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Development of Tropospheric Wind Profiler Radar with Luneberg Lens Antenna (WPR LQ-7)

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Development of Tropospheric Wind Profiler Radar with Luneberg Lens Antenna (WPR LQ-7) ELECTRIC WIRE & CABLE, ENERGY Development of Tropospheric Wind Profiler Radar with Luneberg Lens Antenna (WPR LQ-7) Katsuyuki IMAI, Takao NAKAGAWA and Hiroyuki HASHIGUCHI Sumitomo Electric Industries, Ltd., in joint research with Kyoto University's Research Institute for Sustainable Humanosphere, has developed "LQ Series", a new model of wind profiler radar system, for measuring the velocity and direction of winds using radio waves. This new model, which employs a Luneburg lens antenna, has substantially lower price, improved characteristics and increased user-friendliness than previous models. In this paper, the authors explain technical information of the new model wind profiler (WPR LQ-7). 1. Introduction observed height, an extension of system life, and an improvement in maintenance ease. The atmosphere that covers the earth is roughly This paper reports on the technical aspect of WPR divided into four layers: starting from the earth’s surface LQ-7 (Photo 1) and the observation result achieved by is troposphere, stratosphere, mesosphere and thermos- this new model. phere. Especially the troposphere (up to about 10 km) is the region in which the atmospheric motion is very complicated, due to friction with the earth's surface, heat radiation from the ground and heat absorption into the ground. As a result of complicated atmospheric motion, various weather changes are caused, such as localized torrential downpour, wind sheer, and so on. The weather observation instruments that can observe the air motion of the troposphere with high degrees of accuracy and time resolution has been developed in var- ious countries, especially in European countries, the US and Japan, due to the remarkable progress of the remote sensing technology in recent years. Among such instruments, wind profiler radar (WPR), which can pro- vide the three-dimensional structures of wind velocities and wind directions of each layer of atmosphere in real time, has become indispensable to the world today. Sumitomo Electric Industries, Ltd. and the Radio Photo 1. WPR LQ-7 Science Center for Space & Atmosphere (RASC) (present- ly Research Institute for Sustainable Humanosphere (RISH)) at Kyoto University have jointly started to devel- op L-band radar for boundary layer observation (up to 3 2. Principle of WPR km) in 1994, and succeeded in the development of the world’s first transportable S-band boundary layer radar Figure 1 schematically shows the principle of opera- in 1998. In 2002, Sumitomo Electric developed a tropos- tion of WPR. Electromagnetic pulse waves radiated by pheric WPR (model number: WPR L-28) whose observa- the radar antenna propagate toward the sky. During the tion height was drastically improved. These WPR sys- propagation, the electromagnetic pulse waves experi- tems are being installed in Japan, China, South Korea, ence random refractivity fluctuations caused by atmos- and used for observations. pheric turbulence and are scattered. Parts of the scat- Ever since Sumitomo Electric’s WPR products tered pulse waves (echoes) then return to the radar with became widely used, demands for higher observed time delays proportional to the height where the scatter- height and lower price have been rising. Sumitomo ing had occurred, making it possible to relate the scatter- Electric decided to make the full model change of its ing intensity to the height by sampling them with proper existing WPR L-28 model to meet these demands. The time intervals. Since turbulence moves with the flow of Company has developed new model WPR LQ-7, which the wind, the echoes are subjected to the frequency adopts Luneberg lens in the antenna part by using its shifts (Doppler shifts) proportional to the wind velocity advanced material technology. Adopting Luneberg lens (V ) at the height where the scattering took place. as an antenna resulted into a big reduction in cost (40% The following equation holds between the Doppler reduction from the previous model), an expansion of shift ∆f and the radial wind velocity Vr. 38 · Development of Tropospheric Wind Profiler Radar with Luneberg Lens Antenna (WPR LQ-7) c Vr at the same phase, the S/N of the scattering wave can be ＋ ................................ ∆f ＝f 0 －1 (2-1) improved without sacrificing height resolution. c －Vr Here, f0 is the radar frequency and c is the velocity of light. Furthermore, since Vr is negligible compared with c, Equation (2-1) can be approximated to Equation (2-2). Height ∆ f hi+N-1 Vr ＝c ................................(2-2) ti = t1 + (i – 1) τ 2f 0 c 1 hi = — { ti – (N – —) } τ hi 2 2 Hence, when the beam radiated from WPR is hN (i = 1,2,···) directed to the zenith, the vertical component of the h1 wind velocity Vz is determined from Equation (2-2). By θ tilting the beam ± degrees in either direction from C1 C2 CN zenith and measuring the radial wind velocity Vr(θ), the τ t1 t i-N+1 t i Time horizontal component of the wind velocity Vh is given τ by Equation (2-3), on the assumption that the wind N within the beam scanning field is uniform. Vr（θ）－Vr（－θ） � Vh＝ ................................(2-3) 2 sinθ� Decoding Transmitted Pulse π π Based on the principle described above, the distrib- Encoding Phase 0 Compression (Phase Modulation) 1 -1 1 utions of the wind’s direction and velocity with height Code are obtained. Direct observation of the vertical compo- N times nents of wind velocity, which has not been achieved by other observation instruments, is one of the striking fea- tures of WPR. Resolution τ Original Pulse Fig. 2. Principle of pulse compression technique Height hm Vh hn+1 hn hn-1 h1 V Vz In addition, if the complementary code sequences h1 tn-1 tn tn+1 tm Time for optimum decoding, which are devised by E. Spano f Vr and O. Ghebrebrhan [1996] (1), are adopted, it becomes -θ f+∆f θ possible to perform the pulse compression in the low Transmitted Pulse altitude, and the side-lobe and the influence of the θ - θ S1 Sn-1 Sn Sn+1 Sm interference wave are suppressed. Sampling The new system (WPR LQ-7) employs this optimum S1 Sn Sm complementary code sequences. h1 hn hm c × tn hn c Light Velocity ＝ 2 （ ： ） Fig. 1. Principle of WPR 3. Principle of Luneberg Lens The principle of Luneberg lens is shown in the Fig. 3. Since the scattered waves that serve as the basis of Luneberg lens is the dielectric lens which R. K. wind velocity detection are extremely feeble and their Luneberg developed in 1944. A relative permittivity levels of scattering become lower as the scattering changes corresponding to the distance from the center height becomes higher, the pulse compression tech- of the spherical dielectric, and the incident plane wave nique was implemented in order to improve S/N. is gathered into one focal point on the surface symmet- The principle of pulse compression is shown in Fig. 2. rical to the center of the dielectric. Because the shape of The received voltage at the sampling time ti is the sum of the dielectric is spherical, each of the arrived electro- scattering waves from the height in the range of hi to magnetic waves from every direction has its own focal hi+N-1. When the phase of each transmitted pulse is modu- point. Therefore all of the points on the lens surface lated at intervals of time τ, scattering wave from each can become focal points, and the electromagnetic waves height mentioned above shall be multiplied by the trans- from arbitrary directions can be received independent- mitted pulse’s phase coefficient Cp (p = 0, 1, ····, N-1). ly. Conversely, the electromagnetic wave radiated from When the scattering wave at each height is calculat- the focal point is radiated as a plane wave after traveling ed by combining the received voltage at ti-p+1, because through the lens. These characteristics suggest that no correlation exists among the phases of the noise com- Luneberg lens works as a multi-beam transmission and ponents, etc., whereas the scattering waves are added up reception antenna. SEI TECHNICAL REVIEW · NUMBER 64 · APRIL 2007 · 39 outodoor unit Indoor unit Because the Luneberg lens has data an infinite number of focal points, it allows the electromagnetic Signal Processing Unit Electromagnetic Luneberg Lens waves from arbitrary directions control Antenna unit Wave to be focused independently and simultaneously. Transmitter unit power power control Focal Point UPS data Power Unit Data Processing Unit 2.0 1.8 1.6 WAN 1.4 2 Router r Remote Control Unit 1.2 ε r = 2 – 1.0 R Dielectric Constant 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 ε r : Dielectric Constant Fig. 4. System configuration Center Surface r : Radius Relative Radius R : Lens Radius Fig. 3. Principle of Luneberg lens Data Processing Unit PC (Windows XP) Luneberg Ether 100base-T 4. System Outline Lenz 1357.5MHz HPA Control CPU Status Feed DSP selector T/R The main specifications of WPR LQ-7 are shown in Radar controller Table 1, and the configuration of this system and its LNA Pulse T/R T/R block diagram are shown in Fig. 4 and Fig. 5, respective- modulation ly. The system is composed of seven antenna units, a IQ Local IF transmitter unit, a power supply unit, a signal processing 1227.5MHz 130MHz unit, and a data processing unit (PC). Antenna Unit Transmitter unit Signal Processing Unit Table 1. Specifications of WPR LQ-7 Fig. 5. Block diagram Operational Frequency 1.3575GHz / 1.290GHz Antenna Active Phased Array 4-1 Antenna Unit An antenna unit is equipped with an 800-mm-diam- Antenna Gain >30dBi eter lens antenna whose gain is about 21 dBi.
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