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Choosing sides CITIZENSHIP OPTIONS AND NATIONAL ELIGIBILITY CRITERIA FOR FOOTBALL PLAYERS OF YUGOSLAV DESCENT Bregje de Jong – 509310 – [email protected] July 2019 Word count: 23.848 Erasmus School of History, Culture and Communication – Erasmus University Rotterdam Supervisor: Prof. Dr. G. Oonk Second reader: Dr. C.L.A. Willemse Bregje de Jong | 1 Table of contents Acknowledgements __________________________________________________________ 3 List of Figures and Photos _____________________________________________________ 4 List of Abbreviations _________________________________________________________ 4 1. Introduction ___________________________________________________________ 5 1.1. Presentation and relevance of topic ____________________________________ 5 1.2. Research question __________________________________________________ 8 1.3. Sources, research method and case selection ____________________________ 12 2. Academic debate and theoretical concepts __________________________________ 14 2.1. The notion of citizenship ___________________________________________ 14 2.1.1. The meaning of citizenship for football players ____________________ 18 2.2. Footballers’ guiding factors defined ___________________________________ 22 3. International world of football ____________________________________________ 26 3.1. FIFA ___________________________________________________________ 26 3.2. UEFA __________________________________________________________ 28 3.3. National representation in European and world championships _____________ 30 3.4. Towards the case _________________________________________________ 35 3.5. Conclusion of chapter ______________________________________________ 35 4. Historical background of former Yugoslavia ________________________________ 37 4.1. Yugoslavia as a country ____________________________________________ 37 4.1.1. Labour migration 1945-1990 __________________________________ 41 4.3. Wars of Yugoslav dissolution _______________________________________ 44 4.3.1. Refuge flow ________________________________________________ 46 4.4. The post-war Balkan area ___________________________________________ 48 4.4.1. Citizenship after Yugoslavia ___________________________________ 49 4.5. Conclusion of chapter ______________________________________________ 53 5. Analysis of cases ______________________________________________________ 54 5.1. Guiding factors analysed_____________________________________________ 54 5.1.1. ‘Connection to country’ _______________________________________ 54 5.1.2. ‘The game’ _________________________________________________ 58 5.1.3. Personal affairs ______________________________________________ 60 5.1.4. ‘Other’ guiding factors ________________________________________ 62 Bregje de Jong | 2 5.2. Overall findings ___________________________________________________ 64 6. Conclusion of research __________________________________________________ 69 7. Bibliography _________________________________________________________ 74 7.1. Primary sources ____________________________________________________ 74 7.2. Secondary sources __________________________________________________ 76 8. Appendices ___________________________________________________________ 86 8.1. Appendix I – Selected cases _________________________________________ 86 8.2. Appendix II – Database ____________________________________________ 89 8.2.1. General findings ____________________________________________ 89 8.2.2. Cases with sufficient amount of information ______________________ 90 8.2.3. Cases with limited amount of information ________________________ 91 8.2.4. Cases with insufficient amount of information _____________________ 92 Bregje de Jong | 3 Acknowledgements Throughout writing this thesis, I have received a great deal of support and assistance by several people which I therefore would like to thank. Firstly, I wish to thank the lecturers and teachers at the History Department of the Erasmus University Rotterdam who have, in the past academic year, enlightened me with many historical concepts and insights. Specific gratitude goes out to my thesis supervisor Prof. Dr. Gijsbert Oonk for his support, feedback and guidance throughout this process. His enthusiasm for research on sports and citizenship has motivated me a great deal. Furthermore, I would like to acknowledge Dr. Liesbeth Rosen Jacobsen, who – along with Prof. Oonk – has provided incredibly helpful information in the research workshops. Next to that, I would like to thank my fellow students for helping me and others in the process of thesis writing, providing feedback and sharing their insightful thoughts. I would also like to thank Ines Vidović. Had it not been for her assistance in translating Bosnian and Croatian sources, I would not have been able to fully execute one of the most essential parts of this research: the in-depth case analyses. Finally, I wish to thank my family for their immense support towards my educational career, and the master’s programme and thesis writing as a part of that. Bregje de Jong Rotterdam, June 20, 2019 Bregje de Jong | 4 List of Figures and Photos Figure 1 – Ius soli and ius sanguinis combined ___________________________________ 16 Figure 2 – Ius soli, ius sanguinis and ius nexi combined ____________________________ 17 Figure 3 – Yugoslavia 1945-91: boundaries of the republics ________________________ 39 Figure 4 – Movement of displaced populations and refugees from former Yugoslavia ____ 47 Photo 1 – Rakitić in the Croatian chequered jersey ________________________________ 56 Photo 2 – Adnan Januzaj in the jersey of the 'Red Devils' ___________________________ 57 Photo 3 – Matthew Jurman in action for Australia _________________________________ 59 Photo 4 – Granit (left) and Taulant Xhaka playing against each other _________________ 60 Photo 5 – Joey Didulica during the Croatian national anthem ________________________ 62 List of Abbreviations EU European Union FIFA International Federation of Association Football FRY Federal Republic of Yugoslavia FYROM Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia IOC International Olympic Committee NATO North Atlantic Treaty Organisation SFRY Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia TPS Temporary Protection Status UEFA Union of European Football Associations UN United Nations USSR Union of Soviet Socialist Republics Bregje de Jong | 5 1. Introduction 1.1. Presentation and relevance of topic In 2016, Zlatan Ibrahimović played his last game for the Swedish national football team. After 116 caps and 62 goals for Sweden, Ibrahimović’s international football career found its end during the European Championships of 2016.1 Throughout 15 years of playing for the Swedish national team, Ibrahimović grew out to be one of the country’s biggest icons. He became the team captain and was proclaimed Swedish Footballer of the Year ten years in a row.2 Having starred in several commercials by the Swedish automobile manufacturer Volvo Cars,3 there is no denying that Zlatan Ibrahimović has become a well-known Swedish personality, celebrity, and citizen.4 The latter is not as obvious as it may seem. Ibrahimović was born in 1981, in Malmö, Sweden, as a child of an Albanian and Croatian mother and a Bosnian father. His parents were immigrants from former Yugoslavia who worked hard to make ends meet in the immigrant area Rosengård.5 In his autobiography, Ibrahimović explains that the immigrants in this area felt as if they did not fit into Swedish society, because they were living on a literal and figurative edge of the city of Malmö.6 Nevertheless, Ibrahimović has turned into a Swedish icon and he has had a very successful career as a Swedish international football player. Despite this, he would have also been able to represent the national teams of either Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina or even Croatia, because of his parents’ backgrounds. What reason(s) did Ibrahimović have for choosing the Swedish national team over one of the national teams of the countries in which his parents were born? The Yugoslav diaspora is widespread throughout Europe and overseas which is mainly due to three long waves of international migration from the Yugoslav region: “international migration from the Yugoslav region before the Second World War; labour migration from socialist Yugoslavia between 1945 and 1990; and the forced population displacements 1 Amy Lawrence, “Zlatan Ibrahimović bows out as Sweden are ushered to exit by Belgium,” The Guardian, June 22, 2016, https://www.theguardian.com/football/2016/jun/22/sweden-belgium-euro-2016-match-report. 2 Thomas Bristow, “Zlatan Ibrahimovic’s 10-year Swedish player of the year trophy record is ended… by a former Wigan flop!” Mirror, November 21, 2017, https://www.mirror.co.uk/sport/football/news/zlatan- ibrahimovics-10-year-swedish-11556996. 3 “Made by Sweden feat. Zlatan. Volvo Cars,” Forsman & Bodenfors, accessed February 19, 2019, https://forsman.co/work/volvo/made-by-sweden. 4 Rolien Créton, “Afscheid Zlatan valt Zweden zwaar,” NOS, June 23, 2016, https://nos.nl/artikel/2112979- afscheid-zlatan-valt-zweden-zwaar.html. 5 Kevin Baxter, “How a difficult childhood helped create Zlatan Ibrahimovićć the soccer god,” Los Angeles Times, April 8, 2018, https://www.latimes.com/sports/soccer/la-sp-galaxy-ibrahimovic-20180407-story.html. 6 Zlatan Ibrahimović and David Lagercrantz, Ik, Zlatan. (Amsterdam: Ambo|Anthos uitgevers, 2012), 23. Bregje de Jong | 6 following ethno-national clashes in the post-cold war era and the break out of civil war in 1991.”7 With the settlement