Adapting Institutions to Climate Change Ch a I R M a N : Si R Jo H N La W T O N CBE, FRS

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Adapting Institutions to Climate Change Ch a I R M a N : Si R Jo H N La W T O N CBE, FRS Adapting Institutions to Climate Change CHAIRMAN : SIR JOHN LAWTON CBE, FRS Twenty-eighth Report Adapting Institutions to Climate Change Presented to Parliament by Command of Her Majesty March 2010 Cm 7843 £26.60 The cover image of an adaptation snakes and ladders board depicts some of the risks and opportunities presented by climate change. A key to the images is provided below: 2: Elderly lady warm at home in the winter 6: New crop opportunities – vines 15: Cracked soil as a result of drought 17: Increased UK tourism 18: Extreme weather 21: Increased risk of flooding 22: New species in UK – dragonfly 24: New crops – sunflowers 29: Increased winter temperatures 31: Loss of species – purple saxifrage 34: Increased UK tourism – more cars on the road 39: Increased average temperatures 45: People queuing for drinking water 47: Species loss – dotterel The cover image was drawn for the RCEP by Guy Allen. © Crown Copyright 2010 The text in this document (excluding the Royal Arms and other departmental or agency logos) may be reproduced free of charge in any format or medium providing it is reproduced accurately and not used in a misleading context. The material must be acknowledged as Crown copyright and the title of the document specified. Where we have identified any third party copyright material you will need to obtain permission from the copyright holders concerned. For any other use of this material please contact the Office of Public Sector Information, Information Policy Team, Kew, Richmond, Surrey TW9 4DU or e-mail: [email protected]. ISBN: 9780101784320 Printed in the UK by The Stationery Office Limited on behalf of the Controller of Her Majesty’s Stationery Office ID 2349252 03/10 Printed on paper containing 75% recycled fibre content minimum. PREVIOUS RE P ORTS BY THE ROYAL COMMISSION ON ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION Special report Artificial Light in the Environment November 2009 27th report Novel Materials in the Environment: The case of nanotechnology Cm 7468, November 2008 26th report The Urban Environment Cm 7009, March 2007 Special report Crop Spraying and the Health of Residents and Bystanders September 2005 25th report Turning the Tide – Addressing the Impact of Fisheries on the Marine Environment Cm 6392, December 2004 Special report Biomass as a Renewable Energy Source April 2004 24th report Chemicals in Products – Safeguarding the Environment and Human Health Cm 5827, June 2003 Special report The Environmental Effects of Civil Aircraft in Flight September 2002 23rd report Environmental Planning Cm 5459, March 2002 22nd report Energy – The Changing Climate Cm 4749, June 2000 21st report Setting Environmental Standards Cm 4053, October 1998 20th report Transport and the Environment – Developments since 1994 Cm 3752, September 1997 19th report Sustainable Use of Soil Cm 3165, February 1996 18th report Transport and the Environment Cm 2674, October 1994 17th report Incineration of Waste Cm 2181, May 1993 16th report Freshwater Quality Cm 1966, June 1992 15th report Emissions from Heavy Duty Diesel Vehicles Cm 1631, September 1991 14th report GENHAZ – A system for the critical appraisal of proposals to release genetically modified organisms into the environment Cm 1557, June 1991 13th report The Release of Genetically Engineered Organisms to the Environment Cm 720, July 1989 12th report Best Practicable Environmental Option Cm 310, February 1988 11th report Managing Waste: The Duty of Care Cm 9675, December 1985 10th report Tackling Pollution – Experience and Prospects Cm 9149, February 1984 9th report Lead in the Environment Cm 8852, April 1983 8th report Oil Pollution of the Sea Cm 8358, October 1981 7th report Agriculture and Pollution Cm 7644, September 1979 6th report Nuclear Power and the Environment Cm 6618, September 1976 5th report Air Pollution Control: An Integrated Approach Cm 6371, January 1976 4th report Pollution Control: Progress and Problems Cm 5780, December 1974 3rd report Pollution in Some British Estuaries and Coastal Waters Cm 5054, September 1972 2nd report Three Issues in Industrial Pollution Cm 4894, March 1972 First report Cm 4585, February 1971 iii ROYAL COMMISSION ON ENVI R ONM E NTAL POLLUTION Twenty-eighth Report To the Queen’s Most Excellent Majesty MAY IT P L EA S E YOUR MA J E S TY We, the undersigned Commissioners, having been appointed ‘to advise on matters, both national and international, concerning the pollution of the environment; on the adequacy of research in this field; and the future possibilities of danger to the environment’; And to enquire into any such matters referred to us by one of Your Majesty’s Secretaries of State or by one of Your Majesty’s Ministers, or any other such matters on which we ourselves shall deem it expedient to advise: HUMB L Y S UBMIT TO YOUR MA J E S TY THE FO ll OWING REPORT . v “Adapt or perish, now as ever, is nature’s inexorable imperative.” H.G. Wells (1866-1946) More information about the current work of the Royal Commission can be obtained from its website at http://www.rcep.org.uk or from the Secretariat at Room 108, 55 Whitehall, London SW1A 2EY. vi Contents Paragraph Page Chapter 1 1 INT R ODU C TION Adaptation 1.8 2 Mitigation and adaptation 1.11 3 The scale of the challenge 1.14 4 Conclusion 1.23 5 Chapter 2 6 SE TTING TH E S ce N E Introduction 2.1 6 Impacts of current UK weather 2.5 6 Global climate change 2.8 7 The changing UK climate 2.16 9 Forecasting future change 2.19 10 Future UK climate 2.21 11 Possible effects of UK climate change on the exemplars, and implications for institutional arrangements 2.38 18 Freshwater 2.39 18 Demand for water 2.44 19 Water quality 2.49 20 Drought 2.58 21 Flooding 2.61 22 The impact on water management planning 2.67 23 The coastal zone 2.68 23 Coastal squeeze 2.74 25 Coastal erosion and flooding 2.75 26 Addressing threats to the coastline 2.80 27 Biodiversity 29 Climate envelopes and their consequences 2.83 29 Alien species 2.92 31 Changes in timing of life cycles 2.95 31 Unravelling species assemblages 2.97 31 Change and loss of habitats 2.99 32 Ecosystem services 2.102 33 Maintaining the status quo will be impossible 2.103 33 Chapter 3 34 INSTITUTIONAL A rr ANG E M E NTS Introduction 3.1 34 Policies and programmes for climate change 3.5 34 Reporting 3.20 41 Planning regimes 3.29 44 Institutions for water, coastal erosion and nature conservation 3.45 48 vii Contents Management of water 3.48 49 Water quality 3.50 49 Water supply and wastewater treatment 3.55 52 Flooding 3.61 54 Managing coastal erosion and the risk of inundation 3.72 56 Institutional arrangements for nature conservation and biodiversity 3.95 61 Conclusion 3.109 64 Chapter 4 65 ADA P TING TO C LIMAT E C HANG E : DE V E LO P ING INSTITUTIONAL re S P ONS E S Introduction 4.1 65 What are the challenges of climate change adaptation? 4.5 65 Uncertainty 4.6 66 Complexity 4.15 68 Path dependency 4.18 69 Equity and efficiency 4.28 71 Equity 4.29 71 Efficiency 4.36 73 Addressing the challenges 4.43 74 Framing 4.50 76 The role of climate in relation to the key missions of an institution 4.54 78 The role of other relevant actors in partnerships 4.56 80 Competition with other goals 4.59 81 The tendency to ‘short-termism’ in decision making 4.64 82 The existence of different values and interests 4.66 82 Implementation 4.71 83 Up-scaling local and small-scale initiatives 4.73 83 Enabling mechanisms for adaptation goals 4.75 84 Engaging public support 4.79 85 Co-ordination between actors 4.86 86 Resources – people, skills and finance 4.90 87 Distribution of costs 4.92 88 Learning 4.100 90 The generation and sharing of information 4.106 91 Use of information and knowledge 4.113 93 Strategic memory and social learning 4.115 93 Innovative (non-standard) approaches 4.117 93 The circles of adaptive capacity 4.119 94 Chapter 5 95 DE V E LO P ING ADA P TIV E C A P A C ITY Introduction 5.1 95 The policy framework 5.12 97 Policy appraisal 5.13 97 Investment appraisal 5.15 97 An adaptation duty 5.19 98 Reporting and monitoring 5.22 98 Indicators of adaptive capacity 5.25 99 viii Contents Specific institutional arrangements 5.29 100 The land use planning system 5.33 100 Lessons from the exemplars 5.38 101 Resources to build capacity 5.47 103 The importance of leadership and cultural change 5.48 103 Increasing knowledge and skills 5.53 104 Ensuring resources are available 5.58 105 Equity 5.60 105 Public engagement 5.71 107 The Adaptation Sub-Committee 5.80 109 Conclusion 5.82 110 References 113 Appendices A: Announcement of the study and invitation to submit evidence 128 B: Conduct of the study 141 C: Seminars and workshops held in support of the study 148 D: Members of the Royal Commission on Environmental Pollution 151 Abbreviations 157 Index 160 Figures Figure 2-I Global average near-surface temperatures 1850-2006 7 Figure 2-II Projected changes to winter and summer seasonal mean temperature for the 2080s 15 Figure 2-III Projected changes to annual, winter and summer mean precipitation for the 2080s 16 Figure 2-IV Change in observed temperature over Western Europe over a 200-year period 19 Figure 2-V Aerial views of Hesketh Out Marsh before and after managed realignment 28 Figure 3-I Governance structure for the Adapting to Climate Change (ACC) Programme 37 Figure 3-II Work streams in the Adapting to Climate Change (ACC) Programme 38 Figure 3-III Climate change impacts and risks identified by Government departments 39 Figure 3-IV Summary of Defra’s findings for selecting who will be asked to report on progress towards adaptation under the Climate
Recommended publications
  • Here Is No Doubt 2020 Has Been One of the Most Challenging Years for People on This Planet
    26-28 november 2020 I S L E O F S K Y E www.seall.co.uk seall festival of small halls 2020 | Page 2 Page 3 | wwww.seall.co.uk/small-halls/tickets WE ARE the SEALL Festival of Small Halls, a premier winter festival celebrating community, culture and traditional music on Skye WE BRING big music to small halls and some of the most iconic places on the Isles of Skye and Raasay WE WON the 2019 MG Alba Scottish Traditional Music Award for best community project for our 2018 inaugural festival WE CELEBRATE our unique Island culture around Scotland’s National Day with concerts and a St Andrew’s Night Big Cèilidh WE SHOWCASE Scotland’s best traditional musicians in some of the most remote and beautiful rural locations in the UK WE DELIVER an amazing programme of concerts, workshops and sessions to communities and visitors WE ARE SEALL One of Scotland’s leading rural performing arts promoters WE LOOK FORWARD TO WELCOMING YOU seall festival of small halls 2020 | Page 4 A FEW WORDS ABOUT 2020 By engaging some of Scotland’s most remote rural On Saturday 28 November, the highly popular Small Halls Big communities in a winter celebration of the traditional music Cèilidh will take place live-streamed from the Sligachan Hotel in and heritage of the Highlands and Islands, the SEALL Festival of honour of Scotland’s national day. This year’s event is also part of Small Halls focuses on the importance of the community hall as a the philanthropic St Andrew’s Fair Saturday Festival and will raise space in which to gather and unite.
    [Show full text]
  • Tees Valley Climate Change Strategy 2010 - 2020 1 2 Tees Valley Climate Change Strategy 2010 - 2020 Foreword
    Contents Pages Foreword 3 Statements of Support 4 - 5 Background 6 - 8 The Tees Valley Climate Change Partnership 9 - 10 Climate Change in the Tees Valley 11 - 15 The Tees Valley Emissions Baseline 16 - 19 Opportunities 20 - 21 Business 22 - 28 Housing 29 - 36 Transport 37 - 44 Our Local Environment 45 - 56 Communication and Behaviour Change 57 - 64 Endnotes 65 - 68 Glossary 69 - 70 Useful Information 71 - 72 Tees Valley Climate Change Partnership Contacts 73 - 75 Notes Page 76 Tees Valley Climate Change Strategy 2010 - 2020 1 2 Tees Valley Climate Change Strategy 2010 - 2020 Foreword "I am delighted to present the Tees Valley Climate Change Strategy. The Coalition Government has made it very clear that it believes climate change is one of the gravest threats we face, and that urgent action to reduce carbon emissions is needed. The Tees Valley Local Authorities and partners have long since recognised this threat and continue to implement a series of measures to address it. Tees Valley represents a unique blend of industrial, urban and rural areas and climate change represents a real threat, especially to our carbon emitting industries, however the assets, skills and experience we have also mean that we are well placed to maximise the opportunities presented by the transition to a Low Carbon economy. This transition will safeguard the industries and jobs we have, attract new inward investment and support the creation of new green jobs and technologies leading to a stronger and more diverse economy. This strategy represents the "coming together" of the five Tees Valley local authorities and their partners with a single aim and vision.
    [Show full text]
  • Various Artists Various Artists the Elizabethan
    fR376 PAGES 52-71 (17 Pgs)_Layout 1 28/08/2014 17:00 Page 7 f 58 VARIOUS ARTISTS The Rough Guide To The Music Of Palestine World Music Network RGNET1314 What a pertinent release. With the Israel / Gaza conflict experiencing a particularly bloody recapitulation, the World Music Net- work continue their fantastic series of Rough Guides with the Rough Guide To The Music Of Palestine, focusing on the often over- looked culture of the troubled region. One might expect this album to be chock-full of Palestine’s particular brand of Levantine classical music and Egyptian- inspired orchestral works that are seemingly ever-present in the Arabic world, but, while some great examples of these are included, they sit amongst a diverse line-up that includes hip-hop, punk, pop, reggae and a fair amount of jazz. Full credit should be given to compilers Nili Belkind and Nadeem Karkabi for managing to squeeze in so many styles without any sounding out of place or Photo: Judith Burrows the album feeling too muddled. With such a range of genres, it’s quite difficult to choose particular highlights, although Sanaa Mous- sa’s indie-acoustic tribute to Ottoman-period Palestinian songsters on Wea’younha and the driving modern jazz of Michel Sajrawy’s Tojann stand out in particular. As with most Rough Guide releases, The The Elizabethan Nancy Kerr Music Of Palestine comes with a bonus album – Reflections Of Palestine by buzuk player THE ELIZABETHAN overtly ‘Elizabethan’-inflected pieces Ramzi Aburedwan. Mixing Arabic classical (Askew’s lively medley of pavane and ground music with jazz, tango and French elements, SESSION bass and Hardy’s lament for Shakespeare’s this bonus is an appropriate and complimen- The Elizabethan Session Quercus QRCD001 Hermia) easily transcend any potential tary addition to the Rough Guide.
    [Show full text]
  • A Scoping Study On: Research Into Changes in Sediment Dynamics Linked to Marine Renewable Energy Installations
    A Scoping Study on: Research into Changes in Sediment Dynamics Linked to Marine Renewable Energy Installations Laurent Amoudry3, Paul S. Bell3, Kevin S. Black2, Robert W. Gatliff1 Rachel Helsby2, Alejandro J. Souza3, Peter D. Thorne3, Judith Wolf3 April 2009 1British Geological Survey Murchison House West Mains Road Edinburgh EH9 3LA [email protected] www.bgs.ac.uk 2Partrac Ltd 141 St James Rd Glasgow G4 0LT [email protected] www.partrac.com 3Proudman Oceanographic Laboratory Joseph Proudman Building 6 Brownlow Street Liverpool L3 5DA, www.pol.ac.uk 2 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY This study scopes research into the impacts and benefits of large-scale coastal and offshore marine renewable energy projects in order to allow NERC to develop detailed plans for research activities in the 2009 Theme Action Plans. Specifically this study focuses on understanding changes in sediment dynamics due to renewable energy structures. Three overarching science ideas have emerged where NERC could provide a significant contribution to the knowledge base. Research into these key areas has the potential to help the UK with planning, regulation and monitoring of marine renewable installations in a sustainable way for both stakeholders and the environment. A wide ranging consultation with stakeholders was carried out encompassing regulators, developers, researchers and other marine users with a relevance to marine renewable energy and/or sediment dynamics. Based on this consultation a review of the present state of knowledge has been produced, and a relevant selection of recent and current research projects underway within the UK identified to which future NERC funded research could add value. A great deal of research has already been done by other organisations in relation to the wind sector although significant gaps remain, particularly in long term and far-field effects.
    [Show full text]
  • MANAGEMENT of the MARSHES
    MANAGEMENT of the MARSHES An analysis of the intentions of farmers and landowners in respect of marsh management post ESA and Environmental Stewardship. Strumpshaw Fen, RSPB Produced by Farm Conservation. Funded by the Broads Authority and the Norfolk Biodiversity Partnership. October 2014 MANAGEMENT of the MARSHES The report is a Broads Authority and Norfolk Biodiversity Partnership initiative, undertaken by Farm Conservation Limited, supported by Broads Authority for mapping, and working with Natural England. Project manager Andrea Kelly, Senior Ecologist (Broads Authority) Anne Casey, Coordinator Norfolk Biodiversity Partnership Acknowledgements: ;OHURZHYLK\L[V[OLTHU`MHYTLYZHUKSHUKV^ULYZ^OV[VVR[OL[YV\ISL[VÄSSPUVUSPULVYWHWLY X\LZ[PVUUHPYLZ4HU`V[OLYMHYTLYZ[OLUHSZV[VVRWHY[PU[LSLWOVULX\LZ[PVUUHPYLZVYMHJL[VMHJLPU[LY]PL^Z ;OHURZHSZVNV[VZL]LYHS-HYT(K]PZLYZ^OVNH]L[OLPYHK]PJLHUK[OLILULÄ[VM[OLPYL_WLYPLUJLMYLLS`HUK generously, particularly Robert Camps and Richard MacMullen. Thanks also to Andrea Kelly, Broads Authority and Mike Edwards, Natural England for assisting with design of the questionaire and scoping the project, to Norfolk Biodiversity Partnership who funded the work, and to Sam Neal at NBIS who provided some of the data. We also acknowledge the contribution made by the Communications Team at Anglia Farmers, particularly :HT)HYYLSSHUK7H\S)HSL^OVOLSWLKKL]LSVW[OLVUSPULX\LZ[PVUUHPYLHUKMVY[OLÄUHSWYVK\J[PVU of the report. Citation: Authors: Gelpke S, Thompson H, and Walker H, (29th October 2014) Management of the Marshes. Broads Authority
    [Show full text]
  • ABSTRACTS and BIOGRAPHIES the Role for Climate Services in Handling Climate Change Risk: Contributions of UKCP18
    ABSTRACTS AND BIOGRAPHIES The Role for Climate Services in Handling Climate Change Risk: Contributions of UKCP18 Introduction to Climate Services and Handling Climate Risk Prof Sir Brian Hoskins CBE Hon FRMetS, University of Reading and Grantham Institute ABSTRACT | A historical perspective on Climate Services and handling climate risk will be given. Various approaches for the decadal to century time-scale will be discussed. BIOGRAPHY | Sir Brian was the Founding Director of the Grantham Institute for Climate Change and is now its Chair. He has been a Professor in Meteorology at the University of Reading for many years and now holds a part-time post. He has also just finished 10 years as a Member of the UK Committee on Climate Change. He is a member of the scientific academies of the UK, USA and China. What do Policymakers need from Climate Projections? Baroness Brown (Julia King), Chair of Adaptation Committee of CCC ABSTRACT | Baroness Brown chairs the Adaptation Committee of the Committee on Climate Change. The CCC is required under the Climate Change Act to give advice to the government on climate change risks and opportunities, through the UK Climate Change Risk Assessment. The CCC produced an independent Evidence Report for the CCRA, at the request of the government, in 2016, and will do so again in 2021. UKCP18 has been developed on a timescale to allow the results to be fed into the upcoming assessment. Baroness Brown will discuss the CCC’s role in the assessment and plans for making use of UKCP18. She will also touch on the Adaptation Committee’s analysis of what policy makers need to do to set in place effective adaptation policies and actions, and how climate projections can feed into this.
    [Show full text]
  • Royal Society of Chemistry Input to the Ad Hoc Nuclear
    ROYAL SOCIETY OF CHEMISTRY INPUT TO THE AD HOC NUCLEAR RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT ADVISORY BOARD The Royal Society of Chemistry (RSC) was pleased to hear of the instigation of the Ad Hoc Nuclear Research and Development Advisory Board (the Board) following the findings of the House of Lords Science and Technology Committee Inquiry ‘Nuclear Research and Development Capabilities’.1,2 The RSC is the largest organisation in Europe for advancing the chemical sciences. Supported by a network of 47,000 members worldwide and an internationally acclaimed publishing business, its activities span education and training, conferences and science policy, and the promotion of the chemical sciences to the public. This document represents the views of the RSC. The RSC has a duty under its Royal Charter "to serve the public interest" by acting in an independent advisory capacity, and it is in this spirit that this submission is made. To provide input to the Board the RSC has performed a wide consultation with the chemical science community, including members of both our Radiochemistry and Energy Sector Interest Groups and also our Environment Sustainability and Energy Division. September 2012 The Role of Chemistry in a Civil Nuclear Strategy 1 Introduction Chemistry and chemical knowledge is essential in nuclear power generation and nuclear waste management. It is essential that a UK civil nuclear strategy recognises the crucial role that chemistry plays, both in research and innovation and in the development of a strong skills pipeline. As the RSC previously articulated in our response to the House of Lords Inquiry, 3 nuclear power is an important component of our current energy mix.
    [Show full text]
  • 01539 725133
    Sep - Dec 2017 breweryarts.co.uk | 01539 725133 NEW! Sound of the Sirens - Thu 7 Dec 01 Sep - Dec 2017 Box Office: 01539 725133 For full listings and to book online: breweryarts.co.uk WELCOME TO A NEW! SEASON AT THE BREWERY Welcome to The Brewery, NEW Website South Lakeland’s home of culture and entertainment! We are pleased to announce that we are currently developing a new Not only is this autumn our website which is scheduled to go biggest season, we’ve worked live early in the autumn. hard to bring you an exciting The new site will provide visitors with a smooth selection of brand new bands, booking process and up-to-date information artists and shows and we’ll be about everything going on at the Brewery and telling you a bit more about it will also be fully compatible with mobile them in this brochure. devices, phones and tablets. Stay tuned for announcements… exciting times! Take a look at all the great stuff coming up! We’re very excited NEW Work and are sure you will be too! For the autumn, we have commissioned three pieces of dance as part of a new dance project. Entitled Journey, the event will take over all of The Brewery’s main spaces for a day in September during which visitors can experience a broad range of styles from clogging to popping! See page 15 for details! Follow us on twitter: @BACKendal | facebook: facebook.com/breweryartscentre Welcome 02 NEW Classes NEW Menu The Brewery is known Our Head Chef Mark for its inspiring and Robson has been busy diverse classes and sourcing the best local workshops for young ingredients to add a new people and adults.
    [Show full text]
  • Climate Change – Hubris Or Nemesis for Nuclear Power?
    climate change – hubris or nemesis for nuclear power? Proposals for new nuclear power installations are often presented as integral to solutions to climate change, but the dangers of sites in low-lying coastal areas only add to a range of threats to security and the environment posed by nuclear power, says Andrew Blowers Brian Jay ‘It was now that wind and sea in concert leaped forward to their triumph.’ Hilda Grieve: The Great Tide: The Story of the 1953 Flood Disaster in Essex. County Council of Essex, 1959 The Great Tide of 31 January/1 February 1953 swept down the east coast of England, carrying death and destruction in its wake. Communities were unaware and unprepared as disaster struck in the middle of the night, drowning over 300 in England, in poor and vulnerable communities such as Jaywick and Canvey Island on the exposed and low-lying Essex coast. The flooded causeway to Mersea Island after the Great Although nothing quite so devastating has occurred Tide of 1953 in the 67 years since, the 1953 floods remain a portent of what the effects of climate change may of the first (Magnox) nuclear stations in the UK and bring in the years to come. operated for 40 years from 1962 to 2002, becoming, Since that largely unremembered disaster, flood in 2018, the first to be decommissioned and enter defences, communications and emergency response into ‘care and maintenance’. systems have been put in place right along the east These and other nuclear stations around our coast coast, although it will only be a matter of time before were conceived and constructed long before climate the sea reclaims some low-lying areas.
    [Show full text]
  • 15 National and Sub-National Policies and Institutions
    National and Sub-national 15 Policies and Institutions Coordinating Lead Authors: Eswaran Somanathan (India), Thomas Sterner (Sweden), Taishi Sugiyama (Japan) Lead Authors: Donald Chimanikire (Zimbabwe), Navroz K. Dubash (India), Joseph Kow Essandoh-Yeddu (Ghana), Solomone Fifita (Tonga / Fiji), Lawrence Goulder (USA), Adam Jaffe (USA / New Zealand), Xavier Labandeira (Spain), Shunsuke Managi (Japan), Catherine Mitchell (UK), Juan Pablo Montero (Chile), Fei Teng (China), Tomasz Zylicz (Poland) Contributing Authors: Arild Angelsen (Norway), Kazumasu Aoki (Japan), Kenji Asano (Japan), Michele Betsill (USA), Rishikesh Ram Bhandary (Nepal / USA), Nils-Axel Braathen (France / Norway), Harriet Bulkeley (UK), Dallas Burtraw (USA), Ann Carlson (USA), Luis Gomez-Echeverri (Austria / Colombia), Erik Haites (Canada), Frank Jotzo (Germany / Australia), Milind Kandlikar (India / Canada), Osamu Kimura (Japan), Gunnar Kohlin (Sweden), Hidenori Komatsu (Japan), Andrew Marquard (South Africa), Michael Mehling (Germany / USA), Duane Muller (USA), Luis Mundaca (Chile / Sweden), Michael Pahle (Germany), Matthew Paterson (Canada), Charles Roger (UK / Canada), Kristin Seyboth (USA), Elisheba Spiller (USA), Christoph von Stechow (Germany), Paul Watkiss (UK), Harald Winkler (South Africa), Bridget Woodman (UK) Review Editors: Martin Jänicke (Germany), Ronaldo Seroa da Motta (Brazil), Nadir Mohamed Awad Suliman (Sudan) Chapter Science Assistant: Rishikesh Ram Bhandary (Nepal / USA) 1141 National and Sub-national Policies and Institutions Chapter 15 This chapter should be cited as: Somanathan E., T. Sterner, T. Sugiyama, D. Chimanikire, N. K. Dubash, J. Essandoh-Yeddu, S. Fifita, L. Goulder, A. Jaffe, X. Labandeira, S. Managi, C. Mitchell, J. P. Montero, F. Teng, and T. Zylicz, 2014: National and Sub-national Policies and Institu- tions. In: Climate Change 2014: Mitigation of Climate Change. Contribution of Working Group III to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change [Edenhofer, O., R.
    [Show full text]
  • Met Office Hadley Centre Climate Briefing Note Links Between Emissions Pathways and Time Lags in Earth’S Climate System
    July 2019 Met Office Hadley Centre Climate Briefing Note Links between emissions pathways and time lags in Earth’s climate system Authors: Jason Lowe, Chris Jones, Rob Chadwick, Dan Bernie, Matt Palmer, Peter Good, Ailsa Barrow, Dan Williams Headline messages Lags of varying timescales exist in the Earth’s response to emissions of greenhouse gases – with some aspects of the climate responding almost instantaneously, while others may take decades or more. There are also physical and technical limits to how quickly the global economy can reduce emissions. This adds another ‘layer’ of lag to how rapidly we can tackle climate change. As a result, we are locked in to some level of future change for many key climate variables which have widespread human impacts, such as surface temperature warming and sea level rise. For surface temperature, it is still possible to limit warming to 1.5ºC (with at least a median probability) this century with collective global action to make rapid and deep cuts to emissions. Under a scenario of decreasing emissions (RCP2.6 climate change scenario), surface temperature rises before approximately stabilising during the mid-21st century period. For sea level rise, some level of increase is locked-in for the next century and beyond. By reducing emissions, however, we can limit the pace and scale of the rise. Rapid and deep cuts to emissions are essential to avoid the most dangerous impacts of change, but it is still necessary to understand and take action to adapt to the impacts we are already locked into. Introduction The climate system responds to human influences on a range of different time-scales.
    [Show full text]
  • Data Sources for Offshore Renewable Energy
    Data Sources for Offshore Renewable Energy July 20ll Note: All website links in this document were accessed and proved working on August 1st 201. If links change in future, datasets can be found by an internet search of their title in full. Authors: David Woolf, Jason Mcilvenny A report by Environmental Research Institute, University of the Highlands and Islands – North Highland College (ERI, UHI-NHC) contributing to Work Package 2 of the ORECCA project Contents Introduction 1 Global Atmospheric Re-analysis and Instrument Data Sets 3 ERA-40 4 NCEP/NCAR Reanalysis 7 Hadley Centre Sea Level Pressure dataset 2 (HadSLP2) 9 Twentieth Century Reanalysis (V1) & (V2) 10 ICOADS 11 NOAA Blended Sea Winds 12 Global Atlas of Ocean Waves 13 Public Naval Oceanography Portal (NOP) 13 DTU National Space Institute: DTU10 14 GHCN Monthly Station Data 15 Forecasting System 16 Global Forecasting Systems (GFS) 16 Regional Climatic Models 18 REMO 18 NOAA Wavewatch III 19 WAM: Wave Prediction Model 21 ALADIN 22 PRECIS 23 Satellite Data 24 Local & National datasets 30 NORSEWIND 30 CoastDat 31 Royal Dutch Shell plc: Oil Platform data 32 MIDAS land surface station data 33 Crown Estates Data 34 BODC (British Oceanographic Data Centre) 35 Ocean weather Inc. 36 NOAA Wave Buoy Network 36 Channel Coast 37 Wavenet 37 ABPmer :Atlas of UK Marine Renewable Energy Resources 37 Sustainability Development Commission 38 Commercially available products 39 BMT Fluid Mechanics 39 FUGRO Oceanor 40 Metadatabases 43 UKDMOS 43 EDIOS 43 Local resources (Pentland Firth) 44 References 46 Introduction The purpose of this document is to collate information on data sets on ―resources‖ that may be useful to the development of the offshore renewable energy industry.
    [Show full text]