Mécanismes Adaptatifs Et Interactions Métaboliques Au Sein De Communautés Microbiennes Soumises Au Stress Arsénié

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Mécanismes Adaptatifs Et Interactions Métaboliques Au Sein De Communautés Microbiennes Soumises Au Stress Arsénié UNIVERSITÉ DE STRASBOURG ÉCOLE DOCTORALE ED414 UMR 7156 Génétique Moléculaire Génomique et Microbiologie THÈSE présentée par : Jérémy ANDRES soutenue le : 15 octobre 2014 pour obtenir le grade de : Docteur de l’université de Strasbourg Discipline/ Spécialité : Sciences du vivant / Aspects moléculaires et cellulaires de la biologie Mécanismes adaptatifs et interactions métaboliques au sein de communautés microbiennes soumises au stress arsénié THÈSE dirigée par : M BERTIN Philippe Professeur, Université de Strasbourg RAPPORTEURS : M PEYRET Pierre Professeur, Université d’Auvergne M NORMAND Philippe Directeur de Recherche, Université Claude Bernard Lyon I AUTRES MEMBRES DU JURY : Mme SCHALK Isabelle Directeur de Recherche, Université de Strasbourg M MULLER Daniel Maître de Conférences, Université Claude Bernard Lyon I RREEMMEERRCCIIEEMMEENNTTSS Cette thèse a été financée par le Ministère de l’Éducation nationale, de l’Enseignement supérieur et de la Recherche et a été réalisée au sein du laboratoire de Génétique Moléculaire, Génomique et Microbiologie de l’Université de Strasbourg (UMR7156) dirigé successivement par Serge Potier et Ivan Tarassov. Je les remercie de m’avoir accueilli au sein de leur unité. Je tiens à remercier particulièrement Philippe Bertin pour avoir dirigé ce travail de thèse, Florence Arsène‐Ploetze pour son implication et son étroite collaboration ainsi que Frédéric Plewniak pour ses remarques constructives dans les domaines de la bio‐informatique et des statistiques. Je remercie également les autres membres de l’équipe, Sandrine, Jessica, David, Kelle, Julien, Antoine, François, Didier et Marie‐Claire pour leur disponibilité et leur soutien ainsi que toutes les personnes du laboratoire qui, d’une manière ou d’une autre, m’ont aidé dans ce travail. Je remercie vivement Dimitri Heintz et Raphaël Lugan pour m’avoir initié à la métabolomique et s’être impliqués lors de collaborations scientifiques enrichissantes ainsi que Jacques Faerber pour son aide précieuse en microscopie électronique. Je remercie également Daniel Muller, Florent Lassalle et Céline Brochier‐Armanet pour leurs conseils avisés et leur aide respective. Un grand merci à mes parents et mon frère qui ont su m’encourager et me soutenir durant toutes ces années d’études universitaires. Je n’oublie pas Maud, qui à su me donner confiance et m’épauler durant cette thèse, ainsi que tous mes amis. Enfin, je tiens à exprimer toute ma reconnaissance aux membres du jury pour avoir accepté d’évaluer la qualité de ce travail. 3 SSOOMMMMAAIIRREE REMERCIEMENTS ................................................................................................................................ 3 SOMMAIRE .......................................................................................................................................... 5 LISTE DES TABLES ET FIGURES ............................................................................................................. 7 AVANT‐PROPOS .................................................................................................................................. 9 INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................................. 11 1. UNVEILING MICRO‐ORGANISMS’ POTENTIAL RESPONSES TO ARSENIC USING DESCRIPTIVE AND COMPARATIVE GENOMIC APPROACHES ....................................................................... 14 a) The use of genomic tools in studies on arsenic resistance and metabolism ................. 14 b) Widespread distribution of arsenic resistance and metabolism genes ......................... 17 c) Minimum and additional gene sets underlying arsenic resistance and metabolism processes ........................................................................................................................ 20 d) Genetic organisation of arsenic‐related clusters ........................................................... 23 e) Mobile genetic elements and adaptation to arsenic stress ........................................... 25 f) Evolution of arsenic resistance and metabolism gene clusters ..................................... 27 g) The regulation of the expression of the genes involved in arsenic resistance and metabolism ..................................................................................................................... 28 2. DECIPHERING CELLS’ AND MICROBIAL COMMUNITIES’ RESPONSES TO ARSENIC USING FUNCTIONAL GENOMIC APPROACHES .................................................................................. 31 a) Functional genomics and arsenic responses .................................................................. 31 b) Cellular processes underlying micro‐organisms’ responses to arsenic.......................... 33 i. Colonization processes ........................................................................................... 33 ii. Arsenic permeability and cell envelope processes .................................................. 34 iii. Arsenic resistance and metabolism ........................................................................ 37 iv. Oxidative stress responses ...................................................................................... 38 v. Maintaining the functional integrity of cells .......................................................... 40 vi. Central metabolism: sulfur, nitrogen, carbon and energy ..................................... 45 c) Accessing non‐culturable micro‐organisms and microbial communities using genomic approaches ..................................................................................................................... 51 i. The metagenomics of arsenic contaminated ecosystems ...................................... 51 ii. Functional studies on arsenic exposed microbial communities .............................. 54 OBJECTIFS DE LA THÈSE ................................................................................................................. 73 5 CHAPITRE I .................................................................................................................................... 77 LA RÉPONSE AU STRESS ARSENIÉ DE RHIZOBIUM SP. NT‐26 INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................................. 78 MANUSCRIT ....................................................................................................................................... 80 DISCUSSION ..................................................................................................................................... 106 CHAPITRE II ................................................................................................................................. 109 LA RÉPONSE ADAPTATIVE D’EUGLENA MUTABILIS AU STRESS ARSENIÉ INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................................... 110 1. LES DRAINAGES MINIERS ACIDES ......................................................................................... 110 2. LE DRAINAGE MINIER ACIDE DE CARNOULÈS ...................................................................... 111 3. LA COMMUNAUTÉ MICROBIENNE DE CARNOULÈS ............................................................. 113 4. EUGLENA MUTABILIS ........................................................................................................... 113 5. ÉTUDE DE LA RÉPONSE ADAPTATIVE D’E. MUTABILIS AU STRESS ARSÉNIÉ ........................ 115 MANUSCRIT ..................................................................................................................................... 118 DISCUSSION ..................................................................................................................................... 128 CHAPITRE III ................................................................................................................................ 131 INTERACTION MÉTABOLIQUE ENTRE EUGLENA MUTABILIS ET THIOMONAS SP. CB2 INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................................... 132 MANUSCRIT ..................................................................................................................................... 134 DISCUSSION ..................................................................................................................................... 178 CONCLUSION GÉNÉRALE ET PERSPECTIVES 1. APPROCHES CULTURALES, MARQUAGE FLUORESCENT ET TRI CELLULAIRE ....................... 185 2. MODÉLISATION BIOINFORMATIQUE DES RÉSEAUX MÉTABOLIQUES D’E. MUTABILIS ET DE LA COMMUNAUTÉ BACTÉRIENNE ....................................................................................... 186 BIBLIOGRAPHIE ............................................................................................................................... 191 6 LLIISSTTEE DDEESS TTAABBLLEESS EETT FFIIGGUURREESS Figure 2.1 Plan schématique et photographies du DMA de Carnoulès 112 Figure 2.2 Représentation conceptuelle de la communauté bactérienne de Carnoulès 114 Figure 2.3 Images d’E. mutabilis obtenues en microscopie 114 Table 2.1 Principales caractéristiques physico‐chimiques du Reigous en novembre 2005 112 Figure3.1 Effet de l’ajout d’urée et d’ammonium dans l’eau de Carnoulès 179 7 AAVVAANNTT‐‐PPRROOPPOOSS Dans la nature, les micro‐organismes sont soumis à de nombreux stress. Physiques ou
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