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European Society in the Age of the Renaissance 1350 – 1550

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European Society in the Age of the Renaissance 1350 – 1550 12 European Society in the Age of the Renaissance 1350 – 1550 While the Hundred Years’ War gripped northern Europe, a new culture emerged in southern Europe. The fourteenth century witnessed remarkable changes in Italian intel- lectual, artistic, and cultural life. Artists and writers thought that they were living in a new golden age, but not until the sixteenth century was this change given the label we use today — the Renaissance, derived from the French word for “rebirth.” That word was first used by art historian Giorgio Vasari (1511–1574) to describe the art of “rare men of genius” such as his contemporary Michelangelo. Through their works, Vasari judged, the glory of the classical past had been reborn after centuries of darkness. Over time, the word’s meaning was broadened to include many aspects of life during that period. The new attitude had a slow diffusion out of Italy, so that the Renaissance “happened” at different times in different parts of Europe. The Renaissance was a movement, not a time period. Later scholars increasingly saw the cultural and political changes of the Renaissance, along with the religious changes of the Reformation (see Chapter 13) and the European voyages of exploration (see Chapter 14), as ushering in the “modern” world. Some histo- rians view the Renaissance as a bridge between the medieval and modern eras because it corresponded chronologically with the late medieval period and because there were many continuities with that period along with the changes that suggested aspects of the modern world. Others have questioned whether the word Renaissance should be used at all to describe an era in which many social groups saw decline rather than advance. The debates remind us that these labels — medieval, Renaissance, modern — are intellectual constructs devised after the fact, and all contain value judgments. ​ ​■ 356 Copyright ©2016 Bedford/St. Martin's. Distributed by Bedford/St. Martin's. Strictly for use with its products. Not for redistribution. CHAPTER PREVIEW Wealth and Power in Renaissance Italy Life in the Renaissance How did politics and economics shape the Renaissance? In this detail from a fresco of the birth of the Virgin Mary in the Church of Intellectual Change San Michele al Pozzo Bianco in Bergamo, Italian painter Lorenzo What new ideas were associated with the Renaissance? Lotto depicts a birth scene that would have been common among upper- Art and the Artist class urban residents in Renaissance How did art reflect new Renaissance ideals? Italy. The birth occurs at home, with lots of women bustling about, including servants, dressed simply, Social Hierarchies and female relatives, in fancier What were the key social hierarchies in Renaissance Europe? clothing. A professional midwife sits by the side of the bed, and the Politics and the State in Western Europe mother looks quite content, a sign How did nation-​­states develop in this period? that this has been a successful and fairly easy childbirth, which was not always the case. (By Lorenzo Lotto [ca. 1480–1556], Church of San Michele al Pozzo Bianco, Bergamo, Italy/Mauro Ranzani Archive/ Alinari Archives/Bridgeman Images) Copyright ©2016 Bedford/St. Martin's. Distributed by Bedford/St. Martin's. Strictly for use with its products. Not for redistribution. 358 CHAPTER 12 | European Society in the Age of the Renaissance 1350–1550 from loans, investments, and money exchanges that Wealth and Power poured back to Florence were pumped into urban in Renaissance Italy industries such as clothmaking, and by the early four- teenth century the city had about eighty thousand FOCUS QUESTION How did politics and economics shape the people, about twice the population of London at that Renaissance? time. Profits contributed to the city’s economic vitality and allowed banking families to control the city’s poli- The magnificent art and new ways of thinking in the tics and culture. Renaissance rested on economic and political devel- By the first quarter of the fourteenth century, the opments in the city- ​­states of northern Italy. Economic economic foundations of Florence were so strong that growth laid the material basis for the Italian Renais- even severe crises could not destroy the city. In 1344 sance, and ambitious merchants gained political power King Edward III of England repudiated his huge debts to match their economic power. They then used their to Florentine bankers, forcing some of them into bank- money and power to buy luxuries and hire talent in a ruptcy. Soon after, Florence suffe ed frightfully from system of patronage, through which cities, groups, the Black Death, losing at least half its population, and and individuals commissioned writers and artists to serious labor unrest shook the political establishment produce specific works. Political leaders in Italian cities (see Chapter 11). Nevertheless, the basic Florentine admired the traditions and power of ancient Rome, economic structure remained stable, and the city grew and this esteem shaped their commissions. Thus eco- again. In the fifteenth century the Florentine merchant nomics, politics, and culture were interconnected. and historian Benedetto Dei ( DAY-​­ee) boasted proudly of his city in a letter to an acquaintance from Venice: Trade and Prosperity Our beautiful Florence contains within the city in this Northern Italian cities led the way in the great com- present year two hundred seventy shops belonging mercial revival of the eleventh century (see Chap- to the wool merchants’ guild . eighty-​­three rich ter 10). By the middle of the twelfth century Venice, and splendid warehouses of the silk merchants’ supported by a huge merchant marine, had grown guild. The number of banks amounts to thirty- enormously rich through overseas trade, as had Genoa three; the shops of the cabinet- ​­makers, whose business and Milan, which had their own sizable fleets. These is carving and inlaid work, to eighty- ​­four . there are 1 cities made important strides in shipbuilding that forty-​­four goldsmiths’ and jewellers’ shops. allowed their ships to sail all year long at accelerated speeds and carrying ever more merchandise. In Florence and other thriving Italian cities, wealth Another commercial leader, and the city where the allowed many people greater material pleasures, a more Renaissance began, was Florence, situated on fertile comfortable life, imported luxuries, and leisure time to soil along the Arno River. Its favorable location on the appreciate and patronize the arts. Merchants and bank- main road northward from Rome made Florence a ers commissioned public and private buildings from commercial hub, and the city grew wealthy buying and architects, and hired sculptors and painters to decorate selling all types of goods throughout Europe and the their homes and churches. The rich, social-​­climbing Mediterranean — grain, cloth, wool, weapons, armor, residents of Venice, Florence, Genoa, and Rome came spices, glass, and wine. to see life more as an opportunity to be enjoyed than as Florentine merchants also loaned and invested a painful pilgrimage to the City of God. money, and they acquired control of papal banking toward the end of the thirteenth century. Florentine Communes and Republics mercantile families began to dominate European bank- of Northern Italy ing on both sides of the Alps, setting up office in major European and North African cities. The profits The northern Italian cities were communes, sworn associations of free men who, like other town residents, ■ Renaissance A French word meaning “rebirth,” used to describe the began in the twelfth century to seek political and eco- rebirth of the culture of classical antiquity in Italy during the fourteenth nomic independence from local nobles. The merchant to sixteenth centuries. guilds that formed the communes built and main- ■ patronage Financial support of writers and artists by cities, groups, tained the city walls and regulated trade, collected and individuals, often to produce specific works or works in specific taxes, and kept civil order within them. The local styles. nobles frequently moved into the cities, marrying the ■ communes Sworn associations of free men in Italian cities led by daughters of rich commercial families and starting merchant guilds that sought political and economic independence from their own businesses, often with money they had local nobles. gained through the dowries provided by their wives. ■ popolo Disenfranchised common people in Italian cities who resented their exclusion from power. Copyright ©2016 Bedford/St. Martin's. Distributed by Bedford/St. Martin's. Strictly for use with its products. Not for redistribution. Chronology 359 Thismerger of the northern Italian nobility ca. 1350 Petrarch develops ideas of humanism and the commercial elite created a power- 1434–1737 Medici family in power in Florence ful oligarchy, a small group that ruled the city and surrounding countryside. Yet 1440s Invention of movable metal type because of rivalries among competing pow- 1447–1535 Sforza family in power in Milan erful families within this oligarchy, Italian communes were often politically unstable. 1455–1471 Wars of the Roses in England Unrest from below exacerbated the insta- 1469 Marriage of Isabella of Castile and Ferdinand bility. Merchant elites made citizenship in of Aragon the communes dependent on a property qualification, years of residence within the 1477 Louis XI conquers Burgundy city, and social connections. Only a tiny 1478 Establishment of the Inquisition in Spain percentage of the male population possessed 1492 Spain conquers Granada, ending reconquista; these qualifications and thus could hold practicing Jews expelled from Spain political office The common people, called the popolo, were disenfranchised and heav- 1494 Invasion of Italy by Charles VIII of France ily taxed, and they bitterly resented their 1508–1512 Michelangelo paints ceiling of Sistine Chapel exclusion from power. Th oughout most of the thirteenth century, in city after city, 1513 Machiavelli writes The Prince the popolo used armed force to take over the 1563 Establishment of first ormal academy for city governments.
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