DOCSLIB.ORG

Trends in Health Inequalities in 27 European Countries

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Trends in Health Inequalities in 27 European Countries Trends in health inequalities in 27 European countries Johan P. Mackenbacha,1, José Rubio Valverdea, Barbara Artnikb, Matthias Boppc, Henrik Brønnum-Hansend, Patrick Debooseree, Ramune Kaledienef, Katalin Kovácsg, Mall Leinsaluh,i, Pekka Martikainenj, Gwenn Menviellek, Enrique Regidorl, Jitka Rychtaríkovám, Maica Rodriguez-Sanzn, Paolo Vineiso, Chris Whitep, Bogdan Wojtyniakq, Yannan Hua, and Wilma J. Nusseldera aDepartment of Public Health, Erasmus University Medical Center, 3015 CE Rotterdam, The Netherlands; bDepartment of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; cEpidemiology, Biostatistics and Prevention Institute, University of Zürich, 8006 Zurich, Switzerland; dInstitute of Public Health, Copenhagen University, 1165 Copenhagen, Denmark; eDepartment of Sociology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, 1050 Ixelles, Belgium; fLithuanian University of Health Sciences, Kaunas 44307, Lithuania; gDemographic Research Institute, 1525 Budapest, Hungary; hStockholm Centre for Health and Social Change, Södertörn University, 89 Huddinge, Sweden; iDepartment of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, National Institute for Health Development, 11619 Tallinn, Estonia; jDepartment of Sociology, University of Helsinki, 00100 Helsinki, Finland; kINSERM, Sorbonne Universités, Institut Pierre Louis d’Epidémiologie et de Santé Publique (IPLESP UMRS 1136), 75646 Paris, France; lDepartment of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain; mDepartment of Demography, Charles University, 128 43 Prague 2, Czech Republic; nAgència de Salut Pública de Barcelona, 08023 Barcelona, Spain; oMedical Research Council-Public Health England Centre for Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Imperial College, London W2 1PG, United Kingdom; pOffice of National Statistics, Newport NP10 8XG, United Kingdom; and qDepartment of Monitoring and Analyses of Population Health, National Institute of Public Health-National Institute of Hygiene, 00-791 Warsaw, Poland Edited by Teresa Seeman, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, and accepted by Editorial Board Member Mary C. Waters April 17, 2018 (received for review January 2, 2018) Unfavorable health trends among the lowly educated have re- crisis led to an economic recession with rising unemployment cently been reported from the United States. We analyzed health and fiscal austerity in most European countries, particularly in trends by education in European countries, paying particular countries that had to be bailed out by the international com- attention to the possibility of recent trend interruptions, including munity such as Greece, Cyprus, and Ireland (8). Because there interruptions related to the impact of the 2008 financial crisis. We were important differences among countries (SI Appendix, Fig. collected and harmonized data on mortality from ca. 1980 to ca. S1), there is ample scope for assessing the impact of the crisis. 2014 for 17 countries covering 9.8 million deaths and data on self- Previous recessions usually have had limited effects on pop- reported morbidity from ca. 2002 to ca. 2014 for 27 countries cov- ulation health, with increases in suicide and alcohol-related MEDICAL SCIENCES ering 350,000 survey respondents. We used interrupted time- deaths and decreases in road-traffic fatalities (9). So far, the series analyses to study changes over time and country-fixed evidence for the latest recession is mixed: All-cause mortality has effects analyses to study the impact of crisis-related economic con- continued to decline, but suicide rates have risen, as have some ditions on health outcomes. Recent trends were more favorable other health problems in some of the countries that were se- than in previous decades, particularly in Eastern Europe, where verely hit, such as Greece, Spain, and Portugal (10). However, mortality started to decline among lowly educated men and because the negative consequences of economic crises are likely where the decline in less-than-good self-assessed health accelera- to be borne primarily by the most disadvantaged, it is important ted, resulting in some narrowing of health inequalities. In Western to assess the health effects by socioeconomic group. Here again, SOCIAL SCIENCES Europe, mortality has continued to decline among the lowly and the available evidence is scarce (11, 12). highly educated, and although the decline of less-than-good self- assessed health slowed in countries severely hit by the financial Significance crisis, this affected lowly and highly educated equally. Crisis- related economic conditions were not associated with widening Inequalities in mortality and morbidity among socioeconomic health inequalities. Our results show that the unfavorable trends groups are a highly persistent phenomenon despite having observed in the United States are not found in Europe. There has been the focus of public health policy in many countries. The also been no discernible short-term impact of the crisis on health United States has recently witnessed a widening of health in- inequalities at the population level. Both findings suggest that equalities due to rising mortality and morbidity among the European countries have been successful in avoiding an aggrava- lowly educated. Our study shows that, despite the financial tion of health inequalities. crisis, most European countries have experienced an improve- ment in the health of the lowly educated in recent years. In mortality | morbidity | health inequalities | Europe | financial crisis Eastern Europe, this even represents a reversal as compared with previous decades. The 2008 financial crisis has had mixed lthough reducing inequalities in health among socioeco- effects without widening health inequalities. Our results sug- Anomic groups has become a priority for policy-makers in gest that European countries have been successful in avoiding many European countries, health inequalities have generally an aggravation of health inequalities. widened over the period from 1980 to the late 2000s (1–4). An update of these findings for the 2010s is urgently needed, for two Author contributions: J.P.M. and P.V. designed research; J.P.M., J.R.V., B.A., M.B., H.B.-H., reasons. The first is that unfavorable trends in mortality among P.D., R.K., K.K., M.L., P.M., G.M., E.R., J.R., M.R.-S., C.W., B.W., Y.H., and W.J.N. performed the lowly educated have recently been reported from the United research; J.P.M., J.R.V., Y.H., and W.J.N. analyzed data; and J.P.M. wrote the paper. States (5). Since the early 2000s total mortality and self-reported The authors declare no conflict of interest. morbidity have risen among middle-aged white Americans as a This article is a PNAS Direct Submission. T.S. is a guest editor invited by the Editorial Board. result of rising rates of suicide and poisonings, partly due to an Published under the PNAS license. epidemic of misuse of opioid painkiller drugs (6). These deaths “ ” Data deposition: The aggregate data reported in this paper have been deposited in the have been labeled deaths of despair, because the increases in institutional repository of Erasmus University Rotterdam (http://hdl.handle.net/1765/ mortality were concentrated among the lowly educated who in 106273). the United States have experienced increasing economic and 1To whom correspondence should be addressed. Email: [email protected]. social disadvantage (7). This article contains supporting information online at www.pnas.org/lookup/suppl/doi:10. The second reason is that the impact of the 2008 financial 1073/pnas.1800028115/-/DCSupplemental. crisis and its aftermath on health inequalities is unknown. The www.pnas.org/cgi/doi/10.1073/pnas.1800028115 PNAS Latest Articles | 1of6 Downloaded by guest on October 1, 2021 The study reported in this paper therefore aimed to assess all-cause mortality trend in recent years among either the lowly recent trends in health inequalities in a large number of Euro- educated or highly educated in Western Europe but that a pean countries, paying particular attention to the possible impact favorable change did occur among lowly educated men in of the 2008 financial crisis. Health inequalities are quantified Eastern Europe (Fig. 2 and SI Appendix,TableS5). These favor- both on a relative scale (using ratio measures such as the Rela- able changes were strongest among the middle-aged and for mor- tive Index of Inequality, RII) and on an absolute scale (using tality from cancer, alcohol-related causes, and suicide, as previously difference measures such as the Slope Index of Inequality, SII) rising trends slowed. (13). Both perspectives are important. Because relative in- Trends were generally unchanged, but not altogether favor- equalities depend only on the distribution of health problems in able, in Western Europe. There was no mortality decline among the population, they are often more easily understood. However, younger lowly educated women, as mortality from smoking-and because a 50% higher rate of a rare health problem is less im- alcohol-related causes went up. However, mortality from most portant for the public’s health than a 10% higher rate of a much causes of death declined among lowly educated men and women. more frequent health problem, absolute inequalities, which also After 2008 this decline accelerated for road injuries, whereas the depend on the average rate of health problems in the population, increase of alcohol-related mortality slowed. There was no are important too (14). change in trend for suicide and causes
Load more

Recommended publications
  • English; “Internment Camp ILAG VII – Laufen Upper Bavaria/June 5Th, 1945/TO WHOMSOEVER IT MAY CONCERN: the Bearer Mr
    https://collections.ushmm.org Contact [email protected] for further information about this collection ZVI ROSENWEIN COLLECTION 2000.323.1 United States Holocaust Memorial Museum 100 Raoul Wallenberg Place SW Washington, DC 20024-2126 Tel. (202) 479-9717 e-mail: [email protected] Zvi Rosenwein Collection Inventory 1. Document, Laufen, Germany, June 5, 1945 in English; “Internment Camp ILAG VII – Laufen Upper Bavaria/June 5th, 1945/TO WHOMSOEVER IT MAY CONCERN: The bearer Mr. Cwi Rosenwein, Polish subject arrested in Poland, was detained by the Germans from April 22nd, 1943 to May 4th, 1945 in the internment camps Tittmoning, Spittal/… and Laufen as a civilian internee on the basis of his being in possession of a passport of Paraguay. This passport was granted to Mr. Cwi ROSENWEIN with the consent of the Department of State, Washington D.C. to save his life threatened by the Germans and its validity was only for the duration of the war./[signature]/Herbert Gompertz CAMP SENIOR/Home address: 9135-91st Street Woodhaven, L.I., N.Y. USA/The authenticity of the above signature of Mr. Herbert GOMPERTZ, Camp Senior of the American Internment Camp at Laufen Upper Bavaria hereby confirmed/[signature]”; black ink signature in center below address “CAMP SENIOR’S OFFICE/Ilag VII”, circular red ink signature in lower left corner “Military Government/I5C3 Official/[black ink signature] / Laufen /Germany” 2. Document, Laufen, Germany, in English; “Lebenau Women’s Prison/Laufen, Germany/To whom it may concern: Bearer of this pass is Cwi Rosenwein. He is in charge of the Concentration-Camp Inmates and has permission to leave the [missing paper] time./[black ink signature]/F.B.
    [Show full text]
  • Camp Entertainment and British Prisoners-Of-War in German Captivity, 1939-1945
    58 Bob Moore and Barbara Hately University of Sheffield, UK Captive Audience: Camp Entertainment and British Prisoners-of-War in German Captivity, 1939-1945 _____________________________________________________________________________________________ During the World War 2 nearly 200,000 British prisoners of war were held inside the Third Reich. Most of the published narratives and histories focus on their road to captivity and attempts at escape but have often underplayed the importance of activities inside the POW camps, organised by the men themselves to alleviate the drudgery and boredom of everyday life. These included education and sports, but perhaps the most prominent aspect of this was the production of theatrical and musical entertainments—often in the most inhospitable circumstances. This study looks at the extent of such activities and their importance in day-to-day existence, both for officers and ordinary servicemen as they battled with the realities of long- term incarceration. Bob Moore is Professor of Twentieth Century European History at the University of Sheffield. He has published extensively on the history of Western Europe in the mid-twentieth century and has also edited a number of collections, including Resistance in Western Europe (2000). His latest monograph, Survivors: Jewish Self-Help and Rescue in Nazi-Occupied Western Europe was published by Oxford in 2010. Barbara Hately is Honorary Research Fellow in the History Department at the University of Sheffield. She has published a number of articles on prisoners of war and was co-editor of Prisoners of War, Prisoners of Peace, (with Bob Moore, 2005). Her monograph, War and Welfare: British prisoner-of-war families, 1939-1945, was published by Manchester University Press in 2009.
    [Show full text]
  • Letters in a Shoe Box
    LETTERS IN A SHOE BOX 1940-1945 Naomi Schamroth Rapeport 2017 1 LETTERS IN A SHOE BOX 1940-1945 Foreword Julian Meyer was born in Johannesburg on the 18th August 1918. He was schooled at the King Edward VII School for Boys. He went on to study law at the University of the Witwatersrand. He interrupted his studies when he volunteered to join the Union Defence Force (U.D.F.) at the beginning of the Second World War (WWII). He was assigned to the Transvaal Scottish Second Battalion. During the five years of the War he wrote numerous letters to his family in Johannesburg. These letters were kept by his mother, Fanny Meyer. They were subsequently given to Julian. They were kept in a shoebox in his garage at the family home in Pietersburg. Following Julian’s death on the 6th September 1993, the letters were taken for safe keeping by his second son, Ralph. It was Ralph’s intention to compile a document of his father’s experiences. Unfortunately, this never happened. The letters were subsequently scanned by the family as PDF documents. In 2015 I was given copies of these documents. The letters are beautifully written and give the reader an interesting overview of the experiences of a soldier and prisoner of war (POW). Naomi Schamroth Rapeport Daughter of Zelda. May 2017 2 Contents Chapters Page 1. Introduction 3 2. Training in South Africa 7 3. Voyage to Suez Egypt 16 4. Union Defence Force and the Western Desert 20 5. War Experience in Egypt and the Western Desert 30 6.
    [Show full text]
  • National Report Belgium Helsinki 2011
    Access to justice and the challenge of COVID-19 International Legal Aid Group (ILAG) Conference | June 2021 Hosted remotely by Legal Aid NSW, Australia Contents Sponsors ................................................................................................................... 3 Agenda ...................................................................................................................... 4 National Reports....................................................................................................... 8 Country Report - Australia ...................................................................................... 9 Country Report - Austria ....................................................................................... 21 Country Report - Botswana .................................................................................. 25 Country Report: Brazil .......................................................................................... 35 Country report - Canada ....................................................................................... 52 Country report - Chile ........................................................................................... 74 Country report - Denmark ..................................................................................... 78 Country report – England and Wales .................................................................... 81 Country report - Finland .......................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • German Documents Among the War Crimes Records of the Judge Advocate Division, Headquarters, United States Army, Europe
    Publication Number: T-1021 Publication Title: German Documents Among the War Crimes Records of the Judge Advocate Division, Headquarters, United States Army, Europe Date Published: 1967 GERMAN DOCUMENTS AMONG THE WAR CRIMES RECORDS OF THE JUDGE ADVOCATE DIVISION, HEADQUARTERS, UNITED STATES ARMY, EUROPE Introduction Many German documents from the World War II period are contained in the war crimes case files of Headquarters, United States Army Europe (HQ USAREUR), Judge Advocate Division, dated 1945-58. These files contain transcripts of trial testimony, clemency petitions, affidavits, prosecution exhibits, photographs of concentration camps, etc., as well as original German documents used as evidence in the prosecution of the numerous war crimes cases, excluding the Nuremberg Trials, concerning atrocities in concentration camps, atrocities committed on Allied military personnel and Allied fliers who crash landed in Germany, and other crimes. Only the German documents predating May 8, 1945, have been included in this filming project. A data sheet describing the material in each folder microfilmed is included before the items filmed. The Judge Advocate Division file number has been used to identify each item wherever given. In other instances whatever identifying information is available, such as the case or exhibit number, has been given as the item number. Overall provenance for the records is HQ USAREUR. Judge Advocate Division, as all German documents in the files were made a permanent part of the records of that office; however, the original German provenance of the items filmed is given as the provenance on the data sheets. CONTENTS Roll Description 1 000-50-2, Vol. 1 [No Title] Correspondence, reports, memoranda, scientific theses, and other data exchanged among Dr.
    [Show full text]
  • Cartographic World War II Records Guide
    Cartographic World War II Records Guide This guide was compiled from various descriptions from our online catalog at catalog.archives.gov. The following description fields are included: Series Title Dates - Some dates include both when the series was compiled or maintained as well as the time period that the records cover. NAID (National Archives Identifier) - This is a unique identifier that allows us locate materials in our holdings. A series description (scope and content) is included for each series entry. Type of archival materials - This field describes what type of records the series includes. Arrangement - This field provides you with information on how the records have been arranged and organized. This may help you understand what kind of information is needed to pull the records. Finding aid - If there is another finding that we can provide you to help locate specific folders, boxes or individual records, it will be listed here. All of these finding aids will be available as a paper copy and/or as a digital file in our research room. Access and use restrictions - If there are any access or use restrictions on the records, they will be listed and explained here. Extent - This notes how many items or folders are included in the series. Digitized - This field will tell you if any of the records in the series are digitized and available in our catalog. Any digitized records are available at catalog.arhcives.gov by entering the provided NAID in the search bar. Selection note: The selected series were chosen to be included based on their research value pertaining to World War II and the particular time period of 1939 - 1945.
    [Show full text]
  • Anrc-Powb 1943-07
    12 THE UNIVERSITY OF TEXAS The Meaning of German Camp Terms Swedish Red Cross Send NOV 101943 German camps are divided into area, and the larger labor detach­ Writing Paper categories according to the type of ments are miniatures of the base THE LIBRARY prisoners of war they contain. They camp in their construction and or­ The lack of writing paper in G are known by the following termi­ ganization. The German command­ many and Italy is so great that ma RI SONERS OF WAR BULLETIN nology: ers of the labor detachments are sub­ prisoners of war, eager to contin their studies, have been forced lished by the American Na~ional Red Cross for the Relatives of American Prisoners of War and Civilian Internees LAGER-camp ordinate to the officer in charge of STALAG - abbreviation for the Stalag. All the administrative use the wrappings of cigarette pa L_----------------------------------~---------­ ages for making notes, according STAMMLAGER - a permanent work of the camp is carried on in the . 1, NO.2 WASHINGTON, D. C . JULY 1943 a report by Mr. A. de Blonay, -Sec camp for noncoms or privates, or Stalag. The hospital forms part of the tary-General of the European Stude a base camp from which labor de­ base camp. Relief Fund. tachments are sent out Labor detachments vary in strength ZWEIGLAGER-branch camp from 15 to as many as 300 prisoners Mr. de Blonay recently went fro Prisoner of War Camps in lapan-Zentsuji OFLAG - abbreviation for OFFI­ for work in towns, villages, factories, Geneva to Stockholm to seek i ZIERSLAGER-a permanent camp mines, on roads, railroads, etc.
    [Show full text]
  • Soluble Bound BMAA Found to Be an Important Fraction
    marine drugs Article A Collaborative Evaluation of LC-MS/MS Based Methods for BMAA Analysis: Soluble Bound BMAA Found to Be an Important Fraction Elisabeth J. Faassen 1,*, Maria G. Antoniou 2, Wendy Beekman-Lukassen 1, Lucie Blahova 3, Ekaterina Chernova 4, Christophoros Christophoridis 5, Audrey Combes 6, Christine Edwards 7, Jutta Fastner 8, Joop Harmsen 9, Anastasia Hiskia 5, Leopold L. Ilag 10, Triantafyllos Kaloudis 11, Srdjan Lopicic 12, Miquel Lürling 1,13, Hanna Mazur-Marzec 14, Jussi Meriluoto 15, Cristina Porojan 16, Yehudit Viner-Mozzini 17 and Nadezda Zguna 10 1 Aquatic Ecology & Water Quality Management Group, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 47, Wageningen 6700 DD, The Netherlands; [email protected] (W.B.-L.); [email protected] (M.L.) 2 Department of Environmental Science and Technology, Cyprus University of Technology, 3036 Lemesos, Cyprus; [email protected] 3 Faculty of Science, RECETOX, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic; [email protected] 4 Saint-Petersburg Scientific-Research Centre for Ecological Safety, Russian Academy of Sciences, 18, Korpusnaya street, St. Petersburg 197110, Russia; [email protected] 5 Laboratory of Catalytic—Photocatalytic Processes and Environmental Analysis, Institute of Nanoscience & Nanotechnology, National Center for Scientific Research “Demokritos”, Patriarchou Grigoriou & Neapoleos, 15310 Agia Paraskevi, Athens, Greece; [email protected] (C.C.); [email protected] (A.H.) 6 Department of Analytical, Bioanalytical Sciences and Miniaturization (LSABM), UMR CBI 8231 ESPCI ParisTech/CNRS, PSL Research University, ESPCI ParisTech, 75005 Paris, France; [email protected] 7 Pharmacy & Life Sciences, Robert Gordon University, Aberdeen AB10 7GJ, UK; [email protected] 8 Drinking-Water Resources and Water Treatment, Federal Environment Agency, Schichauweg 58, 12307 Berlin, Germany; [email protected] 9 Alterra, P.O.
    [Show full text]
  • Spring Update: Indirect Taxes and VAT
    Spring update: Indirect taxes and VAT John Brooks (LV=) has produced the following update on VAT and indirect taxes for the ILAG Tax Practitioner Group and ILAG members. Financial Transactions Tax France and Austria have joined forces to urge the 11 Member States towards agreement on the principles of a financial transactions tax. In an open letter, the Finance ministers of France and Austria urged agreement on low rate broad based tax, including derivatives. The letter called for support from the EU institutions to provide more technical support in developing the proposals. The open letter was issued prior to a meeting of the Economic and Financial Affairs Committee on 27 January. 10 participating members, excluding Greece, subsequently released a joint statement reaffirming their commitment to implementing the FTT on 1 January 2016. Detailed proposals have still not been agreed but there is an indication that the tax should be at a lower rate and on a broader base than the original 2013 proposals, as suggested by France and Austria. The statement acknowledges the danger of relocation of the finance sector posed by the FTT. The Austrian finance minister suggested a phased implementation over 2016- 17, starting with a tax on equities and some derivatives with others following in a second phase. 1 January 2016 may be a tight deadline to meet given that concrete proposals have not yet been put forward let alone agreed. However, the recent developments suggest that there is a willingness to take proposals forward. Announcements of further progress will be made in future ECOFIN meetings. VAT grouping rules following Skandia: Revenue and Customs Brief 2/15 HMRC has published a business brief explaining how its interpretation of VAT grouping rules is to change consequent to the decision of the CJEU in the Skandia case.
    [Show full text]
  • Anrc-Powb 1945-02
    12 VOL. 3, --NO. 1 I Expediting Mail TWENTY.MILLIONTH PACKAGE The War Department announced A portion of the prisoner of war on December 18 that transmission of mail addressed toAmerican prisoners On December 7, the anniver_ sary of. Pearl Harbor, the + letter mail to and from American in Japan will, effective at once, be twenty-millionth prisoner of prisoners of war in Germany and carried on Soviet ships leaving west ISONERS war package came off the OF WAR Japan will be expedited as a result of coast ports, as a result of instructions as. issued to Soviet ship captains by the sembly line at one of the Red cd by the American National Red Cross for the Relatives of American Prisoners of War and Civilian Internees the cooperative assistance . ren~ered Cross Packaging Centers in the American government m thiS re­ Soviet government advising them to gard by the governments <;>f Swe~en, accept prisoner of war mail from ~;ill~~~~~i~~ ~;:Ok1:,kN~i~, I ~j-, N-0-.-2-------------W- .-A-S-H-I-N-G-T-0-N-, -D-.-C-.--------.."...,.--c-;;-=--F-E-B-R-U-A-R-Y-1-94-5 American postal authorities for dis­ Switzerland, and the SOVIet UnIOn. Packaging Center operation ~ ~------------------------------------------~----------------------------------------------­ In the case of American prisoners patch to American prisoners of war held by Japan. This mail will be began early in 1943. A ll four as. of war in Germany, arrangements sembly lines are operated by have been completed with the Swedish transported across the Pacific to women volunteers. A Report to Relatives of Prisoners and Swiss governments whereby pris­ Soviet ports, and thereafter trans­ oner of war mail destined for Ameri­ ferred to the Japanese for delivery By Maurice Pate can soldiers in German prison camps to prisoner of war camps.
    [Show full text]
  • HANDBOOK on Ensuring Quality of Legal Aid Services in Criminal Justice Processes PRACTICAL GUIDANCE and PROMISING PRACTICES
    HANDBOOK ON Ensuring Quality of Legal Aid Services in Criminal Justice Processes PRACTICAL GUIDANCE AND PROMISING PRACTICES CRIMINAL JUSTICE HANDBOOK SERIES Cover images: © Photodisc.com and iStock.com UNITED NATIONS OFFICE ON DRUGS AND CRIME Vienna Handbook on Ensuring Quality of Legal Aid Services in Criminal Justice Processes Practical Guidance and Promising Practices UNITED NATIONS Vienna, 2019 © United Nations, May 2019. All rights reserved, worldwide. The designations employed and the presentation of material in this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Secretariat of the United Nations concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area, or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. This publication has not been formally edited. Publishing production: English, Publishing and Library Section, United Nations Office at Vienna. Contents Acknowledgements v Preface vii 1. The right to legal aid 1 A. International human rights standards 1 1. International instruments 1 2. European standards 2 3. American standards 4 4. African standards 5 5. Arab standards 6 6. The role of human rights bodies 6 7. The roles of States, legal aid systems and lawyers 7 B. Specific standards on legal aid: the United Nations Principles and Guidelines on access to legal aid in criminal justice systems 8 2. Legal aid delivery in criminal justice systems 13 A. Legal aid delivery: the legal system 14 1. Adversarial vs. inquisitorial legal systems 14 2. Legal aid laws and regulations 16 B. Legal aid delivery: the institutions 17 1. Delivery model 17 2.
    [Show full text]
  • Anrc-Powb 1945-06
    12 VOL. 3, N DULAGS AND STALAG Latest Information from Europe A St~lag (abbreviation for St lager) IS a pe~manent camp for (By cable from Geneva) coms or enlisted men-other The American Red Cross representa- . Prisoners' Aid of the YMCA are also be­ + BULLETIN tive at SHAEF cabled from Paris on ing used. ~:~p ~~~~s w~~~~~~~~--;:tac~ RIS ,0 N E R S OF WAR AprilS that assembly camps for liberated Supplies are moved from Switzerland are sent out. m British and American prisoners of war in trainload lots and by truck convoys. A Dulag .(abbrevi~tion for D~5bed by tl~e American National Red Cross for the Relatives of American Prisoners of War and Civilian Internees had been opened at Namur in Belgium and The trucks then operate on a shuttle serv­ gangs lager ) IS a transit camp to d at Thaon and Sedan in France. Each of ice inside Germany-from Moosburg in newly captu.red prisoners of lV;,.--- ------------------ - ---------------------- ----- the three camps can accommodate 5,000 the south and Lubeck in the north. Addi­ sent for aSSIgnment to their pe 3, NO.6 WASHINGTON, D. C. JUNE 1945 men. An evacuation transit camp, large tional distribution centers, including one nent camp. A Dulag maintains lr--------------------------------------------- - enough for 75,000 men, has been opened at Stalag III A (Luckenwalde), have been ever, a small permanent st~fI at the French port of Le Havre. Liberated set up. Besides truck convoys and solid American prisoners are now moving trains, 393 loaded freight cars left Swit- camp upkeep and administratio W f through one of the three assembly camps zerland for Germany during March, near- Fre9uently.
    [Show full text]