Appearance of New Tetraspanin Genes During Vertebrate Evolution
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Available online at www.sciencedirect.com Genomics 91 (2008) 326–334 www.elsevier.com/locate/ygeno Appearance of new tetraspanin genes during vertebrate evolution ⁎ Antonio Garcia-España a, , Pei-Jung Chung b, Indra Neil Sarkar c, Eric Stiner d, ⁎ ⁎ Tung-Tien Sun b,e,f,g, , Rob DeSalle d, a Research Unit, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Hospital Joan XXIII, Pere Virgily Institute, Tarragona 43007, Spain b Department of Cell Biology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA c Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, MA 02543, USA d American Museum of Natural History, New York, NY 10024, USA e Department of Dermatology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA f Department of Pharmacology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA g Department of Urology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA Received 27 March 2007; accepted 17 December 2007 Available online 21 February 2008 Abstract A detailed phylogenetic analysis of tetraspanins from 10 fully sequenced metazoan genomes and several fungal and protist genomes gives insight into their evolutionary origins and organization. Our analysis suggests that the superfamily can be divided into four large families. These four families–the CD family, CD63 family, uroplakin family, and RDS family–are further classified as consisting of several ortholog groups. The clustering of several ortholog groups together, such as the CD9/Tsp2/CD81 cluster, suggests functional relatedness of those ortholog groups. The fact that our studies are based on whole genome analysis enabled us to estimate not only the phylogenetic relationships among the tetraspanins, but also the first appearance in the tree of life of certain tetraspanin ortholog groups. Taken together, our data suggest that the tetraspanins are derived from a single (or a few) ancestral gene(s) through sequence divergence, rather than convergence, and that the majority of tetraspanins found in the human genome are vertebrate (21 instances), tetrapod (4 instances), or mammalian (6 instances) inventions. © 2008 Published by Elsevier Inc. Keywords: Tetraspanins; Evolution; Gene family; Phylogenetics Tetraspanins (tetraspan or TM4SF) form a large group of inte- tetraspanin proteins are (i) their second loop harbors a Cys-Cys- gral membrane proteins that we will call a superfamily [1,2].This Gly sequence (the CCG motif) plus 2 to 6 additional cysteines and superfamily has as many as 33 members in humans. Human te- (ii) their four TM domains contain some well-conserved residues. traspanins are widely distributed in cells and tissues and have These features have been used to distinguish the tetraspanins from homologs conserved through distantly related eukaryotic species. other four-transmembranous proteins [1,3–6]. Structurally, tetraspanins are 200- to 300-amino-acid-long pro- Many tetraspanin proteins had originally been identified as teins with four transmembrane (TM) domains, which delimit one human tumor antigens; in some cases their expression correlates small extracellular loop of 13-30 amino acids, a short intracellular with tumor progression [5,8]. In humans, several forms of retinal sequence, and a second, large extracellular loop, which is quite degeneration are caused by mutations in the gene encoding peri- variable in sequence and length. Two highly conserved features of pherin/RDS [9], and mental retardation syndromes have been linked to defects in Tetraspanin 7 (TSPAN7; TM4SF2), [10].Mem- bers of the tetraspanin superfamily can form large integrated sig- naling complexes or tetraspanin-enriched microdomains by their ⁎ Corresponding authors. primary associations with a variety of transmembrane and intra- E-mail addresses: [email protected] (A. Garcia-España), cellular signaling/cytoskeletal proteins and secondary associations [email protected] (T.-T. Sun), [email protected] (R. DeSalle). with themselves [4,11,12]. Tetraspanins participate in a broad 0888-7543/$ - see front matter © 2008 Published by Elsevier Inc. doi:10.1016/j.ygeno.2007.12.005 A. Garcia-España et al. / Genomics 91 (2008) 326–334 327 spectrum of membrane-associated cellular activities such as cell Results and discussion adhesion, motility, activation of signaling pathways, facilitation of membrane protein maturation, and cell proliferation. This partici- Definition of the tetraspanin superfamily pation occurs in normal and in pathological conditions such as cancer metastasis or infections by viral, bacterial, or parasitic BLAST searches using several prototypic tetraspanins, in- organisms [7,11,13–23]. Nevertheless, despite the implication cluding CD81, Tsp10 (occulospanin), and other tetraspanin pro- of their role in this broad spectrum of important cellular activi- tein sequences, as query sequences yielded many hits (mostly ties, only a relatively small number of the tetraspanins have been mammalian) with very low E values, indicating definite inclusion studiedindetail. of these “hits” in the tetraspanin superfamily. We also obtained Some specific tetraspanin functions have been described across many other hits with BLAST values larger than E -5. The align- broad evolutionary divergences. Examples include the PLS1 te- ment of such proteins with tetraspanins was restricted mainly to traspanin, which enables the plant pathogenic fungus Magno- regions of highly conserved residues such as the CCG domain of porthe to invade its rice host's leaves [24]; the LBM tetraspanin, the protein. The tetraspanin-like genes from fungal, protist, plant, whose mutations cause synaptic defects in Drosophila; the CD9 Caenorhabditis elegans, and Drosophila melanogaster showed and CD81 tetraspanins, which are involved in mammalian sperm: such low similarity with their mammalian counterparts that we oocyte fusion [18,22]; CD81, which is involved in immune could not state with confidence whether they should be regarded signaling [25]; peripherin/RDS, which scaffolds vertebrate photo- as tetraspanins based on their E values alone. To determine whe- receptor outer segment structure [26]; and uroplakins, in the main- ther these nonmammalian sequences should be included in the tenance of the urothelial permeability barrier [27–29]. tetraspanin superfamily, we analyzed the conservation of the To gain a more complete understanding of tetraspanin bio- intron-exon junctions, as well as their hydrophobicity profiles logy, we have examined the evolutionary history of members of compared with well-established tetraspanin proteins. The obser- the tetraspanin superfamily through genomic analysis. There are vation in this study and in that of Huang et al. [30], that intron- currently three main approaches to the analysis of large gene exon positions appear to be conserved in many tetraspanin genes, families in a phylogenetic context. The first involves searching validated the inclusion of these nonmammalian proteins from the database and including every accession with reasonable protists, plants, and fungi as divergent invertebrate tetraspanins. BLAST or BLAT hit statistics. This is the approach of a recent Once we determined the validity of inclusion of the highly diver- study on tetraspanins by Huang et al. [30], in which over 200 gent tetraspanins in the analysis, we aligned all 268 proteins from tetraspanins were included in a distance-based analysis. While genomes as described above. Ambiguous regions in the alignment these kinds of studies are important in defining the phylogenetic were then trimmed away from the matrix as in Huang et al. [30], structure of the tetraspanin superfamily, no definitive statements resulting in a data matrix with 202 amino acid and gap characters can be made about the absence of superfamily members in for each protein. The sequences that remained after the trimming particular taxa. Information about not only the presence, but also process were almost entirely in the four membrane-spanning the absence, of gene family members is critical for understand- regions and the second, large extracellular loop region. ing the phylogenetic classification of gene family members and for understanding the origin of new gene family members. The Tetraspanin superfamily contains four major families second approach is to focus on a gene family of a specific taxonomic group such as insect tetraspanins [2]. This approach, Phylogenetic methods can aid in defining the membership of while more feasible than more inclusive analyses, does not ad- many of the tetraspanin ortholog groups. To facilitate a broader dress broader evolutionary questions about a gene family. A understanding of the tetraspanins, we suggest that this large third approach, which we take here, is to analyze a gene family superfamily of transmembrane proteins be classified into four in a group of fully sequenced and carefully annotated genomes. major families–the CD family, the CD63 family, the uroplakin This approach has been used successfully to build, e.g., an ortho- family, and the RDS family [42]. The tree topology obtained log identification Web tool for plants [31]. after phylogenetic analysis using parsimony with equal weight- In the present study, as an expansion of our recent analysis ing is shown in Fig. 1 (see also Table 1). of uroplakin tetraspanins [32], we analyzed the complete ge- The three different types of tree building approaches (maxi- nomes of nine representative animal species, two plant species, mum parsimony or MP, Bayes, and neighbor joining or NJ) seven fungi, and several other single-celled