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1201: Introduction to Aluminium As an Engineering Material
TALAT Lecture 1201 Introduction to Aluminium as an Engineering Material 23 pages, 26 figures (also available as overheads) Basic Level prepared by M H Jacobs * Interdisciplinary Research Centre in Materials The University of Birmingham, UK Objectives To provide an introduction to metallurgical concepts necessary to understand how structural features of aluminium alloys are influenced by alloy composition, processing and heat treatment, and the basic affects of these parameters on the mechanical properties, and hence engineering applications, of the alloys. It is assumed that the reader has some elementary knowledge of physics, chemistry and mathematics. Date of Issue: 1999 EAA - European Aluminium Association 1201 Introduction to Aluminium as an Engineering Material Contents (26 figures) 1201 Introduction to Aluminium as an Engineering Material _____________________ 2 1201.01. Basic mechanical and physical properties__________________________________ 3 1201.01.01 Background _______________________________________________________________ 3 1201.01.02 Commercially pure aluminium ______________________________________________ 4 1201.02 Crystal structure and defects _____________________________________________ 6 1201.02.01 Crystals and atomic bonding __________________________________________________ 6 1201.02.02 Atomic structure of aluminium ______________________________________________ 8 1201.02.03 Crystal structures _________________________________________________________ 8 1201.02.04 Some comments on crystal structures of materials -
The Development of the Periodic Table and Its Consequences Citation: J
Firenze University Press www.fupress.com/substantia The Development of the Periodic Table and its Consequences Citation: J. Emsley (2019) The Devel- opment of the Periodic Table and its Consequences. Substantia 3(2) Suppl. 5: 15-27. doi: 10.13128/Substantia-297 John Emsley Copyright: © 2019 J. Emsley. This is Alameda Lodge, 23a Alameda Road, Ampthill, MK45 2LA, UK an open access, peer-reviewed article E-mail: [email protected] published by Firenze University Press (http://www.fupress.com/substantia) and distributed under the terms of the Abstract. Chemistry is fortunate among the sciences in having an icon that is instant- Creative Commons Attribution License, ly recognisable around the world: the periodic table. The United Nations has deemed which permits unrestricted use, distri- 2019 to be the International Year of the Periodic Table, in commemoration of the 150th bution, and reproduction in any medi- anniversary of the first paper in which it appeared. That had been written by a Russian um, provided the original author and chemist, Dmitri Mendeleev, and was published in May 1869. Since then, there have source are credited. been many versions of the table, but one format has come to be the most widely used Data Availability Statement: All rel- and is to be seen everywhere. The route to this preferred form of the table makes an evant data are within the paper and its interesting story. Supporting Information files. Keywords. Periodic table, Mendeleev, Newlands, Deming, Seaborg. Competing Interests: The Author(s) declare(s) no conflict of interest. INTRODUCTION There are hundreds of periodic tables but the one that is widely repro- duced has the approval of the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) and is shown in Fig.1. -
Aluminium Production Process: Challenges and Opportunities
metals Editorial Aluminium Production Process: Challenges and Opportunities Houshang Alamdari Aluminium Research Centre—REGAL, Université Laval, Quebec City, QC G1V 0A6, Canada; [email protected]; Tel.: +1-418-656-7666 Academic Editor: Hugo F. Lopez Received: 29 March 2017; Accepted: 6 April 2017; Published: 11 April 2017 Aluminium, with more than 50 Mt annual production in 2016, is an essential material in modern engineering designs of lightweight structures. To obtain aluminium ingots from bauxite, three main processes are involved: the Bayer process to produce alumina from bauxite; the anode manufacturing process to produce electrodes, and the smelting process using the Hall-Héroult technology. The Hall-Héroult process, involves the electrolysis of alumina, dissolved in molten cryolite to produce liquid aluminium that should be casted to produce ingots of different types of alloys. The technology is now about 130 years old and the aluminium production experienced a phenomenal growth during the past two decades—the highest growth rate for a commodity metal. The aluminium electrolysis cell is made of a steel shell, the internal surfaces of which are covered with a series of insulating linings made of refractory materials. The top lining, made of carbon, is in direct contact with the molten metal and acts as the cathode. The anode is also made of carbon, suspended in the electrolyte and consumed during electrolysis. According to the International Aluminium Institute [1] the energy required to produce one ton of aluminium varies between 12.8 and 16 MWh, depending on the technology used and the age of the smelters. Carbon consumption of the process—roughly about 400 kg of carbon for tone of aluminium—is also significant, contributing to the generation of about 1.5 tons of CO2 per ton of aluminium. -
United States Patent Office
Patented Feb. 18, 193E _ UNITED STATES PATENT OFFICE PROCESS FOR THE PRODUCTION OF AL ' ' LOYS OF THE ‘EARTH METALS WITH LEAD OR OTHER METALS I ‘Gustaf?ewton Kirsebom, Oslo, Norway, assignor to Calloy limited, London, England, an English . joint-stock company -' . No Drawing. Application December 22, 1932, snug: No. 648,443. \In Great Britain June 11, 9 Claims. (Cl. 75—1) This'invention irelatesto a new or improved pounds of the alkaline earth metals, fox-example method of process for the production of alkaline from the alkaline earth metal silicates. earth metals and alloys thereof with lead or other . In the process as set out above it must be v_ metals such as are hereinafter de?ned. understood that the term.“alkaline earth metals" I ere are certainmetals, especially lead, and includes not only calcium, strontium and barium, ' cadmium which do not readily alloy with alu but also magnesium and beryllium. minium when both are in a molten condition and Where cadmium is employed in place of lead v in the presence of each other, e. g., when molten the procedure is similar and when‘ the alloy of lead is added to a bath of molten aluminium (or cadmium with the alkaline earth metal has been .10 whenlead and aluminium are melted together) formed-on completion of the process-the cad 10 . these two metals will not form an alloy but will mium can be distilled off so that the process af form separate layers which are not substantially fords a ready means of preparing the alkaline ' soluble in each other; and this I utilize in the earth metals in substantially pure condition. -
Special Edition Arabal 2019 Conference
UMINIUM Journal L International A Special Edition Arabal 2019 Conference Alba to host Arabal 2019 Conference The primary aluminium in- dustry in the Gulf region System optimization for emissions reductions in feeding systems for alu- minium electrolysis cells Gautschi Engineering: Technologically up to the mark with the best market participants More efficiency in fur- nace tending operations New protections © Alba against potline freeze 19 to 21 November 2019 2019 Conference L in the Kingdom of Bahrain A B A AR SPECIAL MÖLLER® PNEUMATIC CONVEYING AND STORAGE Reduce emission with Direct Pot Feeding System KEY BENEFITS ֆ Reduced dust emission. ֆ Consistent alumina quality. ֆ No scaling, no attrition and no segregation. We help you to reduce your dust emissions up to Get in touch with us 90% from the pot feeding system to the gas treatment +49 4101 788-124 centre. At the same time your pots will be fed with qqqҶƇmgb\naҶ[igԐgi]ee]l a consistent alumina quality, thanks to the next level of MÖLLER® pneumatic conveying technology. ALUMINIUM · Special Edition 2019 3 SPECIAL AR A B al 2 0 1 9 C O N F E R ence COntent Alba the host of Arabal 2019 Conference ....................... 4 Arabal 2019 – the conference programme ..................... 5 The primary aluminium industry in the Gulf region .......... 6 Successful system optimization for emissions reductions in feeding systems for aluminium electrolysis cells .......... 10 Sohar Aluminium – ‘Smelter of the Future’ .................... 14 EGA: innovative equipment for safe 10 operation of potrooms ............................................... 16 Hertwich supplies multi-chamber melting furnace to Exlabesa ...................................... 20 Innovations in charging and skimming ........................ -
Development of Iceland's Geothermal Energy for Aluminium Production
Development of Iceland’s geothermal energy potential for aluminium production – a critical analysis Jaap Krater1 and Miriam Rose In: Abrahamsky, K. (ed.) (2009) Sparking a World-wide Energy Revolution: Social Struggles in the Transition to a Post-Petrol World. AK Press, Edinburgh. Abstract Iceland is developing its hydro and geothermal resources in the context of an energy master plan, mainly to provide power for expansion of the aluminium industry. This paper tests perceptions of geothermal energy as low-carbon, renewable and environmentally benign, using Icelandic geothermal industry as a case study. The application of geothermal energy for aluminium smelting is discussed as well as environmental and human rights record of the aluminium industry in general. Despite application of renewable energy technologies, emission of greenhouse gases by aluminium production is set to increase. Our analysis further shows that carbon emissions of geothermal installations can approximate those of gas-powered plants. In intensely exploited reservoirs, life of boreholes is limited and reservoirs need extensive recovery time after exploitation, making geothermal exploitation at these sites not renewable in the short to medium term. Pollution and landscape impacts are extensive when geothermal technology is applied on a large scale. Background Iceland is known for its geysers, glaciers, geology and Björk, for its relatively successful fisheries management and its rather unsuccessful financial management. But this northern country also harbours the largest remaining wilderness in Europe, an endless landscape of volcanoes, glaciers, powerful rivers in grand canyons, lava fields, swamps and wetlands teeming with birds in summer, and plains of tundra covered with bright coloured mosses and dwarf willow. -
Periodic Table 1 Periodic Table
Periodic table 1 Periodic table This article is about the table used in chemistry. For other uses, see Periodic table (disambiguation). The periodic table is a tabular arrangement of the chemical elements, organized on the basis of their atomic numbers (numbers of protons in the nucleus), electron configurations , and recurring chemical properties. Elements are presented in order of increasing atomic number, which is typically listed with the chemical symbol in each box. The standard form of the table consists of a grid of elements laid out in 18 columns and 7 Standard 18-column form of the periodic table. For the color legend, see section Layout, rows, with a double row of elements under the larger table. below that. The table can also be deconstructed into four rectangular blocks: the s-block to the left, the p-block to the right, the d-block in the middle, and the f-block below that. The rows of the table are called periods; the columns are called groups, with some of these having names such as halogens or noble gases. Since, by definition, a periodic table incorporates recurring trends, any such table can be used to derive relationships between the properties of the elements and predict the properties of new, yet to be discovered or synthesized, elements. As a result, a periodic table—whether in the standard form or some other variant—provides a useful framework for analyzing chemical behavior, and such tables are widely used in chemistry and other sciences. Although precursors exist, Dmitri Mendeleev is generally credited with the publication, in 1869, of the first widely recognized periodic table. -
Subsidies to the Aluminium Industry and Climate Change
THE AUSTRALIA INSTITUTE Background Paper No. 21 Subsidies to the Aluminium Industry and Climate Change Clive Hamilton and Hal Turton Submission to Senate Environment References Committee Inquiry into Australia’s Response to Global Warming, November 1999 The Australia Institute Garden Wing, University House, ANU, ACT 0200 Tel: 02 6249 6221 Fax: 02 6249 6448 Email: [email protected] Website: www.tai.org.au Contents Executive summary 3 1. The aluminium smelting industry and the climate change debate 5 2. Structure of the aluminium smelting industry 6 3. Ownership of the industry 9 4. Electricity pricing and subsidies 13 5. Costs of pollution from the aluminium smelting industry 15 6. Implications of the subsidisation of aluminium smelting industry 17 7. Concluding comments 18 References 20 Appendix 1 Ownership of primary aluminium production in Australia 22 Appendix 2 Aluminium cash price, 1990-1997 25 The Australia Institute 2 Executive summary The aluminium smelting industry accounts for 16% of greenhouse gas emissions from the electricity sector and 6.5% of Australia’s total emissions (excluding land-use change). The aluminium industry has been a strident voice in the debate over climate change policy and has led industry resistance to effective measures to cut emissions. The industry argues that it is of great economic importance to Australia, especially for the foreign exchange its exports earn. It frequently threatens governments with the prospect of closing down its Australian smelters and moving offshore if it is forced to pay higher prices for electricity as a result of climate change policies. Since the Kyoto Protocol was agreed in December 1997, it has argued that the burden for cutting emissions should be placed on other sectors of the economy and households rather than being distributed equally across polluting sectors. -
International Alloy Designations and Chemical Composition Limits for Wrought Aluminum and Wrought Aluminum Alloys
International Alloy Designations and Chemical Composition Limits for Wrought Aluminum and Wrought Aluminum Alloys 1525 Wilson Boulevard, Arlington, VA 22209 www.aluminum.org With Support for On-line Access From: Aluminum Extruders Council Australian Aluminium Council Ltd. European Aluminium Association Japan Aluminium Association Alro S.A, R omania Revised: January 2015 Supersedes: February 2009 © Copyright 2015, The Aluminum Association, Inc. Unauthorized reproduction and sale by photocopy or any other method is illegal . Use of the Information The Aluminum Association has used its best efforts in compiling the information contained in this publication. Although the Association believes that its compilation procedures are reliable, it does not warrant, either expressly or impliedly, the accuracy or completeness of this information. The Aluminum Association assumes no responsibility or liability for the use of the information herein. All Aluminum Association published standards, data, specifications and other material are reviewed at least every five years and revised, reaffirmed or withdrawn. Users are advised to contact The Aluminum Association to ascertain whether the information in this publication has been superseded in the interim between publication and proposed use. CONTENTS Page FOREWORD ........................................................................................................... i SIGNATORIES TO THE DECLARATION OF ACCORD ..................................... ii-iii REGISTERED DESIGNATIONS AND CHEMICAL COMPOSITION -
Opinion of the Scientific Committee on Consumer Safety on O
SCCS/1613/19 Final Opinion Version S Scientific Committee on Consumer Safety SCCS OPINION ON the safety of aluminium in cosmetic products Submission II The SCCS adopted this document at its plenary meeting on 03-04 March 2020 SCCS/1613/19 Final Opinion Opinion on the safety of aluminium in cosmetic products – submission II ___________________________________________________________________________________________ ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Members of the Working Group are acknowledged for their valuable contribution to this Opinion. The members of the Working Group are: For the preliminary and the final versions SCCS members Dr U. Bernauer Dr L. Bodin (Rapporteur) Prof. Q. Chaudhry (SCCS Chair) Prof. P.J. Coenraads (SCCS Vice-Chair and Chairperson of the WG) Prof. M. Dusinska Dr J. Ezendam Dr E. Gaffet Prof. C. L. Galli Dr B. Granum Prof. E. Panteri Prof. V. Rogiers (SCCS Vice-Chair) Dr Ch. Rousselle Dr M. Stepnik Prof. T. Vanhaecke Dr S. Wijnhoven SCCS external experts Dr A. Koutsodimou Dr A. Simonnard Prof. W. Uter All Declarations of Working Group members are available on the following webpage: http://ec.europa.eu/health/scientific_committees/experts/declarations/sccs_en.htm This Opinion has been subject to a commenting period of a minimum eight weeks after its initial publication (from 16 December 2019 until 17 February 2020). Comments received during this time period are considered by the SCCS. For this Opinion, some changes occurred, in particular in sections 1, 3.2, 3.3.4.5, 3.3.8.1, 3.5, as well as in related discussion parts and conclusion (question 1). The list of references has also been updated. -
The Need for Effective Risk Mitigation in Aluminium Plants
PERSPECTIVES THE NEED FOR EFFECTIVE RISK MITIGATION IN ALUMINIUM PLANTS THE NEED FOR EFFECTIVE RISK MITIGATION IN ALUMINIUM PLANTS THE NEED FOR EFFECTIVE RISK MITIGATION IN ALUMINIUM PLANTS THE NEED FOR EFFECTIVE RISK MITIGATION IN ALUMINIUM PLANTS THE NEED FOR EFFECTIVE RISK MITIGATION IN ALUMINIUM PLANTS THE NEED FOR EFFECTIVE RISK MITIGATION IN ALUMINIUM PLANTS THE NEED FOR EFFECTIVE RISK MITIGATION IN ALUMINIUM PLANTS THE NEED FOR EFFECTIVE RISK MITIGATION IN ALUMINIUM PLANTS THE NEED FOR EFFECTIVETHE NEED RISK FOR MITIGATION IN ALUMINIUM PLANTS THE NEED FOR EFFECTIVE RISK MITIGATION IN ALUMINIUM PLANTS THE NEED FOREFFECTIVE EFFECTIVE RISK RISK MITIGATION MITIGATION IN ALUMINIUM PLANTS THE NEED FOR EFFECTIVE RISK MITIGATIONIN ALUMINIUM IN ALUMINIUM PLANTS PLANTS THE NEED FOR EFFECTIVE RISK MITIGATION IN ALUMINIUM PLANTS THE NEED FOR EFFECTIVE RISK MITIGATIONRISK ENGINEERING IN DEPARTMENT, ALUMINIUM JUNE 2018 PLANTS THE NEED FOR EFFECTIVE RISK MITIGATION IN ALUMINIUM PLANTS THE NEED FOR EFFECTIVE RISK MITIGATION IN ALUMINIUM PLANTS THE NEED FOR EFFECTIVE RISK MITIGATION IN ALUMINIUM PLANTS THE NEED FOR EFFECTIVE RISK MITIGATION IN ALUMINIUM PLANTS THE NEED FOR EFFECTIVE RISK MITIGATION IN ALUMINIUM PLANTS THE NEED FOR EFFECTIVE RISK MITIGATION IN ALUMINIUM PLANTS THE NEED FOR EFFECTIVE RISK MITIGATION IN ALUMINIUM PLANTS THE NEED FOR EFFECTIVE RISK MITIGATION IN ALUMINIUM PLANTS THE NEED FOR EFFECTIVEWWW.TRUSTRE.COM RISK MITIGATION IN ALUMINIUM PLANTS THE NEED FOR EFFECTIVE RISK MITIGATION IN ALUMINIUM PLANTS The need for effective risk mitigation in Aluminium plants Aluminium, the world’s second most preferred metal after iron has a unique combination of qualities. It is lightweight; (approximately one-third the weight of steel for the same volume), has excellent corrosion resistance, and it is non- magnetic with high thermal and electrical conductivity. -
ASM Aluminum-Silicon
© 2004 ASM International. All Rights Reserved. www.asminternational.org Aluminum-Silicon Casting Alloys: Atlas of Microfractographs (#06993G) CHAPTER 1 Introduction to Aluminum-Silicon Casting Alloys COMMERCIAL CAST ALUMINUM-SILICON alloys are alloys can be hypoeutectic, hypereutectic, or eutectic, as can be polyphase materials of composed microstructure belonging to the seen on the equilibrium phase diagram (Fig. 1.1a). The properties Aluminum Association classification series 3xx.x for aluminum- of a specific alloy can be attributed to the individual physical silicon plus copper and/or magnesium alloys and 4xx.x aluminum- properties of its main phase components (␣-aluminum solid so- silicon alloys. They are designated by standards such as CEN EN lution and silicon crystals) and to the volume fraction and mor- 1706, “Aluminum andAluminumAlloys. Castings. Chemical Com- phology of these components. position and Mechanical Properties,” and are designated in ASTM standards according to the method of casting: 1.1 Properties of ␣-Aluminum Solid Solution • ASTM B 26/B 26M, “Specification for Aluminum-Alloy Sand Casting” The ␣-aluminum solid solution is the matrix of cast aluminum- • ASTM B 85, “Specification for Aluminum-Alloy Die Casting” silicon. It crystallizes in the form of nonfaceted dendrites, on the • ASTM B 108, “Specification for Aluminum-Alloy Permanent basis of crystallographic lattice of aluminum. This is a face- Mold Casting” centered cubic (fcc) lattice system, noted by the symbol A1, with coordination number of 12, and with four atoms in one elementary Their use as structural materials is determined by their physical cell (Ref 1–3). Lattice A1 is one of the closest packed structures, properties (primarily influenced by their chemical composition) with a very high filling factor of 0.74 (Fig.