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Seasonal Dynamics of Chironomids in the Profundal Zone of a Mountain Lake (Ľadové Pleso, the Tatra Mountains, Slovakia)

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Seasonal Dynamics of Chironomids in the Profundal Zone of a Mountain Lake (Ľadové Pleso, the Tatra Mountains, Slovakia) Biologia, Bratislava, 61/Suppl. 18: S203—S212, 2006 Section Zoology DOI: 10.2478/s11756-006-0132-7 Seasonal dynamics of chironomids in the profundal zone of a mountain lake (Ľadové pleso, the Tatra Mountains, Slovakia) Jolana Tátosová 1 & Evžen Stuchlík2 1Institute for Environmental Studies, Faculty of Science, Charles University in Prague, Benátská 2,CZ-12801 Prague 2, Czech Republic; e-mail: [email protected] 2Hydrobiological Station, Institute for Environmental Studies, Charles University in Prague, P.O. Box 47,CZ-38801 Blatná, Czech Republic; e-mail: [email protected] Abstract: The profundal community of Ľadové pleso (an oligotrophic high mountain seepage lake at an altitude of 2,057 m with a max. depth of 18 m and an ice-cover period from October – July) was studied from December 2000 – October 2001. Chironomidae, the most significant part of the studied community, are represented by four taxa and dominated by Micropsectra radialis Goetghebuer, 1939 and Pseudodiamesa nivosa (Goethgebuer, 1928). These two species showed a 1-year life cycle. The total densities of chironomids varied from 0 to 5,927 ind. m−2; no chironomids, or very low densities, were found during the winter/spring period, probably due to low oxygen concentrations in the medial part of the lake. These low oxygen concentrations probably caused the relocation of larvae from the medial part of the sedimentary area at the same time. Key words: Non-biting midges, Chironomidae, life history, distribution, migration, environmental parameters, Slovakia. Introduction conditions of the mountain climate (Armitage et al., 1995). Ľadové pleso was chosen as the key lake in the High mountain glacial lakes represent a very special en- Tatra Mts for the Fifth Framework Program of Euro- vironment for water organisms because of their low av- pean Union: project EMERGE, which made possible erage annual temperature, oligotrophic character and systematic investigations of biota life cycles and sea- the minor impact of human activities. These special sonal variations in lake water chemistry. properties aroused interest in lakes in the High Tatra This paper summarizes results of the first complete Mountains (Mts), although the accessibility of lakes was round-year study of chironomids in the profundal zone difficult, which especially complicated the investigation of an oligotrophic high mountain Tatra lake. The main of the profundal sediments. The first investigation of aim of the presented study is to describe the population profudnal fauna was carried out in the 1930s by Hrabě dynamics of chironomids in Ľadové pleso in relation to and Zavřel. In contrast to lowland lakes or ponds, the environmental factors and phytoplankton production. fauna of the deepest part of high mountain lakes was very poor and was usually formed only by oligochaetes Study site and the larvae of chironomids (Hrabě, 1939, 1942; Za- vřel, 1937). ◦ ◦ Later, the study of chironomids was con- Ľadové pleso (49 18 41 N, 20 16 29 E) is located in the nected with research of trophic status changes in some Veľká Studená dolina valley on the southern slope of the Tatra lakes (Ertlová, 1964), and since the 1980s the High Tatra Mts at 2,057 m a.s.l. The lake area is 1.72 ha, chironomid fauna has been studied mainly with an em- catchment area 12.3 ha, and maximum depth 18 m. Granite phasis on the process of acidification (Ertlová, 1987; dominates in the catchment, and bare rocks cover 85% of Tátosová, 2002; Bitušík et al., 2006). The sampling its area (KOPÁČEK et al., 2006). The lake has no visible of chironomid larvae is often an important part of sys- inflow or outflow, and the lake water level oscillates in-depth tematic limnological research because of their very sen- by more than 5 m during the year because of its seepage character (TUREK, 2002; KŘEČEK et al., 2006). Majority of sitive reaction to the amount and quality of available the lake bottom consists of rocks, and fine-grained sediment food, as well as temperature, concentration of dissolved is localized in the deepest part of the lake (Fig. 1). There oxygen, and pH (Sæther, 1979; Raddum & Sæther, arenofishinthelake. 1981). Not only their abundances or taxonomic compo- Ľadové pleso is situated at high elevation, which influ- sition, but also their life history, can reflect inclement ences the duration of ice-cover and average annual tempera- c 2006 Institute of Zoology, Slovak Academy of Sciences S204 J. Tátosová & E. Stuchlík Fig. 1. Bathymetry of Ľadové pleso. The stars indicate the coring sites and the arrows show the shift of the sample sites during the investigated period. The circles ⊗ indicate the positions of the emergence traps. The triangle marks the place of the sedimentary traps location. ture. Despite its location and generally oligotrophic charac- based on size groups formed from the capsule width and ter, this lake is one of the most productive lakes in the High length measurements (Tab. 1). Tatra Mts, probably due to its seepage character (FOTT Six emergence traps were installed above different lake et al., 1987). This lake remained non-acidified during the depths (Fig. 1). Traps with fixing solution could not be used peak of acidification in this area (STUCHLÍK et al., 1985; in Ľadové pleso because of concurrent analyses of organic FOTT et al., 1994; KOPÁČEK et al., 2000); nevertheless, pollutants in the lake water. The “live” emergence traps a temporary and partial acidification of the upper part of used instead require daily control that was not possible at the water column (to a depth of ∼5 m) has been repeatedly this site, therefore the time of the trap exposition varied recorded at the end of the snow/ ice melting period, when and the results are not suitable for the inference of chirono- pH dropped below 6 in this part of the lake water volume mid biomass production. These installed traps were used (DARGOCKÁ et al., 1997; KNESLOVÁ et al., 1997; TUREK, with the aim to obtain chironomid imagoes for more reli- 2002). able identification. Vertical stratification of physical and chemical param- eters (temperature, pH and dissolved oxygen) was measured Methods in situ by a Hydrolab H2O multi-parameter probe and data logger Surveyor 3, (Hydrolab, USA) in 2 week intervals. Ver- Three sampling stations were chosen in the profundal zone tical samples for analyses of chlorophyll-a and total volume at depths varying from 15 to 18 m. Sites A and C were of seston were taken 9 times from September 2000 to Octo- situated at the edges of the sedimentary area, site B in the ber 2001, and during the winter period surface and bottom middle of this area (Fig. 1). This location of sample sites was samples were also taken on the following dates: 15 March, chosen so that the spatial distribution of the chironomid lar- 6 April, 11 May and 20 June. The water samples for de- vae would be recorded. The sample sites were moved slightly termination of chlorophyll-a were filtered through What- in a clockwise direction at each sampling in order not to man GF/C glass fiber filters, and after hot extraction in take samples from the same places and to obtain samples a 5 : 1 mixture of acetone : methanol (PECHAR, 1987) from the whole sedimentary area. Sediment was obtained analyzed fluorometrically on a Turner TD-700 (Turner, by a Kajak corer with a sampling area of 28 cm2. Four core USA). For more details of the procedure see FOTT et al. samples were taken at each site, seven times in the period (1999). Samples were analyzed for total volume of seston 3 −1 from December 2000 to October 2001. In total, 84 samples (TVP3.3-16800,mm L ) by filtration through a 40 µm were taken and processed; each sample was sieved through mesh and determination with a Coulter Counter model ZB a 100 µm polypropylene mesh in the shape of a plankton with a tube of 70 µmaperturesize(DARGOCKÁ et al., 1997). net (DAVIS, 1984) and stored in 4% formalin. Animals were The amount of particulate matter accumulated at the sorted by hand in the laboratory, and head capsules were lake bottom was taken using a sediment trap, which was photographed and measured using LUCIA software (Olym- suspended at a depth of 13 m (Fig. 1). The trap was formed pus C&S). They were then divided into four instar groups by four 50 cm long tubes with a diameter of 6 cm. Durations Seasonal dynamics of chironomids in Ľadové pleso S205 Table 1. Measured parameters of larval head capsules of M. radialis and P. nivosa. Width (µm) Length (µm) n Mean Min Max SE n Mean Min Max SE M. radialis Instar: 1 5 79.26 64.28 96.06 11.83 6 83.36 74.74 93.25 7.50 2 50 131.75 104.65 154.48 9.80 49 134.43 108.32 150.73 11.71 3 84 208.27 163.15 240.94 15.17 87 214.10 174.48 242.03 13.56 4 122 318.51 251.64 376.91 21.20 124 327.51 260.85 388.94 24.20 P. nivosa Instar: 1 1 181.66 181.66 181.66 1 182.68 182.68 182.68 2 6 282.40 261.48 301.08 16.67 6 306.19 293.73 329.58 12.86 3 8 492.33 429.24 551.15 44.32 9 526.36 451.03 589.73 45.39 4 14 765.56 668.86 859.74 48.63 14 903.04 760.38 1100.42 82.78 Key: n – number of measurements; Max – maximum, Min – minimum, SE – standard error. Table 2.
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