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Changes in Bird Abundance After Wildfire: Importance of Fire Severity and Time Since Fire

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Changes in Bird Abundance After Wildfire: Importance of Fire Severity and Time Since Fire University of Montana ScholarWorks at University of Montana Biological Sciences Faculty Publications Biological Sciences 10-2005 Changes in Bird Abundance After Wildfire: Importance of Fire Severity and Time Since Fire Kristina M. Smucker Richard L. Hutto University of Montana - Missoula, [email protected] Brian M. Steele Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.umt.edu/biosci_pubs Part of the Biology Commons Let us know how access to this document benefits ou.y Recommended Citation Smucker, Kristina M.; Hutto, Richard L.; and Steele, Brian M., "Changes in Bird Abundance After Wildfire: Importance of Fire Severity and Time Since Fire" (2005). Biological Sciences Faculty Publications. 283. https://scholarworks.umt.edu/biosci_pubs/283 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Biological Sciences at ScholarWorks at University of Montana. It has been accepted for inclusion in Biological Sciences Faculty Publications by an authorized administrator of ScholarWorks at University of Montana. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Ecological Applications, 15(5), 2005, pp. 1535±1549 q 2005 by the Ecological Society of America CHANGES IN BIRD ABUNDANCE AFTER WILDFIRE: IMPORTANCE OF FIRE SEVERITY AND TIME SINCE FIRE KRISTINA M. SMUCKER,1,4 RICHARD L. HUTTO,2 AND BRIAN M. STEELE3 1Wildlife Biology Program, University of Montana, Missoula, Montana 59812 USA 2Avian Science Center, Division of Biological Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, Montana 59812 USA 3Department of Mathematical Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, Montana 59812 USA Abstract. Fire can cause profound changes in the composition and abundance of plant and animal species, but logistics, unpredictability of weather, and inherent danger make it nearly impossible to study high-severity ®re effects experimentally. We took advantage of a unique opportunity to use a before±after/control±impact (BACI) approach to analyze changes in bird assemblages after the severe ®res of 2000 in the Bitterroot Valley, Montana. Observers surveyed birds using 10-minute point counts and collected vegetation data from 13 burned and 13 unburned transects for ®ve years before ®re and three years after ®re. We compared changes in vegetation variables and relative bird abundance from before to after ®re between the set of points that burned and the set of points that did not burn. The magnitude of change in vegetation variables from before to after ®re increased with ®re severity. The relative abundances of nine bird species showed signi®cantly greater changes from before to after ®re at burned points compared with unburned points. Moreover, when burned points were separated by whether they burned at low, moderate, or high severity, an additional 10 species showed signi®cant changes in relative abundance from before to after ®re at one or more severities. Overall, almost twice as many bird species increased as decreased signi®cantly in response to ®re. We also found changes in abundance between one year after and two years after ®re for most species that responded to ®re. Thus, species that have been termed ``mixed responders'' in the literature appear to be responding dif- ferently to different ®re severities or different time periods since ®re, rather than responding variably to the same ®re conditions. These ®ndings underscore the importance of ®re severity and time since ®re and imply that both factors must be considered to understand the complexities of ®re effects on biological communities. Because different bird species re- sponded positively to different ®re severities, our results suggest a need to manage public lands for the maintenance of all kinds of ®res, not just the low-severity, understory burns that dominate most discussions revolving around the use of ®re in forest restoration. Key words: avian communities; BACI approach; before±after comparison; bird abundance; co- nifer forest; ®re effects; ®re severity; mixed-severity ®re; Northern Rocky Mountains; wild®re. INTRODUCTION Whelan 1995, Smith 2000), indicating that post®re hab- Environmental disturbance is an important process itat is valuable habitat in its own right. Indeed, bird assemblages in forests that have experienced high-se- in all ecosystems because it alters habitat structure and verity wild®re are unique compared with those in un- resource availability. Throughout western North Amer- burned forests, and several species are even relatively ica, wild®re is the primary recurring disturbance that restricted to burned forest conditions (Taylor and Bar- has shaped ¯oral and faunal communities (Habeck and more 1980, Hutto 1995, Caton 1996, Kotliar et al. Mutch 1973, Agee 1993, Arno and Allison-Bunnel 2002). In addition, a number of species that are more 2002). Wild®re creates a mosaic of patch types when broadly distributed across a variety of unburned forest severity, extent, and frequency vary over time and types are, nonetheless, detected relatively frequently in space, and this resulting landscape heterogeneity is one burned forests (Hutto 1995), suggesting that burned of the main factors in¯uencing species diversity forests provide important habitat for bird species that (Brawn et al. 2001, Platt and Connell 2003, Turner et are more eurytopic as well. al. 2003). Further, studies conducted in burned forests While the effects of ®re on species that respond have revealed that there are species within virtually all strongly to ®re (i.e., species whose abundances are taxa that respond positively to ®re (for reviews see clearly greater in burned than in unburned areas) are consistent and unambiguous among previous studies Manuscript received 31 August 2004; revised 15 March 2005; (see review by Kotliar et al. 2002), generalizations accepted 18 March 2005. Corresponding Editor: G. H. Aplet. 4 Present address: Avian Science Center, Division of Bi- about how ®re affects the abundance of many other ological Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, Montana bird species have been elusive. For example, two stud- 59812 USA. E-mail: [email protected] ies conducted in similar forest types in Yellowstone 1535 1536 KRISTINA M. SMUCKER ET AL. Ecological Applications Vol. 15, No. 5 PLATE 1. This photo illustrates the mixture of communities and ®re severities that typify naturally occurring wild®res in most mixed-conifer forest types within the northern Rocky Mountains (USA). Because different bird species respond positively to different ®re severities, our results suggest a need to manage public lands so that the full range of burned forest conditions are retained after the restorative process of ®re has occurred. Photo credit: R. L. Hutto. National Park found opposite results for Clark's Nut- what the ®re severity was, or whether residual patches cracker (Nucifraga columbiana): Taylor and Barmore of unburned forest remained. Thus, apparent inconsis- (1980) found the species to be more abundant in burned tencies in a species' response to ®re could result from forest, while P®ster (1980) found the species to be more the fact that the authors studied forests of different abundant in unburned forest. Similarly, several studies types or forests that burned at different severities. found American Robin (Turdus migratorius) to be more A second reason for variability in results among ®re than twice as abundant in burned than in unburned plots effects studies may be that most previous studies of (Bock and Lynch 1970, Taylor and Barmore 1980), ®re effects on birds are comparative in nature, lack whereas others found either little difference between pre®re data, and have little or no treatment replication. burned and unburned plots or that the response varied This is primarily because of obvious political and lo- among burned plots (P®ster 1980, Harris 1982, Bock gistical dif®culties that prohibit the study of high-se- and Bock 1983, Skinner 1989). In fact, a recent review verity wild®re experimentally. Unfortunately, the po- of 11 studies that compared bird communities between tential for being misled by comparative studies of ®re burned and unburned forest showed that 18 species effects is high not only because it is dif®cult to control exhibit ``mixed'' responses to ®re (Kotliar et al. 2002), for the large number of factors that differ between sites that is, the same species showed some combination of that are used for comparison, but also because such positive, neutral, and negative responses when tallied comparative studies are inadequately replicated (Whe- across studies. lan 1995, Turner and Dale 1998, Short 2003). These inconsistencies across studies are dif®cult to An ideal study of ®re effects would use a before± reconcile unless ®re effects on bird abundance vary after/control±impact (BACI; Stewart-Oaten et al. 1986) with characteristics of individual ®res (e.g., ®re sever- approach in which bird abundances were measured at ity and burn matrix), site-speci®c factors (e.g., pre®re many independently burned sites across a large area forest structure), or time since ®re (Smith 2000, Kotliar both before and after wild®re. Such a study would pro- et al. 2002, Short 2003). Few previous studies have vide a stronger base of inference for concluding that explicitly examined how variation in ®re severity af- observed changes in avian community composition and fects bird abundance, but there is evidence that some abundance were due to ®re. Unfortunately, opportu- species decrease in abundance in forests that have ex- nities to study high-severity wild®re using a BACI ap- perienced high-severity ®re and increase in abundance proach are rare. However, the wild®res of 2000 in the at lower ®re severities (Taylor and Barmore 1980, John- Bitterroot Valley, Montana, presented an opportunity son and Wauer 1996, Kotliar et al. 2002). Because most that was close to ideal when a number of point-count studies do not provide detailed or standardized descrip- transects that are part of the Northern Region Landbird tions of post®re habitat, it is often dif®cult to discern Monitoring Program burned at a range of ®re severities.
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