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Recherche Indirecte De Matière Noire À Travers Les Rayons Cosmiques D’Antimatière Mathieu Boudaud

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Recherche Indirecte De Matière Noire À Travers Les Rayons Cosmiques D’Antimatière Mathieu Boudaud Recherche indirecte de matière noire à travers les rayons cosmiques d’antimatière Mathieu Boudaud To cite this version: Mathieu Boudaud. Recherche indirecte de matière noire à travers les rayons cosmiques d’antimatière. Astrophysique galactique [astro-ph.GA]. Université Grenoble Alpes, 2016. Français. NNT : 2016GREAY050. tel-01578522 HAL Id: tel-01578522 https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01578522 Submitted on 29 Aug 2017 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. THÈSE Pour obtenir le grade de Docteur de la Communauté Université Grenoble Alpes Spécialité : Physique théorique Arrêté ministériel : 7 Août 2006 Présentée par Mathieu Boudaud Thèse dirigée par Pierre Salati Préparée au sein du Laboratoire d’Annecy-le-Vieux de Physique Théo- rique et de l’École doctorale de physique de Grenoble Recherche indirecte de matière noire à tra- vers les rayons cosmiques d’antimatière Thèse soutenue publiquement le 30 Septembre 2016, devant le jury composé de : Laurent Derôme UJF/LPSC, Président Nicolao Fornengo Università Torino/INFN, Rapporteur Joseph Silk UPMC/IAP, Rapporteur Julien Lavalle LUPM, Examinateur Pasquale D. Serpico LAPTh, Examinateur Pierre Salati USMB/LAPTh, Directeur de thèse Remerciements Je souhaiterais avant tout remercier toutes les personnes que je vais oublier dans ces remer- ciements et je vous prie d’accepter mes excuses. J’aimerais tout d’abord remercier Pierre Salati d’avoir accepté que j’effectue ma thèse auprès de lui. J’ai eu la chance d’avoir pu être encadré par toi et ainsi de bénéficier de ta méthode scien- tifique et de ton expertise du plus haut niveau. Je te remercie également de ta bienveillance à mon égard durant ces trois années. Je garderai à jamais de très bons souvenirs de nos voyages et de toutes nos discussions. J’ai beaucoup appris à tes côtés, autant scientifiquement qu’humainement. Je voudrais également remercier Fawzi Boudjema et Luc Frappat pour m’avoir accepté au LAPTh lors de mon stage de Master 2 ainsi que pour ma thèse. Vous avez toujours été à mon écoute et soucieux de mon bien-être au sein du labo. Je remercie Geneviève Bélanger, d’avoir été ma marraine adorée pendant ces trois années. Je remercie toute l’équipe du LAPTh pour la bonne humeur qui règne en permanence dans le laboratoire. Je pense particulièrement à vous Do- minique, Véronique et Virginie pour votre énergie positive et votre bienveillance. Je remercie tous les membres du groupe Astrophysique et Cosmologie et spécialement Pierre, Pasquale, Antje et Richard pour avoir pris le temps de répondre à toutes mes questions. Je tient à remercier tous les collaborateurs avec qui j’ai pu travailler, Sandy Aupetit, Solène Le Corre, Geneviève Bélanger, Pasquale D. Serpico, Corinne Goy, Vincent Poireau, Sylvie Rosier-Lees, Li Tao, Gaëlle Giesen et Marco Cirelli. Je pense particulièrement à vous Sami Caroff, Yoann Génolini, Antje Putze, Vivian Poulin et Manuela Vecchi, avec qui j’ai pris très grand plaisir à travailler. Merci à mes grands frères et soeurs, Timur Delahaye, Antje Putze, Christian Farnier, David Maurin, Céline Combet, et Julien Lavalle pour vos conseils précieux. J’ai eu la chance d’aller travailler et d’enseigner à l’Université de São Carlos au Brésil grâce à la collaboration CNRS-FAPESP mise en place par Manuela Vecchi et Vincent Poireau. Merci à tous les deux. Durant ma thèse, je n’ai jamais eu re- cours à Mathematica ou à un autre logiciel de calcul formel car j’avais mieux : un mathématicien à quelques bureaux du miens. Merci à toi Eric Ragoucy pour ton aide précieuse ! Je remercie par- ticulièrement Mathieu Gauthier-Lafaye et Pierre Aubert pour leur maîtrise du numérique et pour leur patience lorsqu’il s’agissait de régler des problèmes sur ma machine. Je tiens à remercier toute l’équipe pédagogique de MPh de l’IUT d’Annecy pour m’avoir accueilli et permis d’ensei- gner la thermodynamique dans les meilleures conditions. Mes pensées vont en particulier à Marc Lomello, tu m’as appris beaucoup concernant la pédagogie et je garderai en mémoire toutes nos discussions. Je remercie également mes collègues de Grenoble Vincent Bonnivard et Alexandre Ghelfi avec qui nous avons organisé avec Sami Caroff deux workshops autour de la matière noire. Je tiens à remercier toutes les personnes qui ont relu et mis à jour toutes les coquilles pré- sentes dans le manuscrit de thèse, Pierre Salati, Geneviève Bélanger, Eric Ragoucy, Papa, Sami Caroff, Yoann Génolini et Vivian Poulin. Je souhaite remercier Nicolao Fornengo et Joseph Silk pour avoir accepté de rapporter mon manuscrit de thèse ainsi que Laurent Dérôme, Julien Lavalle 2 et Pasquale D. Serpico d’avoir accepté de faire partie de mon jury de thèse. Je souhaite remercier Robert Gémard, Laurent Sézac, Hector Giacomini, Amaury Mouchet, Loïc Villain pour m’avoir transmis leur passion pour la physique et particulièrement Jean-Claude Sorret pour m’avoir en- couragé durant l’été 2010 à reprendre mes études universitaires. Merci également à toi Patrice Alibe pour m’avoir enseigné d’être curieux de tout. Finalement je tiens à remercier tous mes amis, acolytes de randonnée, escalade, ski et course de paret. J’ai passé de merveilleux moments avec vous. Je pense particulièrement à mes fantas- tiques colocataires Theresa, Abigail et Matthieu, à mes supers voisins Cécile, Yoann, Vivian et Méril ainsi qu’à toutes les personnes avec qui j’ai passé de très bons moments en dehors du labo, Geneviève, Jean-Philippe, Laurent, Philippe, Céline, Félicien, Sandrine, et spécialement Eric pour tous ces bons moments d’égarement en montagne. Merci à vous tous, doctorants du LAPTh et du LAPP, Vincent, Léo, Nicolas, Luis, Fabien, Vincent, Philippe, Anne, Thibaud, Pierre, Jill, Sami, Marine, Guilhem, Cyril, Philippe, et postdocs, Antje, Romain, Andreas, Georgios, Shanka, Caley, Tom, Daniele et Bryan pour toutes les activités et les diners que nous avons faits ensemble. Merci à vous Matthieu, Vincent et Louis pour votre amitié durant l’été 2015. Merci à vous tous qui êtes venu parfois de très loin me rendre visite pendant ma thèse, Manu, Marion, Etienne, Simon, Anne-Laure, Thomas, Sophie, Pierre, Camille, Bruno, Anne-Laure, Vincent, Mélanie, Angélina et Jeff, ainsi que pour ma soutenance, Julie, JB. Merci particulièrement à toi Raphaël pour n’avoir jamais cessé d’être mon ami depuis toutes ces années et pour toutes les discussions scientifiques que nous continuons à entretenir. Merci à Herminie, Jacques et Françoise Guille ainsi qu’à An- nie Leroux pour tout votre soutient. Merci à toi Lísia pour l’énergie que tu m’as envoyée depuis l’autre côté de la planète à travers nos discussions parfois plus que tardives. Je vous remercie Maman et Papa, pour m’avoir accordé votre confiance et m’avoir soutenu pendant mes années d’études. Merci à toute la family d’être venu assister à ma soutenance. Mes pensées s’adressent également à Philippe et Isabelle pour leurs encouragements. Merci à toutes les personnes qui ont participé à l’organisation de la journée de ma soutenance, Maman, Papa, Angélina, Jeff, Sophie, Bruno, Vincent, Dominique, Véronique, Philippe et Pierre. Enfin, merci à toi Clara pour ton aptitude naturelle à rendre heureux les personnes qui t’entourent. Ta rencontre m’a apporté un élan de sérénité et de force au moment où j’en avais besoin. Merci pour tout ce que tu es. 3 Introduction La matière noire astronomique est une composante essentielle de l’univers. Depuis sa mise en évidence en 1933 par Fritz Zwicky dans l’amas de Coma, sa présence au sein des galaxies et des amas de galaxies a été largement confirmée. Les observations du satellite Planck permettent de fixer le modèle standard cosmologique selon lequel 85% de la matière de l’univers est constituée de matière noire. La nature de cette dernière demeure cependant aujourd’hui inconnue. De nom- breux candidats ont été proposés. L’explication la plus plausible fait état de particules massives et interagissant faiblement avec la matière ordinaire. Ces particules de matière noire, dénommées WIMPs pour Weakly Interactive Massive Particles, sont prédites par les extensions du modèle standard des particules, à l’instar des théories supersymétriques ou des théories à dimensions sup- plémentaires de type Kaluza-Klein. Les particules de matière noire sont traquées activement dans les accélérateurs de particules et dans les détecteurs souterrains. Une stratégie alternative consiste à rechercher les signatures de leur présence dans la Voie Lactée à travers les rayons cosmiques, messagers de l’univers. En effet, on s’attend à ce que les WIMPs présents dans la galaxie s’annihilent en paires particules- antiparticules. Les mécanismes produisant de l’antimatière étant très rares, les antiparticules cos- miques constituent des messagers privilégiés de la présence de matière noire. Ce mémoire de thèse se concentre sur la recherche indirecte de matière noire à travers les flux de positrons et d’antiprotons cosmiques. L’objet de ce travail est de confronter les modèles théoriques de parti- cules de matière noire aux données expérimentales, afin de mettre éventuellement en évidence les hypothétiques WIMPs et d’en déterminer les propriétés. La première partie dresse le bilan des recherches actuelles de matière noire avant de se consa- crer aux modes de production et de propagation des rayons cosmiques. La thèse se concentre ensuite sur l’interprétation de la fraction positronique mesurée par la collaboration AMS-02.
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