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Table Des Matières TABLE DES MATIÈRES Page Avant-propos ........................................... IX Introduction ............................................ 1 De la légende à l’histoire : l’époque «médio-républicaine» à Rome .......................................... 1 Appius Claudius Caecus ............................. 5 Le miroir des préoccupations idéologiques contempo- raines ............................................ 12 Objectifs et méthode ................................. 26 PRÉAMBULE : SOURCES ET TRADITIONS HISTORIOGRAPHIQUES Les sources littéraires sur Appius Claudius Caecus ........ 35 Mémoire collective et tradition claudienne ............... 41 Les privata monumenta des Claudii .................. 42 Imagines maiorum et imagines clipeatae ............. 43 L’elogium d’Appius Claudius Caecus du Forum d’Auguste ......................................... 49 Le discours contre Pyrrhus ........................... 61 L’hypothèse d’une tradition annalistique “claudienne” .. 73 La «légende noire» d’Appius Claudius et les traditions anti- claudiennes ......................................... 77 La tradition anti-claudienne d’origine pontificale ....... 81 La tradition anti-claudienne d’origine «fabienne» ...... 87 L. Calpurnius Piso Frugi : conservatisme politique et haine des Gracques ............................... 91 Conclusion : Recherche historique et “Quellenforschung” : le “cas Appius Claudius” ............................ 94 . 774 TABLE DES MATIÈRES PARTIE I LA MISE EN ORDRE DE LA CLASSE DIRIGEANTE Page Chapitre 1 : APPIUS CLAUDIUS CAECUS ET LA NOBILITAS DU IVe SIÈCLE AV. J.-C. .................................. 101 1. Tradition littéraire et méthode prosopographique : quelle place pour Appius Claudius Caecus au sein de la nobili- tas? ................................................ 101 2. L’œuvre politique d’Appius Claudius face à la nobilitas : opposition ou soutien? .............................. 115 3. La noblesse du IVe siècle av. J.-C. : définition sociale et contenu idéologique ................................. 122 Chapitre 2 : EQUITES CAMPANI ET EQUITES ROMANI ........ 133 1. Appius Claudius Caecus et la Campanie ............... 133 La construction de la via Appia et la naissance de l’impé- rialisme romain ................................... 134 La clientèle campanienne d’Appius Claudius ........... 139 Une alliance matrimoniale entre les Claudii et les Calavii de Capoue ........................................ 144 2. La première recognitio equitum et l’organisation d’un «ordre équestre» à Rome ............................ 146 La recognitio equitum d’Appius Claudius ............. 148 Le modèle équestre campanien ....................... 149 La première transvectio equitum ..................... 153 Les 18 centuries d’equites equo publico ............... 155 La promotion d’une nouvelle élite ..................... 160 Les sex suffragia et les autres centuries équestres ...... 161 3. L’intégration des equites Campani dans la citoyenneté ro- maine .............................................. 166 La table en bronze du IVe siècle et l’indemnité versée aux equites Campani .................................. 168 La conjuration romano-capouane de 314 .............. 175 L’intégration des equites Campani .................... 179 Chapitre 3 : LA LECTIO SENATUS D’APPIUS CLAUDIUS CAECUS 185 Les différentes traditions sur la lectio senatus d’Appius Claudius ......................................... 186 La loi Ovinia et la lectio senatus de 312 .............. 188 . TABLE DES MATIÈRES 775 Page La réforme orthographique d’Appius Claudius et la pre- mière liste sénatoriale ............................. 195 Le recrutement des sénateurs curiatim ................ 199 Le numerus clausus du Sénat et le nombre de sénateurs. 203 Un recrutement ex omni ordine ...................... 208 Le choix des “meilleurs” et la constitution d’un “ordre sé- natorial” républicain .............................. 214 L’introduction de fils de libertini au Sénat ............ 219 PARTIE II FORUM ET CAMPUM CORRUPIT : RÉFORME DES TRIBUS ET RÉORGANISATION CENSITAIRE Chapitre 4 : LA RÉFORME DES TRIBUS D’APPIUS CLAUDIUS : LE DIFFICILE TÉMOIGNAGE DES SOURCES LITTÉRAIRES ...... 229 Le témoignage des sources ........................... 229 Appius Claudius et l’œuvre des Gracques .............. 231 Problèmes d’interprétation et difficulté philologique .... 235 Les interprétations modernes de la réforme des tribus d’Appius Claudius ................................. 238 Humiles et libertini ................................. 243 Humiles et humillimi ................................ 248 La question de l’inscription des citoyens dans les tribus avant 312 ........................................ 252 Humiles et non-propriétaires ......................... 255 Une réforme censitaire? .............................. 260 «Forum et campum corrupit» ........................ 264 Chapitre 5 : RÉORGANISATION CENSITAIRE ET RÉFORME MILITAIRE ........................................... 267 1. La date de la réforme manipulaire ..................... 268 2. La réforme manipulaire et la naissance des cinq classes censitaires “serviennes” ............................. 283 3. La nouvelle échelle censitaire et les débuts du monnayage romain ............................................. 308 Chapitre 6 : SERVIUS TULLIUS ET LA CENSURE : MYTHE ET HIS- TOIRE DU IVE SIÈCLE ................................. 345 . 776 TABLE DES MATIÈRES PARTIE III ESPACE ET TEMPS CIVIQUES : LA «RÉPUBLIQUE DES TRIBUS» Page Chapitre 7 : RÉFORME MILITAIRE ET RÉFORME DES TRIBUS : LE DILECTUS, LE STIPENDIUM, LE TRIBUTUM ET LA RÉPARTI- TION PAR TRIBUS ..................................... 375 Chapitre 8 : LA RÉFORME DES TRIBUS ET LA CRÉATION DES COMICES TRIBUTES ................................... 399 Les tribus territoriales à l’époque archaïque ............ 399 Le rôle politique des tribus au début de la République . 402 La censure de 332 et le recensement des citoyens par tribus ............................................ 406 La réforme des tribus d’Appius Claudius .............. 411 De la curie à la tribu : la redéfinition de la citoyenneté . 414 Concilium plebis et comitia tributa .................. 419 «Tribus urbaines» et «tribus rurales» : la création des comices tributes .................................. 429 Une assemblée tribute patricio-plébéienne : la «Concorde des ordres» ....................................... 433 Conclusion ......................................... 438 Chapitre 9 : LA PUBLICATION DES «ACTIONS DE LA LOI» ET DU CALENDRIER CIVIQUE ................................. 441 L’élection de Cn. Flavius à l’édilité curule ............. 441 La publication des legis actiones et le ius civile Flavia- num ............................................. 444 La publication des fastes par Cn. Flavius .............. 449 Qu’y avait-il dans le calendrier de Cn. Flavius? ........ 451 L’existence problématique d’une publication du calen- drier par les décemvirs ............................. 455 Les indices (fragiles) en faveur d’une réforme décemvirale du calendrier ..................................... 456 L’«éclipse d’Ennius» : une preuve fragile et contestable . 460 L’existence (probable) d’un calendrier lunaire (ou luni- solaire) avant la réforme de Cn. Flavius ............. 465 L’épisode des tibicines sous la censure d’Appius Clau- dius .............................................. 469 Les nundines et les lettres nundinales ................. 474 . TABLE DES MATIÈRES 777 PARTIE IV HELLÉNISME ET PYTHAGORISME À ROME VERS LA FIN DU IVe SIÈCLE : PLACE ET RÔLE D’APPIUS CLAUDIUS CAECUS Page Chapitre 10 : L’HELLÉNISME D’APPIUS CLAUDIUS CAECUS ... 483 1. La construction de la via Appia et de l’aqua Appia ...... 484 L’éponymie de la via Appia et de l’aqua Appia ......... 484 Une statua diademata d’Appius Claudius à Forum Appi? 485 Des techniques de construction empruntées au monde grec? ............................................. 489 Évergétisme et clientélisme ........................... 496 2. L’idéologie de la Victoire : Hercules Invictus et Bellona Victrix .............................................. 497 3. L’éloquence d’Appius Claudius : le modèle des orateurs attiques? ........................................... 508 «Eloquentia civilibusque artibus haud dubie praestans». 508 Canina facundia et kynikhùparrhsı¥a .................. 512 4. Les Sententiae d’Appius Claudius Caecus ............... 521 Appius Claudius et Philémon ......................... 524 Un carmen d’Appius Claudius “pythagoricien”? ....... 526 Conclusion ............................................. 539 Chapitre 11 : PYTHAGORE, NUMA ET LA CONCORDE : LA DIMENSION IDÉOLOGIQUE DE LA RÉFORME DES TRIBUS D’APPIUS CLAUDIUS CAECUS ........................... 541 1. La statue de Pythagore et le pythagorisme de Numa .... 541 La présence des statues de Pythagore et d’Alcibiade au Comitium ........................................ 541 Le pythagorisme de Numa : l’origine d’une légende ..... 547 Les statues de Pythagore et d’Alcibiade : les raisons du choix ............................................. 554 La dianomhùtoy˜plhù uoyv kataùte¥xnav de Numa ........ 558 2. La philosophie politique des Pythagoriciens du IVe siècle 564 Les principes d’harmonie et d’homonoia .............. 564 Le principe de l’«égalité géométrique» ................. 572 3. Concordia et «égalité géométrique» dans les institutions de la République romaine : les innovations de la fin du IVe siècle ........................................... 584 La Concordia romaine et l’Homonoia pythagoricienne
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