes Kunnumma 4 c c Yes Yes Yes Yes b Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes c Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Kavalam 5 c a a a Yes Yes b Yes Yes Yes b Yes Yes Yes Yes b c c Yes c Yes Neelamperoor 6 c c Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes b Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes c Yes Veliyanad 7

c c Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes b a Yes Yes c Yes Ramankary 8 c Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes c Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes c Yes Champakkulam 9 b Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes b a b Yes c Yes Nedumudi 10 c b Yes Yes Yes Yes c Yes Yes Yes a Yes Yes Yes Yes c b b Yes c Yes Thakazhy 11 c Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes c Yes a Yes c Yes Edathua 12 c a a Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes a Yes Yes Yes Yes c b b Yes c Yes Muttar 13

c c Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes c b Yes Yes c Yes Thalavady 14 0 5 10 11 14 14 9 14 14 14 7 14 14 14 14 2 4 5 14 1 14 Taluk Total

169 Census of India 2011- Village Directory Amenities and Land use ( As in 2009 ) Name of District:-Alappuzha Location CodeNo:-598 Name of Taluk:-Kuttanad Location CodeNo:-05675

Availability of miscellaneous Availability of Land Use facilities (If amenities available electricity Nearest Town Area under different code -Yes is given, If not available (Yes/No) types of land use ( in within the village , the distance hectares rounded up to range code viz; a for < 5 Kms, b one decimal place) for 5-10 Kms and c for 10+ kms of nearest place where facility is available is given). Sr.No. Name village Community centre with/without TV Sports Field, Sports Club / Recreation Centre Cinema / Video Hall Public Library Public Reading Room Newspaper Supply Assembly Polling station Birth & Death Registration Office Power Supply for Domestic Use (ED) Power Supply for Agricultural Use (EAG) Power Supply for Commercial Use (EC) Power Supply for All Uses (EA) Name Distance range code i.e. a for < 5 Kms, b 5-10 Kms and c for 10+ kms . Forests Area under Non-agricultural Uses Barren and Un-cultivable land Permanent Pastures and Other Grazing Lands Land Under Miscellaneous Tree Crops etc. 1 2 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 1 Kainakary North b c Yes c Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Alappuzha b 0 312 0 0 0 2 Kainakary South c c Yes b Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Alappuzha b 0 108 0 0 60 3 Pulinkunnu c c Yes c Yes Yes Yes Yes a Yes Yes Yes Yes Changanassery c 0 399.3 0 0 0

4 Kunnumma b Yes Yes c Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Changanassery c 0 168.9 0.2 0 0 5 Kavalam Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Changanassery c 0 130 0 0 0 6 Neelamperoor Yes Yes Yes b Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Changanassery b 0 229.9 0 0 0 7 Veliyanad Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Changanassery b 0 175.3 0 0 0

8 Ramankary Yes c Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Changanassery b 0 246.1 0 0 0 9 Champakkulam Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Alappuzha b 0 194.2 0 0 0 10 Nedumudi b b Yes Yes a Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Alappuzha c 0 283 0 0 0 11 Thakazhy Yes b Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Alappuzha c 0 200 0 0 0 12 Edathua Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Thiruvalla c 0 211.4 0 0 0 13 Muttar Yes Yes Yes b b Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Changanassery b 0 1.6 0 0 0

14 Thalavady Yes Yes Yes a Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Thiruvalla b 0 469.2 0 0 0 Taluk Total : 9 8 14 7 12 14 14 14 13 14 14 14 14 0 0 0 3128.9 0.2 0 60

170 Census of India 2011- Village Directory Amenities and Land use ( As in 2009 ) Name of District:-Alappuzha Location CodeNo:-598 Name of Taluk:-Kuttanad Location CodeNo:-05675

Land Use Name of three most Area under different types of land use ( in Area irrigated by source (in important commodities hectares rounded up to one decimal place) hectare). manufactured Name of Village Sr. No. Culturable Waste Land Fallow lands other than current fallows Current Fallows Net Area Sown Total Irrigated Land Area Total Un-irrigated Land Area Canals ( C ) Wells/Tube-wells(W/TW) Tanks/Lakes(T/L) Water Falls(WF) Others(O) First Second Third 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118 119 120 121 122 2 1 0 0 1000 2005 1238.9 1766.1 0 0 467 0 772.4 Kainakary North 1 0 105 99 373 636.3 0.7 0 0 64.5 0 571.8 Kainakary South 2 0 0 0 2459.7 2455 4.7 0 0 0 0 2455 Rice Powder Pulinkunnu 3

0 440 0 486.9 463.4 463.5 463.4 0 0 0 0 Kunnumma 4 0 0 0 2197 1925.1 271.9 1430 0 0 0 495.1 Husk Yarn Kavalam 5 0 0 0 760.1 728 32.1 728 0 0 0 0 Neelamperoor 6 0 0 0 1765.7 1562 203.7 0 0 0 0 1562 Rubber Veliyanad 7 Sheet 0 0 0 888.9 815 73.9 815 0 0 0 0 Ramankary 8 0 200.7 0 1902.1 2102.8 0 1003 0 0 0 1100 Champakkulam 9 0 210 240 1290 1739.3 0.7 427.3 0 0 0 1312 Nedumudi 10 0 0 0 2327 1951.3 375.7 0 0 0 0 1951 Thakazhy 11 0 0 0 2500.6 2500.6 0 0 0 0 0 2501 Edathua 12 0 0 0 1046.4 976.1 70.3 0 0 0 0 976.1 House Medicines Muttar 13 Production Materials 0 34 23 1049.8 981 125.8 0 0 0 0 981 Thalavady 14 0 989.7 1362 21052 20075 3389.1 4867 0 531 0 Taluk Total

171 172 ALPHABETICAL LIST OF VILLAGES ALONG WITH LOCATION CODE 2001 AND 2011 Sl. No. Name of village 2011 Census MDDS Code 2001 Census PLCN 1 2 3 4 Taluk: Karthikappally 1 Arattupuzha 628255 108200 2 628251 107500 3 Karuvatta 628250 107400 4 Pallippad 628253 107700 5 628254 108000 6 Veeyapuram 628252 107600

173 Census of India 2011- Village Directory

Amenities and Land use ( As in 2009 ) Name of District:-Alappuzha Location CodeNo:-598 Name of Taluk:-Karthikappally Location CodeNo:-05676 Number of educational amenities available. (If not available within the village , the distance range code viz; a for < 5 Kms, b for 5-10 Kms and c for 10+ kms of nearest place where facility is available is given). Sr.No. Name village Location code no. Total area of the village ( in hectares rounded up to one decimal place) Total population ( 2011 census ) Number of households (2011 census) Pre-Primary school (PP) Primary school (P) Middle school (M) Secondary School (S) Senior Secondary school (SS) Degree college of arts science & commerce (ASC) Engineering college(EC) Medical college (MC) Management institute (MI) Polytechnic (Pt) Vocational training school /ITI Non-formal training centre (NFTC) Special school for disabled (SSD) Others (specify) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 1 Karuvatta 628250 1440 14755 3892 4 5 1 a a b b c 1 c c c c c 2 Cheruthana 628251 1425 12882 3274 1 6 3 1 1 b c c a c c c c c 3 Veeyapuram 628252 1403 11392 2949 2 8 5 1 b b c c b c b a c b 4 Pallippad 628253 1698 24648 6430 5 12 6 4 4 1 c c c c 1 2 c 1 5 Thrikkunnapuzha 628254 1253 26679 6523 3 8 2 1 a b c c c b c a c b 6 Arattupuzha 628255 2270 29264 7471 6 7 6 2 c c c c c c b b c b Taluk Total : 9489 119620 30539 21 46 23 9 5 1 0 0 1 0 1 2 0 1

174 Census of India 2011- Village Directory

Amenities and Land use ( As in 2009 ) Name of District:-Alappuzha Location CodeNo:-598 Name of Taluk:-Karthikappally Location CodeNo:-05676 Number of Medical Amenities Number of Non- Availability of drinking water - available. (If not available within the Government Medical Yes / No village , the distance range code Amenities available. viz; a for < 5 Kms, b for 5-10 Kms and c for 10+ kms of nearest place where facility is available is given). Name village Sr.No. Community health centre (CHC) Primary health centre (PHC) Primary health sub centre (PHS) Maternity and child welfare centre (MCW) T.B. clinic (TBC) Hospital-allopathic (HA) Hospital-alternative medicine (HO) Dispensary (D) Veterinary hospital (VH) Mobile health clinic (MHC) Family welfare centre (FWC) Charitable non Govt. hospital/Nursing home. Medical practitioner with MBBS Degree Medical practitioner with other degree Medical practitioner with no degree Traditional practitioner and faith healer . Medicine Shop Others Tap water (Treated/Untreated) Well water (Covered / Uncovered well) Hand Pump Tube wells / Bore well Spring River / Canal Tank / Pond Lake Others 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 2 1 b 1 1 1 1 1 b 3 1 c 1 1 5 1 0 0 5 0 Yes Yes Yes Yes No Yes Yes Yes Karuvatta 1 c 1 1 1 c a a 2 1 c 1 0 4 0 0 0 3 0 Yes Yes Yes Yes No Yes Yes No Cheruthana 2 b 1 1 1 b b b 2 1 c 1 0 5 5 0 0 2 0 Yes Yes Yes Yes No Yes Yes No Veeyapuram 3 1 b 1 1 a 1 a 2 1 a b 1 5 11 0 2 7 0 Yes Yes Yes Yes No Yes Yes No Pallippad 4 1 c 2 1 b b b 3 1 c c 0 5 0 0 2 6 0 Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No Thrikkunnapuzha 5 b 1 b 1 c c c 3 1 c 1 0 7 0 0 0 10 0 Yes Yes Yes Yes No Yes Yes No Arattupuzha 6 2 4 6 6 1 2 0 15 6 0 4 2 31 17 0 4 33 0 6 6 6 6 1 6 6 1 Taluk Total

175 Census of India 2011- Village Directory

Amenities and Land use ( As in 2009 ) Name of District:-Alappuzha Location CodeNo:-598 Name of Taluk:-Karthikappally Location CodeNo:-05676 Availability of Communication and transport facilities (If amenities available code -Yes toilet & others Yes is given except for Village Pin Code ,If not available within the village , the / No distance range code viz; a for < 5 Kms, b for 5-10 Kms and c for 10+ kms of nearest place where facility is available is given). Sr.No. Name village Community toilet including bath. Community toilet excluding bath. Rural sanitary mart or hardware outlet available near the village. Community bio- gas or recycle of waste for productive use. Post office(PO) Sub post office (SPO) Post & Telegraph office (P&TO) Village Pin Code Telephones (Land lines) Public call office (PCO) Mobile phone coverage Internet cafes/ Common service centre (CSC) Private courier facility Bus service (Public & Private) Railway stations Auto/Modified Autos Taxis and Vans Tractors Cycle-pulled rickshaws(Manual & Machine driven) Carts driven by animals Sea /River ferry service 1 2 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 1 Karuvatta No No Yes No Yes Yes Yes 690554 Yes Yes Yes b a Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes 2 Cheruthana No No Yes No Yes a a 690517 Yes Yes Yes Yes a Yes a Yes Yes Yes 3 Veeyapuram No No No No Yes Yes b 690556 Yes Yes Yes b Yes Yes b Yes Yes Yes 4 Pallippad No No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes 690512 Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes 5 Thrikkunnapuzha No No Yes No Yes Yes Yes 690515 Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes b Yes Yes Yes 6 Arattupuzha No No No No Yes Yes a 690515 Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes c Yes Yes Yes Taluk Total : 0 0 4 1 6 5 3 6 6 6 6 4 4 6 2 6 6 0 0 0 6

176 Census of India 2011- Village Directory

Amenities and Land use ( As in 2009 ) Name of District:-Alappuzha Location CodeNo:-598 Name of Taluk:-Karthikappally Location CodeNo:-05676 Village connected to highways,village roads, Availability of miscellaneous facilities (If banks & credit societies (If amenities available amenities available code -Yes is given, If code -Yes is given, If not available within the not available within the village , the village , the distance range code viz; a for < 5 distance range code viz; a for < 5 Kms, Kms, b for 5-10 Kms and c for 10+ kms of nearest b for 5-10 Kms and c for 10+ kms of place where facility is available is given). nearest place where facility is available is given). Name village Sr.No. Connected to national highway(NH) Connected to state highway(SH) Connected to major district road (MDR) Connected to others district road Pucca roads Kutchcha roads Water bounded macadam(WBM) roads Navigable waterway (river/canal)(NW) Footpaths (FP) Commercial & Co-operative Banks ATM Agricultural Credit Societies Self-Help Group (SHG) Public distribution system (PDS) shop Mandis / Regular market Weekly Haat Agricultural marketing society Integrated Child Development Scheme (Nutritional Centres) Anganwadi Centre (Nutritional Centres) Others (Nutritional Centres) ASHA (Accredited Social Health Activist) 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 2 1 Yes c Yes Yes Yes Yes b Yes Yes Yes b Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes c Yes Karuvatta 1 a a Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes a Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes b Yes Yes c Yes Cheruthana 2 b b Yes Yes Yes Yes b Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes b c b Yes b Yes Veeyapuram 3 Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes b Yes Yes Yes b Yes Pallippad 4 b a Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes b b Yes Yes c Yes Thrikkunnapuzha 5 c Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes b Yes Yes Yes Yes b Yes Yes Yes a Yes Yes Yes c Yes Arattupuzha 6 2 2 6 6 6 6 3 6 6 6 4 5 6 6 6 2 3 5 6 0 6 Taluk Total

177 Census of India 2011- Village Directory

Amenities and Land use ( As in 2009 ) Name of District:-Alappuzha Location CodeNo:-598 Name of Taluk:-Karthikappally Location CodeNo:-05676

Availability of miscellaneous Availability of Land Use facilities (If amenities available electricity Nearest Town Area under different code -Yes is given, If not available (Yes/No) types of land use ( in within the village , the distance hectares rounded up to range code viz; a for < 5 Kms, b one decimal place) for 5-10 Kms and c for 10+ kms of nearest place where facility is available is given). Sr.No. Name village Community centre with/without TV Sports Field, Sports Club / Recreation Centre Cinema / Video Hall Public Library Public Reading Room Newspaper Supply Assembly Polling station Birth & Death Registration Office Power Supply for Domestic Use (ED) Power Supply for Agricultural Use (EAG) Power Supply for Commercial Use (EC) Power Supply for All Uses (EA) Name Distance range code i.e. a for < 5 Kms, b 5-10 Kms and c for 10+ kms . Forests Area under Non-agricultural Uses Barren and Un-cultivable land Permanent Pastures and Other Grazing Lands Land Under Miscellaneous Tree Crops etc. 1 2 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 1 Karuvatta Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Kayamkulam c 0 463 0 0 0 2 Cheruthana Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Kayamkulam c 0 27.9 0 0 0 3 Veeyapuram b b Yes b b b Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Kayamkulam c 0 282.4 0 0 0 4 Pallippad Yes b Yes a Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Kayamkulam c 0 502.3 0 0 0 5 Thrikkunnapuzha b Yes Yes b Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Kayamkulam c 0 402.1 0 0 0 6 Arattupuzha b b Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Kayamkulam c 0 715.2 0 0 0 Taluk T otal : 3 3 6 3 5 5 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 0 0 0 2392.9 0 0 0

178 Census of India 2011- Village Directory

Amenities and Land use ( As in 2009 ) Name of District:-Alappuzha Location CodeNo:-598 Name of Taluk:-Karthikappally Location CodeNo:-05676

Land Use Name of three most Area under different types of land use ( in Area irrigated by source (in important commodities hectares rounded up to one decimal place) hectare). manufactured Name of Village Sr. No. Culturable Waste Land Fallow lands other than current fallows Current Fallows Net Area Sown Total Irrigated Land Area Total Un-irrigated Land Area Canals ( C ) Wells/Tube-wells(W/TW) Tanks/Lakes(T/L) Water Falls(WF) Others(O) First Second Third 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118 119 120 121 122 2 1 0 8.5 118.3 850.2 812.6 164.4 172.1 0 0 0 640.5 Karuvatta 1 0 0 0 1397.1 1049 348.1 0 0 0 0 1049 Cheruthana 2 0 0 0 1120.6 1027.4 93.2 0 0 0 0 1027 Veeyapuram 3 0 0 0 1195.7 1145.9 49.8 0 50.2 0 0 1096 Bricks Pallippad 4 0 0 0 850.9 775.9 75 0 0 0 0 775.9 Coir Thrikkunnapuzha 5 0 0 0 1554.8 843.8 711 843.8 0 0 0 0 Coir Arattupuzha 6 0 8.5 118.3 6969.3 5654.6 1441.5 1016 50.2 0 0 Taluk Total

179 180 ALPHABETICAL LIST OF VILLAGES ALONG WITH LOCATION CODE 2001 AND 2011

Sl. No. Name of village 2011 Census MDDS Code 2001 Census PLCN 1 2 3 4 Taluk: Chengannur 1 Ala (Part) 628272 109800 2 Chengannur (Part) 628270 109600 3 Cheriyanad 628274 110000 4 628267 109300 5 Mulakuzha (Part) 628271 109700 6 Pandanad (Part) 628268 109400 7 Puliyoor(Part) 628273 109900 8 Thiruvanvandoor 628269 109500 9 Venmony 628275 110100

181 Census of India 2011- Village Directory

Amenities and Land use ( As in 2009 ) Name of District:-Alappuzha Location CodeNo:-598 Name of Taluk:-Chengannur Location CodeNo:-05677

Number of educational amenities available. (If not available within the village , the distance range code viz; a for < 5 Kms, b for 5-10 Kms and c for 10+ kms of nearest place where facility is available is given). Sr.No. Name village Location code no. Total area of the village ( in hectares rounded up to one decimal place) Total population ( 2011 census ) Number of households (2011 census) Pre-Primary school (PP) Primary school (P) Middle school (M) Secondary School (S) Senior Secondary school (SS) Degree college of arts science & commerce (ASC) Engineering college(EC) Medical college (MC) Management institute (MI) Polytechnic (Pt) Vocational training school /ITI Non-formal training centre (NFTC) Special school for disabled (SSD) Others (specify) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 1 Ennakkad 628267 1295 18444 4860 2 7 3 1 1 b b b c b b b c c 2 Pandanad (Part) 628268 1029 11489 3138 2 6 2 1 1 b b c c c b c c c 3 Thiruvanvandoor 628269 888 12712 3344 4 12 7 3 2 1 b c c c 1 c c c 4 Chengannur (Part) 628270 102 1989 558 a a a a a b b c c c b c c c 5 Mulakuzha (Part) 628271 2278 28390 7694 1 13 3 3 2 b 1 c b c b c c b 6 Ala (Part) 628272 1097 13665 3716 1 5 4 3 2 a b c c c b b c b 7 Puliyoor(Part) 628273 1166 16531 4459 2 5 4 1 a a a c c c 1 a c 1 8 Cheriyanad 628274 1304 21885 5823 1 8 7 4 2 1 b c b c b c c b 9 Venmony 628275 1804 19932 5569 1 8 4 2 1 a c c c c b c b b Taluk Total : 10963 145037 39161 14 64 34 18 11 2 1 0 0 0 2 0 0 1

182 Census of India 2011- Village Directory

Amenities and Land use ( As in 2009 ) Name of District:-Alappuzha Location CodeNo:-598 Name of Taluk:-Chengannur Location CodeNo:-05677

Number of Medical Amenities Number of Non- Availability of drinking water - available. (If not available within the Government Medical Yes / No village , the distance range code Amenities available. viz; a for < 5 Kms, b for 5-10 Kms and c for 10+ kms of nearest place where facility is available is given). Name village Sr.No. Community health centre (CHC) Primary health centre (PHC) Primary health sub centre (PHS) Maternity and child welfare centre (MCW) T.B. clinic (TBC) Hospital-allopathic (HA) Hospital-alternative medicine (HO) Dispensary (D) Veterinary hospital (VH) Mobile health clinic (MHC) Family welfare centre (FWC) Charitable non Govt. hospital/Nursing home. Medical practitioner with MBBS Degree Medical practitioner with other degree Medical practitioner with no degree Traditional practitioner and faith healer . Medicine Shop Others Tap water (Treated/Untreated) Well water (Covered / Uncovered well) Hand Pump Tube wells / Bore well Spring River / Canal Tank / Pond Lake Others 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 2 1 b 2 2 2 b b b 3 1 c 2 0 5 0 0 0 5 3 Yes Yes Yes Yes No Yes No No Ennakkad 1 1 b 1 b b b b 3 1 b b 0 7 0 0 0 2 0 Yes Yes No Yes No Yes Yes No Pandanad (Part) 2 c 1 2 1 c b b 2 1 b 1 0 11 5 0 3 7 0 Yes Yes Yes Yes No Yes Yes No Thiruvanvandoor 3 b a a b c b b b b c a 0 6 0 0 0 2 0 Yes Yes No No No Yes Yes No Chengannur (Part) 4 b 1 1 1 b b b b 1 b 1 3 4 3 0 1 4 0 Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Mulakuzha (Part) 5 1 b 1 1 2 b b 1 1 1 b 2 4 0 2 0 1 0 No Yes Yes Yes No Yes No No Ala (Part) 6 a 1 2 1 a a a a 1 1 1 2 4 2 0 3 3 0 Yes Yes Yes Yes No Yes Yes No Puliyoor(Part) 7 b 1 2 1 b c c 1 2 b 1 2 3 0 0 0 5 0 Yes Yes Yes Yes No Yes Yes No Cheriyanad 8 b 1 1 1 b b b 1 1 c 1 1 3 3 0 0 4 0 No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No Venmony 9 2 7 12 8 2 0 0 11 9 2 7 10 47 13 2 7 33 3 7 9 7 8 2 9 7 1 Taluk Total

183 Census of India 2011- Village Directory

Amenities and Land use ( As in 2009 ) Name of District:-Alappuzha Location CodeNo:-598 Name of Taluk:-Chengannur Location CodeNo:-05677 Availability of Communication and transport facilities (If amenities available code -Yes toilet & others Yes is given except for Village Pin Code ,If not available within the village , the / No distance range code viz; a for < 5 Kms, b for 5-10 Kms and c for 10+ kms of nearest place where facility is available is given). Sr.No. Name village Community toilet including bath. Community toilet excluding bath. Rural sanitary mart or hardware outlet available near the village. Community bio- gas or recycle of waste for productive use. Post office(PO) Sub post office (SPO) Post & Telegraph office (P&TO) Village Pin Code Telephones (Land lines) Public call office (PCO) Mobile phone coverage Internet cafes/ Common service centre (CSC) Private courier facility Bus service (Public & Private) Railway stations Auto/Modified Autos Taxis and Vans Tractors Cycle-pulled rickshaws(Manual & Machine driven) Carts driven by animals Sea /River ferry service 1 2 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 1 Ennakkad No No Yes No Yes Yes Yes 689624 Yes Yes Yes a Yes Yes c Yes Yes a 2 Pandanad (Part) No No No No Yes Yes b 689506 Yes Yes Yes b b Yes b Yes Yes Yes 3 Thiruvanvandoor No No Yes No Yes Yes Yes 689124 Yes Yes Yes Yes a Yes a Yes Yes Yes 4 Chengannur (Part) No No Yes No a a b 689121 Yes Yes Yes b a Yes a Yes Yes b 5 Mulakuzha (Part) No No Yes No Yes Yes Yes 689505 Yes Yes Yes Yes b Yes b Yes Yes b 6 Ala (Part) No No No No Yes Yes b 689126 Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes a Yes Yes c 7 Puliyoor(Part) No No No No Yes Yes Yes 689510 Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes a Yes Yes c 8 Cheriyanad No No Yes No Yes Yes Yes 690509 Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes c 9 Venmony No No Yes No Yes Yes b 689509 Yes Yes Yes Yes b Yes c Yes Yes b Taluk Total : 0 0 6 0 8 8 5 9 9 9 9 6 4 9 1 9 9 0 0 0 2

184 Census of India 2011- Village Directory

Amenities and Land use ( As in 2009 ) Name of District:-Alappuzha Location CodeNo:-598 Name of Taluk:-Chengannur Location CodeNo:-05677 Village connected to highways,village roads, Availability of miscellaneous facilities (If banks & credit societies (If amenities available amenities available code -Yes is given, If code -Yes is given, If not available within the not available within the village , the village , the distance range code viz; a for < 5 distance range code viz; a for < 5 Kms, Kms, b for 5-10 Kms and c for 10+ kms of nearest b for 5-10 Kms and c for 10+ kms of place where facility is available is given). nearest place where facility is available is given). Name village Sr.No. Connected to national highway(NH) Connected to state highway(SH) Connected to major district road (MDR) Connected to others district road Pucca roads Kutchcha roads Water bounded macadam(WBM) roads Navigable waterway (river/canal)(NW) Footpaths (FP) Commercial & Co-operative Banks ATM Agricultural Credit Societies Self-Help Group (SHG) Public distribution system (PDS) shop Mandis / Regular market Weekly Haat Agricultural marketing society Integrated Child Development Scheme (Nutritional Centres) Anganwadi Centre (Nutritional Centres) Others (Nutritional Centres) ASHA (Accredited Social Health Activist) 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 2 1 c b a a Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes c Yes Ennakkad 1 c b Yes Yes Yes Yes b Yes Yes Yes b Yes Yes Yes Yes b b b Yes c Yes Pandanad (Part) 2 c Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes b Yes Yes Yes a a Yes Yes Yes Yes Thiruvanvandoor 3 Yes c Yes Yes Yes Yes c Yes Yes a a a Yes Yes Yes a Yes a Yes c Yes Chengannur (Part) 4 Yes c Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes b Yes c Yes Mulakuzha (Part) 5 c b a a Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes b Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes b Yes c Yes Ala (Part) 6 c Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes a Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Puliyoor(Part) 7 c b Yes Yes Yes Yes c Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes b Yes b Yes c Yes Cheriyanad 8 c c Yes Yes Yes Yes c Yes Yes Yes Yes a Yes Yes Yes Yes b Yes Yes c Yes Venmony 9 2 2 7 7 9 9 5 9 9 8 6 6 9 9 9 4 6 4 9 2 9 Taluk Total

185 Census of India 2011- Village Directory

Amenities and Land use ( As in 2009 ) Name of District:-Alappuzha Location CodeNo:-598 Name of Taluk:-Chengannur Location CodeNo:-05677

Availability of miscellaneous Availability of Land Use facilities (If amenities available electricity Nearest Town Area under different code -Yes is given, If not available (Yes/No) types of land use ( in within the village , the distance hectares rounded up to range code viz; a for < 5 Kms, b one decimal place) for 5-10 Kms and c for 10+ kms of nearest place where facility is available is given). Sr.No. Name village Community centre with/without TV Sports Field, Sports Club / Recreation Centre Cinema / Video Hall Public Library Public Reading Room Newspaper Supply Assembly Polling station Birth & Death Registration Office Power Supply for Domestic Use (ED) Power Supply for Agricultural Use (EAG) Power Supply for Commercial Use (EC) Power Supply for All Uses (EA) Name Distance range code i.e. a for < 5 Kms, b 5-10 Kms and c for 10+ kms . Forests Area under Non-agricultural Uses Barren and Un-cultivable land Permanent Pastures and Other Grazing Lands Land Under Miscellaneous Tree Crops etc. 1 2 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 1 Ennakkad Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Chengannur b 0 12.9 0 0 0 2 Pandanad (Part) Yes b b Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Chengannur b 0 270 6 0 0 3 Thiruvanvandoor b b Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Chengannur a 0 149 0 0 0 4 Chengannur (Part) a a a a a a Yes Yes Yes Yes No Yes No Chengannur a 0 1.5 0 0 0 5 Mulakuzha (Part) Yes Yes Yes b Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Chengannur b 0 387 0 0 63 6 Ala (Part) b b Yes b Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Chengannur b 0 101 0 0 0 7 Puliyoor(Part) Yes Yes Yes a Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Chengannur a 0 307 2 0 0 8 Cheriyanad Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Chengannur b 0 67.3 6.7 0 0 9 Venmony Yes Yes Yes a Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Chengannur c 0 389.1 0 0 0 Taluk Total : 6 5 7 4 8 8 9 9 9 9 8 9 8 0 0 0 1684.8 14.7 0 63

186 Census of India 2011- Village Directory

Amenities and Land use ( As in 2009 ) Name of District:-Alappuzha Location CodeNo:-598 Name of Taluk:-Chengannur Location CodeNo:-05677

Land Use Name of three most Area under different types of land use ( in Area irrigated by source (in important commodities hectares rounded up to one decimal place) hectare). manufactured Name of Village Sr. No. Culturable Waste Land Fallow lands other than current fallows Current Fallows Net Area Sown Total Irrigated Land Area Total Un-irrigated Land Area Canals ( C ) Wells/Tube-wells(W/TW) Tanks/Lakes(T/L) Water Falls(WF) Others(O) First Second Third 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118 119 120 121 122 2 1 0 0 0 1282.1 1138.2 143.8 294.3 320 0 364 160.2 Ennakkad 1 0 0 0 753 676.6 76.4 355.6 0 0 0 321 Pandanad (Part) 2 0 0 0 739 711 28 435.8 243 0 0 31.9 Thiruvanvandoor 3 0 0 0 100.5 50 50.5 50 0 0 0 0 Chengannur (Part) 4 0 95 0 1733 1735.6 155.4 526 1210 0 0 0 Mulakuzha (Part) 5 0 0 312 684 500 496 0 500 0 0 0 Ala (Part) 6 0 105 350 402 807.2 49.8 662 65.2 0 0 80 Puliyoor(Part) 7 0 6.5 0 1223.5 970.8 259.2 390.2 353 28 0 200 Cheriyanad 8 0 0 0 1414.9 974.5 440.4 246.7 683 0 0 44.7 Venmony 9 0 206.5 662 8332 7563.9 1699.5 2961 3374 28 364 Taluk Total

187 188 ALPHABETICAL LIST OF VILLAGES ALONG WITH LOCATION CODE 2001 AND 2011 Sl. No. Name of village 2011 Census MDDS Code 2001 Census PLCN 1 2 3 4 Taluk: Mavelikkara 1 628282 111100 2 Noornad 628283 111200 3 628284 111300 4 Perungala 628281 110800 5 Thamarakkulam 628285 111400 6 Thekkekara (Part) 628280 110700 7 628278 110200 8 Vallikunnam 628286 111500 9 628279 110600

189 Census of India 2011- Village Directory

Amenities and Land use ( As in 2009 ) Name of District:-Alappuzha Location CodeNo:-598 Name of Taluk:-Mavelikkara Location CodeNo:-05678 Number of educational amenities available. (If not available within the village , the distance range code viz; a for < 5 Kms, b for 5-10 Kms and c for 10+ kms of nearest place where facility is available is given). Sr.No. Name village Location code no. Total area of the village ( in hectares rounded up to one decimal place) Total population ( 2011 census ) Number of households (2011 census) Pre-Primary school (PP) Primary school (P) Middle school (M) Secondary School (S) Senior Secondary school (SS) Degree college of arts science & commerce (ASC) Engineering college(EC) Medical college (MC) Management institute (MI) Polytechnic (Pt) Vocational training school /ITI Non-formal training centre (NFTC) Special school for disabled (SSD) Others (specify) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 1 Thriperumthura 628278 1623 15226 4021 1 6 2 1 b b c c c c a b a 1 2 Vettiyar 628279 1217 21393 5673 5 5 2 1 a b b c c c b b a a

3 Thekkekara (Part) 628280 1982 32373 8609 1 9 3 2 2 b b c c c 1 b c b 4 Perungala 628281 783 14151 3790 1 5 2 1 b b b c c b a b a b 5 Chunakkara 628282 1692 22730 5998 2 8 5 3 3 b b c b b 1 b c c 6 Noornad 628283 2128 25375 6899 3 9 4 2 1 b 1 c b b c b c c 7 Palamel 628284 2559 32512 8546 3 9 11 4 2 b 1 c b b b c c c 8 Thamarakkulam 628285 2089 27017 7062 5 9 2 2 2 c c c a c 1 b c c

9 Vallikunnam 628286 2137 30394 7827 8 8 6 3 2 c b c c c 1 c 1 b Taluk Total : 16210 221171 58425 29 68 37 19 12 0 2 0 0 0 4 0 1 1 District Total : 81165 979643 248616 110 337 179 110 63 9 5 1 7 1 18 3 6 5

190 Census of India 2011- Village Directory

Amenities and Land use ( As in 2009 ) Name of District:-Alappuzha Location CodeNo:-598 Name of Taluk:-Mavelikkara Location CodeNo:-05678 Number of Medical Amenities Number of Non- Availability of drinking water - available. (If not available within the Government Medical Yes / No village , the distance range code viz; Amenities available. a for < 5 Kms, b for 5-10 Kms and c for 10+ kms of nearest place where facility is available is given). Name village Sr.No. Community health centre (CHC) Primary health centre (PHC) Primary health sub centre (PHS) Maternity and child welfare centre (MCW) T.B. clinic (TBC) Hospital-allopathic (HA) Hospital-alternative medicine (HO) Dispensary (D) Veterinary hospital (VH) Mobile health clinic (MHC) Family welfare centre (FWC) Charitable non Govt. hospital/Nursing home. Medical practitioner with MBBS Degree Medical practitioner with other degree Medical practitioner with no degree Traditional practitioner and faith healer . Medicine Shop Others Tap water (Treated/Untreated) Well water (Covered / Uncovered well) Hand Pump Tube wells / Bore well Spring River / Canal Tank / Pond Lake Others 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 2 1 b 1 3 1 c b b 3 1 c 1 0 5 6 0 0 5 0 Yes Yes Yes Yes No Yes Yes No Thriperumthura 1 b a 2 1 c b b 2 1 c a 0 4 1 3 1 5 0 Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No Vettiyar 2

1 b 2 1 c b b b 1 c b 0 7 0 0 0 4 0 Yes Yes Yes Yes No Yes Yes No Thekkekara (Part) 3 c 1 1 1 c a a b 2 c 1 0 10 0 0 0 2 0 Yes Yes Yes Yes No Yes Yes No Perungala 4 1 c 2 1 c b b b 1 c c 0 4 6 0 0 9 0 Yes Yes Yes No No Yes Yes Yes Chunakkara 5 b 1 2 1 c c c 3 1 c 1 2 4 0 0 1 5 0 Yes Yes No Yes No Yes Yes Yes Noornad 6 c 1 3 1 c c c 3 1 c 1 4 11 0 0 0 10 2 Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No Palamel 7 b 1 2 1 c 1 c 1 1 c 1 0 8 6 0 4 7 1 Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No Thamarakkulam 8

1 b 2 1 c c c 3 1 c b 0 8 0 0 0 8 0 Yes Yes No No No Yes Yes No Vallikunnam 9 3 5 19 9 0 1 0 15 10 0 5 6 61 19 3 6 55 3 9 9 7 7 3 9 9 2 Taluk Total 16 30 68 41 5 5 2 93 46 3 30 44 308 105 14 44 280 7 49 51 36 43 8 46 48 6 District Total

191 Census of India 2011- Village Directory

Amenities and Land use ( As in 2009 ) Name of District:-Alappuzha Location CodeNo:-598 Name of Taluk:-Mavelikkara Location CodeNo:-05678 Availability of Communication and transport facilities (If amenities available code -Yes toilet & others Yes is given except for Village Pin Code ,If not available within the village , the / No distance range code viz; a for < 5 Kms, b for 5-10 Kms and c for 10+ kms of nearest place where facility is available is given). Sr.No. Name village Community toilet including bath. Community toilet excluding bath. Rural sanitary mart or hardware outlet available near the village. Community bio- gas or recycle of waste for productive use. Post office(PO) Sub post office (SPO) Post & Telegraph office (P&TO) Village Pin Code Telephones (Land lines) Public call office (PCO) Mobile phone coverage Internet cafes/ Common service centre (CSC) Private courier facility Bus service (Public & Private) Railway stations Auto/Modified Autos Taxis and Vans Tractors Cycle-pulled rickshaws(Manual & Machine driven) Carts driven by animals Sea /River ferry service 1 2 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 1 Thriperumthura Yes No Yes No Yes Yes Yes 690105 Yes Yes Yes Yes a Yes b Yes Yes Yes 2 Vettiyar No No No No Yes Yes Yes 690509 Yes Yes Yes b Yes Yes b Yes Yes b

3 Thekkekara (Part) No No No No Yes Yes Yes 690107 Yes Yes Yes b b Yes b Yes Yes c 4 Perungala No No No No Yes Yes a 690106 Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes a Yes Yes c 5 Chunakkara No No No No Yes Yes b 690534 Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes b Yes Yes c 6 Noornad No No Yes No Yes Yes Yes 690529 Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes c Yes Yes c 7 Palamel No No No No Yes Yes Yes 690504 Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes c Yes Yes c 8 Thamarakkulam Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes 690530 Yes Yes Yes Yes b Yes c Yes Yes c

9 Vallikunnam No No Yes No Yes Yes Yes 690501 Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes b Yes Yes c Taluk Total : 2 1 4 1 9 9 7 9 9 9 9 7 6 9 0 9 9 0 0 0 1 District Total : 3 2 19 3 49 45 32 51 51 47 51 39 28 51 12 51 51 0 0 0 27

192 Census of India 2011- Village Directory

Amenities and Land use ( As in 2009 ) Name of District:-Alappuzha Location CodeNo:-598 Name of Taluk:-Mavelikkara Location CodeNo:-05678 Village connected to highways,village roads, Availability of miscellaneous facilities (If banks & credit societies (If amenities available amenities available code -Yes is given, If code -Yes is given, If not available within the not available within the village , the village , the distance range code viz; a for < 5 distance range code viz; a for < 5 Kms, Kms, b for 5-10 Kms and c for 10+ kms of nearest b for 5-10 Kms and c for 10+ kms of place where facility is available is given). nearest place where facility is available is given). Name village Sr.No. Connected to national highway(NH) Connected to state highway(SH) Connected to major district road (MDR) Connected to others district road Pucca roads Kutchcha roads Water bounded macadam(WBM) roads Navigable waterway (river/canal)(NW) Footpaths (FP) Commercial & Co-operative Banks ATM Agricultural Credit Societies Self-Help Group (SHG) Public distribution system (PDS) shop Mandis / Regular market Weekly Haat Agricultural marketing society Integrated Child Development Scheme (Nutritional Centres) Anganwadi Centre (Nutritional Centres) Others (Nutritional Centres) ASHA (Accredited Social Health Activist) 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 2 1 c Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes c a Yes Yes c Yes Thriperumthura 1 b Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes c Yes Yes Yes c Yes Vettiyar 2

c b b a Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes c b Yes Yes c Yes Thekkekara (Part) 3 b Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes b Yes Yes Yes a b Yes Yes Yes a c b Yes c Yes Perungala 4 c c Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes b Yes Yes c Yes Chunakkara 5 c b Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes b Yes Yes c Yes Noornad 6 c Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes c Yes Palamel 7 c c Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes c Yes Thamarakkulam 8

b a Yes Yes Yes Yes c Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Vallikunnam 9 0 4 8 8 9 9 7 9 9 9 8 8 9 9 9 5 4 8 9 1 9 Taluk Total 13 20 42 43 51 51 29 51 51 49 32 44 51 51 51 17 22 27 51 6 51 District Total

193 Census of India 2011- Village Directory

Amenities and Land use ( As in 2009 ) Name of District:-Alappuzha Location CodeNo:-598 Name of Taluk:-Mavelikkara Location CodeNo:-05678

Availability of miscellaneous Availability of Land Use facilities (If amenities available electricity Nearest Town Area under different code -Yes is given, If not available (Yes/No) types of land use ( in within the village , the distance hectares rounded up to range code viz; a for < 5 Kms, b one decimal place) for 5-10 Kms and c for 10+ kms of nearest place where facility is available is given). Sr.No. Name village Community centre with/without TV Sports Field, Sports Club / Recreation Centre Cinema / Video Hall Public Library Public Reading Room Newspaper Supply Assembly Polling station Birth & Death Registration Office Power Supply for Domestic Use (ED) Power Supply for Agricultural Use (EAG) Power Supply for Commercial Use (EC) Power Supply for All Uses (EA) Name Distance range code i.e. a for < 5 Kms, b 5-10 Kms and c for 10+ kms . Forests Area under Non-agricultural Uses Barren and Un-cultivable land Permanent Pastures and Other Grazing Lands Land Under Miscellaneous Tree Crops etc. 1 2 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 1 Thriperumthura Yes Yes Yes a Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Mavelikkara b 0 172 0 0 0 2 Vettiyar a Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Mavelikkara b 0 338.9 0 0 0

3 Thekkekara (Part) Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Mavelikkara b 0 459.2 0 0 0 4 Perungala a Yes Yes a a Yes Yes Yes a Yes Yes Yes Yes Mavelikkara a 0 350.7 0 0 0 5 Chunakkara Yes Yes Yes b Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Mavelikkara b 0 12.4 0 0 4.7 6 Noornad b Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Mavelikkara c 0 258 0 0 0 7 Palamel Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Mavelikkara c 0 650 0 0 0 8 Thamarakkulam Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Mavelikkara c 0 228 0 0 0

9 Vallikunnam Yes Yes Yes c Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Kayamkulam b 0 218.2 0 0 0 Taluk Total : 6 9 9 5 8 9 9 9 8 9 9 9 9 0 0 0 2687.4 0 0 4.7 District Total : 32 32 48 29 45 49 51 51 48 51 50 49 48 0 0 0 12487 30.5 30 128

194 Census of India 2011- Village Directory

Amenities and Land use ( As in 2009 ) Name of District:-Alappuzha Location CodeNo:-598 Name of Taluk:-Mavelikkara Location CodeNo:-05678

Land Use Name of three most Area under different types of land use ( in Area irrigated by source (in important commodities hectares rounded up to one decimal place) hectare). manufactured Name of Village Sr. No. Culturable Waste Land Fallow lands other than current fallows Current Fallows Net Area Sown Total Irrigated Land Area Total Un-irrigated Land Area Canals ( C ) Wells/Tube-wells(W/TW) Tanks/Lakes(T/L) Water Falls(WF) Others(O) First Second Third 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118 119 120 121 122 2 1 0 412.9 0 1038 1451 0 411.2 229 74.9 0 736.3 Thriperumthura 1 0 0 0 878.1 817.1 61 252.1 513 0 0 52.3 Interlock Match Handsaw Vettiyar 2 Brick Box Blade 0 0 0 1522.8 1347 175.8 400 567 0 0 380.2 Thekkekara (Part) 3 0 0 0 432.3 250.6 181.7 160 90 0.6 0 0 Perungala 4 0 0 0 1674.9 121.4 1558.2 121.4 0 0 0 0 Chunakkara 5 0 0 0 1870 362.2 1507.8 120 150 80 0 12.2 Noornad 6 0 100 97 1712 1597.5 311.5 657.5 940 0 0 0 Palamel 7 0 205 0 1656 110 1751 0 110 0 0 0 Bricks Aluminium Thamarakkulam 8 Vessels 0 185.3 670.6 1062.9 670.6 1248.2 0 0 0 0 670.6 Bricks Vallikunnam 9 0 903.2 767.6 11847 6727.4 6795.2 2122 2598 156 0 Taluk Total 0 3134.2 3125 62231 49393 19225 12786 9467 1072 364 District Total

195 APPENDICES TO VILLAGE DIRECTORY

Appendix I - Village Directory Summary showing total number of villages having educational,medical and other amenities - Taluk level

District: Alappuzha (598) Sr.No. Name of Total Total Villages having educational institutions Taluk number of population Pre- Primary Middle Second- Senior Degree Degree Medical inhabited of Taluk primary school school ary second- college of college college villages in school school ary arts of the Taluk school science & engineer- (SS) commerce ing 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 1 05673- 8 193645 8 8 8 8 7 3 1 1 Cherthala 2 05674- 5 107163 4 4 4 4 3 1 0 0 Ambalappuzha 3 05675- 14 193007 13 14 14 14 11 1 1 0 Kuttanad 4 05676- 6 119620 6 6 6 5 2 1 0 0 Karthikappally 5 05677- 9 145037 8 8 8 8 7 2 1 0 Chengannur 6 05678- 9 221171 9 9 9 9 6 0 2 0 Mavelikkara Total 51 979643 48 49 49 48 36 8 5 1

Sr. Name of Villages having educational institutions (contd.) Villages having Medical institutions No. Taluk Mana- Poly- Voca- Non- Special Others No edu- Comm- Pri- Pri- Mater- T.B. Hos- gement technic tional formal school (specify) cational unity mary mary nity clinic pital- institute training training for dis- facility health health health and allopa- school centre abled centre centre sub child thic /ITI centre welfare centre 1 2 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25

1 05673- 3 1 5 0 3 2 0 4 3 7 5 1 0 Cherthala 2 05674- 2 0 2 0 1 0 1 1 2 2 3 0 0 Ambala- ppuzha 3 05675- 1 0 2 1 0 0 0 4 9 10 10 1 2 Kuttanad 4 05676- 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 2 4 5 6 1 2 Karthika- ppally 5 05677- 0 0 2 0 0 1 1 2 6 8 7 1 0 Chengannur 6 05678- 0 0 4 0 1 1 0 3 5 9 9 0 1 Mavelikkara Total 7 1 16 2 5 5 2 16 29 41 40 4 5

196 APPENDICES TO VILLAGE DIRECTORY

Appendix I - Village Directory Summary showing total number of villages having educational,medical and other amenities - Taluk level District: Alappuzha (598) Sr.No. Name of Villages having Medical institutions (contd.) … Taluk Hospital- Dispensary Veterinary Mobile Family Medical Medical Medicine Others No alter- hospital health welfare practioner practioner shop medical native clinic centre (with (with facility medicine MBBS other Degree) degree) 1 2 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 1 05673- 0 8 6 0 3 8 5 8 1 0 Cherthala 2 05674- 0 4 3 0 2 5 4 5 0 0 Ambala- ppuzha 3 05675- 2 14 10 1 9 14 7 14 0 0 Kuttanad 4 05676- 0 6 6 0 4 6 3 6 0 0 Karthika- ppally 5 05677- 0 6 8 2 6 9 4 9 1 0 Chengannur 6 05678- 0 6 9 0 5 9 4 9 2 0 Mavelikkara Total 2 44 42 3 29 51 27 51 4 0

Sr. Name of Villages having drinking water Villages having Post & No. Taluk Telegraph Tap Well Hand Tube- Spring River Tank/ Others No Post Sub post Post Phone water water pump well/ / pond/ drinking office office & tele- (land (treated (coverd/ bore- canal lake water graph lines) /untreat- un- well facility office ed) covered well) 1 2 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 1 05673- 8 8 8 8 0 3 8 0 0 8 6 6 8 Cherthala 2 05674- 5 5 3 4 0 5 5 0 0 4 4 1 5 Ambala- ppuzha 3 05675- 14 14 5 10 2 14 13 2 0 14 13 10 14 Kuttanad 4 05676- 6 6 6 6 1 6 6 1 0 6 5 3 6 Karthika- ppally 5 05677- 7 9 7 8 2 9 7 1 0 8 8 5 9 Chengannur 6 05678- 9 9 7 7 3 9 9 2 0 9 9 7 9 Mavelikkara Total 49 51 36 43 8 46 48 6 0 49 45 32 51

197 APPENDICES TO VILLAGE DIRECTORY Appendix I - Village Directory Summary showing total number of villages having educational,medical and other amenities - Taluk level District: Alappuzha (598) Sr. Name of Villages having Post & Villages having transport No. Taluk Telegraph Public Mobile Internet Village Bus Railway Auto/ Taxi & Tractors Navigable call office phone cafes/ roads- service station modified vans water coverage Common pucca road (public/pri autos ways service vate) (river/cana centre l/sea ferry service) 1 2 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 1 05673- 8 8 7 8 8 5 8 8 0 8 Cherthala 2 05674- 4 5 4 5 5 2 5 5 0 5 Ambala- ppuzha 3 05675- 11 14 11 14 14 2 14 14 0 14 Kuttanad 4 05676- 6 6 4 6 6 2 6 6 0 6 Karthika- ppally 5 05677- 9 9 6 9 9 1 9 9 0 9 Chengannur 6 05678- 9 9 7 9 9 0 9 9 0 9 Mavelikkara Total 47 51 39 51 51 12 51 51 0 51

Sr. Name of Banks Credit Villages having recreation Miscellaneous Villages No. Taluk societies facility having Comm- ATM Agri- Cinema Public Public Avail- Public Weekly Asembly Birth & Avail-powerNot ercial & cultural / library read- ability distri- haat polling death able avail- co-oper- credit video ing of bution station regi- able ative societies halls rooms news system stration paper (PDS) office shop 1 2 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 1 05673- 8 6 8 6 8 8 8 8 3 8 8 8 0 Cherthala 2 05674- 4 1 3 4 4 5 5 5 1 5 4 5 0 Ambala- ppuzha 3 05675- 14 7 14 7 12 14 14 14 2 14 13 14 0 Kuttanad 4 05676- 6 4 5 3 5 5 6 6 2 6 6 6 0 Karthika- ppally 5 05677- 8 6 6 4 8 8 9 9 4 9 9 9 0 Chengannur 6 05678- 9 8 8 5 8 9 9 9 5 9 8 9 0 Mavelikkara Total 49 32 44 29 45 49 51 51 17 51 48 51 0

198 Appendix IA - village directory Villages by number of primary schools District: Alappuzha (598) Sr.No. Name of Taluk Total number of inhabited Number of primary schools villages None One Two Three Four + 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 1 05673-Cherthala 8 0 0 0 0 8 2 05674-Ambalappuzha 5 1 0 0 1 3 3 05675-Kuttanad 14 0 0 0 2 12 4 05676-Karthikappally 6 0 0 0 0 6 5 05677-Chengannur 9 1 0 0 0 8 6 05678-Mavelikkara 9 0 0 0 0 9 Total 51 2 0 0 3 46

Appendix IB - village directory Villages by primary, middle and secondary schools District: Alappuzha (598) Sr.No. Name of Taluk Total number of Type of educational institutions available inhabited villages No school At least one At least one primary At least one primary school and one middle school school and no middle school and one middle school secondary school 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 1 05673-Cherthala 8 0 0 8 8 2 05674-Ambalappuzha 5 1 0 4 4 3 05675-Kuttanad 14 0 0 14 14 4 05676-Karthikappally 6 0 0 6 5 5 05677-Chengannur 9 1 0 8 8 6 05678-Mavelikkara 9 0 0 9 9 Total 51 2 0 49 48

Appendix IC - Village Directory Villages with different sources of drinking water facilities available District: Alappuzha (598) Sr.No. Name of Taluk Number of villages with different sources of drinking water facilities available Only tap Only well Only tubewell Only More than one source only (treated/ (covered / /borewell handpump from tap, well, tubewell,hand untreated) uncovered) pump 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 1 05673-Cherthala 0 0 0 0 8 2 05674-Ambalappuzha 0 0 0 0 5 3 05675-Kuttanad 0 0 0 0 14 4 05676-Karthikappally 0 0 0 0 6 5 05677-Chengannur 0 0 0 0 9 6 05678-Mavelikkara 0 0 0 0 9 Total 0 0 0 0 51

199 Appendix II- Village Directory Villages with 5000 and above population which do not have one or more amenities available District: Alappuzha (598) Sr. Name of Taluk Name of village Location Popul- Amenities not available (indicate N.A. where amenity not No. code ation available) number Senior College Primary Tap Bus Appro- Banks seco- health drinking facility ach by ndary sub water pucca school centre road 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 1 05673-Cherthala Perumbalam 628206 9733 Available N.A. Available Available Available Available Available 2 05673-Cherthala Panavally 628207 31570 Available N.A. Available Available Available Available Available 3 05673-Cherthala Pattanakkad 628209 31629 Available N.A. Available Available Available Available Available 4 05673-Cherthala Kadakkarappally 628210 20487 N.A. N.A. Available Available Available Available Available 5 05673-Cherthala Cherthala North 628211 13945 Available N.A. N.A. Available Available Available Available (Part) 6 05674-Ambalappuzha Kalavoor 628226 29808 Available N.A. N.A. Available Available Available Available 7 05674-Ambalappuzha Karumady 628230 13137 N.A. N.A. Available Available Available Available Available 8 05674-Ambalappuzha Purakkad 628231 29782 Available N.A. N.A. Available Available Available Available 9 05675-Kuttanad Kainakary North 628236 8292 Available N.A. Available Available Available Available Available 10 05675-Kuttanad Kainakary South 628237 15405 N.A. N.A. Available Available Available Available Available 11 05675-Kuttanad Kunnumma 628239 14252 N.A. N.A. N.A. Available Available Available Available 12 05675-Kuttanad Kavalam 628240 13089 Available N.A. Available Available Available Available Available 13 05675-Kuttanad Neelamperoor 628241 5841 N.A. N.A. Available Available Available Available Available 14 05675-Kuttanad Veliyanad 628242 12501 Available N.A. N.A. Available Available Available Available 15 05675-Kuttanad Ramankary 628243 10755 Available N.A. Available Available Available Available Available 16 05675-Kuttanad Champakkulam 628244 15848 Available N.A. N.A. Available Available Available Available 17 05675-Kuttanad Nedumudi 628245 14601 Available N.A. N.A. Available Available Available Available 18 05675-Kuttanad Thakazhy 628246 15758 Available N.A. Available Available Available Available Available 19 05675-Kuttanad Muttar 628248 9200 Available N.A. Available Available Available Available Available 20 05675-Kuttanad Thalavady 628249 20556 Available N.A. Available Available Available Available Available 21 05676-Karthikappally Karuvatta 628250 14755 N.A. N.A. Available Available Available Available Available 22 05676-Karthikappally Cheruthana 628251 12882 Available N.A. Available Available Available Available Available 23 05676-Karthikappally Veeyapuram 628252 11392 N.A. N.A. Available Available Available Available Available 24 05676-Karthikappally Thrikkunnapuzha 628254 26679 N.A. N.A. Available Available Available Available Available 25 05676-Karthikappally Arattupuzha 628255 29264 N.A. N.A. N.A. Available Available Available Available 26 05677-Chengannur Ennakkad 628267 18444 Available N.A. Available Available Available Available Available 27 05677-Chengannur Pandanad (Part) 628268 11489 Available N.A. Available Available Available Available Available 28 05677-Chengannur Ala (Part) 628272 13665 Available N.A. Available N.A. Available Available Available 29 05677-Chengannur Puliyoor(Part) 628273 16531 N.A. N.A. Available Available Available Available Available 30 05677-Chengannur Venmony 628275 19932 Available N.A. Available N.A. Available Available Available 31 05678-Mavelikkara Thriperumthura 628278 15226 N.A. N.A. Available Available Available Available Available 32 05678-Mavelikkara Vettiyar 628279 21393 N.A. N.A. Available Available Available Available Available 33 05678-Mavelikkara Thekkekara 628280 32373 Available N.A. Available Available Available Available Available (Part) 34 05678-Mavelikkara Perungala 628281 14151 N.A. N.A. Available Available Available Available Available 35 05678-Mavelikkara Chunakkara 628282 22730 Available N.A. Available Available Available Available Available 36 05678-Mavelikkara Thamarakkulam 628285 27017 Available N.A. Available Available Available Available Available 37 05678-Mavelikkara Vallikunnam 628286 30394 Available N.A. Available Available Available Available Available

200 Appendix III-Village Directory Land Utilization data in respect of Census Towns District: Alappuzha (598) Sr. Name of Total Area Barren Permanent Land Culturable Fallow Current Net Total Total Un- No. Census Forest under and Pastures under waste Lands Fallows Area irrigated irrigated Towns and Area Non- unculti- and other Miscella lands other sown Land Land C.D.Blocks agricult vable Grazing neous than Area Area within ural land lands Tree Current Bracket Uses Crops Fallows etc. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13

Not Available

Appendix IV-Village Directory Taluk wise list of Inhabited villages where no amenity other than drinking water facility is available District : Alappuzha (598) Sr. No. Location Code Number Name of Village 1 2 3

Nil

Appendix V- Village Directory Summary showing number of villages not having scheduled castes population District: Alappuzha (598) Sr.No. Name of Taluk Total villages Uninhabited Inhabited villages Number of inhabited villages villages having no scheduled castes population

1 2 3 4 5 6

1 05673-Cherthala 8 0 8 0

2 05674-Ambalappuzha 6 1 5 0

3 05675-Kuttanad 14 0 14 0

4 05676-Karthikappally 6 0 6 0

5 05677-Chengannur 9 0 9 0

6 05678-Mavelikkara 9 0 9 0

Total 52 1 51 0

201 Appendix VI-Village Directory Summary showing number of villages not having scheduled tribes population District: Alappuzha (598) Sl.No. Name of Taluk Total villages Uninhabited Inhabited villages Number of Inhabited villages villages having no Scheduled Tribes population 1 2 3 4 5 6 1 05673-Cherthala 8 0 8 0 2 05674-Ambalappuzha 6 1 5 1 3 05675-Kuttanad 14 0 14 0 4 05676-Karthikappally 6 0 6 0 5 05677-Chengannur 9 0 9 0 6 05678-Mavelikkara 9 0 9 0 Total 52 1 51 1 Appendix VII -A- Village Directory List of villages according to the proportion of the scheduled castes and the scheduled tribes to the total population by ranges Name of District:-Alappuzha Location Code No:-598 A - Scheduled Castes Range of scheduled castes population (Percentages) Location code number Name of village

1 2 3 Name of Taluk:-Cherthala Location Code No:-05673

Less than 5 628210 Kadakkarappally Less than 5 628212 Cherthala South (Part) 5 - 10 628206 Perumbalam 5 - 10 628209 Pattanakkad 5 - 10 628211 Cherthala North (Part) 5 - 10 628213 Mararikkulam North 11 - 20 628207 Panavally 11 - 20 628208 Thuravoor Thekku

Name of Taluk:-Ambalappuzha Location Code No:-05674 Less than 5 628226 Kalavoor Less than 5 628229 Ambalappuzha 5 - 10 628228 Mullakkal (Part) 5 - 10 628230 Karumady 5 - 10 628231 Purakkad

Name of Taluk:-Kuttanad Location Code No:-05675 Less than 5 628238 Pulinkunnu 5 - 10 628236 Kainakary North 5 - 10 628237 Kainakary South 5 - 10 628239 Kunnumma

5 - 10 628241 Neelamperoor

202 Appendix VII- A- Village Directory List of villages according to the proportion of the scheduled castes and the scheduled tribes to the total population by ranges Name of District:-Alappuzha Location Code No:-598 A - Scheduled Castes Range of scheduled castes population (Percentages) Location code number Name of village

1 2 3 Name of Taluk:-Kuttanad Location Code No:-05675 5 - 10 628242 Veliyanad 5 - 10 628244 Champakkulam 5 - 10 628245 Nedumudi 5 - 10 628247 Edathua 5 - 10 628248 Muttar 5 - 10 628249 Thalavady 11 - 20 628240 Kavalam 11 - 20 628243 Ramankary 11 - 20 628246 Thakazhy Name of Taluk:-Karthikappally Location Code No:-05676 Less than 5 628254 Thrikkunnapuzha Less than 5 628255 Arattupuzha 5 - 10 628250 Karuvatta 11 - 20 628251 Cheruthana 11 - 20 628252 Veeyapuram 11 - 20 628253 Pallippad Name of Taluk:-Chengannur Location Code No:-05677 Less than 5 628270 Chengannur (Part) 5 - 10 628269 Thiruvanvandoor 11 - 20 628267 Ennakkad 11 - 20 628268 Pandanad (Part) 11 - 20 628271 Mulakuzha (Part) 11 - 20 628273 Puliyoor(Part) 11 - 20 628274 Cheriyanad 11 - 20 628275 Venmony 21 - 30 628272 Ala (Part) Name of Taluk:-Mavelikkara Location Code No:-05678 11 - 20 628278 Thriperumthura 11 - 20 628279 Vettiyar 11 - 20 628280 Thekkekara (Part) 11 - 20 628281 Perungala 11 - 20 628282 Chunakkara 11 - 20 628283 Noornad 11 - 20 628284 Palamel 11 - 20 628285 Thamarakkulam 11 - 20 628286 Vallikunnam

203 Appendix VII -B- Village Directory List of villages according to the proportion of the scheduled castes and the scheduled tribes to the total population by ranges Name of District:-Alappuzha Location Code No:-598

B - Scheduled Tribes Range of scheduled tribes population (percentages) Location code number Name of village

1 2 3 Name of Taluk:-Cherthala Location Code No:-05673 Less than 5 628206 Perumbalam Less than 5 628207 Panavally Less than 5 628208 Thuravoor Thekku Less than 5 628209 Pattanakkad Less than 5 628210 Kadakkarappally Less than 5 628211 Cherthala North (Part) Less than 5 628212 Cherthala South (Part) Less than 5 628213 Mararikkulam North Name of Taluk:-Ambalappuzha Location Code No:-05674 Nil 628228 Mullakkal (Part) Less than 5 628226 Kalavoor Less than 5 628229 Ambalappuzha Less than 5 628230 Karumady Less than 5 628231 Purakkad Name of Taluk:-Kuttanad Location Code No:-05675 Less than 5 628236 Kainakary North Less than 5 628237 Kainakary South Less than 5 628238 Pulinkunnu Less than 5 628239 Kunnumma Less than 5 628240 Kavalam Less than 5 628241 Neelamperoor Less than 5 628242 Veliyanad Less than 5 628243 Ramankary Less than 5 628244 Champakkulam Less than 5 628245 Nedumudi Less than 5 628246 Thakazhy Less than 5 628247 Edathua

204 Appendix VII -B- Village Directory List of villages according to the proportion of the scheduled castes and the scheduled tribes to the total population by ranges Name of District:-Alappuzha Location Code No:-598 B - Scheduled Tribes Range of scheduled tribes population (percentages) Location code number Name of village 1 2 3 Name of Taluk:-Kuttanad Location Code No:-05675 Less than 5 628248 Muttar Less than 5 628249 Thalavady Name of Taluk:-Karthikappally Location Code No:-05676 Less than 5 628250 Karuvatta Less than 5 628251 Cheruthana Less than 5 628252 Veeyapuram Less than 5 628253 Pallippad Less than 5 628254 Thrikkunnapuzha Less than 5 628255 Arattupuzha Less than 5 628267 Ennakkad Less than 5 628268 Pandanad (Part) Less than 5 628269 Thiruvanvandoor Less than 5 628270 Chengannur (Part) Less than 5 628271 Mulakuzha (Part) Less than 5 628272 Ala (Part) Less than 5 628273 Puliyoor(Part) Less than 5 628274 Cheriyanad Less than 5 628275 Venmony Name of Taluk:-Mavelikkara Location Code No:-05678 Less than 5 628278 Thriperumthura Less than 5 628279 Vettiyar Less than 5 628280 Thekkekara (Part) Less than 5 628281 Perungala Less than 5 628282 Chunakkara Less than 5 628283 Noornad Less than 5 628284 Palamel Less than 5 628285 Thamarakkulam Less than 5 628286 Vallikunnam

205 Appendix-VIII-Village Directory Number of villages under each Grama Panchayat(Taluk-wise) District : Alappuzha (598) Sl. Name of Gram Area Number of villages with Location No. of Total Total Total No. Panchayat and in code numbers house- Population Scheduled Scheduled Location Code Number hect- Number Location Name of Village holds Caste Tribe ares Code Population Population Number 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Name of Taluk :Cherthala C.D.Block :Thaikattussery

1 Perumbalam (01) NA 1 628206 Perumbalam 2365 9733 657 35

2 Panavally (02) NA 1 628207 Panavally 7528 31570 3739 179

3 Arookutty (03) NA 1 628214 Arookutty (CT) 4414 19411 1665 48

4 Thaikattussery(04) NA 1 628218 Thaikattussery 5152 20874 2399 86 (CT) 5 Chennam- Pallipuram NA 1 628221 Pallippuram (CT) 6910 28276 3196 120 (05) C.D.Block :Pattanakkkad

1 Thuravoor (01) NA 1 628208 Thuravoor- 6966 28802 4049 36 Thekku 2 Pattanakkad (02) NA 2 628209 Pattanakkad 8481 34620 2093 189

628210 Kadakarappally

3 Kadakkarappally (03) NA 1 628210 Kadakkarappally 4357 17496 706 47

4 Aroor (04) NA 2 628215 Aroor (CT) 9928 41146 4735 181

628216 Ezhupunna (CT)

5 Ezhupunna (05) NA 2 628215 Aroor (CT) 5282 21506 3957 91

628216 Ezhupunna (CT)

6 Kodumthuruth (06) NA 2 628216 Ezhupunna (CT) 6055 25385 4358 85

628217 Kodamthurth (CT) 7 Kuthiathode (07) NA 1 628219 Kuthiathode (CT) 5677 23669 1855 99

8 Vayalar (08) NA 1 628220 Vayalar (CT) 6168 24804 2360 85

C.D.Block :

1 Cherthala South (01) NA 2 628211 Cherthala North 9752 40102 2075 236 (P) 628212 Cherthala South (P) 2 Mararikkulam North (02) NA 1 628213 7747 31322 1985 245 North 3 Thanneermukkam (03) NA 2 628222 Thannneer- 10586 42302 1552 207 mukkam (CT) 628223 Kokkotha- mangalam (CT)

206 Appendix-VIII-Village Directory Number of villages under each Grama Panchayat(Taluk-wise)

District : Alappuzha (598) Sl. Name of Gram Area Number of villages with Location No. of Total Total Total No. Panchayat and in code numbers house- Population Scheduled Scheduled Location Code Number hect- holds Caste Tribe Number Location Name of Village ares Population Population Code Number

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Name of Taluk :Cherthala C.D.Block :Kanjikuzhi 4 Kanjikkuzhi (04) NA 2 628222 Thannneer- 7542 29951 1617 149 mukkam (CT) 628224 Kanjikkuzhi (CT)

5 Muhamma (05) NA 1 628225 Muhamma (CT) 6446 25861 1495 127

Name of Taluk :Ambalappuzha

C.D.Block :Aryad

1 (01) NA 2 628226 Kalavoor 13128 53263 1802 217

628233 Pathirappally (CT) 2 Aryad (02) NA 3 628227 Aryad South (P) 7991 32265 1198 129

628234 Komalapuram (CT) 628233 Pathirappally (CT) 3 Mannanchery (03) NA 2 628232 Mannanchery 12383 50990 3155 101 (CT) 628234 Komalapuram (CT) C.D.Block :Ambalapuzha

1 Ambalappuzha South NA 2 628229 Ambalapuzha 5681 23205 1329 154 (01) 628230 Karumady(Part)

2 (02) NA 3 628229 Ambalapuzha 6917 30492 1322 75

628230 Karumady(Part)

628235 Punnapra (OG)

3 Purakkad (03) NA 1 628231 Purakkad 7219 29782 1695 132

4 (04) NA 1 628235 Punnapra (OG) 6693 28377 837 114

5 (05) NA 1 645603 Kalarkode (OG) 6842 28749 1103 71

C.D.Block :Champakulam

1 Kainakary (01) NA 1 628228 Mullakkal (P) 321 1,404 251 -

2 Thakazhy (02) NA 1 628230 Karumady(Part) 1,112 4,378 388 17

207 Appendix-VIII-Village Directory Number of villages under each Grama Panchayat(Taluk-wise) District : Alappuzha (598) Sl. Name of Gram Area Number of villages with Location No. of Total Total Total No. Panchayat and in code numbers house- Population Scheduled Scheduled Location Code Number hect- Number Location Name of Village holds Caste Tribe ares Code Population Population Number 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Name of Taluk :Kuttanad C.D.Block :Champakulam

1 Kainakary (01) NA 2 628236 Kainakary North 4,232 17,690 1,264 44

628237 Kainakary South

2 Thakazhy (02) NA 1 628246 Thakazhy 3,536 14,448 2,329 27

3 Nedumudi (03) NA 2 628237 Kainakary South 4916 19701 1772 16

628245 Nedumudi

4 Champakkulam (04) NA 1 628244 Champakkulam 3932 15848 1239 27

5 Edathua (05) NA 1 628247 Edathua (Part) 4836 19094 1872 30

6 Thalavady (06) NA 1 628249 Thalavady(Part) 5227 20459 1806 52

C.D.Block :Veliyanad

1 Pulinkunnu (01) NA 2 628238 Pulinkunnu 5022 20947 842 47

628239 Kunnumma

2 Kavalam (02) NA 2 628239 Kunnumma 3371 14010 1094 16

628240 Kavalam

3 Veliyanad (03) NA 1 628242 Veliyanad 3041 12501 1135 44

4 Ramankary (04) NA 2 628243 Ramankary 3237 13332 1882 21

628247 Edathua (Part)

5 Neelamperoor (05) NA 3 628240 Kavalam 3242 13435 1169 53

628239 Kunnumma

628241 Neelamperoor

6 Muttar (06) NA 2 628248 Muttar 2270 9228 924 2

628243 Ramankary

C.D.Block :Pulikeezh

5 Nedumpuram (05) NA 1 628249 Thalavady(Part) 23 97 0 0

Name of Taluk :Karthikappally C.D.Block :Haripad

1 Karuvatta (01) NA 3 628250 Karuvatta 5551 21211 1611 62

628251 Cheruthana

628257 Kumarapuram (CT)

208 Appendix-VIII-Village Directory Number of villages under each Grama Panchayat(Taluk-wise)

District : Alappuzha (598) Sl. Name of Gram Area Number of villages with Location No. of Total Total Total No. Panchayat and in code numbers house- Population Scheduled Scheduled Location Code Number hect- Number Location Name of Village holds Caste Tribe ares Code Population Population Number 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Name of Taluk :Karthikappally C.D.Block :Haripad

2 Cheruthana (02) NA 2 628251 Cheruthana 3272 12854 2199 56

628252 Veeyapuram

3 Veeyapuram (03) NA 1 628252 Veeyapuram 2932 11320 1757 10

4 Haripad (04) NA 3 628252 Veeyapuram 4163 15691 1141 42

628256 Haripad (CT)

628258 Karthikappally (CT) 5 Pallippad (05) NA 1 628253 Pallippad 6424 24625 3969 91

6 Karthikappally (06) NA 2 628253 Pallippad 4972 18956 1368 38

628258 Karthikappally (CT) 7 Thrikkunnapuzha (07) NA 1 628254 Thrikkunnapuzha 6523 26679 1184 38

8 Kumarapuram(08) NA 1 628257 Kumarapuram 5376 20572 886 98 (CT) 9 Chingoli (09) NA 1 628259 Chingoli (CT) 4052 14981 1428 38

C.D.Block :Muthukulam

1 Arattupuzha (01) NA 1 628255 Arattupuzha 7471 29264 1166 37

2 Cheppad (02) NA 1 628260 Cheppad (CT) 5344 20052 2915 73

3 Pathiyoor (03) NA 3 628261 Pathiyoor (CT) 8910 33925 3545 181

628262 Keerikkad (CT)

4 Muthukulam (04) 628263 Muthukulam (CT) 5692 20740 2065 51

5 Kandalloor (05) NA 1 628264 Kandalloor (CT) 5387 19925 1365 47

6 Devikulangara (06) NA 1 628265 Puthuppally (CT) 5428 20390 2423 39

7 Krishnapuram(07) NA 1 628266 Krishnapuram 6834 26705 2802 124 (CT) Name of Taluk :Chengannur C.D.Block :Chengannur

1 Budhannoor (01) NA 1 628267 Ennakkad 4860 18444 3586 46

2 Pandanad (02) NA 1 628268 Pandanad (P) 3138 11489 1890 22

3 Thiruvanvandoor (03) NA 2 628269 Thiruvanvandoor 3902 14701 1382 23

628270 Chengannur (P)

209 Appendix-VIII-Village Directory Number of villages under each Grama Panchayat(Taluk-wise) District : Alappuzha (598) Sl. Name of Gram Area Number of villages with Location No. of Total Total Total No. Panchayat and in code numbers house- Population Scheduled Scheduled Location Code Number hect- Number Location Name of Village holds Caste Tribe ares Code Population Population Number 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Name of Taluk :Chengannur C.D.Block :Chengannur

4 Mulakuzha (04) NA 1 628271 Mulakuzha 7667 28280 5669 105 (P)(Part) 5 Ala (05) NA 1 628272 Ala (P) 3646 13395 2864 8 6 Puliyoor (06) NA 2 628272 Ala (P) 4494 16668 2814 34 628273 Puliyoor (P) 7 Cheriyanad (07) NA 2 628273 Puliyoor (P) 5858 22018 3303 43

628274 Cheriyanad 8 Venmony (08) NA 1 628275 Venmony 5569 19932 3858 54

9 Mannar (09) NA 2 628277 Kurattissery (CT) 7566 28916 3730 53

628276 Mannar (CT)

C.D.Block :Kulanada

3 Kulanada (03) NA 1 628271 Mulakuzha 27 110 28 0 (P)(Part) Name of Taluk :Mavelikkara C.D.Block :Mavelikkara 1 Chennithala- NA 2 628278 Thriperumthura 7366 27586 3737 24 Thriperumthura (01) 628288 Chennithala (CT) 2 Thazhakara (02) NA 2 628279 Vettiyar 9696 35989 6045 85 628289 Thazhakara (CT) 3 Mavelikkara - Thekkekara NA 1 628280 Thekkekkara (P) 8609 32373 5875 87 (03) 4 Chettikulangara (04) NA 2 628281 Perungala 9959 37495 6172 96

628287 Kannamangalam (CT) C.D.Block :Bharanikavu

1 Chunakkara (01) NA 1 628282 Chunakkara 5998 22730 3482 75 2 Nooranad (02) NA 1 628283 Nooranad 6899 25375 4397 44 3 Mavelikkara - NA 1 628285 Thamarakkulam 7062 27017 4397 137 Thamarakkulam (03) 4 Vallikunnam (04) NA 1 628286 Vallikunnam 7827 30394 4437 40

5 Bharanikkavu (05) NA 2 628290 Bharanikkavu 9485 35426 5754 53 (CT) 628291 Kattanam (CT)

6 Palamel (06) NA 1 628284 Palamel 8546 32512 5259 68 Note: The data depicted from col.no. 7 to 10 pertains to the Gram Panchayat as mentioned under col. no. 2.

210 SECTION II- TOWN DIRECTORY

211 212 NOTE EXPLAINING THE ABBREVIATIONS USED IN TOWN DIRECTORY 2011 CENSUS Statement I :- Status and Growth History:

Column 1 :– Serial Number:- Self explanatory Column 2 :- Class, Name and civic status of town:- The Class is presented according to population of the towns in 2011 Census as follows:

Population Class Population Class

1,00,000 & above I 10,000-19,999 IV

50,000-99,999 II 5,000-9,999 V

20,000-49,999 III Below 5000 VI

The following abbreviations are used to denote the Civic Status of the town.

Civic Status Codes Civic Status Codes i-Municipal Corporation M.Corp. xii – Notified Town Area NTA ii-Municipal Committee MC xiii – Industrial Notified Area INA iii-Municipal Council M Cl xiv – Industrial Township ITS iv-City Municipal Council CMC xv – Township TS v-Town Municipal Council TMC xvi – Town Panchayat TP vi- Municipal Board MB xvii – Panchayat NP Vii –Municipality M xviii – Town Committee/ Town Area TC viii- Cantonment CB xixCommittee – Small Town Committee ST Board/Cantonment ix- Notified Area NA xx – Estate Office EO x –Notified Town NT xxi –Gram Panchayat GP xi - Notified Area Committee/ NAC xxii – Census Town CT Notified Area Council Column 3 - 25: - These columns are self explanatory Statement II : - Physical Aspects and Location of town, 2009.

Column 1 - 2 Serial number and Name of town: - Self explanatory Columns 3 to 5 - Physical Aspects :- In these columns the Rainfall and Maximum and Minimum Temperature of the town is recorded. Columns 6 to 12 :- Name and road distance of the town (in kms.) from the State headquarters, District headquarters, Sub-divisional/Taluk/Tahsil/ Police station/Development Block/Island HQ., Nearest city with population of one lakh and more, Nearest city with population of five lakh and more, Railway station and Bus route is recorded in these columns respectively. If the names mentioned in these columns are the same as the referent town itself, the distance is recorded as (0) zero.

213 Statement III – Civic and other Amenities, 2009:-

Column 1 - 2 Serial number and Name of town : - Self explanatory Column 3 – Road length (in km.) :- The information about the road length (in km.) within the limit of the town is recorded in this column. Columns 4 to 7- System of drainage : - The system of drainage available in the town is indicated in these columns by the following codes: System of drainage Codes Open drains OD Closed drains CD Both drains BD Columns 8 to 11-Number of latrines : - The number of various types of latrines available in the town is indicated in these columns. Columns No. 12 & 13 – Protected water supply : - The information on source of water supply and system of water storage with capacity available in the town are given in these columns in the following codes: Column 12 (Source of water supply):- (i) Tap water T (ii) Tube-well water TW (iii) Tank Water TK (iv) Well water W

Column 13 (System of water storage):- (i) Over Head Tank OHT (ii) Service Reservoir SR (iii) River Infiltration Gallery RIG (iv) Bore Well Pumping System BWP (v) Pressure Tank PT The information on 2 major source of water supply is given in column 12 and the system of water storage with capacity against each in kilo-litres (in bracket) is presented in column 13. Columns 14 Fire Fighting Service : - In case the fire fighting service is available in the referent town, ‘yes’ is recorded. If the facility is not available within the town, the name of the nearest place having this facility with its distance from the referent town has been recorded. Columns 15 to 19- Electrification (Number of connections) :- Different types of electric connections have been shown in these columns, i.e., Domestic, Industrial, Commercial, Road lighting (points) & others. Statement IV: Medical Facilities, 2009 :- Columns 1 - 2 Serial number and Name of town : - Self explanatory Columns 3 to 13 :- The number of various medical institutions such as Hospitals, Dispensaries, Health Center, Family Welfare Center, Maternity and Child Welfare Center, Maternity Homes, T.B.

214 Hospital/clinic, Nursing Homes, Charitable Hospital/Nursing Home, Mobile Health Clinic and Others as available in the town, are indicated in these columns (along with number of beds in brackets). If a medical facility is not available in the town, the name of the nearest place and its distance in kilometers from the town where the facility is available is mentioned.

Column 14 - Veterinary Hospital :- The Number of Veterinary Hospitals available in the town is given in this column. Column 15 - Medicine Shop :- The number of Medicine shops available in the town is given in this column. Statement V : Educational, Recreational and Cultural Facilities, 2009 :-

Columns 1 - 2 Serial number and Name of town : - Self explanatory Columns 3 to 15 Educational Facilities :- The information on number of Primary school, Middle school, Secondary school, Senior Secondary school, Arts/Science/ Commerce colleges (of degree level and above), Medical colleges, Engineering colleges, Management Institute/Colleges, Polytechnics, Recognized Shorthand, Typewriting and vocational training Institutions, Non-formal Education Center (Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan Center), Special School for disabled and Others available in the town, are indicated in these columns. If an educational facility is not available in the town, the name of the nearest place and its distance in kilometers from the town where the facility is available is mentioned.

Columns 16 to 23 – Number of Social, Recreational and Culture Facilities :- The information on No. of Home Orphanage, Working women’s hostels (with No. of seats in bracket), No. of Old Age Home, Stadium, Cinema Theatre, Auditorium/Community halls, Public libraries and Reading rooms available in the town are given under these column. Statement VI: Industry and Banking 2009:- Columns 1 - 2 Serial number and Name of town : - Self explanatory Columns 3 to 5 - Names of three most important commodities manufactured :- The names of three most important commodities manufactured in the town are given under these columns. Columns 6 to 8 - Number of banks : - The number of banks available in the referent town both Commercial and Co-operative banks are recorded against these columns. Columns 9 & 10 – Number of Agricultural and Non Agricultural Credit Societies : - The number of Agricultural and Non Agricultural Credit Societies available in the referent town are given in these columns. Statement VII: Civic and other Amenities in Slums, 2009 :-

This statement VII provides information on civic and other amenities in all slums whether notified or not and for all towns having statutory bodies, like Municipality, Municipal Corporation, Town area committee etc.

215 STATEMENT - I Status and Growth History Sr. Class, name and civic Location Code Name of Name of CD Area Number Scheduled Scheduled No. status of town No. Taluk/ block (sq. of Castes Tribes Tahsil/ Km.) house- Population Population Police holds (2011 (2011 Station/Is- including Census) Census) lands etc. houseless house- holds (2011 Census) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 III, Cherthala (M), M 3259805673803298 Cherthala 16.19 11416 1530 112

2 IV, Arookutty (CT), CT 3259805673628214 Cherthala Thaikattussery 12.86 4414 1665 48

3 III, Aroor (CT), CT 3259805673628215 Cherthala Pattanakkad 15.04 9449 4378 184

4 III, Ezhupunna (CT), CT 3259805673628216 Cherthala Pattanakkad 14.18 6686 4964 96

5 III, Kodamthuruth (CT), CT 3259805673628217 Cherthala Pattanakkad 10.9 5130 3708 77

6 III, Thaikattussery (CT), CT 3259805673628218 Cherthala Thykattussery 13.83 5152 2399 86

7 III, Kuthiathode (CT), CT 3259805673628219 Cherthala Pattanakkad 9.8 5677 1855 99

8 III, Vayalar (CT), CT 3259805673628220 Cherthala Pattanakkad 14.45 6168 2360 85

9 III, Pallippuram (CT), CT 3259805673628221 Cherthala Thaikattussery 25.53 6910 3196 120

10 III, Thanneermukkam (CT), CT 3259805673628222 Cherthala Kanjikkuzhi 23.91 7908 1184 218

11 IV,Kokkothamangalam 3259805673628223 Cherthala Kanjikkuzhi 10.3 4203 533 92 (CT),CT 12 III, Kanjikkuzhi (CT), CT 3259805673628224 Cherthala Kanjikkuzhi 12.86 6017 1452 46

13 III, Muhamma (CT), CT 3259805673628225 Cherthala Kanjikkuzhi 26.76 6446 1495 127

14 I, Alappuzha (M + OG), M 3259805674803299 Ambalappuzha 65.57 57415 5610 669

15 III, Mannanchery (CT), CT 3259805674628232 Ambalappuzha Aryad 26.52 7637 2143 68

16 III, Pathirappally (CT), CT 3259805674628233 Ambalappuzha Aryad 7.16 6739 587 80

17 III, Komalapuram (CT), CT 3259805674628234 Ambalappuzha Aryad 13.65 11741 2166 153

18 II, Kayamkulam (M), M 3259805676803300 Karthikappally 21.79 16392 4477 137

19 IV, Haripad (CT), CT 3259805676628256 Karthikappally Haripad 9.56 4137 1137 42

216 STATEMENT - I Status and Growth History Population and growth rate (in brackets) of the town at the Censuses of Class, name and civic status Sr. of town No.

1901 1911 1921 1931 1941 1951 1961 1971 1981

10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 2 1 0 (0) 0 (0) 4781 5940 6765 7116 31155 36752 (0) 40492 III, Cherthala (M), M 1 (0) (24.2) (13.9) (5.2) (337) (10.2) 0 (0) 0 (0) 0 (0) 0 (0) 0 (0) 0 (0) 0 (0) 0 (0) 0 (0) IV, Arookutty (CT), CT 2

0 (0) 0 (0) 0 (0) 0 (0) 0 (0) 0 (0) 0 (0) 0 (0) 0 (0) III, Aroor (CT), CT 3

0 (0) 0 (0) 0 (0) 0 (0) 0 (0) 0 (0) 0 (0) 0 (0) 0 (0) III, Ezhupunna (CT), CT 4

0 (0) 0 (0) 0 (0) 0 (0) 0 (0) 0 (0) 0 (0) 0 (0) 0 (0) III, Kodamthuruth (CT), CT 5

0 (0) 0 (0) 0 (0) 0 (0) 0 (0) 0 (0) 0 (0) 0 (0) 0 (0) III, Thaikattussery (CT), CT 6

0 (0) 0 (0) 0 (0) 0 (0) 0 (0) 0 (0) 0 (0) 0 (0) 0 (0) III, Kuthiathode (CT), CT 7

0 (0) 0 (0) 0 (0) 0 (0) 0 (0) 0 (0) 0 (0) 0 (0) 0 (0) III, Vayalar (CT), CT 8

0 (0) 0 (0) 0 (0) 0 (0) 0 (0) 0 (0) 0 (0) 0 (0) 0 (0) III, Pallippuram (CT), CT 9

0 (0) 0 (0) 0 (0) 0 (0) 0 (0) 0 (0) 0 (0) 0 (0) 0 (0) III, Thanneermukkam (CT), CT 10

0 (0) 0 (0) 0 (0) 0 (0) 0 (0) 0 (0) 0 (0) 0 (0) 0 (0) IV, Kokkothamangalam (CT), CT 11

0 (0) 0 (0) 0 (0) 0 (0) 0 (0) 0 (0) 0 (0) 0 (0) 0 (0) III, Kanjikkuzhi (CT), CT 12

0 (0) 0 (0) 0 (0) 0 (0) 0 (0) 0 (0) 0 (0) 0 (0) 0 (0) III, Muhamma (CT), CT 13

24918 (0) 25665 32074 43838 56333 116278 138834 160166 169940 I, Alappuzha (M + OG), M 14 (3) (25) (36.7) (28.5) (106) (19.4) (15.4) (6.1) 0 (0) 0 (0) 0 (0) 0 (0) 0 (0) 0 (0) 0 (0) 0 (0) 0 (0) III, Mannanchery (CT), CT 15

0 (0) 0 (0) 0 (0) 0 (0) 0 (0) 0 (0) 0 (0) 0 (0) 0 (0) III, Pathirappally (CT), CT 16

0 (0) 0 (0) 0 (0) 0 (0) 0 (0) 0 (0) 0 (0) 0 (0) 0 (0) III, Komalapuram (CT), CT 17

5745 (0) 5830 9172 10841 10916 13177 44571 54102 61327 II, Kayamkulam (M), M 18 (1.5) (57.3) (18.2) (0.7) (20.7) (238) (21.4) (13.4) 0 (0) 0 (0) 0 (0) 0 (0) 0 (0) 0 (0) 0 (0) 0 (0) 0 (0) IV, Haripad (CT), CT 19

217 STATEMENT - I Status and Growth History Sr. Class, name and civic status Population and growth rate (in Density Sex ratio No. of town brackets) of the town at the Censuses (2011 of Census)

1991 2001 2011 1991 2001 2011

1 2 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 1 III, Cherthala (M), M 43326 (7) 100187 (131) 45827 (-54.26) 2831 1048 1057 1065

2 IV, Arookutty (CT), CT 15693 (0) 17393 (10.8) 19411 (11.6) 1509 1002 1019 1012

3 III, Aroor (CT), CT 31642 (0) 35283 (11.5) 39214 (11.14) 2607 1022 1023 1018

4 III, Ezhupunna (CT), CT 0 (0) 0 (0) 27528 (0) 1941 0 0 1042

5 III, Kodamthuruth (CT), CT 0 (0) 0 (0) 21295 (0) 1954 0 0 1055

6 III, Thaikattussery (CT), CT 0 (0) 0 (0) 20874 (0) 1509 0 0 1038

7 III, Kuthiathode (CT), CT 0 (0) 0 (0) 23669 (0) 2415 0 0 1061

8 III, Vayalar (CT), CT 0 (0) 100187 (0) 24804 (-75.24) 1717 0 0 1065

9 III, Pallippuram (CT), CT 0 (0) 0 (0) 28276 (0) 1108 0 0 1035

10 III, Thanneermukkam (CT), CT 0 (0) 0 (0) 31525 (0) 1318 0 1055 1054

11 IV, Kokkothamangalam (CT), CT 15904 (0) 16853 (6) 17047 (1.15) 1655 1031 1049 1043

12 III, Kanjikkuzhi (CT), CT 0 (0) 22127 (0) 23681 (7.02) 1841 0 1055 1047

13 III, Muhamma (CT), CT 22541 (0) 24518 (8.8) 25861 (5.48) 966 1058 1073 1060

14 I, Alappuzha (M + OG), M 227716 (34) 239384 (5.1) 240991 (0.67) 3675 1042 1060 1070

15 III, Mannanchery (CT), CT 0 (0) 0 (0) 32139 (0) 1212 0 0 1060

16 III, Pathirappally (CT), CT 0 (0) 0 (0) 27445 (0) 3833 0 0 1029

17 III, Komalapuram (CT), CT 37253 (0) 43291 (16.2) 47126 (8.86) 3452 1041 1059 1054

18 II, Kayamkulam (M), M 67151 (9.5) 68585 (2.1) 68634 (0.07) 3150 1028 1064 1094

19 IV, Haripad (CT), CT 0 (0) 0 (0) 15588 (0) 1631 0 0 1147

218 STATEMENT - I Status and Growth History Sr. Class, name and civic Location Code Name of Name of CD Area Number Scheduled Scheduled No. status of town No. Taluk/ block (sq. of Castes Tribes Tahsil/ Km.) house- Population Population Police holds (2011 (2011 Station/Is- including Census) Census) lands etc. houseless house- holds (2011 Census) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 20 III, Kumarapuram (CT), CT 3259805676628257 Karthikappally Haripad 14.39 7020 1182 149

21 IV, Karthikappally (CT), CT 3259805676628258 Karthikappally Haripad 8.74 4988 1372 38

22 IV, Chingoli(C T),CT 3259805676628259 Karthikappally Haripad 7.24 4052 1428 38

23 III, Cheppad (CT), CT 3259805676628260 Karthikappally Muthukulam 12.68 5344 2915 73

24 III,Pathiyoor (CT),CT 3259805676628261 Karthikappally Muthukulam 11.08 6089 2581 110

25 IV, Keerikkad (CT), CT 3259805676628262 Karthikappally Muthukulam 5.26 2821 964 71

26 III, Muthukulam (CT), CT 3259805676628263 Karthikappally Muthukulam 11.58 5692 2065 51

27 IV, Kandalloor (CT), CT 3259805676628264 Karthikappally Muthukulam 9.74 5387 1365 47

28 III, Puthuppally (CT), CT 3259805676628265 Karthikappally Muthukulam 7.07 5428 2423 39

29 III, Krishnapuram (CT), CT 3259805676628266 Karthikappally Muthukulam 10.64 6834 2802 124

30 III, Chengannur (M), M 3259805677803301 Karthikappally 14.6 6278 2588 75

31 IV, Mannar (CT), CT 3259805677628276 Chengannur Chengannur 8 4564 1691 37

32 IV, Kurattissery (CT), CT 3259805677628277 Chengannur Chengannur 9.96 3002 2039 16

33 III, Mavelikkara (M), M 3259805678803302 Chengannur 12.65 7184 3776 27

34 III, Kannamangalam (CT), CT 3259805678628287 Mavelikkara Mavelikkara 12.62 6169 4039 90

35 IV, Chennithala (CT), CT 3259805678628288 Mavelikkara Mavelikkara 6.38 3345 982 11

36 IV, Thazhakara (CT), CT 3259805678628289 Mavelikkara Mavelikkara 13.37 4023 2475 25

37 IV, Bharanikkavu (CT), CT 3259805678628290 Mavelikkara Bharanikkavu 10.34 4276 2563 22

38 IV, Kattanam (CT), CT 3259805678628291 Mavelikkara Bharanikkavu 12.91 5209 3191 31

219 STATEMENT - I Status and Growth History Sr. Class, name and civic Population and growth rate (in brackets) of the town at the Censuses of No. status of town

1901 1911 1921 1931 1941 1951 1961 1971 1981

1 2 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18

20 III, Kumarapuram (CT), CT 0 (0) 0 (0) 0 (0) 0 (0) 0 (0) 0 (0) 0 (0) 0 (0) 0 (0)

21 IV, Karthikappally (CT), CT 0 (0) 0 (0) 0 (0) 0 (0) 0 (0) 0 (0) 0 (0) 0 (0) 0 (0)

22 IV, Chingoli (CT), CT 0 (0) 0 (0) 0 (0) 0 (0) 0 (0) 0 (0) 0 (0) 0 (0) 0 (0)

23 III, Cheppad (CT), CT 0 (0) 0 (0) 0 (0) 0 (0) 0 (0) 0 (0) 0 (0) 0 (0) 0 (0)

24 III, Pathiyoor (CT), CT 0 (0) 0 (0) 0 (0) 0 (0) 0 (0) 0 (0) 0 (0) 0 (0) 0 (0)

25 IV, Keerikkad (CT), CT 0 (0) 0 (0) 0 (0) 0 (0) 0 (0) 0 (0) 0 (0) 0 (0) 0 (0)

26 III, Muthukulam (CT), CT 0 (0) 0 (0) 0 (0) 0 (0) 0 (0) 0 (0) 0 (0) 0 (0) 0 (0)

27 IV, Kandalloor (CT), CT 0 (0) 0 (0) 0 (0) 0 (0) 0 (0) 0 (0) 0 (0) 0 (0) 0 (0)

28 III, Puthuppally (CT), CT 0 (0) 0 (0) 0 (0) 0 (0) 0 (0) 0 (0) 0 (0) 0 (0) 0 (0)

29 III, Krishnapuram (CT), CT 0 (0) 0 (0) 0 (0) 0 (0) 0 (0) 0 (0) 0 (0) 0 (0) 0 (0)

30 III, Chengannur (M), M 0 (0) 0 (0) 0 (0) 10738 (0) 12543 14561 22277 (53) 13316 24862 (16.8) (16.1) (-40.2) (86.7)

31 IV, Mannar (CT), CT 0 (0) 0 (0) 0 (0) 0 (0) 0 (0) 0 (0) 0 (0) 0 (0) 0 (0)

32 IV, Kurattissery (CT), CT 0 (0) 0 (0) 0 (0) 0 (0) 0 (0) 0 (0) 0 (0) 0 (0) 0 (0)

33 III, Mavelikkara (M), M 0 (0) 0 (0) 12209 14194 16022 17274 18974 (9.8) 25648 26598 (3.7) (0) (16.3) (12.9) (7.8) (35.2)

34 III, Kannamangalam (CT), CT 0 (0) 0 (0) 0 (0) 0 (0) 0 (0) 0 (0) 0 (0) 0 (0) 0 (0)

35 IV, Chennithala (CT), CT 0 (0) 0 (0) 0 (0) 0 (0) 0 (0) 0 (0) 0 (0) 0 (0) 0 (0)

36 IV, Thazhakara (CT), CT 0 (0) 0 (0) 0 (0) 0 (0) 0 (0) 0 (0) 0 (0) 0 (0) 0 (0)

37 IV, Bharanikkavu (CT), CT 0 (0) 0 (0) 0 (0) 0 (0) 0 (0) 0 (0) 0 (0) 0 (0) 0 (0)

38 IV, Kattanam (CT), CT 0 (0) 0 (0) 0 (0) 0 (0) 0 (0) 0 (0) 0 (0) 0 (0) 0 (0)

220 STATEMENT - I Status and Growth History Population and growth rate (in Density Sex ratio Class, name and civic Sr. brackets) of the town at the Censuses (2011 status of town No. of Census) 1991 2001 2011 1991 2001 2011

19 20 21 22 23 24 25 2 1

0 (0) 0 (0) 26943 (0) 1872 0 0 1173 III, Kumarapuram (CT), CT 20

0 (0) 0 (0) 19021 (0) 2176 0 0 1134 IV, Karthikappally (CT), CT 21

0 (0) 0 (0) 14981 (0) 2069 0 0 1171 IV, Chingoli (CT), CT 22

0 (0) 0 (0) 20052 (0) 1581 0 0 1188 III, Cheppad (CT), CT 23

0 (0) 0 (0) 23460 (0) 2117 0 0 1145 III, Pathiyoor (CT), CT 24

0 (0) 0 (0) 10465 (0) 1990 0 0 1172 IV, Keerikkad (CT), CT 25

0 (0) 0 (0) 20740 (0) 1791 0 0 1189 III, Muthukulam (CT), CT 26

0 (0) 0 (0) 19925 (0) 2046 0 0 1197 IV, Kandalloor (CT), CT 27

0 (0) 0 (0) 20390 (0) 2884 0 0 1221 III, Puthuppally (CT), CT 28

0 (0) 0 (0) 26705 (0) 2510 0 0 1142 III, Krishnapuram (CT), CT 29

25872 (4.1) 25397 (-1.8) 23466 (-7.6) 1607 1062 1098 1146 III, Chengannur (M), M 30

0 (0) 0 (0) 17067 (0) 2133 0 0 1169 IV, Mannar (CT), CT 31

0 (0) 0 (0) 11849 (0) 1190 0 0 1130 IV, Kurattissery (CT), CT 32

28299 (6.4) 28439 (0.5) 26421 (-7.1) 2089 1082 1106 1189 III, Mavelikkara (M), M 33

0 (0) 0 (0) 23344 (0) 1850 0 0 1147 III, Kannamangalam (CT), CT 34

0 (0) 0 (0) 12360 (0) 1937 0 0 1161 IV, Chennithala (CT), CT 35

0 (0) 0 (0) 14596 (0) 1092 0 0 1172 IV, Thazhakara (CT), CT 36

0 (0) 0 (0) 15922 (0) 1540 0 0 1192 IV, Bharanikkavu (CT), CT 37

0 (0) 0 (0) 19504 (0) 1511 0 0 1170 IV, Kattanam (CT), CT 38

221 STATEMENT-II Physical Aspects and Location of Towns, 2009 Sr. Name of town Physical aspects Name of and road distance (in kms.) from No. Rainfall Temperature (in State HQ. District HQ. Sub-Division/ (in mm) centigrade) Taluk/ Tahsil / Maximum Minimum Police station/ Development Block/ Island HQ. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 1 Cherthala (M) 2957 32 21 Thiruvananthapuram (178) Alappuzha (21) Cherthala (0) 2 Arookutty (CT) 1935 32 28 Thiruvananthapuram (202) Alappuzha (45) Cherthala (24) 3 Aroor (CT) 1935.6 32 21 Thiruvananthapuram (202) Alappuzha (45) Cherthala (24) 4 Ezhupunna (CT) 1936 30 25 Thiruvananthapuram (240) Alappuzha (35) Cherthala (12) 5 Kodamthuruth (CT) 1936 33 25 Thiruvananthapuram (195) Alappuzha (37) Cherthala (14) 6 Thaikattussery (CT) 1936 32 28 Thiruvananthapuram (178) Alappuzha (35) Alappuzha (35) 7 Kuthiathode (CT) 2700 34 25 Thiruvananthapuram (186) Alappuzha (32) Cherthala (12) 8 Vayalar (CT) 1938 32 28 Thiruvananthapuram (179) Alappuzha (24) Cherthala (4) 9 Pallippuram (CT) 1936 34 26 Thiruvananthapuram (190) Alappuzha (30) Cherthala (8) 10 Thanneermukkam (CT) 1936 32 28 Thiruvananthapuram (178) Alappuzha (32) Cherthala (10) 11 Kokkothamangalam (CT) 1935 32 21 Thiruvananthapuram (178) Alappuzha (21) Cherthala (1) 12 Kanjikkuzhi (CT) 1935 32 21 Thiruvananthapuram (160) Alappuzha (12) Cherthala (12) 13 Muhamma (CT) 1935.6 32 21 Thiruvananthapuram (169) Alappuzha (12) Cherthala (11) 14 Alappuzha (M + OG) 2757 32 24 Thiruvananthapuram (160) Alappuzha (0) Ambalappuzha (1) 15 Mannanchery (CT) 1936 32 23 Thiruvananthapuram (160) Alappuzha (8) Ambalappuzha (8) 16 Pathirappally (CT) 1936 32 23 Thiruvananthapuram (163) Alappuzha (6) Ambalappuzha (6) 17 Komalapuram (CT) 1936 32 23 Thiruvananthapuram (161) Alappuzha (4) Ambalappuzha (5) 18 Kayamkulam (M) 2624 32 21 Thiruvananthapuram (103) Alappuzha (46) Karthikappally (14) 19 Haripad (CT) 1936 37 25 Thiruvananthapuram (125) Alappuzha (32) Karthikappally (5) 20 Kumarapuram (CT) 1894 36 27 Thiruvananthapuram (140) Alappuzha (32) Karthikappally (10) 21 Karthikappally (CT) 1894 30 28 Thiruvananthapuram (150) Alappuzha (32) Karthikappally (6) 22 Chingoli (CT) 1600 36 27 Thiruvananthapuram (120) Alappuzha (38) Karthikappally (7) 23 Cheppad (CT) 1894 32 24 Thiruvananthapuram (112) Alappuzha (36) Karthikappally (5) 24 Pathiyoor (CT) 1894 37 24 Thiruvananthapuram (105) Alappuzha (41) Karthikappally (12) 25 Keerikkad (CT) 1894 35 24 Thiruvananthapuram (120) Alappuzha (28) Karthikappally (10) 26 Muthukulam (CT) 1678 38 28 Thiruvananthapuram (120) Alappuzha (30) Karthikappally (5) 27 Kandalloor (CT) 1700 38 29 Thiruvananthapuram (115) Alappuzha (50) Karthikappally (20) 28 Puthuppally (CT) 1798 33 23 Thiruvananthapuram (115) Alappuzha (35) Karthikappally (10) 29 Krishnapuram (CT) 1890 38 27 Thiruvananthapuram (105) Alappuzha (41) Karthikappally (12) 30 Chengannur (M) 2098 35 26 Thiruvananthapuram (118) Alappuzha (48) Chengannur (0) 31 Mannar (CT) 1936 32 28 Thiruvananthapuram (127) Alappuzha (50) Chengannur (11) 32 Kurattissery (CT) 1936 32 23 Thiruvananthapuram (129) Alappuzha (53) Chengannur (11) 33 Mavelikkara (M) 2624 30 24 Thiruvananthapuram (124) Alappuzha (44) Mavelikkara (0) 34 Kannamangalam (CT) 1936 32 23 Thiruvananthapuram (117) Alappuzha (43) Mavelikkara (2) 35 Chennithala (CT) 1936 32 23 Thiruvananthapuram (126) Alappuzha (48) Mavelikkara (4) 36 Thazhakara (CT) 1936 32 23 Thiruvananthapuram (123) Alappuzha (48) Mavelikkara (4) 37 Bharanikkavu (CT) 1936 32 23 Thiruvananthapuram (125) Alappuzha (40) Mavelikkara (10) 38 Kattanam (CT) 1936 32 23 Thiruvananthapuram (112) Alappuzha (52) Mavelikkara (12)

222 STATEMENT-II Physical Aspects and Location of Towns, 2009 Name of and road distance (in kms.) from Railway Bus route Name of town Sr. station No. Nearest city with Nearest city with population of one lakh population of five lakh and more and more

9 10 11 12 2 1 ALAPPUZHA (M + OG) (21) KOCHI (M Corp. + OG) (42) Cherthala (0) Cherthala (0) Cherthala (M) 1 ALAPPUZHA (M + OG) (45) KOCHI (M Corp. + OG) (46) Aroor (3) Arookutty (0) Arookutty (CT) 2 ALAPPUZHA (M + OG) (45) KOCHI (M Corp. + OG) (55) Aroor (0) Aroor (0) Aroor (CT) 3 ALAPPUZHA (M + OG) (35) KOCHI (M Corp. + OG) (56) Ezhupunna (0) Ezhupunna (0) Ezhupunna (CT) 4 ALAPPUZHA (M + OG) (37) KOCHI (M Corp. + OG) (52) Thuravoor (10) Kodamthuruth (0) Kodamthuruth (CT) 5 ALAPPUZHA (M + OG) (35) KOCHI (M Corp. + OG) (51) Thuravoor (4) Thaikattussery (0) Thaikattussery (CT) 6 ALAPPUZHA (M + OG) (32) KOCHI (M Corp. + OG) (52) Thuravoor (10) Kuthiathode (0) Kuthiathode (CT) 7 ALAPPUZHA (M + OG) (24) KOCHI (M Corp. + OG) (50) Cherthala (4) Vayalar (0) Vayalar (CT) 8 ALAPPUZHA (M + OG) (30) KOCHI (M Corp. + OG) (56) Cherthala (11) Pallippuram (0) Pallippuram (CT) 9 ALAPPUZHA (M + OG) (32) KOCHI (M Corp. + OG) (57) Cherthala (10) Thanneermukkam (0) Thanneermukkam (CT) 10 ALAPPUZHA (M + OG) (21) KOCHI (M Corp. + OG) (58) Cherthala (2) Kokkothamangalam (0) Kokkothamangalam (CT) 11 ALAPPUZHA (M + OG) (12) KOCHI (M Corp. + OG) (59) Mararikkulam (2) Kanjikkuzhi (0) Kanjikkuzhi (CT) 12 ALAPPUZHA (M + OG) (12) KOCHI (M Corp. + OG) (55) Cherthala (11) Muhamma (0) Muhamma (CT) 13 ALAPPUZHA (M + OG) (0) KOCHI (M Corp. + OG) (58) Alappuzha (0) Alappuzha (0) Alappuzha (M + OG) 14 ALAPPUZHA (M + OG) (8) KOCHI (M Corp. + OG) (55) Kalavoor (8) Mannanchery (0) Mannanchery (CT) 15 ALAPPUZHA (M + OG) (6) KOCHI (M Corp. + OG) (65) Thumpoly (3) Pathirappally (0) Pathirappally (CT) 16 ALAPPUZHA (M + OG) (4) KOCHI (M Corp. + OG) (54) Alappuzha (4) Komalapuram (0) Komalapuram (CT) 17 ALAPPUZHA (M + OG) (46) KOCHI (M Corp. + OG) (105) Kayamkulam (0) Kayamkulam (0) Kayamkulam (M) 18 ALAPPUZHA (M + OG) (32) KOCHI (M Corp. + OG) (90) Haripad (5) Haripad (0) Haripad (CT) 19 ALAPPUZHA (M + OG) (32) KOCHI (M Corp. + OG) (95) Haripad (10) Kumarapuram (0) Kumarapuram (CT) 20 ALAPPUZHA (M + OG) (32) KOCHI (M Corp. + OG) (98) Haripad (6) Karthikappally (0) Karthikappally (CT) 21 ALAPPUZHA (M + OG) (38) KOCHI (M Corp. + OG) (102) Haripad (7) Chingoli (0) Chingoli (CT) 22 ALAPPUZHA (M + OG) (36) KOCHI (M Corp. + OG) (100) Cheppad (0) Cheppad (0) Cheppad (CT) 23 ALAPPUZHA (M + OG) (41) KOCHI (M Corp. + OG) (105) Kayamkulam (3) Pathiyoor (0) Pathiyoor (CT) 24 ALAPPUZHA (M + OG) (28) KOCHI (M Corp. + OG) (98) Kayamkulam (6) Keerikkad (0) Keerikkad (CT) 25 ALAPPUZHA (M + OG) (30) KOCHI (M Corp. + OG) (96) Kayamkulam (10) Muthukulam (0) Muthukulam (CT) 26 ALAPPUZHA (M + OG) (50) KOCHI (M Corp. + OG) (97) Kayamkulam (5) Kandalloor (0) Kandalloor (CT) 27 ALAPPUZHA (M + OG) (35) KOCHI (M Corp. + OG) (90) Kayamkulam (4) Puthuppally (0) Puthuppally (CT) 28 ALAPPUZHA (M + OG) (41) KOCHI (M Corp. + OG) (95) Kayamkulam (3) Krishnapuram (0) Krishnapuram (CT) 29 ALAPPUZHA (M + OG) (48) KOCHI (M Corp. + OG) (101) Chengannur (0) Chengannur (0) Chengannur (M) 30 ALAPPUZHA (M + OG) (50) KOCHI (M Corp. + OG) (98) Chengannur (11) Mannar (0) Mannar (CT) 31 ALAPPUZHA (M + OG) (53) KOCHI (M Corp. + OG) (95) Chengannur (11) Kurattissery (0) Kurattissery (CT) 32 ALAPPUZHA (M + OG) (44) KOCHI (M Corp. + OG) (97) Mavelikkara (0) Mavelikkara (0) Mavelikkara (M) 33 ALAPPUZHA (M + OG) (43) KOCHI (M Corp. + OG) (96) Mavelikkara (2) Kannamangalam (0) Kannamangalam (CT) 34 ALAPPUZHA (M + OG) (48) KOCHI (M Corp. + OG) (92) Mavelikkara (4) Chennithala (0) Chennithala (CT) 35 ALAPPUZHA (M + OG) (48) KOCHI (M Corp. + OG) (90) Mavelikkara (4) Thazhakara (0) Thazhakara (CT) 36 ALAPPUZHA (M + OG) (40) KOCHI (M Corp. + OG) (109) Mavelikkara (10) Bharanikkavu (0) Bharanikkavu (CT) 37 ALAPPUZHA (M + OG) (52) KOCHI (M Corp. + OG) (100) Kayamkulam (12) Kattanam (0) Kattanam (CT) 38

223 STATEMENT - III Civic and other Amenities, 2009 Sr.No. Name of Town Road length System of drainage Number of latrines (in kms.) Open (OD) Closed Both - Nil Pit System Flush/Pour (CD) Open & Flush (Water Closed borne) (BD) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 Cherthala (M) 110 BD 2000 20000 2 Arookutty (CT) 37 OD 1000 2810 3 Aroor (CT) 48 BD 5400 3020 4 Ezhupunna (CT) 90 OD 1000 2750 5 Kodamthuruth (CT) 35 OD 1500 3000 6 Thaikattussery (CT) 45 OD 1500 3000 7 Kuthiathode (CT) 26 OD 1000 4000 8 Vayalar (CT) 50 OD 4410 1560 9 Pallippuram (CT) 41 BD 1400 5200 10 Thanneermukkam (CT) 104 BD 1000 9500 11 Kokkothamangalam (CT) 90 OD 900 3000 12 Kanjikkuzhi (CT) 53 OD 300 6388 13 Muhamma (CT) 104 BD 100 6700 14 Alappuzha (M + OG) 375 BD 35944 29354 15 Mannanchery (CT) 135 BD 500 5000 16 Pathirappally (CT) 40 BD 1731 5312 17 Komalapuram (CT) 54 BD 2000 9000 18 Kayamkulam (M) 195 BD 2308 14000 19 Haripad (CT) 66 BD 1800 3000 20 Kumarapuram (CT) 106 BD 506 6000 21 Karthikappally (CT) 25 OD 1400 4000 22 Chingoli (CT) 25 BD 600 3000 23 Cheppad (CT) 41 BD 900 4000 24 Pathiyoor (CT) 32 BD 50 8906 25 Keerikkad (CT) 19 BD 400 2000 26 Muthukulam (CT) 58 BD 250 5000 27 Kandalloor (CT) 75 BD 1000 4000 28 Puthuppally (CT) 7 BD 1000 4000 29 Krishnapuram (CT) 53 BD 1000 5000 30 Chengannur (M) 116 BD 500 7000 31 Mannar (CT) 120 BD 150 4000 32 Kurattissery (CT) 110 BD 150 2650 33 Mavelikkara (M) 152 BD 1000 6000 34 Kannamangalam (CT) 50 BD 500 5000 35 Chennithala (CT) 65 BD 200 3000 36 Thazhakara (CT) 65 BD 900 3000 37 Bharanikkavu (CT) 50 BD 900 3000 38 Kattanam (CT) 52 BD 800 4000

224 STATEMENT - III Civic and other Amenities, 2009 Number of latrines Protected water supply Fire fighting Name of Town Sr.No. Service Others Source of supply System of storage service* (Codes) @ with capacity in kilo litres (along with Codes) @ 10 11 12 13 14 2 1 0 0 TW/B,UW BWP(567) Yes Cherthala (M) 1 0 0 TT,CW OHT(200) No,Cherthala(24) Arookutty (CT) 2 0 0 TT,CW OHT(68) No,Cherthala(24) Aroor (CT) 3 0 0 TT,UW OHT(100) No,Cherthala(12) Ezhupunna (CT) 4 0 0 TW/B,UW BWP(50) No,Cherthala(14) Kodamthuruth (CT) 5 0 0 TT,UW OHT(50) No,Cherthala(14) Thaikattussery (CT) 6 0 0 CW,UW OHT(100),BWP() No,Cherthala(12) Kuthiathode (CT) 7 0 0 TU,CW OHT(50) No,Cherthala(4) Vayalar (CT) 8 0 0 TT,UW OHT(100) No,Cherthala(8) Pallippuram (CT) 9 0 0 CW,UW OHT(100) No,Cherthala(10) Thanneermukkam (CT) 10 0 0 UW,CW OHT(200) No,Cherthala(1) Kokkothamangalam (CT) 11 0 0 UW,cw OHT(50) No,Cherthala(12) Kanjikkuzhi (CT) 12 0 0 TT,CW OHT(100) No,Cherthala(11) Muhamma (CT) 13 0 0 TW/B,CW OHT(3800) Yes Alappuzha (M + OG) 14 0 0 TU,CW OHT(100) No,Alappuzha(8) Mannanchery (CT) 15 0 0 TT,CW OHT(100) No,Alappuzha(6) Pathirappally (CT) 16 0 0 TU,CW OHT(200) No,Alappuzha(5) Komalapuram (CT) 17 0 0 TW/B,CW BWP(454) Yes Kayamkulam (M) 18 0 0 TW/B,UW BWP(65) No,Kayamkulam(12) Haripad (CT) 19 0 0 TW/B,UW BWP(68) No,Kayamkulam(20) Kumarapuram (CT) 20 0 0 TU,UW OHT(50) No,Kayamkulam(14) Karthikappally (CT) 21 0 0 UW,TT OHT(50) No,Kayamkulam(13) Chingoli (CT) 22 0 0 TT,UW OHT(450) No,Kayamkulam(10) Cheppad (CT) 23 0 0 TT,UW OHT(225) No,Kayamkulam(4) Pathiyoor (CT) 24 0 0 TT,UW OHT(50) No,Kayamkulam(5) Keerikkad (CT) 25 0 0 TW/B,UW BWP(90) No,Kayamkulam(10) Muthukulam (CT) 26 0 0 TW/B,TT BWP(100) No,Kayamkulam(5) Kandalloor (CT) 27 0 0 TT,TW/B OHT(200) No,Kayamkulam(5) Puthuppally (CT) 28 0 0 TW/B,UW BWP(630) No,Kayamkulam(5) Krishnapuram (CT) 29 0 0 R/C,TT SR(1350),OHT(450) Yes Chengannur (M) 30 0 0 TT,R/C OHT(525) No,Chengannur(11) Mannar (CT) 31 0 0 TT,R/C OHT(525) No,Chengannur(11) Kurattissery (CT) 32 0 0 TT,CW OHT(1140) Yes Mavelikkara (M) 33 0 0 TT,CW OHT(50) No,Mavelikkara(2) Kannamangalam (CT) 34 0 0 TT,CW OHT(50) No,Mavelikkara(4) Chennithala (CT) 35 0 0 TT,CW OHT(60) No,Mavelikkara(4) Thazhakara (CT) 36 0 0 TT,CW OHT(50) No,Kayamkulam(7) Bharanikkavu (CT) 37 0 0 TT,UW OHT(50) No,Kayamkulam(7) Kattanam (CT) 38

225 STATEMENT - III Civic and other Amenities, 2009 Sr.No. Name of Town Electrification (Number of connections) Domestic Industrial Commercial Road lighting Others (points) 1 2 15 16 17 18 19 1 Cherthala (M) 13000 117 1749 1500 158

2 Arookutty (CT) 3800 115 1250 117 20

3 Aroor (CT) 8157 328 1114 552 83

4 Ezhupunna (CT) 7000 500 1500 250 500

5 Kodamthuruth (CT) 5803 1389 160 250 5

6 Thaikattussery (CT) 5000 15 40 200 1

7 Kuthiathode (CT) 5500 10 750 250 0

8 Vayalar (CT) 5200 100 550 360 245

9 Pallippuram (CT) 6400 8 160 580 0

10 Thanneermukkam (CT) 9000 20 200 320 0

11 Kokkothamangalam (CT) 4000 91 202 1002 2

12 Kanjikkuzhi (CT) 6388 10 50 100 0

13 Muhamma (CT) 6120 240 528 316 1755

14 Alappuzha (M + OG) 55000 509 8597 600 0

15 Mannanchery (CT) 8000 4 1200 170 300

16 Pathirappally (CT) 8913 4 79 876 29

17 Komalapuram (CT) 10984 100 4716 325 0

18 Kayamkulam (M) 16731 146 2467 3073 84

19 Haripad (CT) 4619 80 1089 1258 0

20 Kumarapuram (CT) 6773 98 967 293 361

21 Karthikappally (CT) 5751 149 1655 199 0

22 Chingoli (CT) 4607 10 532 302 0

23 Cheppad (CT) 5000 5 120 200 0

24 Pathiyoor (CT) 5113 48 283 2805 25

25 Keerikkad (CT) 3657 8 800 400 0

226 STATEMENT - III Civic and other Amenities, 2009 Sr.No. Name of Town Electrification (Number of connections)

Domestic Industrial Commercial Road lighting Others (points) 1 2 15 16 17 18 19 26 Muthukulam (CT) 6208 171 2075 200 232

27 Kandalloor (CT) 6665 53 680 124 42

28 Puthuppally (CT) 5956 15 500 150 38

29 Krishnapuram (CT) 6340 20 120 200 1680

30 Chengannur (M) 7850 185 2148 2990 3513

31 Mannar (CT) 5157 178 1379 200 244

32 Kurattissery (CT) 4771 168 1505 1673 94

33 Mavelikkara (M) 7500 97 3465 2435 42

34 Kannamangalam (CT) 6500 12 45 200 0

35 Chennithala (CT) 4000 15 50 200 0

36 Thazhakara (CT) 4500 25 50 200 0

37 Bharanikkavu (CT) 5000 28 75 200 0

38 Kattanam (CT) 6000 20 90 200 0

*In case this service is not available in the town, the name of the nearest place and its distance from the town where facility is available has been given

@Two major source only

Abbreviation

TT: Tap water from treated source TK/P/L:Tank/Pond/Lake

TU:Tap water from un-treated source O:Others

CW: Covered well O HT:Over head Tank

UW: Un-covered well SR:Service Reservoir

HP:Hand pump RIG:River Infiltration Gallery

TW/B:Tubewell /Borehole BWP:Bore Well Pumping system

RW:Rainwater PT:Pressure Tank

S:Spring N\A,NA,N.A.: Not Avialable

227 STATEMENT - IV Medical Facilities, 2009 Sr.No. Name of Town No. of Medical facilities* (with number of beds in brackets)

Hospitals Dispensaries / Family Welfare Maternity and Maternity (Allopathic & Health Center Center Child Welfare Homes Others) Center 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 1 Cherthala (M) 3(296) 32(0) 6(0) 4(0) 28 Kms. 2 Arookutty (CT) 4 Kms. 3(0) 1(0) 1(0) 12 Kms. 3 Aroor (CT) 1(10) 2(0) 1(0) 24 Kms. 24 Kms. 4 Ezhupunna (CT) 17 Kms. 4(0) 1(0) 4 Kms. 4 Kms. 5 Kodamthuruth (CT) 12 Kms. 1(0) 6 Kms. 37 Kms. 6 Kms. 6 Thaikattussery (CT) 14 Kms. 1(0) 4(0) 20 Kms. 8 Kms. 7 Kuthiathode (CT) 11 Kms. 14 Kms. 14 Kms. 14 Kms. 23 Kms. 8 Vayalar (CT) 5 Kms. 2(0) 1(0) 1(0) 5 Kms. 9 Pallippuram (CT) 17 Kms. 3(0) 10 Kms. 10 Kms. 38 Kms. 10 Thanneermukkam (CT) 15 Kms. 1(0) 5(0) 12 Kms. 14 Kms. 11 Kokkothamangalam (CT) 18 Kms. 4(0) 3 Kms. 12 Kms. 8 Kms. 12 Kanjikkuzhi (CT) 6 Kms. 2(0) 3(0) 6 Kms. 6 Kms. 13 Muhamma (CT) 14 Kms. 1(0) 5(0) 4 Kms. 4 Kms. 14 Alappuzha (M + OG) 7(1795) 11(0) 1(0) 1(0) 2 Kms. 15 Mannanchery (CT) 13 Kms. 3(22) 1(0) 4(0) 15 Kms. 16 Pathirappally (CT) 6 Kms. 1(18) 8(0) 5 Kms. 7 Kms. 17 Komalapuram (CT) 5 Kms. 4(0) 2 Kms. 2(0) 9 Kms. 18 Kayamkulam (M) 5(145) 1(0) 4 Kms. 4 Kms. 46 Kms. 19 Haripad (CT) 16 Kms. 3(0) 1 Kms. 1(0) 8 Kms. 20 Kumarapuram (CT) 13 Kms. 2(0) 15 Kms. 33 Kms. 33 Kms. 21 Karthikappally (CT) 13 Kms. 1(0) 2 Kms. 3 Kms. 18 Kms. 22 Chingoli (CT) 12 Kms. 3(0) 3(0) 4 Kms. 15 Kms. 23 Cheppad (CT) 1(10) 3(0) 4(0) 1(0) 16 Kms. 24 Pathiyoor (CT) 5 Kms. 3(0) 7(0) 4 Kms. 15 Kms. 25 Keerikkad (CT) 4 Kms. 4(0) 3 Kms. 3(0) 12 Kms. 26 Muthukulam (CT) 10 Kms. 2(0) 4(0) 1(0) 9 Kms. 27 Kandalloor (CT) 13 Kms. 3(0) 3 Kms. 5 Kms. 5 Kms. 28 Puthuppally (CT) 5 Kms. 3(0) 2(0) 5 Kms. 8 Kms. 29 Krishnapuram (CT) 12 Kms. 2(0) 4(0) 3 Kms. 3 Kms. 30 Chengannur (M) 1(140) 1(0) 1(0) 1(0) 48 Kms. 31 Mannar (CT) 12 Kms. 1(0) 2(0) 2 Kms. 2 Kms. 32 Kurattissery (CT) 11 Kms. 1(0) 1(0) 1(0) 6(5) 33 Mavelikkara (M) 12 Kms. 2(0) 3 Kms. 3 Kms. 3 Kms. 34 Kannamangalam (CT) 14 Kms. 1(0) 1(0) 1(0) 2 Kms. 35 Chennithala (CT) 1 Kms. 1(0) 2(0) 2(0) 3 Kms. 36 Thazhakara (CT) 13 Kms. 1(0) 1(0) 1(0) 4 Kms. 37 Bharanikkavu (CT) 16 Kms. 1(0) 3(0) 3(0) 7 Kms. 38 Kattanam (CT) 8 Kms. 3 Kms. 2(0) 2(0) 8 Kms. *If a medical facility is not available in the town,nearest place distance from the town where facility is available has been given *N.A.:Not Available

228 STATEMENT - IV Medical Facilities, 2009 No. of Medical facilities* (with number of beds in brackets) Charitable Medicine Name of Town Sr.No. Hospital/ Shop Nursing (Numbers) Home (Numbers) T.B.Hospital Nursing Veterinary Mobile Others etc. / Clinic Homes Hospital Health Clinic

8 9 10 11 12 13 14 1 2 15 Kms. N.A. 1(0) 36 Kms. 16 Kms. 0 34 Cherthala (M) 1 20 Kms. N.A. 1(0) 20 Kms. 2 Kms. 0 6 Arookutty (CT) 2 24 Kms. N.A. 4 Kms. 22 Kms. 5(0) 0 4 Aroor (CT) 3 4 Kms. N.A. 1(0) 4 Kms. 3 Kms. 0 10 Ezhupunna (CT) 4 12 Kms. N.A. 1(0) 8 Kms. 4 Kms. 0 5 Kodamthuruth (CT) 5 14 Kms. N.A. 1(0) 12 Kms. 6 Kms. 0 4 Thaikattussery (CT) 6 14 Kms. N.A. 1(0) 24 Kms. 8 Kms. 0 4 Kuthiathode (CT) 7 5 Kms. N.A. 1(0) 5 Kms. 10 Kms. 0 5 Vayalar (CT) 8 10 Kms. N.A. 1(0) 10 Kms. 11 Kms. 1 4 Pallippuram (CT) 9 12 Kms. N.A. 1(0) 12 Kms. 8 Kms. 1 5 Thanneermukkam (CT) 10 14 Kms. N.A. 1(0) 14 Kms. 10 Kms. 2 13 Kokkothamangalam (CT) 11 6 Kms. N.A. 1(0) 16 Kms. 16 Kms. 0 3 Kanjikkuzhi (CT) 12 11 Kms. N.A. 1(0) 18 Kms. 15 Kms. 0 12 Muhamma (CT) 13 1(24) N.A. 2(0) 20 Kms. 16 Kms. 0 342 Alappuzha (M + OG) 14 13 Kms. N.A. 1(0) 18 Kms. 14 Kms. 2 10 Mannanchery (CT) 15 6 Kms. N.A. 3 Kms. 6 Kms. 18 Kms. 0 5 Pathirappally (CT) 16 8 Kms. N.A. 1(0) 12 Kms. 22 Kms. 0 10 Komalapuram (CT) 17 10 Kms. N.A. 1(0) 46 Kms. 20 Kms. 0 41 Kayamkulam (M) 18 8 Kms. N.A. 1(0) 1 Kms. 22 Kms. 0 6 Haripad (CT) 19 4 Kms. N.A. 1(0) 14 Kms. 20 Kms. 4 12 Kumarapuram (CT) 20 9 Kms. N.A. 1(0) 12 Kms. 18 Kms. 1 8 Karthikappally (CT) 21 14 Kms. N.A. 1(0) 14 Kms. 19 Kms. 0 3 Chingoli (CT) 22 18 Kms. N.A. 1(0) 14 Kms. 23 Kms. 0 5 Cheppad (CT) 23 20 Kms. N.A. 1(0) 10 Kms. 24 Kms. 0 4 Pathiyoor (CT) 24 18 Kms. N.A. 6 Kms. 12 Kms. 19 Kms. 1 5 Keerikkad (CT) 25 14 Kms. N.A. 1(0) 8 Kms. 16 Kms. 0 10 Muthukulam (CT) 26 8 Kms. N.A. 3 Kms. 5 Kms. 22 Kms. 0 5 Kandalloor (CT) 27 6 Kms. N.A. 1(0) 8 Kms. 23 Kms. 0 3 Puthuppally (CT) 28 3 Kms. N.A. 1(0) 3 Kms. 16 Kms. 0 4 Krishnapuram (CT) 29 1(0) N.A. 1(0) 6 Kms. 18 Kms. 1 24 Chengannur (M) 30 20 Kms. N.A. 1(0) 2 Kms. 22 Kms. 0 5 Mannar (CT) 31 11 Kms. N.A. 1(0) 11 Kms. 24 Kms. 0 10 Kurattissery (CT) 32 3 Kms. N.A. 1(0) 3 Kms. 20 Kms. 4 48 Mavelikkara (M) 33 1(0) N.A. 3 Kms. 1(0) 26 Kms. 0 6 Kannamangalam (CT) 34 15 Kms. N.A. 2 Kms. 48 Kms. 22 Kms. 2 4 Chennithala (CT) 35 21 Kms. N.A. 4 Kms. 4 Kms. 20 Kms. 0 4 Thazhakara (CT) 36 21 Kms. N.A. 1 Kms. 18 Kms. 18 Kms. 0 6 Bharanikkavu (CT) 37 20 Kms. N.A. 1(0) 38 Kms. 20 Kms. 1 10 Kattanam (CT) 38

229 Statement-V Educational, Recreational and Cultural Facilities, 2009

Sr. Name of Town Number of Educational Facilities* No. Primary Middle Sec- Senior Arts/ Science/ Medical Engineering colleges school school ondry Secondry Commerce colleges school school colleges (of degree level and above)

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

1 Cherthala (M) 8 7 9 3 5 Alappuzha(31) Pallippuram(5)

2 Arookutty (CT) 4 2 1 1 Cherthala(24) Alappuzha(28) Pallippuram(12)

3 Aroor (CT) 5 12 2 2 Cherthala(24) Alappuzha(50) Pallippuram(22)

4 Ezhupunna (CT) 4 1 Aroor(4) Aroor(2) Cherthala(12) Alappuzha(38) Pallippuram(17)

5 Kodamthuruth (CT) 6 4 2 1 Cherthala(14) Alappuzha(35) Pallippuram(14)

6 Thaikattussery (CT) 8 6 3 Kodamthuruth(4) Pallippuram(5) Alappuzha(35) Pallippuram(5)

7 Kuthiathode (CT) 4 2 2 1 Pallippuram(4) Alappuzha(25) Pallippuram(8)

8 Vayalar (CT) 7 4 3 2 Cherthala(5) Alappuzha(20) Pallippuram(5)

9 Pallippuram (CT) 6 6 6 4 1 Alappuzha(26) 1

10 Thanneermukkam (CT) 9 2 2 2 Cherthala(10) Alappuzha(24) Kokkothamangalam(12)

11 Kokkothamangalam (CT) 3 3 1 Cherthala(1) Cherthala(4) Alappuzha(35) 1

12 Kanjikkuzhi (CT) 2 1 1 1 Mararikkulam(4) Alappuzha(24) Pallippuram(12)

13 Muhamma (CT) 4 4 3 2 Cherthala(5) Alappuzha(15) Pallippuram(28)

14 Alappuzha (M + OG) 40 33 22 11 5 1 1

15 Mannanchery (CT) 3 3 3 Alappuzha(8) Alappuzha(8) Alappuzha(8) Alappuzha(8)

16 Pathirappally (CT) 4 2 1 1 Alappuzha(6) Alappuzha(6) Alappuzha(6)

17 Komalapuram (CT) 8 5 3 1 Alappuzha(5) Alappuzha(4) Alappuzha(4)

18 Kayamkulam (M) 18 9 11 6 1 Alappuzha(46) Alappuzha(46)

19 Haripad (CT) 7 8 3 3 Kayamkulam(12) Alappuzha(30) Alappuzha(20)

20 Kumarapuram (CT) 6 4 2 2 Kayamkulam(20) Alappuzha(30) Chengannur(27)

230 Statement-V Educational, Recreational and Cultural Facilities, 2009

Number of Educational Facilities* Name of Town Sr. No. Management Polytechnics Recognised Non-formal Special School Others Institute/ Shorthand, Education for Disabled colleges Typewriting Center (Sarva and vocational Shiksha training Abhiyan institutions Center) 10 11 12 13 14 15 2 1

1 1 8 1 2 Alappuzha(21) Cherthala (M) 1

Cherthala(24) Cherthala(24) Cherthala(5) Cherthala(24) Cherthala(24) Alappuzha(45) Arookutty (CT) 2

Cherthala(24) Cherthala(24) 1 Cherthala(24) Cherthala(4) Alappuzha(45) Aroor (CT) 3

Cherthala(12) Cherthala(12) 2 Cherthala(12) Cherthala(12) Alappuzha(35) Ezhupunna (CT) 4

Cherthala(14) Cherthala(14) Cherthala(7) 1 Cherthala(14) Alappuzha(37) Kodamthuruth 5 (CT) Cherthala(35) Cherthala(35) Cherthala(8) Cherthala(15) Cherthala(15) Alappuzha(35) Thaikattussery 6 (CT) Cherthala(12) Cherthala(12) 1 1 Cherthala(8) Alappuzha(32) Kuthiathode (CT) 7

Cherthala(4) Cherthala(4) Cherthala(5) Cherthala(4) Cherthala(5) Alappuzha(24) Vayalar (CT) 8

Cherthala(8) Cherthala(8) Cherthala(6) Cherthala(8) Cherthala(8) Alappuzha(30) Pallippuram (CT) 9

Cherthala(10) Kokotha- 2 Cherthala(10) 1 Alappuzha(32) Thanneer- 10 mangalam(10) mukkam (CT) Cherthala(1) 1 8 Cherthala(1) Cherthala(2) Alappuzha(21) Kokkotha- 11 mangalam (CT) Cherthala(12) Cherthala(12) Cherthala(6) Cherthala(12) Cherthala(6) Alappuzha(12) Kanjikkuzhi (CT) 12

Cherthala(11) Cherthala(11) 1 Cherthala(11) 1 Alappuzha(12) Muhamma (CT) 13

2 2 8 1 3 1 Alappuzha (M + 14 OG) Alappuzha(8) Alappuzha(8) 4 1 Alappuzha(8) Alappuzha(8) Mannanchery 15 (CT) Alappuzha(6) Alappuzha(6) 2 Alappuzha(6) Alappuzha(6) Alappuzha(6) Pathirappally 16 (CT) Alappuzha(4) Alappuzha(4) 1 Alappuzha(4) Alappuzha(4) Alappuzha(4) Komalapuram 17 (CT) Alappuzha(46) 1 10 2 1 1 Kayamkulam (M) 18

Alappuzha(32) Kayamkulam(14) 1 1 1 1 Haripad (CT) 19

Alappuzha(32) Kayamkulam(21) Haripad(2) Alappuzha(32) Thiruvalla(25) Haripad(3) Kumarapuram 20 (CT)

231 Statement-V Educational, Recreational and Cultural Facilities, 2009

Sr. No. Name of Town Number of Social, Recreational and Cultural facilities

No. of Orphanage Working women's No. of Old Age Home Stadium Home hostels

1 2 16 17 18 19

1 Cherthala (M) Arookutty(4) 2 Aroor(11) 1

2 Arookutty (CT) 1 Cherthala(24) Aroor(6) Cherthala(4)

3 Aroor (CT) Arookutty(5) 1 1 Cherthala(6)

4 Ezhupunna (CT) Arookutty(6) Cherthala(12) Aroor(4) Cherthala(8)

5 Kodamthuruth (CT) Arookutty(15) Cherthala(14) Alappuzha(33) Cherthala(13)

6 Thaikattussery (CT) Arookutty(8) Kokkothamangalam(12) Alappuzha(20) Cherthala(30)

7 Kuthiathode (CT) Arookutty(6) 1 Alappuzha(14) Cherthala(4)

8 Vayalar (CT) 1 Cherthala(4) Alappuzha(15) 1

9 Pallippuram (CT) Alappuzha(13) Cherthala(8) Alappuzha(12) Alappuzha(32)

10 Thanneermukkam (CT) Alappuzha(8) Cherthala(10) Kokkothamangalam(8) 1

11 Kokkothamangalam (CT) 1 1 1 Alappuzha(6)

12 Kanjikkuzhi (CT) Alappuzha(16) 1 Alappuzha(6) Alappuzha(8)

13 Muhamma (CT) Alappuzha(8) Cherthala(13) Alappuzha(3) Alappuzha(4)

14 Alappuzha (M + OG) 4 9 4 1

15 Mannanchery (CT) 3 Alappuzha(8) Alappuzha(8) Alappuzha(8)

16 Pathirappally (CT) 1 Alappuzha(5) 1 Alappuzha(6)

17 Komalapuram (CT) Alappuzha(6) Alappuzha(4) Alappuzha(4) Alappuzha(8)

18 Kayamkulam (M) 1 2 1 Alappuzha(46)

19 Haripad (CT) 1 Kayamkulam(1) Cheppad(5) 1

20 Kumarapuram (CT) Haripad(3) Kayamkulam(8) Cheppad(6) Haripad(2)

232 Statement-V Educational, Recreational and Cultural Facilities, 2009

Number of Social, Recreational and Cultural facilities Name of Town Sr. No.

Cinema Theatre Auditorium/ Public libraries Reading rooms Community halls

20 21 22 23 2 1

7 16 19 24 Cherthala (M) 1

Cherthala(4) 1 1 3 Arookutty (CT) 2

2 1 3 1 Aroor (CT) 3

1 1 1 5 Ezhupunna (CT) 4

Cherthala(13) Cherthala(13) 1 1 Kodamthuruth (CT) 5

2 3 1 3 Thaikattussery (CT) 6

Cherthala(6) 3 4 4 Kuthiathode (CT) 7

1 1 2 2 Vayalar (CT) 8

Alappuzha(8) 5 Cherthala(8) 6 Pallippuram (CT) 9

2 1 6 6 Thanneermukkam (CT) 10

Alappuzha(1) 4 5 5 Kokkothamangalam (CT) 11

1 1 5 5 Kanjikkuzhi (CT) 12

2 1 6 6 Muhamma (CT) 13

3 19 8 30 Alappuzha (M + OG) 14

Alappuzha(8) 3 4 4 Mannanchery (CT) 15

Alappuzha(5) 4 Aryad South(3) 3 Pathirappally (CT) 16

Alappuzha(4) 1 6 11 Komalapuram (CT) 17

3 6 9 9 Kayamkulam (M) 18

1 6 1 1 Haripad (CT) 19

6 1 2 1 Kumarapuram (CT) 20

233 Statement-V

Educational, Recreational and Cultural Facilities, 2009

Sr. Name of Town Number of Educational Facilities* No. Primary Middle Sec- Senior Arts/ Science/ Medical Engineering colleges school school ondry Secondry Commerce colleges school school colleges (of degree level and above)

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

21 Karthikappally (CT) 4 4 2 Haripad(6) Kayamkulam(14) Alappuzha(32) Chengannur(41)

22 Chingoli (CT) 4 3 3 Muthukulam(4) Kayamkulam(13) Alappuzha(28) Chengannur(24)

23 Cheppad (CT) 6 2 2 Haripad(5) Kayamkulam(10) Alappuzha(35) Chengannur(20)

24 Pathiyoor (CT) 10 2 2 Kayamkulam(5) Kayamkulam(4) Alappuzha(40) Chengannur(30)

25 Keerikkad (CT) 6 3 3 Muthukulam(3) Kayamkulam(5) Alappuzha(34) Chengannur(34)

26 Muthukulam (CT) 5 5 2 2 Kayamkulam(10) Alappuzha(30) Chengannur(30)

27 Kandalloor (CT) 5 3 1 Kayamkulam(6) Kayamkulam(5) Alappuzha(50) Chengannur(15)

28 Puthuppally (CT) 7 7 2 1 Kayamkulam(5) Alappuzha(35) Chengannur(10)

29 Krishnapuram (CT) 4 2 1 Puthuppally(3) Kayamkulam(5) Alappuzha(38) Chengannur(4)

30 Chengannur (M) 8 3 6 3 1 Alappuzha(43) 1

31 Mannar (CT) 4 4 2 1 Kadapra(2) Alappuzha(50) Chengannur(11)

32 Kurattissery (CT) 10 3 2 1 Kadapra(3) Alappuzha(11) Chengannur(11)

33 Mavelikkara (M) 8 4 6 6 1 Alappuzha(36) Chengannur(13)

34 Kannamangalam (CT) 7 4 1 1 Mavelikkara(2) Alappuzha(42) Chengannur(15)

35 Chennithala (CT) 4 1 1 Mavelikkara(3) Mavelikkara(4) Alappuzha(26) Chengannur(20)

36 Thazhakara (CT) 10 5 4 4 Mavelikkara(4) Alappuzha(23) Chengannur(10)

37 Bharanikkavu (CT) 12 5 2 1 Mavelikkara(12) Alappuzha(64) 1

38 Kattanam (CT) 10 4 1 1 Kayamkulam(7) Alappuzha(60) Bharanikkavu(4)

234 Statement-V

Educational, Recreational and Cultural Facilities, 2009

Number of Educational Facilities* Name of Town Sr. No. Management Polytechnics Recognised Non-formal Special School Others Institute/ Shorthand, Education for Disabled colleges Typewriting Center (Sarva and vocational Shiksha training Abhiyan institutions Center)

10 11 12 13 14 15 2 1

Alappuzha(32) Kayamkulam(26) 2 4 1 Haripad(5) Karthikappally 21 (CT) Alappuzha(38) Kayamkulam(12) 1 Ambalappuzha(38) Mavelikkara(18) Haripad(4) Chingoli (CT) 22

Kayamkulam(18) Kayamkulam(18) Kayamkulam(8) Haripad(5) Kayamkulam(8) Haripad(6) Cheppad (CT) 23

Kayamkulam(15) Kayamkulam(15) Kayamkulam(5) Kayamkulam(5) Haripad(14) Haripad(14) Pathiyoor (CT) 24

Kayamkulam(16) Kayamkulam(16) Kayamkulam(8) Kayamkulam(6) Haripad(12) Haripad(12) Keerikkad (CT) 25

Kayamkulam(10) Kayamkulam(10) Kayamkulam(10) Kayamkulam(10) Haripad(14) Kayamkulam(10) Muthukulam (CT) 26

Kayamkulam(15) Kayamkulam(15) Kayamkulam(5) Kayamkulam(5) Haripad(12) Kayamkulam(5) Kandalloor (CT) 27

Kayamkulam(14) Kayamkulam(14) Kayamkulam(4) Kayamkulam(8) Haripad(14) Kayamkulam(8) Puthuppally (CT) 28

Kayamkulam(4) Kayamkulam(4) Kayamkulam(3) Kayamkulam(7) Kayamkulam(15) Kayamkulam(7) Krishnapuram 29 (CT) 1 Pandalam(15) 6 1 Thiruvalla(20) Kayamkulam(11) Chengannur (M) 30

Chengannur(11) 1 Chengannur(2) 1 Mavelikkara(18) Kayamkulam(16) Mannar (CT) 31

Chengannur(11) Alappuzha(42) Chengannur(53) Chengannur(11) Mavelikkara(42) Kayamkulam(12) Kurattissery (CT) 32

Chengannur(13) Kayamkulam(12) 15 1 1 Kayamkulam(17) Mavelikkara (M) 33

Chengannur(15) Kayamkulam(10) Mavelikkara(3) Mavelikkara(2) Mavelikkara(2) Kayamkulam(18) Kannamangalam 34 (CT) Chengannur(20) Kayamkulam(16) Mavelikkara(3) Mavelikkara(4) Mavelikkara(4) Kayamkulam(11) Chennithala (CT) 35

1 Pandalam(16) Mavelikkara(4) Mavelikkara(4) Mavelikkara(4) Kayamkulam(10) Thazhakara (CT) 36

Chengannur(8) Kayamkulam(12) 1 2 Mavelikkara(10) Kayamkulam(15) Bharanikkavu 37 (CT) Chengannur(60) Kayamkulam(8) Kayamkulam(8) 1 1 Kayamkulam(14) Kattanam (CT) 38

235 Statement-V

Educational, Recreational and Cultural Facilities, 2009

Sr. No. Name of Town Number of Social, Recreational and Cultural facilities

No. of Orphanage Working women's No. of Old Age Home Stadium Home hostels

1 2 16 17 18 19 21 Karthikappally (CT) Haripad(5) Kayamkulam(4) Chengannur(32) Haripad(6)

22 Chingoli (CT) Haripad(4) Kayamkulam(5) Cheppad(3) Haripad(28)

23 Cheppad (CT) Haripad(6) Kayamkulam(8) 1 Haripad(5)

24 Pathiyoor (CT) Haripad(14) Kayamkulam(5) Cheppad(8) Haripad(12)

25 Keerikkad (CT) Haripad(12) Kayamkulam(6) Cheppad(11) Haripad(18)

26 Muthukulam (CT) Haripad(8) Kayamkulam(4) Cheppad(14) Haripad(16)

27 Kandalloor (CT) Kayamkulam(5) Kayamkulam(5) Cheppad(21) Haripad(20)

28 Puthuppally (CT) Kayamkulam(8) Kayamkulam(4) Kayamkulam(4) Haripad(17)

29 Krishnapuram (CT) Kayamkulam(7) Kayamkulam(6) Kayamkulam(5) Haripad(6)

30 Chengannur (M) 1 1 1 1

31 Mannar (CT) Chengannur(50) Chengannur(12) 1 Chengannur(8)

32 Kurattissery (CT) Chengannur(11) 1 2 Chengannur(11)

33 Mavelikkara (M) 2 3 2 1

34 Kannamangalam (CT) Mavelikkara(2) Mavelikkara(2) Mavelikkara(8) Mavelikkara(2)

35 Chennithala (CT) Mavelikkara(4) Mavelikkara(4) (7) Mavelikkara(4)

36 Thazhakara (CT) Mavelikkara(4) Mavelikkara(4) 1 Mavelikkara(4)

37 Bharanikkavu (CT) Mavelikkara(10) Mavelikkara(10) Mavelikkara(6) 1

38 Kattanam (CT) Mavelikkara(12) Mavelikkara(12) 1 Mavelikkara(12)

236 Statement-V

Educational, Recreational and Cultural Facilities, 2009

Number of Social, Recreational and Cultural facilities Name of Town Sr. No.

Cinema Theatre Auditorium/ Public libraries Reading rooms Community halls

20 21 22 23 2 1 Haripad(6) 2 2 2 Karthikappally (CT) 21

Haripad(7) 3 3 3 Chingoli (CT) 22

Haripad(5) 3 3 3 Cheppad (CT) 23

Mavelikkara(15) Keerikkad(5) 1 1 Pathiyoor (CT) 24

Mavelikkara(8) 3 2 2 Keerikkad (CT) 25

Mavelikkara(11) 2 1 1 Muthukulam (CT) 26

Mavelikkara(20) Muthukulam(2) 2 2 Kandalloor (CT) 27

Kayamkulam(4) 2 2 2 Puthuppally (CT) 28

Kayamkulam(4) 2 3 2 Krishnapuram (CT) 29

3 6 3 3 Chengannur (M) 30

Mavelikkara(11) Mannar(1) 3 3 Mannar (CT) 31

1 5 4 2 Kurattissery (CT) 32

4 8 2 2 Mavelikkara (M) 33

Mavelikkara(3) 2 1 1 Kannamangalam (CT) 34

Mavelikkara(5) 2 1 2 Chennithala (CT) 35

Mavelikkara(4) 1 1 Mavelikkara(4) Thazhakara (CT) 36

Mavelikkara(5) 3 3 3 Bharanikkavu (CT) 37

1 5 1 1 Kattanam (CT) 38

*If an educational facilitiy is not available in the town, the name of the nearest place and its distance from the town where facility is available has been given

237 STATEMENT - VI Industry and Banking, 2009 Sr. Name of Town Names of three most important Number of banks Number Number No. commodities manufactured of agri- of non- cultural agri- 1st 2nd 3rd Nation- Private Co- credit cultural alised Com- operative societies credit Bank mercial Bank societies Bank

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

1 Cherthala (M) Coir Products Grass Mats Marine Foods 7 7 7 10 9

2 Arookutty (CT) Coir Products 1 0 0 1 3

3 Aroor (CT) Chemicals 3 2 2 1 1

4 Ezhupunna (CT) Sea Food Pepper Powder Carton Boxes 1 1 3 0 0

5 Kodamthuruth (CT) Coir Products 2 1 2 1 2

6 Thaikattussery (CT) Coir Processed Fish 1 3 2 0 0

7 Kuthiathode (CT) Coconut Coir Fish Products 1 6 3 0 0

8 Vayalar (CT) Coir Products 0 1 4 0 0

9 Pallippuram (CT) Cement Coir Sand Bricks 0 0 3 0 5

10 Thanneermukkam (CT) Coir Coconut Oil 2 1 1 2 1

11 Kokkothamangalam (CT) Coir Lime Shell Beverages 1 1 2 0 0

12 Kanjikkuzhi (CT) Coir Handicrafts 1 2 1 1 0

13 Muhamma (CT) Coir Lime Shell Sea Foods 1 1 2 0 1

14 Alappuzha (M + OG) Coir Sea Foods Rice 19 15 20 9 18

15 Mannanchery (CT) Coir Coconut Oil Rice 1 1 1 1 1

16 Pathirappally (CT) Homeopathic Glass Coir Mats 1 2 1 0 1 Medicine 17 Komalapuram (CT) Coir Bricks 2 1 0 0 1

18 Kayamkulam (M) Coir Curry Powder, Match Box 10 4 2 5 13 Rice Powder 19 Haripad (CT) Rice 7 4 1 1 1

238 STATEMENT - VI Industry and Banking, 2009

Sr. Name of Town Names of three most important Number of banks Number Number No. commodities manufactured of agri- of non- 1st 2nd 3rd Nation- Private Co- cultural agri- alised Com- operative credit cultural Bank mercial Bank societies credit Bank societies 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 20 Kumarapuram (CT) Coir 1 1 2 0 5

21 Karthikappally (CT) Coir Soap Hollow Bricks 2 2 2 0 0

22 Chingoli (CT) Ayurvedic Coir Bakery Items 0 1 0 0 2 Medicine, Hair 23 Cheppad (CT) CashewOil nut 0 4 3 0 2

24 Pathiyoor (CT) Cashew nut Textiles Cot Bolt 0 1 4 2 0

25 Keerikkad (CT) Paddy Coconut Oil Coir 1 4 4 1 3

26 Muthukulam (CT) Coir Curry Powder 1 1 3 0 9

27 Kandalloor (CT) Coir Copra 1 3 3 0 0

28 Puthuppally (CT) Coir Copra 0 1 3 0 0

29 Krishnapuram (CT) Rubber Coir 1 1 2 0 0 products 30 Chengannur (M) Aluminium Cement Bricks Vehicle Battery 13 14 5 2 8

31 Mannar (CT) Alumnium Wooden Brass Vessels 0 0 2 0 0 Products Products 32 Kurattissery (CT) Brass Vessels Aluminium 3 2 2 1 1 Vessels 33 Mavelikkara (M) Copra 9 6 3 2 15

34 Kannamangalam (CT) Clay Brick Hollow Bricks Cotton Thread 2 0 1 1 1

35 Chennithala (CT) Matches Bricks 1 0 1 0 1

36 Thazhakara (CT) Bricks 0 2 2 0 0

37 Bharanikkavu (CT) Wooden Hollow Bricks Burnt Bricks 0 0 2 0 2 Furniture 38 Kattanam (CT) Wooden 1 3 2 0 0 Furniture

239 STATEMENT - VII Civic and other amenities in Slums, 2009 Sr. Class and name Name of the slum Is it No. of Population Paved System of drainage No. of town notified households of the roads (approximate) Slum (in Open Closed Both Nil (appro- kms.) (Open ximate) & Closed)

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 1 II,Kayamkulam (M) Chirakkadavam No 130 551 0.9 BD 2 II,Kayamkulam (M) Scavengers Colony Yes 128 640 0.9 BD 3 II,Kayamkulam (M) Cheeramath Colony No 135 590 0.9 BD 4 II,Kayamkulam (M) Kannampilly Colony Yes 120 501 0.8 BD 5 II,Kayamkulam (M) Muppallil No 130 551 0.9 BD 6 II,Kayamkulam (M) Ramakkattu Colony Yes 120 600 0.8 BD 7 II,Kayamkulam (M) Pokkattu Colony No 152 750 1.1 BD 8 II,Kayamkulam (M) Puthenkandamchira Yes 26 120 0.2 BD 9 II,Kayamkulam (M) Cheppallil Colony No 185 760 1.4 BD 10 II,Kayamkulam (M) Thundil Colony Yes 130 490 1 BD 11 II,Kayamkulam (M) Komalathu Yes 150 630 1.1 BD 12 II,Kayamkulam (M) Kuttiyil Yes 180 675 1.7 BD 13 II,Kayamkulam (M) Menatheri Colony No 200 850 1.6 BD 14 II,Kayamkulam (M) Vegetable Market Yes 90 510 0.7 BD 15 III,Chengannur (M) Moolappadavu Yes 24 110 0.2 Nil 16 III,Chengannur (M) Angadickal Harijan Settlement Yes 15 80 1 OD 17 III,Chengannur (M) Pulikunnu Yes 45 190 1 Nil 18 III,Chengannur (M) Angadical Amariuzhathil Yes 23 92 1 OD 19 III,Chengannur (M) Angadical Laksham Veedu Yes 22 110 1 Nil 20 III,Chengannur (M) Angadical South Yes 34 74 1 OD 21 III,Chengannur (M) Poomalachal Yes 20 100 1 Nil 22 III,Chengannur (M) Railway Station West Yes 16 64 1 Nil 23 III,Chengannur (M) Angadical Thalakottu Pallathi Yes 10 72 1 Nil 24 III,Chengannur (M) Pandavan Para Yes 36 180 1 Nil 25 III,Mavelikkara (M) Manchadi Colony No 20 103 0.2 OD 26 III,Mavelikkara (M) Thondalil Chira Colony No 30 158 0.2 OD 27 III,Mavelikkara (M) Kurivikkadu North No 32 136 0.2 OD 28 III,Mavelikkara (M) Kuruvikkadu South Colony No 28 124 0.2 OD 29 III,Mavelikkara (M) Bahind Sub Jail No 28 111 0.2 OD 30 III,Mavelikkara (M) Kalaryil West Colony No 20 72 0.2 BD 31 III,Mavelikkara (M) Kalariyil East Colony No 21 94 0.2 CD 32 III,Mavelikkara (M) Kolattu Colony No 24 97 0.2 OD 33 III,Mavelikkara (M) Poomathara Colony No 19 60 0.2 CD

240 STATEMENT - VII Civic and other amenities in Slums, 2009 Number of latrines Community No. of tap Electricity (Number of Class and name of Sr. points/ connections) town No. Private public Domestic Road Others Pit Flush/ Service Others hydrants lighting System Pour Flush installed for (points) (Water supply of borne) protected water 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 2 1 80 50 0 0 0 12 0 6 0 II,Kayamkulam (M) 1 109 6 0 9 0 1 1 1 0 II,Kayamkulam (M) 2 115 10 0 5 0 0 0 7 0 II,Kayamkulam (M) 3 117 7 0 9 0 0 0 7 0 II,Kayamkulam (M) 4 128 0 0 0 0 4 0 5 0 II,Kayamkulam (M) 5 104 5 0 6 0 1 0 4 0 II,Kayamkulam (M) 6 117 6 0 5 0 1 0 3 0 II,Kayamkulam (M) 7 21 0 0 0 0 5 0 8 0 II,Kayamkulam (M) 8 127 0 0 0 0 4 0 7 0 II,Kayamkulam (M) 9 126 0 0 0 0 6 0 5 0 II,Kayamkulam (M) 10 145 0 0 0 0 1 0 4 0 II,Kayamkulam (M) 11 135 0 0 0 0 3 0 6 0 II,Kayamkulam (M) 12 186 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 II,Kayamkulam (M) 13 88 0 0 0 0 2 0 3 0 II,Kayamkulam (M) 14 2 0 0 20 0 3 24 0 0 III,Chengannur (M) 15 15 0 0 0 0 5 15 5 0 III,Chengannur (M) 16 22 0 0 20 0 4 40 5 0 III,Chengannur (M) 17 0 0 0 22 0 3 20 2 0 III,Chengannur (M) 18 0 0 0 19 0 2 22 6 0 III,Chengannur (M) 19 0 0 0 30 0 3 34 6 0 III,Chengannur (M) 20 20 0 0 0 0 0 20 6 0 III,Chengannur (M) 21 0 0 0 16 0 2 16 4 0 III,Chengannur (M) 22 9 0 0 0 0 1 10 2 0 III,Chengannur (M) 23 20 0 0 12 0 4 36 5 0 III,Chengannur (M) 24 20 0 0 0 0 2 0 4 0 III,Mavelikkara (M) 25 30 0 0 0 0 2 0 4 0 III,Mavelikkara (M) 26 32 0 0 0 0 2 0 5 0 III,Mavelikkara (M) 27 28 0 0 0 0 2 0 3 0 III,Mavelikkara (M) 28 28 0 0 0 0 2 0 5 0 III,Mavelikkara (M) 29 20 0 0 0 0 2 0 3 0 III,Mavelikkara (M) 30 21 0 0 0 0 2 0 3 0 III,Mavelikkara (M) 31 24 0 0 0 0 1 0 4 0 III,Mavelikkara (M) 32 19 0 0 0 0 2 0 3 0 III,Mavelikkara (M) 33

241 Appendix to Town Directory Towns showing their Outgrowth with population District : Alappuzha (598) Sl. No. Name of Town with Population of Core Name of Outgrowth Population of Outgrowth Location Code Town

1 2 3 4 5

1 Alappuzha (M) 174176 Punnapra 38066

Kalarkode 28749

242

ORGI-KERALA English - (10-2011)

Directorate of Census Operations, Kerala C.G.O. Complex, Poonkulam Vellayani P.O. Thiruvananthapuram-695 522

Email: [email protected] Website: http://www.censusindia.gov.in